RESUMEN: El consumo de alcohol entre menores de edad se ha convertido en una importante preocupación pública que tiene un impacto negativo en el crecimiento y desarrollo del esqueleto. La masa ósea máxima se alcanza durante la adolescencia, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue investigar el efecto del consumo excesivo de alcohol en forma aguda sobre la morfometría trabecular y la resistencia a la tracción de la mandíbula en ratas adolescente Sprague Dawley (SD). El estudio estuvo compuesto por 24 ratas, de 7 semanas de edad, colocadas en el grupo control expuesto al alcohol [n=12 (6 machos y 6 hembras)] y alimentado en parejas [n=12 (6 machos y 6 hembras)]. El tratamiento de los grupos fue el siguiente; al grupo expuesto al alcohol y al control alimentado en parejas se les administró una dosis única diaria de 3 g/kg de alcohol al 20 % 3 días a la semana (días alternos) durante 7 días y una dosis equivalente calórica de maltosa dextrina mediante sonda oral, respectivamente. Los animales fueron sacrificados el día 7 mediante inyección de pentobarbital. Las mandíbulas se recolectaron y se escanearon utilizando un escáner 3D-microCT Nikon XTH 255L (Nikon Metrology, Lovaina, Bélgica), y las pruebas biomecánicas se realizaron utilizando una máquina de prueba de resistencia a la tracción universal Shimadzu (China). Después del escaneo y la reconstrucción, la morfometría trabecular se evaluó utilizando el software Volume Graphics Studio®. Se utilizó una prueba de flexión de 3 puntos para evaluar la resistencia a la tracción del hueso. Los hallazgos de nuestro estudio mostraron cambios en algunos parámetros trabeculares en el grupo de hembras expuestas al alcohol, mientras que los grupos de machos no se vieron afectados. No se observaron cambios en la resistencia a la tracción al comparar los grupos control de machos alimentados en parejas y los grupos expuestos al alcohol y al comparar los grupos control de las hembras alimentadas en parejas y los grupos expuestos al alcohol. Se observaron diferencias trabeculares y de resistencia a la tracción entre los sexos al comparar los grupos control de los machos alimentados en parejas y expuestos al alcohol con los grupos de control de hembras alimentadas en parejas y expuestas al alcohol. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el consumo excesivo de alcohol tiene efectos perjudiciales sobre la microarquitectura ósea en ratas hembras expuestas al alcohol y que se observan diferencias entre los sexos.

SUMMARY: Underage drinking has become a major public concern having a negative impact on the growth and development of the skeleton. Peak bone mass is attained during adolescence hence the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of acute binge alcohol consumption on trabecular morphometry and tensile strength of the adolescent mandible in the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat. The study comprised of 24 SD rats, aged 7 weeks, placed into either the alcohol-exposed [n=12 (6 males and 6 female)] or pair-fed control group [n=12 (6 male and 6 female)]. The treatment of the groups was as follows; the alcohol exposed group and the pair-fed control were administered a single daily dose of 3 g/kg of 20 % alcohol 3 days a week (alternate days) for 7 days and a caloric equivalent dose of maltose dextrin via oral gavage, respectively. The animals were terminated on day 7 via pentobarbital injection. The mandibles were harvested and scanned using a Nikon XTH 255L 3D-microCT scanner (Nikon Metrology, Leuven, Belgium), and biomechanical tests were done using a Shimadzu universal tensile strength testing machine (China). Following scanning and reconstruction, the trabecular morphometry was assessed using Volume Graphics Studio® software. A 3-point bending test was used to evaluate the tensile strength of the bone. Findings from our study showed changes in some trabecular parameters in the female alcohol-exposed group, while the male groups remained unaffected. No changes in tensile strength were seen when comparing male pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups and when comparing female pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups. Trabecular and tensile strength differences were observed between the sexes when comparing male pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups to female pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups. These findings do suggest that acute binge alcohol consumption has detrimental effects on the bone micro-architecture in female alcohol-exposed rats and that differences are seen between the sexes.

SUMMARY: Binge drinking in adolescents has a negative effect on the developing skeleton and the attainment of peak bone mass. Our study aimed to examine the effect of binge drinking on the growth and functional integrity of the adolescent Sprague Dawley rat mandible and to determine if a dosage of 1.5 g/kg is sufficient to produce a binge-model of consumption. A total of eight 7-week-old adolescent (male) Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed into 4 groups with two rats each: 1-week alcohol-exposed rats, 1-week pair- fed control rats, 4-week alcohol-exposed rats and 4-week pair-fed control rats. The alcohol exposed groups were administered a single daily dose via oral gavage of 1.5 g/kg of 20 % alcohol 3 days a week (alternate days) for 7 or 28 days. The pair-fed control groups were administered a caloric equivalent dose of maltose dextrin via oral gavage on the same days as the alcohol-exposed rats. The one-week alcohol exposed, and control rats were terminated on day 7 and the four-week alcohol exposed and control rats on day 28. The mandibles were dissected out and osteometric measurements determined using a digital vernier caliper. Bones were scanned using a 3D-microCT scanner (Nikon XTH 255L). Biomechanical tests were done using a Shimadzu universal testing machine. Differences observed were regarding mandibular osteometry, which showed a reduced height in the central portion of the alveolar bone (Al’-Me), and an increase in the height of the condylar head (Cd-Ag) in the 1-week alcohol-exposed rats when compared to the 1-week pair-fed control rats. No other differences were noted. Lack of significant changes seen between the alcohol and pair-fed control groups in both acute binge and chronic binge exposed rats is likely due to the low dose of alcohol administered to the rats in the study thus a higher dose is proposed.

