ABSTRACT Bell pepper, a crop of nutritional importance, stands out for its vitamin C content. Given the need for sustainable agricultural practices, the present study explored the use of biochars derived from regional waste as an alternative in bell pepper cultivation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochars from poultry litter, coconut fiber, and rice straw on the biometric and physicochemical characteristics of bell pepper fruits, on fruit production per plant and on fruit yield. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, referring to five doses of biochar (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha-1) and three types of biochar (coconut fiber, poultry litter, and rice straw) with four repetitions, plus an additional treatment (mineral fertilization). Biometric variables (fruit length and diameter, skin thickness, number of fruits, fruit mass) and physicochemical variables of the fruits (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, and ash content), production and yield of the fruits were evaluated. The production of bell pepper fruits was not influenced by biochars, but the doses of biochars influenced all variables analyzed with the exception of skin thickness. Vitamin C and soluble solids contents were higher in treatments with biochar and lower with mineral fertilizer. Biochar produced from rice straw had the greatest influence on fruit acidification. importance content practices cultivation context litter fiber design scheme 0, 0 (0 6 9 ha1 ha ha-1 repetitions fertilization. fertilization . fertilization) diameter thickness mass acidity pH content, , content) evaluated fertilizer acidification ( ha-

RESUMO O pimentão, cultura de importância nutricional, destaca-se por seu valor de vitamina C. Diante da necessidade de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, o estudo explorou o uso de biocarvões derivados de resíduos regionais como alternativa na cultura de pimentão. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de biocarvões provenientes de cama de frango, fibra de coco e palha de arroz, nas características biométricas e físico-químicas de frutos de pimentão verde, na produção de frutos por planta e na produtividade. A pesquisa foi conduzida em campo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3 + 1, referentes a cinco doses de biocarvão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1) e três tipos de biocarvão (fibra de coco, cama de aviário e palha de arroz) com quatro repetições, mais um tratamento adicional (adubação mineral). Foram avaliadas variáveis biométricas (comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da casca, número de frutos, massa do fruto) e físico-químicas dos frutos (sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e teor de cinzas), produção e produtividade dos frutos. A produção de frutos de pimentão verde não foi influenciada pelos biocarvões, porém as doses de biocarvões influenciaram todas as variáveis analisadas com exceção da espessura da casca. Os teores de vitamina C e de sólidos solúveis foram maiores nos tratamentos com biocarvões e menores com adubação mineral. A maior influência na acidificação dos frutos foi com o biocarvão produzido com palha de arroz. nutricional destacase destaca se sustentáveis contexto objetivouse objetivou frango arroz físicoquímicas físico químicas casualizados 1 0, 0 (0 6 ha1 ha ha-1 repetições mineral . mineral) comprimento casca fruto titulável pH cinzas, cinzas , cinzas) ( ha-

RESUMO: O uso de métodos não destrutivos e de baixo custo para determinação de área foliar tem ganhado importantes aplicações. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram (i) propor um método não destrutivo para estimar a área foliar da cultura da mamona e (ii) construir equações que estimem com precisão e rapidez a área foliar da espécie. Foram coletadas mil folhas sadias e expandidas de cinco cultivares de mamona (New Zealand Purple, Sipeal, Carmencita, Amarelo de Irecê e IAC-80), sendo coletadas 200 folhas de cada uma. O comprimento máximo, largura máxima e área foliar foram calculados para cada folha. Foi calculado o produto entre comprimento e largura (LW). Foram realizados testes com diferentes modelos de regressão linear e não linear entre área foliar e dimensões lineares das folhas de cada cultivar. Os modelos utilizados foram linear, linear sem intercepto e potência. Os critérios para escolha dos melhores modelos para estimar a área foliar da mamona foram maior coeficiente de determinação, maior coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson, menor critério de informação de Akaike, maior índice de concordância de Willmott e menor raiz do erro quadrático médio. As equações que apresentaram melhores critérios para estimativa da área foliar das cultivares de mamona foram aquelas que utilizaram o produto entre comprimento e largura, em comparação às equações que utilizaram apenas uma dimensão foliar. O modelo ŷ = 0,439 × LW pode ser utilizado para estimar com precisão e rapidez a área foliar da mamona por meio de medidas lineares das folhas, utilizando o produto entre comprimento e largura (LW), independente da cultivar escolhida. RESUMO aplicações i (i ii (ii espécie New Purple Sipeal Carmencita IAC80, IAC80 IAC 80 , IAC-80) 20 máximo folha LW. . (LW) potência Pearson Akaike médio 0439 0 439 0,43 LW, escolhida IAC8 8 IAC-80 2 (LW 043 43 0,4 IAC-8 04 4 0, IAC-

