The southern African Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene hominin record is abundant and exhibits a high taxonomic diversity with three genera represented: Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo. Hominin fossil diversity and variation are often contextualised within other fossil assemblages or modern/extant counterparts. However, the incompleteness of the fossil record, sample selection bias and taphonomic condition of the specimens themselves constrain interpretations of diversity and variation within and between species. Thus, species identification and the nature of the observed variation are frequently debated. Palaeoproteomics can help improve our understanding of taxonomic variation, as demonstrated by the recently generated proteome of Paranthropus specimens from Swartkrans. Here, we demonstrate protein preservation for an A. africanus specimen from Sterkfontein Member 4, Sts 63, using minimally invasive analysis, and identify it as belonging to a male individual. We then discuss some of the current limitations of palaeoproteomics and how we can potentially overcome them. Although it is still in its infancy for Plio-Pleistocene hominin fossils, palaeoproteomics has the potential to help unravel the causes of observed morphological variation. Lastly, we strongly believe that the involvement of African researchers at all levels of this research, including leadership, is of great importance. SIGNIFICANCE: We have successfully determined the biological sex of an Australopithecus africanus specimen (Sts 63) from Sterkfontein Member 4 with the age range of 3.5 to 2.01 Ma, with a high degree of confidence, and we have assessed the extent of protein preservation. These discoveries hold significant implications for our understanding of sexual dimorphism and intraspecies variation as observed in African Plio-Pleistocene hominins.

Spondias tuberosa (umbu) has been studied from the perspective of natural product and pharmacology, revealing relevant biological activities. Therefore, from the point of view of chemical and biological studies, deepening knowledge about this species is of great importance. Additionally, the evaluation related to the metabolic variations of the same species during different phenological evolution stages is also an interesting aspect of the research. Thereby, ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MSE) was used to trace the chemical profile from umbu leaves at different phenological stages, allowing the detection of 40 metabolites, which 16 were annotated, such as phenolics and anacardic acids. Furthermore, the use of chemoinformatics tools allowed obtaining information on phenological development in the three leaves phases: post-flowering (young leaves), full production and senescence. The antiglycation activity assay revealed a potential inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the leaves at different phenological stages. The antioxidant activity was satisfactory and in agreement with previously reported results, evidencing the potential for using umbu leaves, currently completely discarded, as an alternative source of antioxidants, which may provide increased added value to the cultivation of umbu, stimulating family farming and the recovery of tree density in degraded areas.

Resumo A complexa interação entre parasitas gastrointestinais e hospedeiros ovinos envolve comunidades de bactérias, gêneros de parasitas, genes parasitários e vias biológicas. Haemonchus contortus representa um desafio global para ruminantes, e a comunidade bacteriana pode influenciar a resistência e a suscetibilidade a esses parasitas. Assim, uma melhor compreensão dessa complexa interação pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma nova abordagem para o controle desse parasito. Este estudo avaliou a comunidade bacteriana em ovinos Corriedale, naturalmente infectados com H. contortus, classificados em baixas cargas parasitárias (LC), intermediárias (IC) ou altas (HC), ao longo de dez meses. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas mensalmente para a contagem de ovos (OPG), e o sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA foi realizado em cinco animais de cada grupo. O OPG médio foi de 2.635 ± 105 para HC, 845 ± 129 para IC e 110 ± 70 para LC, com uma diferença significativa (p = 0,0001). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria e Spirochaetes foram mais abundantes no grupo HC. 102 gêneros bacterianos apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos LC e HC. A Beta diversidade foi estatisticamente diferente (p<0,005) para HC em comparação com os outros dois grupos. Também encontraram-se comunidades diferentes entre LC e HC. Sediminispirochaeta, Oribacterium, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminiclostridium_6 e Ruminococcus_1 foram significativamente mais abundantes no grupo LC e IC. Acetobacter e Methanocorpusculum tiveram uma redução significativa no grupo LC. Gêneros bacterianos relacionados à baixa emissão de metano e melhor eficiência alimentar estavam significativamente presentes no grupo LC. Portanto, uma melhor compreensão do papel da interação hospedeiro-parasita pode contribuir para melhorar o controle de H. contortus.