RESUMEN: El consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes tiene un efecto negativo en el desarrollo del esqueleto y en la consecución de la masa ósea máxima. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar el efecto del consumo excesivo de alcohol sobre el crecimiento y la integridad funcional de la mandíbula de la rata adolescente Sprague Dawley y determinar si una dosis de 1,5 g/kg es suficiente para producir un modelo de consumo compulsivo. Un total de ocho ratas Sprague Dawley adolescentes (machos) de 7 semanas de edad se colocaron aleatoriamente en 4 grupos con dos ratas cada uno: ratas expuestas al alcohol durante 1 semana, ratas de control alimentadas en parejas durante 1 semana, ratas expuestas al alcohol durante 4 semanas, y ratas de control alimentadas en parejas durante 4 semanas. A los grupos expuestos al alcohol se les administró una dosis única diaria mediante sonda oral de 1,5 g/kg de alcohol al 20 % 3 días a la semana (días alternos) durante 7 o 28 días. A los grupos de control alimentados por parejas se les administró una dosis calórica equivalente de maltosa dextrina mediante sonda oral los mismos días que a las ratas expuestas al alcohol. Las ratas expuestas al alcohol durante una semana, las ratas de control al día 7, las ratas expuestas al alcohol durante cuatro semanas y las ratas de control al día 28. Se diseccionaron las mandíbulas y se determinaron las mediciones osteométricas utilizando un calibre vernier digital. Los huesos se escanearon utilizando un escáner 3D-microCT (Nikon XTH 255L). Las pruebas biomecánicas se realizaron utilizando una máquina de pruebas universal Shimadzu. Las diferencias observadas se relacionaron con la osteometría mandibular, que mostró una altura reducida en la porción central del hueso alveolar (Al'-Me) y un aumento en la altura de la cabeza condilar (Cd-Ag) en las ratas expuestas al alcohol durante una semana, en comparación con las ratas control alimentadas en parejas durante una semana. No se observaron otras diferencias. La falta de diferencias significativas entre los grupos de alcohol y de control alimentados en parejas expuestas a ebriedad aguda y ebriedad crónica, probablemente se deba a la baja dosis de alcohol administrada a las ratas en el estudio, por lo que se propone una dosis más alta.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the effect of metformin (MET) treatment on adipogenic predisposition of bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPC), bone marrow adiposity and bone biomechanical properties. Materials and methods. 20 young adult male Wistar rats were sorted into four groups. Each of the groups received the following in drinking water: 100% water (C); 20% fructose (F); metformin 100 mg/kg wt/day (M); or fructose plus metformin (FM). After five weeks the animals were sacrificed. Both humeri were dissected to obtain BMPC, and both femurs were dissected to evaluate medullary adiposity (histomorphometry) and biomechanical properties (3-point bending). BMPC were cultured in vitro in adipogenic medium to evaluate RUNX2, PPAR-γ and RAGE expression by RT-PCR, lipase activity and triglyceride accumulation. Results. The fructose-rich diet (group F) caused an increase in both triglycerides in vitro, and medullary adiposity in vivo; being partially or totally prevented by co-treatment with metformin (group FM). No differences were found in femoral biomechanical tests in vivo, nor in lipase activity and RUNX2/PPAR-γ ratio in vitro. DRF increased RAGE expression in BMPC, being prevented by co-treatment with MET. Conclusions. Metabolic syndrome induced by a fructose-rich diet increases femoral medullary adiposity and, in part, the adipogenic predisposition of BMPC. In turn, this can be totally or partially prevented by oral co-treatment with MET.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de un tratamiento con metformina (MET) sobre la predisposición adipogénica de células progenitoras de médula ósea (CPMO), adiposidad de la médula ósea y propiedades biomecánicas óseas. Materiales y métodos. 20 ratas Wistar machos adultos jóvenes fueron separados en cuatro grupos, recibiendo en agua de bebida: 100% agua (C); 20% de fructosa (F); metformina 100 mg/kg peso/día (M); o fructosa más metformina (FM). Tras cinco semanas se sacrificaron los animales, se diseccionaron ambos húmeros para obtener CPMO, y ambos fémures para evaluar adiposidad medular (histomorfometría) y propiedades biomecánicas (flexión a 3 puntos). Las CPMO se cultivaron in vitro en medio adipogénico para evaluar expresión de RUNX2, PPAR-γ y RAGE por RT-PCR, actividad de lipasa y acumulación de triglicéridos. Resultados. La dieta rica en fructosa (grupo F) produjo un aumento tanto de triglicéridos in vitro, como de la adiposidad medular in vivo; siendo parcial o totalmente prevenido por un co-tratamiento con metformina (grupo FM). No se observaron diferencias en las pruebas biomecánicas femorales in vivo, ni en actividad de lipasa y relación RUNX2/PPAR-γ in vitro. La DRF aumentó la expresión de RAGE en CPMO, siendo prevenido por co-tratamiento con MET. Conclusiones. El síndrome metabólico inducido por una dieta rica en fructosa aumenta la adiposidad medular femoral y, en parte, la predisposición adipogénica de las CPMO. A su vez, esto puede ser prevenido total o parcialmente por un co-tratamiento oral con MET.

RESUMEN Introducción: La evaluación de los cambios biomecánicos relacionados con las extremidades inferiores es necesaria en la práctica clínica para medir los riesgos potenciales de lesión y las influencias sobre la disfunción existente. Se sabe que los cambios biomecánicos relacionados con lesiones previas de tobillo influyen en el rendimiento de toda la extremidad inferior. Objetivo: Correlacionar las pruebas de fuerza muscular, las pruebas de rendimiento y la estabilidad del tobillo con la prueba de salto simple (Single Hop Test, SHT). Métodos: Se evaluó a 82 corredores aficionados con pruebas isocinéticas de fuerza muscular de cuádriceps e isquiotibiales, además de pruebas como Y Balance Test (YBT), Weight-bearing Lung Test (WBLT) y la prueba SHT. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que existía una correlación significativa entre el SHT y el YBT en sujetos con ratio isquiotibiales/cuádriceps (ratio I/Q) <0,55, y la longitud del SHT unilateral con el par máximo de los extensores de la rodilla ipsilateral. Conclusión: El estudio logró correlacionar las pruebas funcionales en cuestión con los resultados obtenidos en la dinamometría isocinética. Nivel de Evidencia V; Estudio Transversal. Introducción existente inferior Objetivo Single . SHT) Métodos 8 isquiotibiales YBT, , (YBT) Weightbearing Weight bearing WBLT (WBLT Resultados isquiotibialescuádriceps I/Q IQ I Q 055 0 55 <0,55 ipsilateral Conclusión isocinética V Transversal (YBT 05 5 <0,5 <0, <0 <