ABSTRACT: Using non-destructive and low-cost methods to determine leaf area has gained important applications. The research objectives were (i) to propose a non-destructive method to estimate the leaf area of castor bean crops and (ii) to build equations that accurately and quickly estimate the leaf area of specie. One thousand healthy and expanded leaves of five castor bean cultivars (New Zealand Purple, Sipeal, Carmencita, Amarelo de Irecê, and IAC-80) were collected, and 200 leaves were collected from each. The maximum length, maximum width, and leaf area were calculated for each leaf. The product between length and width (LW) were calculated. We performed tests with different linear and non-linear regression models between leaf area and linear leaf dimensions of each cultivar. The models used were linear, linear without intercept, and power. The criteria for choosing the best models to estimate the leaf area of castor beans were a higher coefficient of determination, more elevated Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, lower Akaike information criterion, higher Willmott agreement index, and smallest root mean square error. The equations that presented the best criteria for estimating the leaf area of castor bean cultivars were those that used the product between length and width, compared to equations that used only one leaf dimension. The model ŷ = 0.439 × LW can be used to accurately and quickly estimate the castor bean leaf area through linear measurements of the leaves, using the product between length and width (LW), regardless of the cultivar chosen. ABSTRACT nondestructive non destructive lowcost low cost applications i (i ii (ii specie New Purple Sipeal Carmencita Irecê IAC80 IAC 80 IAC-80 20 (LW nonlinear intercept power determination Pearsons Pearson s criterion index error dimension 0439 0 439 0.43 LW, , chosen IAC8 8 IAC-8 2 043 43 0.4 IAC- 04 4 0.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el uso de pruebas de laboratorio por parte del personal médico adscrito al servicio de urgencias de un hospital en México. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal descriptivo, con la recolección de datos de 351 usuarios de un servicio de urgencias en el periodo marzo-julio 2022. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se incluyó expedientes clínicos de personas mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, que tenían reporte de laboratorio y que habían recibido atención médica en el servicio de urgencias en los últimos siete días; se excluyó a gestantes, puérperas y personas en estado de choque. Las variables recolectadas del expediente fueron sexo, edad, diagnóstico, turno de ingreso, tipo de urgencia, analitos solicitados, registro en la nota médica del reporte de laboratorio, análisis a partir de estos resultados e inicio o cambio de conducta en el manejo médico como consecuencia. Se realizó estadística descriptiva utilizando frecuencias y proporciones para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: El principal motivo de consulta fue el dolor abdominal, que se observó en el 11,96 % de los expedientes clínicos revisados. Los analitos solicitados con mayor frecuencia fueron la biometría hemática (98 %), la química sanguínea (97 %) y los electrolitos séricos (88 %). No se registraron los resultados de laboratorio en la nota médica en el 63,8 % de los casos, tampoco hubo análisis de los resultados en el 68,9 % ni se utilizó dicha información para normar la conducta en el 72,1 %. Esto representó 57 529,34 pesos mexicanos, y no se justificó solicitar estudios de laboratorio. Conclusiones: En siete de cada diez expedientes no se identificó la utilidad de las pruebas de laboratorio para iniciar o modificar el manejo médico. Es necesario establecer estrategias para fomentar en el personal de salud de los servicios de urgencias el uso adecuado de los analitos. Estas acciones podrían incluir supervisiones, capacitación y retroalimentación al personal médico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the use of laboratory tests by medical staff assigned to the emergency department of a hospital in Mexico. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2022 with data from 351 users of an emergency department. A non-probability convenience sampling was used. The sample included medical records of individuals over 18 years of age, of both sexes, who had a laboratory report and received medical attention in the emergency department in the past seven days. Pregnant women, postpartum women and individuals in shock were excluded. The variables collected from the records included sex, age, diagnosis, admission shift, type of emergency, requested analytes, documentation of laboratory report in clinical notes, analysis of laboratory results, and initiation or modification of medical treatment based on the findings. Descriptive statistics were performed using frequencies and proportions for qualitative variables. Results: The most common reason for consultation was abdominal pain, found in 11.96 % of the reviewed medical records. The most frequently requested analytes were blood count (98 %), blood chemistry (97 %) and serum electrolytes (88 %). The laboratory results were not documented in the medical notes in 63.8 % of cases, not analyzed in 68.9 % and not used to guide medical treatment in 72.1 %. This resulted in an unjustified expenditure of 57,529.34 Mexican pesos on laboratory tests. Conclusions: In seven out of 10 medical records, the laboratory tests did not contribute to initiating or modifying medical treatments. Strategies are needed to promote the appropriate use of analytes, including measures such as supervision, training and feedback, among emergency department medical staff.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue describir la cintura pélvica, la pelvimetría y su relación con la biometría en alpacas. Para la descripción ósea se utilizaron cuatro piezas pélvicas de alpaca hembra. Además, se utilizaron a72 hembras destinadas afaenamiento (subdivididas en tres grupos etarios de 4, 5 y 6 años) para tomar las medidas pelvimétricas internas (diámetro sacro-púbico, diámetro bis-iliaco superior, diámetro bis-iliaco inferior y diámetro bis-iliaco medial) y distancias pélvicas externas (distancia inter iliaca, distancia inter isquiática y distancia ílio-isquiática); además, se tomaron tres medidas biométricas (altura a la cruz, largo del cuerpo y diámetro abdominal). La descripción ósea de las pelvis demuestra la presencia del hueso inter-isquiático, y el piso pélvico de forma ligeramente cóncava, lo cual incrementa el área pélvica. La pelvimetría interna demuestra la forma ovalada de la circunferencia pélvica, siendo más alta que ancha, de tipo dolicopélvica. Externamente, la pelvis presenta una forma cónica ubicada cráneo caudalmente. La correlación más alta se determinó entre la cavidad y el área pélvica, con un coeficiente de determinación de 82.92%.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe the pelvic girdle, pelvimetry and its relationship with biometry in alpacas. For the bone description, four pelvic pieces of female alpaca were used. In addition, 72 females destined for slaughter (subdivided into three age groups of 4, 5 and 6 years) were used to take internal pelvimetric measurements (sacralpubic diameter, upper bis-iliac diameter, lowerbis-iliac diameter and medialbis-iliac diameter) and external pelvic distances (interiliac distance, inter ischial distance and iliac-ischial distance), In addition, three biometric measurements were taken (height at the withers, body length and abdominal diameter). The bone description of the pelvis demonstrates the presence of the inter-ischial bone, the pelvic floor is slightly concave, which increases the pelvic area. Internal pelvimetry shows the oval shape of the pelvic circumference, being taller than wide, dolichopelvic type. Externally, the pelvis has a conical shape located cranially caudally. The highest correlation was determined between the cavity and the pelvic area, with a coefficient of determination of 82.92%.