Abstract A complex interaction of gastrointestinal parasites with sheep hosts may involve bacteria communities, parasite genera, parasitic genes, and biological pathways. Haemonchus contortus presents a global challenge for ruminants, and the bacterial community can influence sheep's resistance and susceptibility to these parasites. Thus, a better understanding of this complex interaction could contribute to the development of a new approach to parasite control. This study evaluated the bacterial community of Corriedale sheep naturally infected with H. contortus based on the fecal egg counts over ten months and then classified as having low (LC), intermediate (IC), or high (HC). Stool samples were collected monthly for egg counts (EPG), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on five animals from each group. The average EPG was 2,635 ± 105 for HC, 845 ± 129 for IC, and 110 ± 70 for LC, with a significant difference (p = 0.0001). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes were more abundant in the HC group. 102 bacterial genera showed significant differences between the LC and HC groups. Beta diversity was statistically different (p<0.005) for HC compared with the other two groups; also, different communities were found between LC and HC. Sediminispirochaeta, Oribacterium, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminiclostridium_6 and Ruminococcus_1were significant more abundant in LC, and IC group. Acetobacter and Methanocorpusculum had a significant reduction in the LC group. Thus, bacterial genera related to low methane emission and food efficiency were significantly present in the LC group. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of host-bacterial community-parasite interaction could contribute to improving parasite control management.

Computational predictive approaches present themselves as an attractive alternative in the search for new compounds that may present toxic or growth regulatory activity in Aedes aegypti. Aspergillus species is a producer of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. In this study, it was possible to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in silico, as well as the prediction of the insecticidal biological activities of the juvenile hormone of natural substances produced by the genus Aspergillus. Initially, 187 molecules were cataloged from various species of Aspergillus spp., and only seven molecules of indole alkaloids were found to exhibit a toxic dose 50% (TD50) after conducting toxicity predictions. The molecular dynamic simulation trajectories were utilized to study parameters such as root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration and intermolecular hydrogen bond to understand the behavior and stability of proposed compounds in the binding pocket of the target protein. The N-β-acetyltryptamine molecule showed a binding affinity value of –8.100 ± 0.200 kcal mol-1, which classifies the compound as a potential insecticidal agent against the Aedes aegypti vector. silico Initially 18 spp spp. 50 TD50 TD (TD50 predictions deviation fluctuation protein Nβacetyltryptamine N β acetyltryptamine 8100 8 100 –8.10 0200 0 200 0.20 mol1, mol1 mol 1, 1 mol-1 vector 5 TD5 (TD5 810 10 –8.1 020 20 0.2 mol- (TD 81 –8. 02 2 0. –8 –

In this study, we aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of the extract, fractions, and isolated compounds of the flowers of Fridericia platyphylla, and to characterize the bioactive compounds. The chemical diversity of the extracts and fractions was investigated using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). We were able to annotate 26 compounds from the classes of flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, and cinnamic acid and its derivatives. The dichloromethane fraction showed greater cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1. In addition, the inhibitory concentrations of the dichloromethane fraction were 22.14 and 30.9 µg mL−1 for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively, and were capable of inhibiting tumor cell migration. Brachydins A and C were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction and showed the greatest cytotoxicity. The results obtained from this study show the potential biological effect of F. platyphylla flowers as a possible antitumor pharmacological agent. extract LCHRMS. LCHRMS LC HRMS . (LC-HRMS) 2 flavones flavonols flavanones isoflavones derivatives 10 mL1 mL 1 addition 2214 22 14 22.1 309 30 9 30. mL− MCF7 MCF 7 MCF- MDAMB231 MDAMB MDA MB 231 MDA-MB-23 lines respectively migration F agent (LC-HRMS 221 22. 3 MDAMB23 23 MDA-MB-2 MDAMB2 MDA-MB- MDA-MB