ABSTRACT Introduction: The assessment of biomechanical changes related to the lower limbs is necessary in clinical practice to measure the potential risks of injury and the influences on existing dysfunction. Biomechanical changes related to previous ankle injuries are known to influence the performance of the entire lower limb. Objective: The aim of this study was to correlate muscle strength tests, performance tests and ankle stability with the Single Hop Test (SHT). Methods: 82 amateur runners were evaluated with isokinetic tests of quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, as well as Y Balance Test (YBT), Weight-bearing Lung Test (WBLT), and the SHT. Results: The results showed there was a significant correlation between the SHT and the YBT in subjects with hamstring/quadriceps ratio (I/Q ratio) <0.55, and the length of the unilateral SHT with the peak torque of ipsilateral knee extensors. Conclusion: The study was successful in correlating the functional tests in question with the results obtained in isokinetic dynamometry. Level of Evidence V; Cross-Sectional Study. Introduction dysfunction limb Objective . (SHT) Methods 8 YBT, , (YBT) Weightbearing Weight bearing WBLT, WBLT (WBLT) Results hamstringquadriceps I/Q IQ I Q 055 0 55 <0.55 extensors Conclusion dynamometry V CrossSectional Cross Sectional Study (SHT (YBT (WBLT 05 5 <0.5 <0. <0 <

RESUMO Introdução: A avaliação de alterações biomecânicas relacionadas aos membros inferiores é necessária na prática clínica para mensurar os riscos potenciais de alguma lesão e as influencias sobre uma disfunção existente. As alterações biomecânicas relacionadas a lesões prévias de tornozelo são conhecidas pela influência na performance de todo o membro inferior. Objetivo: Correlacionar testes de força muscular, testes de performance e estabilidade do tornozelo com o teste de salto simples (Single Hop Test - SHT). Métodos: Foram avaliados 82 corredores amadores com testes isocinéticos de força muscular de quadríceps e isquiotibiais, além de testes Y Balance Test (YBT), Weight-bearing Lung Test (WBLT), e o SHT. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram haver correlação significativa entre o SHT e o YBT nos indivíduos com relação Isquiotibiais/Quadríceps (relação I/Q) <0,55, e o comprimento do SHT unilateral com o pico de torque de extensores de joelho ipsilateral. Conclusão: O estudo foi bem sucedido em correlacionar os testes funcionais em questão com os resultados obtidos na dinamometria isocinética. Nível de Evidência V; Estudo Transversal. Introdução existente inferior Objetivo Single . SHT) Métodos 8 isquiotibiais YBT, , (YBT) Weightbearing Weight bearing WBLT, WBLT (WBLT) Resultados IsquiotibiaisQuadríceps Isquiotibiais Quadríceps I/Q IQ I Q 055 0 55 <0,55 ipsilateral Conclusão isocinética V Transversal (YBT (WBLT 05 5 <0,5 <0, <0 <

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the effect of metformin (MET) treatment on adipogenic predisposition of bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPC), bone marrow adiposity and bone biomechanical properties. Materials and methods. 20 young adult male Wistar rats were sorted into four groups. Each of the groups received the following in drinking water: 100% water (C); 20% fructose (F); metformin 100 mg/kg wt/day (M); or fructose plus metformin (FM). After five weeks the animals were sacrificed. Both humeri were dissected to obtain BMPC, and both femurs were dissected to evaluate medullary adiposity (histomorphometry) and biomechanical properties (3-point bending). BMPC were cultured in vitro in adipogenic medium to evaluate RUNX2, PPAR-γ and RAGE expression by RT-PCR, lipase activity and triglyceride accumulation. Results. The fructose-rich diet (group F) caused an increase in both triglycerides in vitro, and medullary adiposity in vivo; being partially or totally prevented by co-treatment with metformin (group FM). No differences were found in femoral biomechanical tests in vivo, nor in lipase activity and RUNX2/PPAR-γ ratio in vitro. DRF increased RAGE expression in BMPC, being prevented by co-treatment with MET. Conclusions. Metabolic syndrome induced by a fructose-rich diet increases femoral medullary adiposity and, in part, the adipogenic predisposition of BMPC. In turn, this can be totally or partially prevented by oral co-treatment with MET.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de un tratamiento con metformina (MET) sobre la predisposición adipogénica de células progenitoras de médula ósea (CPMO), adiposidad de la médula ósea y propiedades biomecánicas óseas. Materiales y métodos. 20 ratas Wistar machos adultos jóvenes fueron separados en cuatro grupos, recibiendo en agua de bebida: 100% agua (C); 20% de fructosa (F); metformina 100 mg/kg peso/día (M); o fructosa más metformina (FM). Tras cinco semanas se sacrificaron los animales, se diseccionaron ambos húmeros para obtener CPMO, y ambos fémures para evaluar adiposidad medular (histomorfometría) y propiedades biomecánicas (flexión a 3 puntos). Las CPMO se cultivaron in vitro en medio adipogénico para evaluar expresión de RUNX2, PPAR-γ y RAGE por RT-PCR, actividad de lipasa y acumulación de triglicéridos. Resultados. La dieta rica en fructosa (grupo F) produjo un aumento tanto de triglicéridos in vitro, como de la adiposidad medular in vivo; siendo parcial o totalmente prevenido por un co-tratamiento con metformina (grupo FM). No se observaron diferencias en las pruebas biomecánicas femorales in vivo, ni en actividad de lipasa y relación RUNX2/PPAR-γ in vitro. La DRF aumentó la expresión de RAGE en CPMO, siendo prevenido por co-tratamiento con MET. Conclusiones. El síndrome metabólico inducido por una dieta rica en fructosa aumenta la adiposidad medular femoral y, en parte, la predisposición adipogénica de las CPMO. A su vez, esto puede ser prevenido total o parcialmente por un co-tratamiento oral con MET.