SUMMARY: Eremanthus incanus is a native tree of Brazil with economic, ecological, and social importance, but it faces risks due to predatory exploitation and a lack of research. The objective of this study is to evaluate the biometrics and seed germination of different mother trees in order to contribute to the valorization, conservation, and cultivation of the species. Phenotypically, 10 mother trees were selected from a Candeia population located in the Diamantina region of Minas Gerais, from which seeds resulting from open pollination were collected. For the biometric analysis, 100 seeds from each mother tree were randomly sampled, distributed on millimeter paper in four repetitions of 25 units each, and evaluated for weight, length, and width. The germination study began with disinfestation and selection of seeds using the densimetric method. Subsequently, the material was placed in germination boxes containing germitest paper. The experiment was set up in BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) germination chambers following a randomized block design, with ten mother trees and four repetitions of 25 seeds per plot. Germination was evaluated on alternate days, until a constant point was reached. Significant effects of E. incanus mother trees were observed on biometric variables as well as on the germination rate and germination speed index of the seeds. Understanding these effects advances knowledge about the species and its potentialities, contributing to the development of more efficient propagation and conservation strategies.

RESUMEN: Eremanthus incanus es un árbol nativo de Brasil con importancia económica, ecológica y social, pero enfrenta riesgos debido a la explotación predatoria y a la falta de investigaciones. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la biometría y la germinación de semillas de diferentes árboles madre, con el fin de contribuir a la valorización, conservación y cultivo de la especie. Fenotípicamente, se seleccionaron 10 árboles madres de una población de candeia ubicada en la región de Diamantina, Minas Gerais, de los cuales se recolectaron semillas resultantes de polinización abierta. Para el análisis biométrico, se muestrearon aleatoriamente 100 semillas de cada árbol madre, distribuidas sobre papel milimetrado en cuatro repeticiones de 25 unidades, y se evaluaron en cuanto a peso, longitud y ancho. Para el estudio de germinación, se inició con la desinfestación y selección de semillas mediante el método densimétrico. Posteriormente, el material se colocó en cajas de germinación con papel germitest. El experimento se instaló en cámaras de germinación DBO (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno) siguiendo un diseño de bloques al azar, con diez árboles madre y cuatro repeticiones de 25 semillas por parcela. La germinación se evaluó en días alternos hasta alcanzar un punto constante. Se observaron efectos significativos de las madres de E. incanus en las variables biométricas, así como en la tasa y el índice de velocidad de germinación de las semillas. La comprensión de estos efectos avanza el conocimiento sobre la especie y sus potencialidades, contribuyendo al desarrollo de estrategias de propagación y conservación más eficientes.

Resumen El pilón (Hyeronima alchorneoides) es una de las especies forestales nativas de mayor potencial de cultivo en Costa Rica. A nivel nacional, existen investigaciones en temas como manejo silvicultural, mejoramiento genético, calidad de la madera, entre otras. Sin embargo, no existe un paquete tecnológico actualizado y completo para esta especie. Por lo que surge la necesidad de actualizar los modelos de crecimiento de diámetro y altura para esta especie. Para este estudio se utilizó una base de datos con más de 255 parcelas para el crecimiento diamétrico y más de 150 para la altura total. La función de crecimiento para el diámetro ajustada fue dap=1,4145+2,1381*Edad-0,0364*(Edad)^2, mientras que, para la altura total, el modelo ajustado fue Ht=e^((3,9090-3,5510*√(1/Edad)), Ambos modelos registraron un sesgo de un 20% para la estimación del diámetro y un 18% para la estimación de la altura total.