RESUMEN Como consecuencia de las relaciones familiares de subordinación basadas en la dependencia, algunas personas son expulsadas de sus familias biológicas por ser sexualmente diversas, auto-reconocidas con géneros divergentes y/o con orientaciones sexuales no necesariamente heteronormativas. Dadas las condiciones en que son expulsadas, las personas que no cuentan con una familia extendida que las apoyen terminan afrontando condiciones de calle o situaciones precarias similares, las cuales impiden satisfacer los mínimos necesarios para la congrua subsistencia. Pese a esto, en algunos casos excepcionales se da el caso en que personas en la misma situación se unen para garantizar entre todos sus mínimos, tener la posibilidad de desempeñarse socialmente y aportar a los demás desde la solidaridad. Estas relaciones llegan a tal punto que se auto-reconocen como familias con roles de madres, hijos o hermanos definidos. Para propender a una forma de reconocer, proteger y garantizar los derechos de estos sujetos, el presente artículo propone, desde la interpretación auténtica de normas constitucionales, una forma disruptiva de comprender los nuevos modelos de familia desde y para realidades cada vez más diversas.

ABSTRACT As a consequence of family relationships of subordination based on dependency, some people are expelled from their biological families for being sexually diverse, self-identified with divergent genders and/or with sexual orientations that are not necessarily heteronormative. Given the conditions in which they are expelled, people who do not have an extended family to support them end up facing street conditions or similar precarious situations, which prevent them from meeting the minimum necessary for a consistent subsistence. Despite this, in some exceptional cases it happens that a group of people in the same situation come together to guarantee their minimum, to have the possibility of performing socially and contributing to others through solidarity. These relationships reach such a point that they recognize themselves as families with defined roles as mothers, children or siblings. To promote a way to recognize, protect and guarantee the rights of these subjects, this article proposes, from the authentic interpretation of constitutional norms, a disruptive way of understanding new family models from and for increasingly diverse realities.

Resumen Introducción. La producción de banano es una de las actividades económicas más significativas para el país. Sin embargo, enfrenta serios desafíos debido a la presencia de diversos patógenos, entre los más significativos se encuentran los nematodos fitoparásitos que afectan el rendimiento y la calidad del cultivo. El uso de hongos nematófagos (HN) para el control biológico de nematodos es una alternativa para reducir la aplicación de productos químicos en cultivos agrícolas. En Costa Rica existe gran variedad de hongos debido a la diversidad de los suelos, por lo que el aislamiento y la correcta identificación de estos hongos es crucial para determinar su potencial antagonista. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar potenciales hongos nematófagos (PHN) presentes en muestras de suelo de plantaciones de banano de la región Huetar Atlántica. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron seis muestras de suelo provenientes de cinco cantones de la región Huetar Atlántica de Costa Rica mediante el método de espolvoreado en placas con agar-agua en búsqueda de PHN. Para la selección y purificación de los PHN se utilizaron placas Petri con papa dextrosa agar (PDA), identificando las estructuras morfológicas para el diagnóstico a nivel de género. Los hongos identificados morfológicamente se replicaron y se conservaron en viales con PDA y en aceite mineral a 4°C. Se extrajo ADN de los PHN y mediante amplificación por PCR (Reacción de Cadena de la Polimerasa) y secuenciación de diferentes regiones del genoma (ITS, tef 1-alfa, rpb2 y β-tubulina), se identificaron molecularmente. Resultados. Se aislaron e identificaron doce hongos, entre ellos Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium steckii, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sp., Fusarium pseudocircinatum, y Talaromyces sp. Conclusión. El descubrimiento e identificación correcta de PHN subraya la importancia de investigar su aplicación en programas de manejo integrado de plagas, así como la necesidad de evaluar su eficacia y seguridad en diferentes condiciones agroecológicas para maximizar su impacto positivo en la agricultura.