Resumo Objetivo: A ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) é uma das lesões mais comuns em atletas e está frequentemente associada a danos nas estruturas anterolaterais. Esta combinação de lesões apresenta-se clinicamente como um teste de pivot shift de alto grau. A hipótese deste estudo é que pacientes com deficiência de LCA e teste de pivot shift de alto grau tenham aumento da rotação interna (RI) do joelho. Métodos: Vinte e dois pacientes foram testados. Após raquianestesia efetiva, foram realizados dois testes com o paciente em posição supina. Primeiro, o teste de pivot shift bilateral foi realizado manualmente e seu grau foi registrado. Em seguida, com o joelho flexionado a 90 graus, o examinador traçou a projeção do pé em posição neutra e em RI máxima e mediu o ângulo de RI a partir dos eixos construídos entre o ponto central do calcanhar e o hálux. Resultados: Joelhos com deficiência de LCA apresentam delta da RI média estatisticamente significativo de 10,5 graus entre os grupos sem ajuste de idade e de 10,6 graus com ajuste de idade. Conclusões: Joelhos com deficiência do LCA e teste de pivot shift de grau I não apresentam aumento da RI em relação aos joelhos com LCA íntegro. Joelhos com deficiência do LCA e teste de pivot shift de graus II e III apresentam RI em comparação aos joelhos saudáveis. Objetivo (LCA anterolaterais apresentase apresenta se (RI Métodos testados efetiva supina Primeiro registrado seguida 9 hálux Resultados 105 10 5 10, 106 6 Conclusões íntegro saudáveis 1

Abstract Objective: Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most common injuries in athletes and is often associated with damage to anterolateral structures. This combination of injuries presents itself clinically as a high-grade pivot shift test. The hypothesis of this study is that patients with ACL deficiency and high-grade pivot shift test should have an increased internal knee rotation. Methods: Twenty-two patients were tested. After effective spinal anesthesia, two tests were performed with the patient in supine position. First, the bilateral pivot shift test was performed manually, and its grade was recorded. Then, with the knee flexed to 90 degrees, the examiner drew the projection of the foot in a neutral position and in maximum internal rotation, and the angle of internal rotation was measured from the axes built between the central point of the heel and the hallux. Results: In the ACL-deficient knee, it was observed that there is a statistically significant average internal rotation (IR) delta of 10.5 degrees between the groups when not adjusted for age, and 10.6 degrees when adjusted for age. Conclusions: Knees with ACL deficiency and with pivot shift test grade I do not show increased internal rotation in relation to knees with intact ACL. Knees with ACL deficiency and with pivot shift test grades II and III show increased internal rotation in comparison to healthy knees. Objective (ACL structures highgrade high Methods Twentytwo Twenty tested anesthesia First manually recorded Then 9 hallux Results ACLdeficient deficient IR (IR 105 10 5 10. age 106 6 Conclusions 1

RESUMEN Introducción: Los procedimientos quirúrgicos y protésicos evolucionan constantemente, en correspondecia con la necesidad de lograr rehabilitaciones más eficaces y satisfactorias en los pacientes; la observancia de los factores biomecánicos contribuye a ello. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de los factores biomecánicos en el estado de la rehabilitación implantosoportada. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal en el servicio de prótesis de la Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, en el período comprendido entre los años 2017 y 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por los pacientes portadores de rehabilitaciones implantosoportadas y cuya unidad de análisis la constituyeron las rehabilitaciones provisionales. La información obtenida se procesó y se sometió a pruebas estadísticas. Resultados: Las variables biomecánicas analizadas se relacionaron significativamente con el estado favorable de la rehabilitación implantosoportada y la buena evaluación de los aspectos biomecánicos, pero las más influyentes fueron la correspondencia implante/corona y la longitud de las coronas rehabilitadas, en relación a la longitud de los implantes en igual medida. Conclusiones: Los resultados favorables en los aspectos biomecánicos analizados contribuyeron de manera significativa en el éxito del tratamiento.

ABSTRAC Introduction: surgical and prosthetic procedures are constantly evolving in accordance with the need to achieve a more effective and satisfactory rehabilitation for patients; observance of biomechanical factors contributes to this. Objective: to determine the influence of biomechanical factors on the status of implant-supported rehabilitation. Methods: a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in the prosthesis service at the Dental Faculty, University of Medical Sciencies in Villa Clara, between 2017 and 2019. The universe consisted of patients with implant-supported rehabilitations and whose analysis was constituted by provisional rehabilitations. The obtained information was processed and subjected to statistical tests. Results: the analyzed biomechanical variables were significantly related to the favourable status of the implant-supported rehabilitation and the good evaluation of the biomechanical aspects but implant-crown correspondence and the length of the rehabilitated crowns were the most influential in relation to the length of implants to the same extent. Conclusions: the favourable results in the analyzed biomechanical aspects contributed significantly to the success of the treatment.