Abstract Pilón (Hyeronima alchorneoides) is one of the native tree species with the greatest potential for cultivation in Costa Rica. At a national level, there is research on its silvicultural management, tree improvement, wood quality and others. However, there is a lack of an updated and complete technological guide for this species. Therefore, there is a need to compile and systematize the generated knowledge in recent years about this species, with the purpose of improving technical assistance to the producer or investors. One of the main issues and needs are the availability of reliable growth models for diameter and total height for this species. A database with more than 255 plots was used for the diameter growth and more than 150 plots recording the total height. The growth function fitted for the diameter was dap=1,4145+2,1381*Edad-0,0364*(Edad)^2. Meanwhile, for total height the fitted model was Ht=e^((3,9090-3,5510*√(1/Edad)), both models have a bias estimation of 20% for diameter and 18% for total height.

SUMMARY: Biometrics and forensic osteology play a significant role in human identification, as the morphological uniqueness of every individual enables the differentiation and recognition of skeletal remains. Through meticulous analysis of human remains, it is possible to determine key demographic attributes such as stature, a significant parameter in the forensic identification process. This information is of practical relevance for the identification of individuals in contexts such as disasters, vehicular accidents, terrorist attacks, armed conflicts, and forensic investigations. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the hand's middle finger length and stature in a group of Chilean students. A total of 211 students of both sexes from La Araucanía region, Chile, participated in the study. After obtaining informed consent to participate voluntarily in the study, each individual underwent a general anthropometric examination, followed by a specific assessment of the length of the middle finger (MFL) of both hands. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated a significant prediction of stature using the length of the right (R-MFL) and left (L-MFL) middle fingers, F (2, 207) = 79.80, p < 0.001. The equations for estimating stature based on the length of the middle fingers are as follows: for R-MFL, Stature = 91.265 + (8.092 x R-MFL), and for L-MFL, Stature = 83.967 + (8.889 x L-MF). Based on these results, it was found that the length of the middle finger of both hands is predictive of stature.

RESUMEN: La biometría y la osteología forense desempeñan un papel relevante en la identificación humana, dado que la singularidad morfológica de cada individuo permite la diferenciación y reconocimiento de restos óseos. Mediante el análisis meticuloso de los restos humanos, es posible determinar atributos demográficos clave como la estatura, un parámetro significativo en el proceso de identificación forense. Esta información posee relevancia práctica para la identificación de personas en contextos de desastres, accidentes vehiculares, ataques terroristas, conflictos armados e investigaciones forenses. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la correlación entre la longitud del dedo medio de la mano con la estatura, en un grupo de estudiantes chilenos. Se evaluaron 211 estudiantes de ambos sexos de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Tras obtener el consentimiento informado para participar voluntariamente en el estudio, se sometió a cada individuo a un examen antropométrico general, seguido de una evaluación específica de la longitud del dedo medio (MFL) de ambas manos. Los resultados del análisis de las regresiones lineales múltiples indicaron una significativa predicción de estatura utilizando la longitud de los dedos medios derecho (R-MFL) e izquierdo (L-MFL), F (2, 207) = 79.80, p < 0.001. Las ecuaciones para estimar estatura basados en la longitud de los dedos medios son las siguientes: para R-MFL, Stature = 91.265 + (8.092 x R-MFL) y para L-MFL, Stature = 83.967 + (8.889 x L- MF). A partir de estos resultados, se encontró que la longitud del dedo medio de ambos manos es predictora de estatura.

Resumen El circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2) es un virus de tipo DNA que tiene afinidad por células del sistema inmune y que genera depleción de linfocitos por lo que favorece el desarrollo de enfermedades causadas por otros agentes oportunistas, así mismo está relacionado con la generación de diferentes síndromes. Por lo anterior, este virus produce importantes afecciones a la industria porcícola, sin embargo, fácilmente se pueden prevenir los síndromes asociados a PCV2 mediante la adecuada aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad y vacunación. Por otro lado, las unidades de producción a pequeña escala (UPPs) suelen carecer de este tipo de manejo preventivo, así como de vigilancia rutinaria por parte de un médico veterinario. Si bien, el PCV2 se considera un virus ampliamente distribuido, no existen reportes de su presencia en las UPPs en Nuevo León. Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos contra PCV2 mediante el uso de un kit comercial y se realizó la biometría hemática de los animales. Se localizaron 48 UPPs en las que se encontró un 91.67% de positividad, así como un 89.7% de seropositividad en los animales. En la biometría se encontró que la HGB y el HCT se presentaron disminuidos en los individuos que resultaron positivos a anticuerpos comparados contra los negativos (P=0.03 y P=0.01, respectivamente), por el contrario, el valor de células blancas totales se encontró disminuido en los individuos que resultaron negativos a la presencia de anticuerpo contra PCV2 (P=0.01).

Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a DNA-type virus that has an affinity for cells of the immune system and generates lymphocyte depletion so it favors the development of diseases caused by other opportunistic agents, it is also related to the generation of different syndromes. Therefore, this virus causes major illnesses on the pig industry; nevertheless, PCV2-associated syndromes can easily be prevented through the proper application of biosecurity and vaccination measures. On the other hand, small-scale production units (SPUs) often lack this type of preventive management, as well as routine surveillance by a veterinarian. Although PCV2 is considered a widely distributed virus, there are no reports of its presence in SPUs in Nuevo León. The presence of antibodies against PCV2 was determined using a commercial kit and complete blood count was performed on the animals. A total of 48 SPUs were found, with 91.67 % positivity and 89.7 % seropositivity in the animals. In the complete blood count, it was found that HGB and HCT were decreased in individuals who were positive for antibodies compared to negative ones (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively); on the contrary, the value of total white blood cells was found to be decreased in individuals who were negative for the presence of antibodies against PCV2 (P=0.01).

ABSTRACT Introduction: During pregnancy several factors can interact on the developing organism. Part of prenatal care focuses on detecting deviations in fetal growth. Objective: Describe the primary fetal biometric variables and the association of maternal diseases with the trophic condition of the newborn. Method: A quantitative, observational, analytical and retrospective study was carried out, with a population of 5432 and a sample of 4131 pregnant women, selected by non-probabilistic, intentional sampling, by criteria. The data were obtained from the registry of genetic consultations from January 2013 to October 2018. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal Wallis test, the Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test, chi-square and Cramer's V were used. Results: The increase in the medians of the biometric variables prevailed, according to the trophic condition and gestational week, the statistical significance predominated, as did the significant differences in all the two-to-two contrasts carried out. Pregnant women of adequate weight predominated in each condition at birth, small newborns were related to hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, vaginal sepsis and diabetes mellitus, while large newborns predominated in mothers with altered glycemia and anemia. Conclusions: Biometric measurements and fetal weight estimation formulas can warn of deviations in fetal growth and trophic condition at birth. Maternal variables were related to the trophic condition of the newborn.

RESUMEN Introducción: Durante el embarazo varios factores pueden interactuar sobre el organismo en formación. Parte de los cuidados prenatales se centran en detectar desviaciones del crecimiento fetal. Objetivo: Describir las variables biométricas fetales primarias y la asociación de las enfermedades maternas con la condición trófica del recién nacido. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, analítico y retrospectivo, con una población de 5432 y una muestra de 4131 gestantes, seleccionada por muestreo no probabilístico, intencional, por criterios. Los datos fueron obtenidos del registro de consultas de genética desde enero de 2013 hasta octubre de 2018. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el test de Kruskal Wallis, la prueba post hoc de Dunn-Bonferroni, ji cuadrado y V de Cramer. Resultados: Prevaleció el incremento de las medianas de las variables biométricas, según la condición trófica y semana gestacional, predominó la significación estadística, al igual que las diferencias significativas en todos los contrastes dos a dos realizados. Las gestantes de peso adecuado preponderaron en cada condición al nacer, los recién nacidos pequeños se relacionaron con los trastornos hipertensivos durante el embarazo, la sepsis vaginal y la diabetes mellitus mientras que los recién nacidos grandes predominaron en madres con la glucemia alterada y anemia. Conclusiones: Las mediciones biométricas y las fórmulas de estimación del peso fetal pueden advertir las desviaciones del crecimiento fetal y la condición trófica al nacer. Las variables maternas se relacionaron con la condición trófica del recién nacido.

Resumen Introducción: El pepino de mar Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 es un equinodermo común en las regiones intermareales a lo largo de la costa brasileña, que recientemente se convirtió en foco de pesquerías no declaradas y no reguladas. Este estudio se realizó en sustratos arenosos-rocosos en Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina (26o47’ S; 48o36’ W), cerca del límite sur de su distribución geográfica. Objetivo: Determinar las densidades (individuos*m-2) de Holothuria (H.) grisea dentro de una perspectiva espacio-temporal así como determinar las características biométricas y de crecimiento de la población. Métodos: Se realizaron transectos de dos metros de ancho perpendiculares a la línea de costa en invierno y primavera de 2019 y en verano y primavera de 2020, en periodos de bajamar sicigia. En cada ocasión de muestreo se determinó el número total de especímenes de H. (H.) grisea, y se sometió un grupo de 90 organismos a biometría in situ (peso, longitud y ancho), e inmediatamente se los devolvieron vivos a su hábitat. Resultados: Las densidades de H. (H.) grisea fueron significativamente más altas en el sector submareal y más bajas en el sector intermareal superior sin indicios de diferencias significativas entre las campañas de muestreo. La profundidad fue el factor principal que explica los patrones de densidad observados y la rugosidad del sustrato fue secundaria pero también importante. La longitud del cuerpo varió de 5.2 a 22.5 cm, mientras que el peso varió de 6.0 a 230 g. Las longitudes media y modal fueron 12.54 y 13 cm, respectivamente. Aproximadamente el 75 % de la población muestreada midió entre 10 y 14 cm y el peso promedio fue de 60 g. Estimados de la función de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy indican que el ejemplar más joven presentaba un año de edad, mientras el más viejo presentaba cerca de dos años y medio. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio que determina parámetros biométricos para una población de H. (H.) grisea en el sur de Brasil y el primero en estimar el crecimiento y edades para una población salvaje de esta especie. Las densidades registradas en el presente estudio fueron inferiores a las reportadas previamente para esta región sugiriendo la ocurrencia de influencia antrópica.