Abstract Introduction. Banana production is one of the most significant economic activities for the country. However, it faces serious challenges due to the presence of various pathogens, among the most significant are plant-parasitic nematodes that affect crop yield and quality. The use of nematophagous fungi (NF) for biological control of nematodes is an alternative to reduce the application of synthetic chemicals in agricultural crops. In Costa Rica there is a great variety of fungi due to the diversity of soils. Therefore, the isolation and correct identification of these fungi is crucial to determine their antagonistic potential. Objective. To isolate and identify the potential nematophagous fungi (PNF) present in soil samples from banana plantations at the Huetar Atlantic region. Materials and methods. Six soil samples from the Huetar Atlantic region of Costa Rica were analyzed by the agar-water sprinkling plates method in search of PNF. For PNF selection and purification, Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) were used, identifying morphological structures for diagnosis at genus level. Morphologically identified fungi were replicated and preserved in vials with PDA and in mineral oil at 4°C. DNA was extracted from the isolated PNF and through PCR amplification (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and sequencing of different regions of the genome (ITS, tef 1-alpha, rpb2 and β-tubulin), they were molecularly identified. Results. Twelve fungi were isolated and identified, including Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium steckii, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sp., Fusarium pseudocircinatum, and Talaromyces sp. Conclusion. The correct discovery and identification of PNF underscores the importance of investigating its application in integrated pest management programs, as well as the need to evaluate its efficacy and safety under different agroecological conditions to maximize its positive impact on agriculture.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Existe evidencia que herbívoros, como los saínos, dan forma a la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación a través del comportamiento de depredación, pisoteo, dispersión y enraizamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los saínos (Dycotiles tajacu) en la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque tropical húmedo en el Corredor Biológico Local Nogal-La Selva, Costa Rica, en un sitio con ausencia y en otro con presencia de saínos. Métodos: De junio a noviembre de 2021 se utilizaron 20 exclusiones experimentales y 20 parcelas de acceso libre de 2 m2, se cuantifico la herbivoría, número de láminas foliares, hojas dañadas, hojas sanas, altura de brinzales y biomasa caída en ambos sitios. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor densidad de brinzales en Reserva Nogal pero una menor diversidad, contrario en La Selva donde se encontró una mayor diversidad de brinzales, pero una menor densidad de plántulas. La herbivoría y la altura de brinzales en La Selva fue mayor que en Nogal. La exclusión de los saínos disminuyó el daño a las plántulas, pero no afectó la dinámica de la biomasa caída. Conclusión: Es necesario contemplar para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de la efectividad de corredores biológicos, las interacciones planta-animal, para potencializar el flujo de procesos ecológicos mediante la conectividad funcional y estructural, analizada a partir de interacciones como las presentadas en este trabajo.