Abstract Introduction An accurate assessment of balance problems is critical for decreasing the risk of falling in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Reliable diagnostic tools such as Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) are not feasible for the clinical setting. Therefore, the present study's aim was to assess the correlation between the clinical Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and CDP. Methods 20 male older adults with Parkinson's Disease (PD) were included in this study. Participants first executed the Sit-To-Stand (STS), Step/Quick turn (SQT), and Step Up and Over (SUO) tests on a Balance Master® force platform, followed by a clinical balance evaluation using the BESTest. Results Four outcomes of the CDP were negatively correlated with one or more BESTest domains or total BESTest score: STS sway velocity was negatively correlated with the anticipatory postural adjustment (p = 0.02) and sensory orientation (p = 0.01) domains. SQT turn time was negatively correlated with biomechanical restriction (for turns to the left, p = 0.01, and right, p = 0.03, respectively), postural response (p = 0.01, p = 0.01), dynamic balance during gait (p = 0.007, p = 0.001), and total score (p = 0.02, p = 0.01). Step over time to the right in SUP was negatively correlated with the limits of the stability domain (p = 0.002) and total BESTest score (p = 0.020). SUO impact index was negatively correlated with the anticipatory postural adjustment domain (p = 0.01). Conclusion This study shows that several BESTest domains are significantly correlated with CDP outcomes, demonstrating that the BESTest can be used as a more clinically feasible alternative for computerized posturography, without loss of information. Parkinsons Parkinson s PD. PD . (CDP setting Therefore studys (BESTest 2 (PD SitToStand Sit To Stand STS, , (STS) StepQuick Quick SQT, (SQT) (SUO Master platform 0.02 002 0 02 0.01 001 01 left 003 03 0.03 respectively, respectively respectively) 0007 007 0.007 0.001, 0001 0.001 0.001) 0.01. 0.002 0002 0.020. 0020 0.020 020 0.020) posturography information (STS (SQT 0.0 00 000 0.00 0.

Resumo Objetivo Embora enxertos ósseos autólogos sejam o tratamento mais utilizado para defeitos ósseos, a preparação mais eficaz ainda é obscura. Este estudo animal teve como objetivo comparar diferentes preparações de enxerto ósseo autólogo para o tratamento de defeito ósseo crítico no crânio de ratos. Métodos No total, 122 ratos foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: Simulado, enxerto macerado e enxerto picado. Os espécimes foram submetidos a craniotomias no centro superior do crânio com broca de corte circunferencial de 7 mm de diâmetro. O defeito ósseo crítico produzido foi tratado ou não de acordo com o grupo de alocação do animal. Os ratos foram eutanasiados às 3, 6 ou 12 semanas após a cirurgia e seus crânios foram analisados por histomorfometria, densitometria óssea, nanotomografia computadorizada (nTC) e testes biomecânicos. Resultados A análise histomorfométrica mostrou maior percentual de preenchimento do defeito ósseo crítico no grupo picado e macerado em comparação ao simulado. A avaliação densitométrica evidenciou maior massa óssea em todos os desfechos de análise (p < 0,05) no grupo picado. Os dados de nTC revelaram um aumento ósseo expressivo no grupo picado em comparação aos grupos simulado e macerado. Os testes biomecânicos mostraram maiores valores de deformação, resistência máxima e rigidez relativa no grupo picado em qualquer momento da eutanásia (p < 0,05). Conclusões Nosso estudo mostrou que a preparação de enxerto ósseo picado gerou resultados significativamente melhores do que os enxertos macerados no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos no crânio de ratos. obscura total Simulado diâmetro 3 1 histomorfometria (nTC p 0,05 005 0 05 deformação 0,05. . 0,0 00 0,

Abstract Objective Although autologous bone grafting is the most widely used treatment for bone defects, the most effective preparation remains unclear. This animal study aimed to compare different autologous bone grafting preparation for the treatment of rats calvaria critical bone defect. Methods 122 rats were randomly allocated into three groups: Simulado, Macerated and Chopped. The specimens underwent craniotomies at the top center of their calvarias with a 7mm diameter circumferential cutter drill. The critical bone defect produced was treated or not according to the group the specimen wasallocated. The rats were euthanized at 3, 6 or 12 weeks post-op and its calvarias were analyzed by histomorphometry, bone densitometry, nanocomputed tomography (nCT), and biomechanical tests. Results The histomorphometry analysis showed the highest percentage of fulfillment of the critical bone defect in the chopped and macerated group when compared to simulado. The densitometry assessment evidenced higher bone mass at all endpoints analysis (p < 0.05) in the chopped group. The nCT data exhibited an expressive increase of bone in the chopped group when compared with the simulado and macerated groups. The biomechanical tests exhibited highest values of deformation, maximum force, and relative stiffness in the chopped group at any time of euthanasia (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our experimental work showed that chopped bone grafting preparation exhibited significant better outcomes than macerated in the treatment of a critical bone defect in rats calvaria. defects unclear groups Simulado Chopped mm drill wasallocated 3 1 postop post op nCT, , (nCT) p 0.05 005 0 05 deformation force 0.05. . (nCT 0.0 00 0.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever e testar biomecanicamente uma configuração, num modelo animal que simula o enxerto triplo de isquiotibiais para a reconstrução combinada do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) e do ligamento anterolateral (LAL), com apenas um túnel femoral e somente uma "perna" para a reconstrução do LAL. Métodos Tendões flexores profundos de suínos foram utilizados como enxerto e fixados com parafusos de interferência de titânio num bloco de poliuretano. As amostras foram divididas em 3 grupos: grupo 1 (controle) – com enxerto quádruplo; grupo 2 – com enxerto triplo simples; e grupo 3–com enxerto triplo trançado. Os testes foram realizados com uma máquina universal de ensaios eletromecânica EMIC DL 10000 (Instron Brasil Equipamentos Científicos Ltda., São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brasil). Resultados As amostras dos grupos 1, 2 e 3 alcançaram forças de pico médias de 816,28 ± 78,78 N, 506,95 ± 151,30 N e 723,16 ± 316,15 N, respetivamente. No Grupo 3, o trançado aumentou o diâmetro do enxerto entre 9% e 14%, e causou um encurtamento de 4% a 8% em comparação ao grupo 1, com um aumento médio da força de pico de ~ 200 N (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 e 3 com relação às forças de pico, o que indica que os enxertos quádruplos e triplos trançados apresentaram resultados de força semelhantes. Conclusão A configuração do enxerto de isquiotibiais com trança tripla para a reconstrução combinada do LCA e do LAL com um só túnel femoral e uma só "perna" para a reconstrução do LAL pode se tornar uma solução biomecanicamente viável, com potencial aplicação clínica. (LCA LAL, , (LAL) perna "perna poliuretano controle (controle quádruplo simples 3com 1000 Instron Ltda Ltda. Pinhais PR Brasil. . Brasil) 81628 816 28 816,2 7878 78 78,7 50695 506 95 506,9 15130 151 30 151,3 72316 723 16 723,1 31615 316 15 316,1 respetivamente 9 14 14% 4 8 20 p 0,05. 005 0,05 0 05 0,05) semelhantes viável clínica (LAL 100 8162 81 816, 787 7 78, 5069 50 506, 1513 151, 7231 72 723, 3161 31 316, 00 0,0 10 5 0,

