Resumen Introducción. En Ecuador el cultivo de fresa tiene una relevancia tanto económica como social y ha presentado un crecimiento significativo en los últimos años. Sin embargo, es susceptible a diferentes tipos de plagas y patógenos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Bacillus megaterium en el cultivo de fresa en variables relacionadas con la sanidad y el rendimiento agronómico. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo de campo se llevó a cabo en una plantación de fresa de la variedad Albion, de cuatro meses de edad desde la primera cosecha, en la provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. Se utilizaron las cepas IB6 y AB4 de Bacillus megaterium a concentraciones de 1 × 109 y 5 × 108 UFC/L, comparadas con un testigo químico de captan (3 g/L) y clorotalonil (2 mL/L) como fungicidas, y abamectina (0,75 mL/L) y lambdacialotrina (0,3 mL/L) como insecticidas en rotación. Se empleó un diseño de parcela dividida con evaluaciones en dos tiempos, entre abril y junio de 2023; se evaluó la incidencia y el índice de severidad de Botrytis cinerea, peso fresco, rendimiento, diámetros y grados Brix de frutos. Resultados. No hubo interacción entre los factores tratamientos y tiempo; los tiempos evaluados no mostraron diferencia estadística. El factor de tratamientos presentó diferencia estadística para variables de sanidad e interés agronómico. La incidencia de B. cinerea en tratamientos biológicos fue la menor, con 13 % en promedio. El control de ácaros fue superior a 72,71 % con la cepa IB6 a una concentración alta; este mismo tratamiento evidenció incrementos significativos en el peso fresco de frutos (13,2 %), los diámetros (14 %) y la concentración de sólidos solubles (23 %), superiores al testigo. Conclusión. El uso de Bacillus megaterium redujo la incidencia de Botrytis cinerea, fue efectivo contra ácaros y trips, y mejoró las variables de peso fresco, diámetros y grados Brix de frutos.

Abstract Introduction. In Ecuador, strawberry cultivation holds significant economic and social importance, having witnessed substantial growth in recent years. However, this sector faces challenges from various pests and diseases. Objective. To evaluate the effect of Bacillus megaterium on strawberry crop variables related to plant health and agronomic yield. Materials and methods. Field trial was conducted on an Albion strawberry plantation, four months after the first harvest, in Pichincha province, Ecuador. IB6 and AB4 strains of Bacillus megaterium were used at concentrations of 1 × 109 and 5 × 108 CFU/L. These were compared with a chemical control using captan (3 g/L) and chlorothalonil (2 mL/L) as fungicides, and abamectin (0.75 mL/L) and lambdacyhalothrin (0.3 mL/L) as insecticides in rotation. A split-plot design was applied with evaluations conducted at two intervals between April and June 2023. Variables measured included Botrytis cinerea incidence and severity index, fresh weight, yield, diameters, and Brix degrees of fruits. Results. There was no interaction between the treatment and time factors; the evaluated times showed no statistical differences. The treatment factor showed statistical differences for health and agronomic interest variables. The incidence of B. cinerea in the biological treatments was the lowest, with an average of 13 %. Mite control was greater than 72.71 % with the IB6 strain at a high concentration. This same treatment showed significant increases in the fresh weight of fruits (13.2 %), diameters (14 %), and soluble solids concentration (23 %), higher than the control. Conclusion. The use of Bacillus megaterium reduced the incidence of Botrytis cinerea, provided effective control against mites and thrips, and improved fresh weight, diameters and Brix degrees of fruits.