Abstract Introduction: Evidence suggests that herbivores, such as peccaries, shape vegetation structure and diversity through predation, trampling, dispersal, and rooting behavior. Objective: To evaluate the impact of peccaries (Dycotiles tajacu) on the understory vegetation of the tropical rainforest in the Nogal-La Selva Local Biological Corridor, Costa Rica, comparing a site with the absence of peccaries to another with the presence of these animals. Methodology: From June to November 2021, 20 experimental exclusions and 20 free access plots, each measuring 2 m2 were used to quantify herbivory, the number of leaf blades, damaged leaves, healthy leaves, sapling height, and fallen biomass at both sites. Results: A higher sapling density was found in the Nogal Reserve, but a lower sapling diversity, while in La Selva there was a higher sapling diversity, but a lower density of seedlings. Herbivory and sapling height in La Selva exceeded those in Nogal. The exclusion of peccaries reduced seedling damage but did not affect the dynamics of fallen biomass. Conclusion: For the design, implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of biological corridors, it is crucial to consider plant-animal interactions to enhance the flow of ecological processes through functional and structural connectivity, analyzed from interactions such as those presented in this paper.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Resumen Introducción: El monitoreo de bioindicadores es una herramienta importante para la conservación de áreas naturales protegidas. Diferentes grupos taxonómicos fueron estudiados como bioindicadores por presentar: facilidad de muestreo, respuestas variadas a la perturbación, riqueza asociada a otras especies, y taxonomía accesible. Objetivo: Comparar el potencial de cuatro taxones (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae y Pompilidae) como bioindicadores ambientales, tomando en cuenta su facilidad de recolección, presencia de cambios en la composición de sus comunidades por perturbaciones, presencia de especies con preferencia por áreas perturbadas o conservadas; y diversidad correlacionada con la diversidad de los otros taxones. Métodos: El trabajo se realizó en la estación Biológica Manu Learning Centre en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, que comprende tres áreas en un gradiente de perturbación. Los ejemplares fueron recolectados con trampas pitfall, bandejas amarillas, trampas Malaise y monolitos, de mayo a diciembre del 2021. La facilidad de recolección se midió en términos de riqueza y abundancia; los cambios en la composición de sus comunidades mediante el análisis de similitud, escalamiento no métrico multidimensional, y partición de la diversidad beta; presencia de especies con preferencia con el análisis de correspondencia y el ajuste de bondad G de Williams; y finalmente la correlación de las diversidades con el índice de Spearman. Resultados: De los taxones estudiados, las de más fácil recolección fueron Scarabaeidae y Pompilidae. Existen cambios en la composición en todos los taxones, pero son importantes solo en Chilopoda y Scarabaeidae. En todos los taxones hay especies con preferencia por ambientes perturbados y no perturbados. Existe una alta correlación de las diversidades de Carabidae, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda. Conclusiones: Todos los grupos responden de diferente forma a los gradientes de perturbación, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda fueron los que tuvieron mejores características para ser considerados buenos bioindicadores.

Abstract Introduction: Bioindicator monitoring is a crucial conservation strategy within natural protected areas. Various taxonomic groups have been investigated as bioindicators due to their distinctive attributes, including ease of sampling, differential responses to disturbances, associations with species richness, and accessible taxonomy. Objective: To compare the potential of four taxa (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae, and Pompilidae) as environmental bioindicators, considering their ease of collection, presence of changes in community composition due to disturbances, including species with preferences for disturbed or conserved areas; and to correlate their diversity with the diversity of other taxa. Methods: The study was conducted at the Manu Learning Centre Biological Station in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, which comprises three areas along a disturbance gradient. Specimens were collected using pitfall traps, yellow pan traps, Malaise traps, and monoliths from May to June in 2021. Ease of collection was measured in terms of richness and abundance; changes in the community composition were assessed using similarity analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and beta diversity partitioning; presence of species with preferences was analyzed using correspondence analysis and G. Williams’ goodness-of-fir test; and diversity correlation using the Spearman index. Results: Among the taxa investigated, Scarabaeidae and Pompilidae were the easiest to collect. Changes in composition were observed in all taxa but were significant only in Chilopoda and Scarabaeidae. All taxa exhibited species with preferences for disturbed and undisturbed environments. There was a high correlation in diversities among Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, and Chilopoda. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the diverse responses exhibited by taxa along a disturbance gradient. Notably, Scarabaeidae and Chilopoda emerged as particularly robust bioindicators within the studied ecosystem.