Abstract Objective To describe and biomechanically test a configuration, in an animal model that simulates the triple hamstring graft for combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction, with a single femoral tunnel and a single strand for ALL reconstruction. Methods Deep flexor porcine tendons were used as the graft and fixed with titanium interference screws in a polyurethane block. The samples were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (control) – with a quadruple graft; group 2–with a simple triple graft; and group 3–with a braided triple graft. The tests were conducted using an EMIC DL 10000 (Instron Brasil Equipamentos Científicos Ltda., São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil) electromechanical universal testing machine. Results The samples in groups 1, 2, and 3 obtained mean peak forces of 816.28 ± 78.78 N, 506.95 ± 151.30 N, and 723.16 ± 316.15 N, respectively. In Group 3, braiding increased graft diameter by 9% to 14%, and caused a shortening of 4% to 8% compared with group 1, with an average peak force increase of ~ 200 N (p < 0.05). Regarding peak forces, there was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 3, indicating that quadruple and braided triple grafts showed similar strength results. Conclusion The triple-braided hamstring graft configuration for combined ACL and ALL reconstruction with a single femoral tunnel and a single strand for ALL reconstruction may become a biomechanically viable solution, with potential clinical application. (ACL (ALL block control (control 2with 2 3with 1000 Instron Ltda Ltda. Pinhais PR Brazil machine 81628 816 28 816.2 7878 78 78.7 50695 506 95 506.9 15130 151 30 151.3 72316 723 16 723.1 31615 316 15 316.1 respectively 9 14 14% 4 8 20 p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) results triplebraided solution application 100 8162 81 816. 787 7 78. 5069 50 506. 1513 151. 7231 72 723. 3161 31 316. 00 0.0 10 5 0.

RESUMO A degradação do intestino delgado de bovinos e seu efeito biomecânico não são descritos na literatura. Trabalhos que envolvem a biomecânica intestinal realizam os ensaios em poucas horas após o óbito dos doadores, sem avaliação de seu estado de deterioração. O congelamento é eficiente na conservação de vários tecidos, porém pode provocar danos em nível celular. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a degradação morfológica e biomecânica do jejuno de bovinos em diferentes tempos post mortem. O efeito do congelamento e do descongelamento sobre essas características também foi avaliado. As primeiras alterações macroscópicas foram observadas oito horas após o óbito. No mesmo momento, se iniciaram as alterações histológicas e a menor pressão suportada ao teste biomecânico (203,10±46,14mmHg). A partir de 12 horas, o tecido sofreu um rearranjo, suportando maior pressão (238,43±31,04mmHg). Uma segunda queda foi detectada após 18 horas (235,20±38,21mmHg), seguida de redução progressiva até o término do experimento. As lesões histológicas foram progressivas e graduais. As amostras testadas após descongelamento não apresentaram diferença estatística quanto à resistência mecânica em comparação com os espécimes frescos. Concluiu-se que as amostras mantêm sua resistência biomecânica até 6 horas após o óbito. Também se mostrou que o congelamento e o descongelamento, nas condições testadas, não alteraram a resistência mecânica da parede intestinal. literatura doadores deterioração tecidos celular mortem avaliado momento 203,10±46,14mmHg. 203104614mmHg mmHg 203,10±46,14mmHg . 203 10 46 14mmHg (203,10±46,14mmHg) 1 rearranjo 238,43±31,04mmHg. 238433104mmHg 238,43±31,04mmHg 238 43 31 04mmHg (238,43±31,04mmHg) 235,20±38,21mmHg, 235203821mmHg 235,20±38,21mmHg , 235 20 38 21mmHg (235,20±38,21mmHg) experimento graduais frescos Concluiuse Concluiu 4 (203,10±46,14mmHg 23 3 (238,43±31,04mmHg 2 (235,20±38,21mmHg

ABSTRACT Degradation of bovine small intestine and respective effects on biomechanics have not been described to date. Biomechanical testing of intestinal tissues is often carried out within a few hours of donor death and tissue deterioration is not accounted for. Freezing is efficient for the preservation of several tissues; however, it may cause cellular damage. This study investigated the morphologic and biomechanical changes of bovine jejunum at different postmortem moments. Effects of freezing and thawing on morphology and biomechanical behavior were also examined. Macroscopic changes were first noted within eight hours of death. At this time, histologic changes also started to set in, and biomechanical tests revealed lower bursting pressure (203.10±46.14mmHg). At 12 hours, tissue rearrangement was noted, and bursting pressure increased (238.43±31.04mmHg). A second drop in pressure was detected at 18 hours (235.20±38.21mmHg), followed by a progressive drop until the end of the experimental period. Histologic changes revealed progressive deterioration. Mechanical resistance did not differ between thawed and fresh specimens. It was concluded that bovine jejunal specimens retain biomechanical resistance up to 6 hours after death. Freezing and thawing did not affect the mechanical resistance of the intestinal wall in this experimental model. date however damage moments examined time 203.10±46.14mmHg. 203104614mmHg mmHg 203.10±46.14mmHg . 203 10 46 14mmHg (203.10±46.14mmHg) 1 238.43±31.04mmHg. 238433104mmHg 238.43±31.04mmHg 238 43 31 04mmHg (238.43±31.04mmHg) 235.20±38.21mmHg, 235203821mmHg 235.20±38.21mmHg , 235 20 38 21mmHg (235.20±38.21mmHg) period model 4 (203.10±46.14mmHg 23 3 (238.43±31.04mmHg 2 (235.20±38.21mmHg