ABSTRACT Tausch’s goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) is a troublesome and widespread weed that poses a significant challenge in winter wheat fields. Understanding the germination biology of Tausch’s goat grass is crucial for predicting its potential distribution area. To better understand its germination and emergence ecology, this study evaluated the effects of various environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Seed germinations were settled across a range of constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 27 °C), and optimal germination rates were observed at 5, 15, 20, and 25 °C. The light and pH had no discernible effect on germination. Germination in this study was inhibited at osmotic potentials ranging from 0 to -0.7 MPa. The seedling emergence rate was highest (100%) when seeds were not buried (depth of 0 cm), emergence gradually declined while the depth of burial increased, no seedlings emerge at the depth of 6 cm. Those implied that deep plowing could effectively limit germination and emergence of this species. This study provides valuable insights into the germination conditions of Tausch’s goat grass and lays the groundwork for scientific prediction and control measures.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop production is extensively limited and reduced by a disease known as wilt, caused by a complex of soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antagonistic capacity of 31 isolates of Trichoderma spp. against the fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Agroathelia rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Neocosmospora falciformis, Fusarium languescens, F. nirenbergiae, and F. verticillioides. Trichoderma spp. isolates were obtained from rhizospheric soil and chickpea roots collected in the municipalities of Angostura and Salvador Alvarado, in Sinaloa, Mexico. Dual confrontations between the pathogen isolates and antagonistic agents were evaluated on PDA culture medium, using a completely randomized two-factor experimental design with three replicates. The recorded variable was the percentage of inhibition of radial mycelial growth. Of the 31 Trichoderma isolates evaluated, 22 induced > 55% inhibition of the plant pathogens; meanwhile, 7 Trichoderma isolates showed the highest antagonistic effect on each of the plant pathogens, causing > 59% inhibition. These 7 Trichoderma isolates were identified through multilocus phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS), EF-1ɑ, and rpb2 sequences, distinguishing 5 isolates as T. afroharzianum and 2 isolates as T. afarasin. These Trichoderma spp. isolates represent a biological control alternative against the complex of fungi causing chickpea wilt in Sinaloa.

Abstract Patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) face an elevated risk of experiencing acute kidney injury (AKI), exacerbating the progression of DKD. This article offers a comprehensive review of the literature and knowledge of the primary pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying kidney damage, as well as the biological implications of maladaptive kidney repair in the context of DKD complicated by AKI. Additionally, we examine in detail the findings of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of intensive insulin treatment for hyperglycemic patients in intensive care units, alongside the potential risks of hypoglycemia and mortality. Furthermore, through critical analysis of clinical trial results, opportunities for personalized safety-based approaches to mitigate side effects are identified. It is imperative to conduct randomized-controlled studies to assess the impact of intensive insulin treatment on diabetic patients with DKD, and to validate AKI biomarkers in this patient population. Such studies will help to tailor treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and preserve kidney function. (DKD AKI, , (AKI) damage Additionally units mortality Furthermore results safetybased based identified randomizedcontrolled randomized controlled population function (AKI

Resumo Pacientes com doença renal diabética (DRD) enfrentam um risco elevado de apresentar injúria renal aguda (IRA), o que agrava a progressão da DRD. Este artigo oferece uma revisão abrangente da literatura e do conhecimento dos principais mecanismos fisiopatológicos relacionados ao dano renal, bem como das implicações biológicas do reparo renal mal adaptativo no contexto da DRD complicada por IRA. Além disso, examinamos detalhadamente os achados de ensaios clínicos que avaliam a eficácia e a segurança do tratamento intensivo com insulina para pacientes hiperglicêmicos em unidades de terapia intensiva, juntamente com os riscos potenciais de hipoglicemia e mortalidade. Ainda, por meio da análise crítica dos resultados de ensaios clínicos, são identificadas oportunidades para abordagens personalizadas baseadas na segurança, a fim de mitigar efeitos colaterais. É imperativo realizar estudos randomizados e controlados para avaliar o impacto do tratamento intensivo com insulina em pacientes diabéticos com DRD e validar os biomarcadores de IRA nessa população de pacientes. Tais estudos ajudarão a adaptar as estratégias de tratamento para melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes e preservar a função renal. (DRD IRA, , (IRA) disso intensiva mortalidade Ainda colaterais (IRA

Abstract Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of the Cu(II)-1,3-PDTA complex was performed by two synthetic routes: sodium and carbonate pathways. The Cu (II)-1,3-PDTA complex can be easily produced by the 1,3-PDTA binder, commercially available as Trilon F (BASF) which is available as sodium or acid salt for the coordination of Cu (II). The biological activity of the Cu (II)-1,3-PDTA [Cu (II)-PDTA] complex was performed to analyze the activity against the bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi Bancroft. The bacterium is the causative agent of soft rot in the parsley maniac (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft). The bacterium was isolated from parsley manioc infected with soft rot. The metal complex sensitivity tests were performed by diffusion antibiogram. The mean values of the halos and standard deviations of the zones of inhibition were obtained for the [Cu (II) (PDTA)] and Streptomycin complexes. The concentrations of the complexes evaluated were 10-3, 10-2 and 10-1 M (equivalent to 36.3 g L-1 (3.63%), 3.63 g L-1 (0.363%) and 0.363 g L-1 (0.0363%), respectively). The halos were 25.0 ± 1.2 mm for control. For [Cu (II) (PDTA)] complexes, the obtained values were 9.5 ± 0.6, 15.0 ± 0.8 and 24.0 ± 0.8 via sodium and 12.0 ± 1.6, 25.0 ± 0.8 and 31.0 ± 1.9 via carbonate, for 10-3, 10-2 and 10-1 M, respectively. The results showed that the bactericidal activity of the Cu (II)-1,3-PDTA complex obtained by the two synthetic routes are adequate for the control of Erwinia chrysanthemi Bancroft.