Abstract Introduction: The sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 is a common echinoderm in intertidal regions along the Brazilian coast, which recently became the focus of unreported and unregulated fisheries. This study was carried out in sandy-rocky substrates at Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina (26o47’ S; 48o36’ W), near its southern limit of geographic distribution. Objective: To determine the densities (individuals*m-2) of Holothuria (H.) grisea within a spatial-temporal perspective as well as to determine biometric and growth characteristics of the population. Methods: Two-meter wide transects perpendicular to the coastline were carried out in winter and spring 2019 and in summer and spring 2020, in periods of spring low-tides. In each sampling occasion the total number of specimens of H. grisea were determined, and a group of 90 organisms was submitted to in situ biometrics (weight, length and width), and immediately returned alive to their habitat. Results: The densities of H. (H.) grisea were significantly higher in the subtidal sector and lower in the upper intertidal sector with no indication of significant differences among sampling campaigns. Depth was the primary factor explaining the observed density patterns and rugosity of the substrate was secondary but also important. The body length ranged from 5.2 to 22.5 cm, whereas the weight varied from 6.0 to 230 g. The mean and modal lengths were 12.54 and 13 cm, respectively. Approximately 75 % of the population sampled was between 10 and 14 cm and the average weight was 60 g. Estimates from von Bertalanffy growth function indicate that the youngest sea cucumber was one year-old, and the oldest had approximately two and a half years. Conclusions: This is the first study to determine biometric parameters for H. (H.) grisea in southern Brazil and the first one to estimate growth and age estimates for a wild population of this species. The densities recorded in the present study were lower than those previously reported for this region, suggesting anthropic influence.

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea is intimately related to chronic conditions that have significant burden for patients and healthcare systems. It has negative implications for cardiovascular, metabolic and neuro-psychiatric systems. It is underdiagnosed worldwide; definitive diagnosis, as well as treatment for moderate to severe forms of the disease, are considerably expensive. There is scarce evidence of the burden the condition represents for Panama and other American countries. Sedentary lifestyle, obesity and obstructive sleep apnea are expected to increase in prevalence, making it of the utmost importance to address its underdiagnosis and to establish healthcare networks that can efficiently deal with it. The application of affordable strategies, such as questionnaires and simple biometrics, could help in efficient resource allocation to develop public health networks that would eventually be capable of accurately estimating disease burden, and to offer adequate therapeutic options. Panama has a complex health system that shares similarities with other American countries; developing a sleep apnea program in this public health system requires wise scientific driven resource allocation that minimizes underserved areas and maximizes efficiency.

Resumen La apnea obstructiva del sueño está intimamente relacionada a condiciones crónicas y es una carga significativa para pacientes y sistemas de salud. Tiene implicacions negativas para los sistemas cardiovascular, metabólico y neuro-psiquiátricos. Está subdiagnosticada globalmente, el diagnóstico definitivo y el tratamiento para las formas moderadas y severas de la enfermedad son considerablemente costosos. Hay escasa evidencia de la carga que esta condición representa en Panamá, así como en otros países de América. Se espera que el estilo de vida sedentario, la obesidad y la apnea obstructiva del sueño aumenten en prevalencia, haciendo de suma importancia abordar el sub-diagnóstico y establecer redes de atención en salud que puedan lidiar con esto eficientemente. La aplicación de estrategias como cuestionarios y biometría simple, son métodos que pueden ayudar a una eficiente asignación de recursos, con el fin de desarrollar una red de salud que pueda eventualmente tener la capacidad de estimar con exactitud la carga de la enfermedad, y ofrecer opciones apropiadas de tratamiento. Panamá tiene un sistema de salud complejo que comparte características con otros países de América, desarrollar una red de salud para apnea del sueño en el sistema público de salud requiere una sabia asignación de recursos, que siga la evidencia científica, minimice la áreas pobremente servidas y maximice la eficiencia.