SUMMARY: It is known that diabetes mellitus has late complications, including microvascular and macrovascular diseases. Diabetes can affect bones through biochemical markers of bone structure, density, and turnover. This study aimed to biomechanically investigate the bone-protective effects of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), one of the active peptides in the renin-angiotensin system, in rats with diabetes. Thirty male Wistar albino rats, three months old and weighing 250-300 g, were divided into four groups: diabetes, Ang 1- 7, diabetes plus Ang 1-7, and control. One month later, diabetes developed in rats; the rats were sacrificed, and their right femur was removed. Three-point bending biomechanical tests were performed on the femurs. The diabetic group had significantly higher bone fragility than the other groups (Pr >.05). Bone fragility was lower, and bone flexibility was higher in the Ang 1-7 groups (Pr>F value 0.05). As a result of our study, the effect of Ang 1-7 on the bones of rats with diabetes was investigated biomechanically. Ang 1-7 has a protective impact on the bones of rats with diabetes.

RESUMEN: Se sabe que la diabetes mellitus tiene complicaciones tardías, incluyendo enfermedades microvasculares y macrovasculares. La diabetes puede afectar los huesos a través de los marcadores bioquímicos de la estructura, la densidad y el recambio óseo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar biomecánicamente los efectos protectores en los huesos de la angiotensina 1-7 (Ang 1-7), uno de los péptidos activos en el sistema renina-angiotensina, en ratas con diabetes. Treinta ratas albinas Wistar macho, de tres meses de edad y con un peso de 250-300 g, se dividieron en cuatro grupos: diabetes, Ang 1-7, diabetes más Ang 1-7 y control. Un mes después, se desarrolló diabetes en ratas; se sacrificaron los animales y se extrajo su fémur derecho. Se realizaron pruebas biomecánicas de flexión de tres puntos en los fémures. El grupo diabéticos tenía una fragilidad ósea significativamente mayor que los otros grupos (Pr > 0,05). La fragilidad ósea fue menor y la flexibilidad ósea fue mayor en los grupos Ang 1-7 (valor Pr>F 0,05). Como resultado de nuestro estudio, se determinó biomecánicamente el efecto de Ang 1-7 en los huesos de ratas con diabetes. Se concluye que Ang 1-7 tiene un impacto protector en los huesos de ratas diabéticas.

Resumen Contexto: Los mecanismos de simulación y/o desgaste de articulaciones han sido estudiados y aplicados en sistemas biomecánicos de rodilla por más de 30 años. Sin embargo, estos no han sido ampliamente reportados en cuanto a sus estrategias de control y/o automatización. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los avances del desarrollo tecnológico de las diferentes plataformas y modelos de simuladores de rodilla, con base principalmente en las plataformas de Oxford y Stanmore. Método: Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de las patentes de equipos comerciales y artículos científicos.El enfoque utilizado consideró la cinemática y dinámica de las plataformas y los modelos de control, los actuadores, la interfaz y el método de sintonización empleados, así como las pruebas desarrolladas y el error del sistema. Resultados: No se han reportado sistemas biomecánicos de rodilla de manera generalizada en lo que a sus estrategias de control y/o automatización se refiere, debido a que muchos de ellos son comerciales y patentados. Existen plataformas que están certificadas bajo ciertos estándares, pero solo dependen de la variable controlada. Adicionalmente, se presenta una comparación detallada de los distintos tipos de plataformas existentes, en la cual destacan los modelos hidráulicos con controladores PID. Conclusiones: Existe un área de oportunidad para proponer nuevas alternativas de diseños y/o estrategias de control para simuladores de rodillas Esto, a su vez, abre la posibilidad de proponer nuevos diseños de alguna otra articulación, así como mejoras a los modelos existentes.

Abstract Context: Simulation and wear joint mechanisms have been studied and applied in knee biomechanical systems for more than 30 years. However, these have not been widely reported with regard to their control and/or automation strategies. This work aims to present the advances made in the technological development of the different platforms and models of knee simulators, based mainly on the Oxford and Stanmore platforms. Method: An exhaustive review of commercial equipment patents and scientific papers was conducted. The approach considered the kinematics and dynamics of the platforms and the control models actuators, interface, and tuning method used, as well as the tests conducted and the system error. Results: Biomechanical knee systems have not been widely reported, as far as their control and/or automation strategies are concerned, because many of them are commercial and patented. Some platforms are certified under certain standards but depend only on the controlled variable. In addition, a detailed comparison of the different types of existing platforms is presented, highlighting the hydraulic models with PID controllers. Conclusions: There is an area of opportunity to propose new design alternatives and/or control strategies for knee simulators. This, in turn, opens the possibility of developing new designs for other joints, as well as improved models of existing ones.