Resumen Introducción: Cada vez son más los estudios que incluyen la diversidad funcional para comprender los patrones de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, en el departamento del Tolima, se ha investigado poco este aspecto en las comunidades de aves, lo que crea un vacío de conocimiento acerca de esta faceta de la diversidad biológica. Objetivo: Determinar cambios o patrones en la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de la avifauna del Centro Universitario Regional del Norte del Tolima (CURDN) durante un periodo de ocho años. Métodos: Los datos fueron organizados de manera que permitieran determinar cambios en la comunidad de aves a lo largo del tiempo y en diferentes épocas climáticas (alta y baja precipitación). Se emplearon diferentes índices de diversidad taxonómica y funcional (alfa y beta). Para evaluar el efecto de las temporadas climáticas y establecer diferencias entre los años, se utilizó el Escalamiento Multidimensional No Métrico (NMDS) y el Análisis de Similitud no paramétrico (ANOSIM). Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, se registraron 2 691 individuos. No se encontraron diferencias en la diversidad alfa, tanto taxonómica como funcional. Sin embargo, los resultados de estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad revelaron patrones opuestos que están estructurando la comunidad de aves. El análisis de partición de la diversidad taxonómica beta reveló un proceso de recambio de especies, mientras que la diversidad beta funcional determinó un anidamiento funcional. Conclusión: La diversidad funcional señaló la posibilidad de que las actividades antropogénicas llevadas a cabo en el CURDN actúan como filtros que estructuran la comunidad de aves. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de considerar estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad para determinar cambios o patrones de las comunidades de aves durante un amplio periodo de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: More and more studies include functional diversity to understand biodiversity patterns. However, in Tolima department, little research has been conducted on this aspect in bird communities, creating a knowledge gap to this important facet of biodiversity. Objective: To determine changes or patterns in the taxonomic and functional diversity of bird communities at the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN) for eight years. Methods: The data were organized to identify changes in the bird community over time and during different climatic periods (high and low precipitation). Several indices of taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha and beta) were used. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Non-Parametric Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) were applied to evaluate the impact of climatic periods and temporal variation. Results: During the sampling, 2 691 individuals were recorded. We found that there was no difference in the taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. However, the results of these two facets of biodiversity revealed opposing patterns that are structuring bird communities. The partitioning analysis of taxonomic beta diversity revealed a process of species turnover, while functional beta diversity revealed functional nestedness. Conclusions: Functional diversity suggested that anthropogenic activities in the CURDN act as filters that structure bird communities. These findings highlight the importance of considering these two facets of biodiversity to determine changes or patterns in bird communities over a long period.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca del rio Tambo es uno de los principales sistemas hidrográficos de la vertiente occidental del Perú y fuente de desarrollo para la agricultura, agroindustria, ganadería y consumo doméstico en el valle de Tambo y la ciudad de Arequipa. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura de macroinvertebrados en el río Tambo, Perú y evaluar la calidad del agua a través de esta comunidad. Métodos: Entre diciembre del 2018 y noviembre del 2019 se realizaron cinco muestreos en 12 estaciones, empleando una red Surber (500 μm). Los macroinvertebrados se identificaron a nivel de familia. Se registró la riqueza, dominancia de Simpson, equidad de Pielou, y diversidad verdadera de orden 1, para evaluar la estructura de la comunidad. Para estimar la similitud, se utilizó nMDS (índice de Bray-Curtis). Para verificar si existen diferencias en la estructura comunitaria, se empleó MANOVA de dos vías y ANOSIM. Para establecer la contribución de las familias a la similitud entre muestras, se utilizó SIMPER. La relación entre variables fisicoquímicas y biológicas se determinó con ACC. Se aplicó el índice ABI para evaluar la calidad ecológica. Resultados: se reconocieron 32 familias, siendo las más abundantes: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae y Elmidae. La mayor y menor diversidad se presentó en la parte media y baja de la cuenca respectivamente. Existieron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) de los índices de estructura comunitaria entre las 12 estaciones. Se evidenció mayor similitud entre las 12 estaciones en diciembre. Los puntajes del índice ABI se incrementan de la parte baja del río a la media, que se presentó la mejor calidad ecológica. Conclusión: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados del río Tambo reflejan el estado del ecosistema. Los ambientes con impacto por actividad humana registran menor diversidad y calidad ecológica, ya que se altera la estructura, hábitat y calidad de agua del río.