ABSTRACT: This study recorded the physicochemical properties of the marula fruits, the biometry and breaking the dormancy in the marula seeds. Using 200 ripe fruits, the physicochemical characterization was done. From a random sample of 400 seeds, an assessment of the biometrics was performed, and the weight, length, width and thickness of the fruits and seeds were evaluated. Two experiments were conducted to study dormancy breaking using pre-germination treatments, which included immersing the marula seeds five times (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) in concentrated sulfuric acid (96%) and water, at 65 ºC temperature. The control was time zero, using plain distilled water, with 25 seeds per treatment and four replications. The marula fruits revealed average values of 21.65 ± 3.44 g, 35.5 ± 2.38 and 34.8 ± 2.73, respectively, for weight, diameter and length. The soluble solids (SS), Hydrogenonic Potential (pH), titratable acidity (AT) and ratio (AT/SS) were 14.74 ± 1.0º Brix, 3.93 ± 0.49 pH, 0.63 ± 0.22 and 27.07 ± 12.10, respectively. For the weight of one thousand seeds, the average value was 3.576 ± 188.4 g. The mean values for the dimensions of the width, length and diameter of the seeds were 22.9 ± 2.11; 23.7 ± 2.04; and 14.9 ± 2.09 mm, respectively. The physiological quality of these seeds was enhanced by immersing the seeds from freshly picked fruits in sulfuric acid for a maximum of 30 minutes and storing them for six months.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar as características físico-químicas de frutos, biometria e superação da dormência de sementes de marula. Para a caracterização físico-química foram utilizados 200 frutos maduros. Realizou-se a biometria utilizando uma amostra aleatória de 400 sementes e foram avaliados: peso, comprimento, largura e espessura de frutos e sementes. Para o estudo da superação de dormência foram realizados dois experimentos com os tratamentos pré-germinativos constituídos pela imersão das sementes em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (96%) e água a temperatura de 65 ºC por cinco tempos (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos), sendo o tempo zero a testemunha, onde utilizou-se apenas água destilada, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por tratamento. Os frutos de marula apresentaram valores médios de 21,65 ± 3,44 g, 35,5±2,38 e 34,8±2,73 mm de peso, diâmetro e comprimento, respectivamente e sólidos solúveis (SS), Potencial Hidrogeniônico ( pH), acidez titulável (AT) e ratio (AT/SS) foram de 14,74 ± 1,0 ºBrix, 3,93 ± 0,49 pH, 0,63 ± 0,22 e 27,07 ± 12,10 respectivamente. As sementes apresentaram valores médios de 3.576 ± 188,4 g para o peso de mil sementes. Para as dimensões, largura, comprimento e diâmetro de sementes, apresentaram valores médios de 22,9 ± 2,11; 23,7 ± 2,04; e 14,9 ± 2,09 mm respectivamente. A imersão das sementes procedentes de frutos recém colhidos em ácido sulfúrico por até 30 minutos e o armazenamento por seismeses promove incrementos na sua qualidade fisiológica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fetal ultrasound has achieved a central role in the modern diagnosis of fetal growth deviations. Objective: To determine the local discrimination power and the performance of fetal biometric variables at 33 weeks with respect to the trophic condition of the newborn. Methods: An observational, analytical and retrospective study was carried out in three health areas of Santa Clara Municipality, in the period between January 2013 and December 2019. From a population of 6035 births, 2454 were selected by simple random sampling. Data were obtained from records of genetics consultations. Areas were constructed under the receiver operating characteristic curve and performance indicators for diagnostic tests were calculated. Results: The areas under the curve of the biometric variables discriminate between those born small or large based on gestational age. Local cut-off points are estimated. Biometrics performance indicators maintain regular behavior; those calculated by transforming the values from the reference tables are more specific, while those calculated by transforming the variables by the estimated cut-off points increase sensitivity. Conclusions: All the biometric variables have some discriminatory capacity for deviations from the trophic condition at birth, higher for those born small based on gestational age. The performance indicators of the fetal biometric variables showed superiority according to the estimated cut-off points compared to those of the reference tables.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ultrasonido fetal ha logrado un papel central en el diagnóstico moderno de las desviaciones de crecimiento fetal. Objetivo: Determinar el poder discriminatorio local y desempeño de variables biométricas fetales a las 33 semanas sobre la condición trófica del recién nacido. Métodos: Se realizó estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo en tres áreas de salud del municipio Santa Clara, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2013 a diciembre del 2019. De una población de 6035 nacidos se seleccionaron 2454 por muestreo simple aleatorio. Se obtuvieron datos de registros de las consultas de genética. Se construyeron áreas bajo la curva Receiver Operating Characteristic y se calcularon indicadores de desempeño para pruebas diagnósticas. Resultados: Las áreas bajo la curva de las variables biométricas discriminan a los nacidos pequeños y grandes para la edad gestacional. Se estiman puntos de corte locales. Los indicadores de desempeño de la biometría mantienen un comportamiento regular; los calculados al transformar los valores a partir de las tablas de referencia son más específicos; y los calculados al transformar las variables por los puntos de corte estimados elevan la sensibilidad. Conclusiones: Todas las variables biométricas tienen capacidad discriminatoria para las desviaciones de la condición trófica al nacer, superior para los nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. Los indicadores de desempeño de las variables biométricas fetales demostraron superioridad según los puntos de corte estimados respecto a los de las tablas de referencia.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Comparar las concentraciones de hemoglobina en embarazadas con anemia por deficiencia de hierro que recibieron un tratamiento intermitente en comparación con el continuo de 200 mg de sulfato ferroso por vía oral. Además, comparar la frecuencia de efectos secundarios del tratamiento intermitente con el continuo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, no cegado, efectuado en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia 4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, IMSS, en pacientes de 18 a 35 años atendidas entre los meses de enero a marzo del 2023 con 30 o más semanas de embarazo, diagnóstico de anemia ferropénica (definida operativamente solo con una biometría hemática inferior a 11 g/dL, con hipocromía y microcitosis), sin antecedentes de enfermedad crónico-degenerativa. El análisis estadístico se procesó en el programa SPSS v21, la distribución y características de la muestra con análisis univariado, seguido de un análisis bivariado con t de Student y diferencia de medias. Se consideró con significación estadística el valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes: 16 con esquema continuo y 16 con el intermitente. Ambos grupos con incremento de 1 g/dL entre la hemoglobina inicial y final (p < 0.01), con una diferencia de medias entre el aumento de los grupos con p = 0.4. Con disminución significativa de la epigastralgia y la náusea. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento intermitente con sulfato ferroso incrementa las concentraciones de hemoglobina igual que un esquema continuo, pero con menos efectos adversos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare hemoglobin concentrations in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia who received intermittent versus continuous treatment with 200 mg oral ferrous sulfate. In addition, to compare the incidence of side effects of intermittent versus continuous treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized, non-blinded, clinical trial conducted at the Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia 4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, IMSS, in patients aged 18 to 35 years attended between January and March 2023 with 30 or more weeks of pregnancy, diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (operationally defined only with a blood biometry lower than 11 g/dL, with hypochromia and microcytosis), without a history of chronic degenerative disease. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS v21 program, distribution and characteristics of the sample with univariate analysis, followed by bivariate analysis with Student&apos;s t and mean difference. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were studied: 16 with continuous and 16 with intermittent regimen. Both groups with increase of 1 g/dL between initial and final hemoglobin (p < 0.01), with a mean difference between groups increase with p = 0.4. With significant reduction in epigastralgia and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent treatment with ferrous sulfate increases hemoglobin concentrations.