ABSTRACT One of the main phytosanitary problems in major crops are phytonematodes, which are characterised as difficult to control. In view of this, biocontrol, through the use of biological agents, has become a driving force in controlling these pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of microorganisms, and detect the possibility of antagonistic effects, influence on growth, or synergistic action when microorganisms are jointly applied to crops. Microbiological analyses were carried out to observe the interaction of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum with the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus methylotrophicus. It was found that the interaction between the genera Bacillus and Trichoderma did not promote any increase in the fresh or dry weight of the roots or shoots of the soya plants; however, based on the results of the microbiological analysis of the fungi and bacteria, the interaction was found to be promising, particularly in the evaluation carried out on the seventh day. Considering the number of viable spores, the interaction between B. subtilis + T. asperellum showed better results than B. methylotrophicus + T. asperellum. The Interaction between the genera Bacillus and Trichoderma showed the potential for joint use in the biological control of the soya bean.

Abstract Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is an alternative treatment for craniofacial bone defects reconstruction through membrane barrier adaptation, such as demineralized dentin material membrane (DDMM). DDMM is used as a substitute for GBR material, which aligns with Green Economy principles, it has a good biological osteoinductive and osteoconductive effects, and its structure resembles bones. The balance of bone remodeling when experiencing craniofacial defects will be altered and allow changes to resorption activity, so the mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption are vital. Objective: this article aims to analyze the expression of TNF-α, RANKL, and osteoclast cells count after application of DDMM as GBR in mandibular bone defects. Methodology: this is an experimental study with a post-test only control group design, which began with the randomization of 120 rats into five groups: K(−), without membrane implantation; K(+), PPCM; P1, DDMM; P2, DDMM + bone graft; P3, PPCM + bone graft. The expression of TNF-α, RANKL, and osteoclast cells count were observed, followed by analysis using a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey HSD comparison test. Results: there were significant differences in the expression of TNF-α, RANKL, and osteoclast cells count in all study groups (p=0.000). TNF-α showed a decreasing difference with the highest expression in the K(−) group on day 3 of 12.00±2.16. RANKL expression increased on day 14 and decreased on day 21 in all groups. The osteoclast cells count generally showed a critical period with the highest increase in the K(−) group on day 14 of 73.00±0.00. Conclusion: DDMM has the potential to be a superior membrane substitute compared to PPCM as GBR in alternative treatment for craniofacial bone defects reconstruction.