Abstract Introduction: The River Tambo basin is one of the main hydrographic systems of the Peruvian western watershed, being a source of development for agriculture, agroindustry, livestock, and domestic use in the Tambo Valley and Arequipa City. Objective: To analyze the structure of macroinvertebrates in River Tambo, Perú and assess the water quality through this community. Methods: Five sampling events were conducted between December 2018 and November 2019 in 12 stations, using a Surber net (500 μm). Macroinvertebrates were identified at a family level. To assess community structure, richness, Simpson’s dominance index (D), Pielou’s evenness (J’), and true diversity of order 1 were determined. A nMDS based on the Bray-Curtis index was used to evaluate dissimilarity. To check for differences in community structure, ANOSIM and two-way MANOVA were used. SIMPER was used to establish family contribution to sample similarity. Relations between physicochemical and biological variables were determined by CCA. ABI index was applied to assess ecological quality. Results: 32 families were recognized, being the most abundant: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae, and Elmidae. The middle and low zones of the basin showed the highest and lowest diversity respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the community structure indices among the 12 stations differed. There was a higher similarity among the 12 stations in December. ABI scores increased from the low to the middle part of the river, which showed the highest ecological quality. Conclusion: Macroinvertebrate communities from River Tambo reflect ecosystem conditions. Environments impacted by human activities show lower diversity and ecological quality, due to the structure, habitat, and water quality of the river being altered.

Resumen Introducción. El cafeto es un rubro de gran importancia a nivel mundial, al tener un impacto directo en la economía de los países. En Nicaragua representa el 25 % de las exportaciones. El agroecosistema de producción de cafeto está conformado por componentes que se encuentran por encima y debajo de la superficie del suelo. Objetivo. Estimar las poblaciones de macrofauna edáfica en agroecosistemas productivos de cafeto y su relación con la fertilidad del suelo y las prácticas de manejo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de mayo a agosto de 2023, en catorce sistemas productivos de cafeto, en la reserva natural Tepec-Xomolth La Patasta. Se realizaron monolitos de 25 × 25 × 20 cm extraídos del suelo; en cada sistema se trazaron tres transectos, separados a 50 m; los especímenes colectados se identificaron hasta nivel de familia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, modelos lineales generalizados, pruebas de hipótesis e índices de diversidad. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p < 0,5) para las comunidades rurales y las prácticas de manejo. La fertilidad del suelo varió de acuerdo con la altitud de las fincas. La macrofauna fue abundante en la comunidad Nueva Esperanza (20 672 individuos) y en el manejo de sombra (23 632 individuos). Se encontraron quince órdenes y 38 familias. Predominaron la clase Insecta y el grupo trófico de depredadores. La diversidad es alta y estable, resultado del manejo que realiza el productor. Conclusiones. La riqueza taxonómica y la abundancia de la macrofauna fueron similares en los sistemas evaluados, en específico los órdenes Haplotaxida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera e Isopoda, donde sobresalen los detritívoros, omnívoros y depredadores. Se evidenció que el manejo del cultivo tiene un efecto directo en la diversidad edáfica; esto indica que los suelos son poco perturbados y existe un equilibrio ecológico.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee plant is an item of great importance worldwide, as it has a direct impact on the economy of the countries. In Nicaragua, it represents 25 % of exports. The coffee plant production agroecosystem is made up of components that are found above and below the soil surface. Objective. To estimate the populations of soil macrofauna in productive coffee plantation agroecosystems and their relationship with soil fertility and management practices. Materials and methods. The research was carried out from May to August 2023 in fourteen coffee plantation production systems in the Tepec-Xomolth La Patasta nature reserve. Soil monoliths measuring 25 × 25 × 20 cm were extracted, and three transects were established in each system, separated by 50 m. Specimens collected were identified at the family level. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, generalized linear models, hypothesis tests, and diversity indices. Results. Significant statistical differences (p<0.5) were found for rural communities and practices. Soil fertility varied according to the altitude of the farms, with abundant macrofauna in the Nueva Esperanza community (20,672 individuals) and shade management (23,632 individuals). Fifteen orders and 38 families were identified, with the insect class and the trophic group of predators predominating. Diversity was high and stable, a result of the management practices employed by the producers. Conclusions. Taxonomic richness and abundance of macrofauna were similar in the evaluated systems, specifically in the orders Haplotaxida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Isopoda, where detritivores, omnivores and predators stand out. The study revealed that crop management directly affects soil diversity, indicating that the soils are minimally disturbed and there is ecological balance.