Resumo A falha da reconstrução ligamentar tem diferentes fatores de risco, dentre os quais podemos destacar o período antes da sua incorporação, o qual configura um período mecânico vulnerável. A perda de resistência ao longo do tempo é uma característica dos tecidos vivos. A dissecção com as inserções ósseas dos ligamentos cruzados de modelos animais não é descrita; todavia, para os ensaios monoaxiais, é fundamental extrair as informações de ensaios como os de relaxação. O presente trabalho realiza a descrição da dissecção utilizada para a geração de corpo de prova para a realização de ensaios não destrutivos para avaliar o comportamento mecânico. Realizamos dissecção de quatro ligamentos de joelho porcino, propondo uma técnica de dissecção para os ligamentos cruzados com as inserções ósseas para comparação com os colaterais. Os ligamentos foram submetidos a testes de relaxação e foram colocadas strain gauges durante os testes. Os resultados mostraram comportamento viscoelástico, validado pelas strain gauges e com uma perda ao longo do tempo, sendo que, em alguns ligamentos, as perdas chegaram a até 20%, fator este a ser considerado em trabalhos futuros. O presente trabalho dissecou os quatro principais ligamentos do joelho, demonstrando a abordagem posterior que permite manter as suas inserções ósseas e descrevendo a fixação para os ensaios uniaxiais monotônicos, além de ter conseguido extrair o comportamento viscoelástico dos quatro ligamentos do joelho dentro dos limites fisiológicos do joelho. risco incorporação vulnerável vivos descrita todavia monoaxiais porcino colaterais 20 20% futuros monotônicos 2

Abstract The failure of ligament reconstruction has different risk factors, among which we can highlight the period before its incorporation, which is a mechanically vulnerable period. Loss of resistance over time is a characteristic of living tissues. Dissection with bone insertions of the cruciate ligaments of animal models is not described; however, it is essential for monoaxial assays to extract information from tests such as relaxation. The present work describes the dissection used for the generation of a test body for the performance of nondestructive tests to evaluate the mechanical behavior. We performed dissection of four porcino knee ligaments, proposing a dissection technique for the cruciate ligaments with bone inserts for comparison with collateral ligaments. The ligaments were submitted to relaxation tests and had strain gauges placed during the tests. The results showed viscoelastic behavior, validated by strain gauges and with a loss over time; with some ligaments presenting with losses of up to 20%, a factor to be considered in future studies. The present work dissected the four main ligaments of the knee demonstrating the posterior approach that allows maintaining their bone insertions and described the fixation for the monotonic uniaxial trials, besides being able to extract the viscoelastic behavior of the four ligaments of the knee, within the physiological limits of the knee. factors incorporation tissues however 20 20% studies trials 2

RESUMEN Introducción El continuo desarrollo del baloncesto proporciona mayores exigencias a sus jugadores. El método tradicional de enseñanza práctica apenas se adapta a la situación actual de rápido desarrollo, que requiere estrategias de enseñanza actualizadas. Objetivo Explorar el método de enseñanza relativo a la postura enseñada en el baloncesto basado en el entrenamiento y las habilidades deportivas. Métodos Bajo un protocolo particular, se analizaron cinemáticamente las habilidades deportivas destacadas de cada atleta con un balón marcador, se comprobaron y corrigieron las deficiencias en sus habilidades deportivas y se realizaron nuevas pruebas a partir de las correcciones. Tras el entrenamiento, se volvieron a obtener los datos cinemáticos de las habilidades motoras, se compararon los datos de antes y después, se analizaron y se discutieron. Se discutió con un grupo de expertos un esquema de formación científica dedicado a las habilidades deportivas de cada practicante. Resultados Utilizando el modelo de análisis cinemático del movimiento, podemos encontrar en detalle las deficiencias de los atletas en el proceso deportivo y ajustarlas, optimizando los aspectos destacados de cada jugador. Conclusión El uso del modelo mecánico para analizar las habilidades y movimientos deportivos del baloncesto puede complementar los programas de enseñanza científica para los atletas, se recomiendan más estudios para su popularización. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento. jugadores actualizadas particular marcador correcciones motoras después discutieron practicante movimiento ajustarlas jugador popularización II tratamiento

RESUMO Introdução O desenvolvimento contínuo do basquetebol proporciona maiores exigências para os seus jogadores. O método tradicional de educação prática dificilmente adapta-se à situação atual de rápido desenvolvimento, necessitando de estratégias de ensino atualizadas. Objetivo Explorar o método de ensino referente à postura ensinada no basquetebol com base no treinamento e habilidades esportivas. Métodos Sob um protocolo particular, as habilidades esportivas de destaque de cada atleta foram analisadas cinematicamente com bola marcadora, foram verificadas e corrigidas as deficiências em suas habilidades esportivas e novos testes foram executados a partir das correções. Após o treinamento, os dados cinemáticos das habilidades motoras foram obtidos novamente, os dados antes e depois foram comparados, analisados e discutidos. Discutiu-se, com um grupo de especialistas, um esquema de treinamento científico dedicado às habilidades esportivas de cada praticante. Resultados Usando o modelo de análise cinemática do movimento, podemos encontrar com detalhes as deficiências dos atletas no processo esportivo e ajustá-las, otimizando os aspectos de destaque de cada jogador. Conclusão A utilização do modelo mecânico para analisar as habilidades esportivas e os movimentos do basquetebol pode complementar os programas de ensino científico para os atletas, recomenda-se maiores estudos para a sua popularização. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento. jogadores adaptase adapta se atualizadas particular marcadora correções novamente comparados discutidos Discutiuse, Discutiuse Discutiu se, Discutiu-se especialistas praticante movimento ajustálas, ajustálas ajustá las, las ajustá-las jogador recomendase recomenda popularização II tratamento

ABSTRACT Introduction The continuous development of basketball provides greater demands on its players. The traditional method of practical education hardly adapts to the current situation of rapid development, requiring updated teaching strategies. Objective Explore the teaching method concerning the posture taught in basketball based on sports training and skills. Methods Under a particular protocol, the outstanding sports skills of each athlete were analyzed kinematically with a marker ball, deficiencies in their sports skills were checked and corrected, and new tests were performed from the corrections. After the training, the kinematic data of the motor skills were obtained again. The before and after data were compared, analyzed, and discussed. A group of experts discussed a scientific training scheme dedicated to each practitioner’s sports skills. Results Using the kinematic movement analysis model, we can find in detail the athletes’ deficiencies in the sport process and adjust them, optimizing the outstanding aspects of each player. Conclusion The use of the mechanical model to analyze basketball sports skills and movements can complement scientific teaching programs for athletes, and further studies are recommended for its popularization. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes. players strategies protocol ball corrected corrections again compared practitioners practitioner s athletes them player popularization II outcomes