Resumo: A aquicultura é uma indústria global importante na prática do cultivo de organismos aquáticos para fornecer alimentos à população e impulsionar a economia dos países produtores. O Brasil se destaca na produção global de rãs-touro, mas essa atividade tem gerado problemas ecológicos e econômicos. A falta de regulamentação e controle pode ameaçar a biodiversidade, já que essas rãs atuam como vetores de patógenos como o fungo quitrídio Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) e o vírus Ranavirus (Rv). Tanto o Bd, quanto o Rv, estão associados a declínios e extinções em massa de anfíbios em todo o mundo. Estudos no Brasil identificaram alta prevalência desses patógenos em ranários, representando ameaças à indústria e ao ambiente. A ausência de regulamentação eficaz na ranicultura é um desafio, já que a quitridiomicose e a ranavirose são doenças de notificação obrigatória à Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, exigindo gestão dos impactos na produção de rã-touro. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi promover a articulação entre pesquisadores, órgãos públicos e líderes do setor, visando revisar as legislações existentes e propor medidas eficazes de biosseguridade. Realizamos extensivas revisões sobre a ranicultura no Brasil, participamos e promovemos reuniões com representantes governamentais e produtivos e nos engajamos ativamente nos Planos de Ação para a conservação de espécies. Nesse contexto, esforços foram feitos para mapear ranários e desenvolver propostas de biosseguridade visando o controle de patógenos. Concluímos que a colaboração entre setores é crucial para a elaboração e implementação de políticas eficazes. Além disso, apresentamos uma revisão detalhada da legislação vigente diretamente relacionada ao tema, visando facilitar a compreensão da situação atual no Brasil. A implementação e manutenção de regulamentações mais abrangentes, assim como a adoção de práticas sustentáveis na ranicultura, são essenciais para garantir a sustentabilidade da indústria e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Abstract: Aquaculture is a globally significant industry involved in the cultivation of aquatic organisms to provide food for the population and boost the economies of producing countries. Brazil stands out in the global production of bullfrogs, but this activity has generated ecological and economic problems. The lack of regulation and control can threaten biodiversity, as these bullfrog’s act as vectors for pathogens such as chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the virus Ranavirus (Rv). Both Bd and Rv are associated with declines and mass extinctions of amphibians worldwide. Studies in Brazil have identified a high prevalence of these pathogens in bullfrog farms, posing threats to both the industry and the environment. The absence of effective regulation in bullfrog farming is a challenge, as chytridiomycosis and ranaviruses are diseases that must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health, requiring management of impacts on bullfrog production. Therefore, our goal was to promote collaboration among researchers, public entities, and industry leaders, aiming to review existing legislation and propose effective biosecurity measures. We conducted extensive reviews on bullfrog farming in Brazil, participated in and organized meetings with government and industry representatives, and actively engaged in Species Conservation Action Plans. Within this context, efforts have been made to map frog farms and develop biosecurity proposals aimed at pathogen control. We conclude that intersectoral collaboration is crucial for the development and implementation of effective policies. Furthermore, we present a detailed review of the current legislation directly related to the topic to facilitate understanding of the current situation in Brazil. The implementation and maintenance of more comprehensive regulations, along with the adoption of sustainable practices in frog farming, are essential to ensure the industry’s sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

FROM SAMPLING TO PURIFICATION: METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATION OF SILOXANES IN BIOGAS. Biogas has emerged as an important source of clean and renewable energy, with its energy viability dependent on purity grade. Primarily composed by methane and carbon dioxide, biogas can also contain nitrogen, water vapor, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrocarbons and siloxanes. Regarding methane, all other components are considered contaminants, with volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) being the major challenge in terms of control and removal. VMSs are commonly found in personal care products and industrial applications, and their presence is highly detrimental to biogas energy generation equipment by forming silica deposits that cause fouling and damage, reducing operational efficiency and system longevity. In this context, three topics are crucial: (i) sampling techniques (bags, gas cylinders, canisters, adsorbent tubes, and impingers); (ii) detection and quantification methods for VMSs, highlighting gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry; and (iii) biogas purification/removal strategies (adsorption, absorption, refrigeration/condensation, biological degradation, and membrane separation). This review explores the methodologies involved in these topics, presenting literature research approaches and their effectiveness regarding siloxanes, contributing to biogas applications.

Resumo A complexa interação entre parasitas gastrointestinais e hospedeiros ovinos envolve comunidades de bactérias, gêneros de parasitas, genes parasitários e vias biológicas. Haemonchus contortus representa um desafio global para ruminantes, e a comunidade bacteriana pode influenciar a resistência e a suscetibilidade a esses parasitas. Assim, uma melhor compreensão dessa complexa interação pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma nova abordagem para o controle desse parasito. Este estudo avaliou a comunidade bacteriana em ovinos Corriedale, naturalmente infectados com H. contortus, classificados em baixas cargas parasitárias (LC), intermediárias (IC) ou altas (HC), ao longo de dez meses. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas mensalmente para a contagem de ovos (OPG), e o sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA foi realizado em cinco animais de cada grupo. O OPG médio foi de 2.635 ± 105 para HC, 845 ± 129 para IC e 110 ± 70 para LC, com uma diferença significativa (p = 0,0001). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria e Spirochaetes foram mais abundantes no grupo HC. 102 gêneros bacterianos apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos LC e HC. A Beta diversidade foi estatisticamente diferente (p<0,005) para HC em comparação com os outros dois grupos. Também encontraram-se comunidades diferentes entre LC e HC. Sediminispirochaeta, Oribacterium, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminiclostridium_6 e Ruminococcus_1 foram significativamente mais abundantes no grupo LC e IC. Acetobacter e Methanocorpusculum tiveram uma redução significativa no grupo LC. Gêneros bacterianos relacionados à baixa emissão de metano e melhor eficiência alimentar estavam significativamente presentes no grupo LC. Portanto, uma melhor compreensão do papel da interação hospedeiro-parasita pode contribuir para melhorar o controle de H. contortus.