RESUMO Physalis angulata possui frutos ricos em vitaminas A e C, fósforo, ferro e substâncias antioxidantes, enquanto suas folhas e raízes possuem fisalinas, de alto potencial farmacológico. No entanto, seu cultivo é recente e há falta de conhecimento técnico. Características da muda determinam seu vigor e a época de transplante, o que afeta o desempenho da cultura no campo e, consequentemente, sua produtividade. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a influência da altura da muda e do diâmetro do caule na produtividade de P. angulata, definindo o padrão para o transplante e o tempo de permanência no viveiro. Para a obtenção das características biométricas, P. angulata foi semeada a cada quatro dias e as mudas foram transplantadas no dia 6 de abril de 2022, aos 22, 26, 30, 34 e 38 dias após a semeadura. Foram realizadas análises descritivas das mudas no viveiro, com avaliações aos 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34 e 38 dias após a semeadura. Para avaliar o desempenho das mudas no campo, as 300 mudas de diferentes tamanhos transplantadas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência e número de frutos por planta (< 150; 150 a < 200; 200 a < 250 e ≥ 250 frutos). Para plantas mais produtivas (≥ 200 frutos), as mudas de P. angulata devem permanecer no viveiro por 38 dias após a semeadura, quando terão no mínimo 12,8 cm de altura e 4,2 cm de diâmetro do caule. C fósforo antioxidantes fisalinas farmacológico entanto técnico consequentemente Portanto P biométricas 2022 22 26 30 3 semeadura 14 18 ( 15 20 25 frutos. . frutos) frutos, , 128 12 8 12, 42 4 2 4, 202 1

ABSTRACT Physalis angulata has fruits rich in vitamins A and C, phosphorus, iron and antioxidant substances, while its leaves and roots have physalins, of high pharmacological potential. However, its cultivation is recent and there is a lack of technical knowledge. Characteristics of the seedling determine its vigor and the time of transplantation, which affect the performance of the crop in the field and, consequently, its yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to know the influence of seedling height and stem diameter on the yield of P. angulata, defining the standard for transplantation and the time of permanence in the nursery. To obtain biometric characteristics, P. angulata was sown every four days and the seedlings were transplanted on April 6, 2022, at 22, 26, 30, 34 and 38 days after sowing. Descriptive analyses of the seedlings in the nursery were performed, with evaluations at 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34 and 38 days after sowing. To assess the performance of seedlings in the field, the 300 seedlings of different sizes transplanted were evaluated for survival and number of fruits per plant (< 150; 150 to < 200; 200 to < 250 and ≥ 250 fruits). For more productive plants (≥ 200 fruits), P. angulata seedlings should remain in the nursery for 38 days after sowing, when they will have at least 12.8 cm in height and 4.2 cm in stem diameter. C phosphorus substances physalins potential However knowledge consequently Therefore P characteristics 6 2022 22 26 30 3 sowing performed 14 18 ( 15 20 25 fruits. . fruits) fruits, , 128 12 8 12. 42 4 2 4. 202 1