Resumen Introducción. El mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) enfrenta una erosión genética significativa debido a la presión antrópica en los páramos, lo que ha llevado a la pérdida gradual del conocimiento tradicional del mortiño. En Colombia, la falta de registros específicos ha dificultado la identificación de las especies asociadas, así como la comprensión de la distribución y las condiciones de vida de esta planta. Objetivo. Construir un modelo de distribución geográfica y potencial del mortiño, cuantificar la diversidad vegetal y analizar las especies asociadas, junto con los usos e importancia de la especie en su contexto de vida. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el corregimiento El Encano, Nariño-Colombia, durante el año 2021. Se implementó una metodología de investigación acción participativa, con encuestas, entrevistas, recorridos de campo con la comunidad y talleres participativos. Para desarrollar los mapas de distribución, se emplearon los programas ArcGIS 10.5 y MaxEnt 3.4.4. Los índices de diversidad biológica, como Shannon-Weiner y Simpson, junto con el valor de importancia, se determinaron para evaluar la riqueza de especies. Resultados. La comunidad resaltó el uso del mortiño en alimentación y medicina tradicional. Se identificaron veintiún especies asociadas, el helecho (Blechnum loxense Kunth) fue la más importante. La distribución de V. floribundum se atribuye a condiciones climáticas favorables, con temperaturas entre 8 y 16 °C y un gradiente altitudinal de 2800 a 3200 m s. n. m. Conclusiones. El estudio reveló dos ecosistemas propicios para el mortiño: el bosque altoandino y el páramo. El índice de valor de importancia destaca al helecho como la especie más representativa asociada al mortiño, información valiosa para la conservación y manejo sostenible de estos ecosistemas en la región.

Abstract Introduction. Mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) faces significant genetic erosion due to anthropogenic pressure in the páramos, leading to the gradual loss of traditional knowledge about the plant. In Colombia, the lack of specific records has hindered the identification of associated species and the understanding of the distribution and living conditions of this plant. Objective. To develop a model of geographical and potential distribution of mortiño, quantify plant diversity, and analyze the associated species, along with the uses and significance of the species in its ecological context. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in El Encano, Nariño-Colombia, during the year 2021. A participatory action research methodology was implemented, involving surveys, interviews, field visits with the community, and participatory workshops. For the development of distribution maps, ArcGIS 10.5 and MaxEnt 3.4.4 software’s were used. Biological diversity indices, such as Shannon-Weiner and Simpson, along with the importance value, were determined to evaluate species richness. Results. The community emphasizes the use of mortiño in food and traditional medicine. Twenty-one associated species were identified, with the fern (Blechnum loxense Kunth) being the most important. The distribution of V. floribundum was linked to favorable climatic conditions, with temperatures ranging 8 and 16 °C and an altitudinal gradient between 2800 to 3200 meters above sea level. Conclusions. The study identified two suitable ecosystems for mortiño: the high Andean Forest and the páramo. The importance value index highlights the fern as the most representative species associated with mortiño, providing valuable information for the conservation and sustainable management of these ecosystems in the region.