Abstract A complex interaction of gastrointestinal parasites with sheep hosts may involve bacteria communities, parasite genera, parasitic genes, and biological pathways. Haemonchus contortus presents a global challenge for ruminants, and the bacterial community can influence sheep's resistance and susceptibility to these parasites. Thus, a better understanding of this complex interaction could contribute to the development of a new approach to parasite control. This study evaluated the bacterial community of Corriedale sheep naturally infected with H. contortus based on the fecal egg counts over ten months and then classified as having low (LC), intermediate (IC), or high (HC). Stool samples were collected monthly for egg counts (EPG), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on five animals from each group. The average EPG was 2,635 ± 105 for HC, 845 ± 129 for IC, and 110 ± 70 for LC, with a significant difference (p = 0.0001). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes were more abundant in the HC group. 102 bacterial genera showed significant differences between the LC and HC groups. Beta diversity was statistically different (p<0.005) for HC compared with the other two groups; also, different communities were found between LC and HC. Sediminispirochaeta, Oribacterium, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminiclostridium_6 and Ruminococcus_1were significant more abundant in LC, and IC group. Acetobacter and Methanocorpusculum had a significant reduction in the LC group. Thus, bacterial genera related to low methane emission and food efficiency were significantly present in the LC group. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of host-bacterial community-parasite interaction could contribute to improving parasite control management.

Protium ovatum Eng. Burseraceae is an endemic species in Brazil used in traditional medicine. This study investigated the chemical variation and the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of dichloromethane soluble fraction of hydrolate (DSFH) from leaves of P. ovatum collected from five different vegetation physiognomies within the Cerrado Goiano. The region was characterized based on the DSFH chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed to compare the different DSFHs from five Savannah regions in Brazil. The DSFHs from the Cerrado stricto sensu (CSS), Mata de Galeria (MG) and Cerradão (C) regions were grouped in the negative part of PC1, showing high similarity. Samples from the C and MG regions showed antioxidant activity of IC50 = 0.98 and 0.78 mg mL-1, respectively, and 0.250 mg mL-1 of butylated hydroxytoluene (positive control). DSFH from different regions exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The results show that the chemical composition and the biological activity of DSFHs can be affected according to the area of collection. Eng medicine (DSFH P Goiano GCMS GC MS (GC-MS PCA (PCA HCA (HCA CSS, CSS , (CSS) (MG (C PC1 PC similarity IC IC5 098 0 98 0.9 078 78 0.7 mL1, mL1 mL 1, 1 respectively 0250 250 0.25 mL- positive control. control . control) albicans collection (CSS 09 9 0. 07 7 025 25 0.2 02 2

Compared to other species, components of Combretum lanceolatum are still with few data reported in the literature. This work describes the compounds identification, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of C. lanceolatum twigs. Ethanolic extract (EECLT) from C. lanceolatum twigs was submitted to partition obtaining: hexane (HF), diethyl ether (EEF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and hydromethanolic (HMF) fractions. They were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and direct insertion mass spectrometry and evaluated for antioxidant assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) and antimicrobial assay. Fifty-seven compounds were identified in the fractions. In antioxidant assay, EECLT and EAF demonstrated good antioxidant potential (half maximal effective concentration (EC50): 57.9 and 45.4 µg mL–1, respectively), better than the positive control butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (EC50: 69.34 µg mL–1). For antimicrobial assay, all fractions presented promising minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). EECLT presented the best values against Staphylococcus aureus (125 µg mL–1) and Escherichia coli (62.5 µg mL–1) and better than the positive control fluconazole (8 and 16 µg mL–1) against Candida albicans (3.9 µg mL–1) and Candida krusei (15.6 µg mL–1) strains. This study presents relevant chemical and biological information about C. lanceloatum expanding the knowledge of Brazilian flora. species literature identification C (EECLT obtaining HF, HF , (HF) EEF, EEF (EEF) (EAF HMF (HMF chromatographymass 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl 2 DPPH (DPPH method Fiftyseven Fifty seven half EC50 EC (EC50) 579 57 9 57. 454 45 4 45. mL1 mL mL–1 respectively, respectively respectively) BHT (BHT (EC50 6934 69 34 69.3 mL–1. . MIC. MIC (MIC) 125 (12 62.5 625 62 5 (62. 8 ( 3.9 39 3 (3. 15.6 156 15 6 (15. strains flora (HF (EEF 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, EC5 mL– (EC5 693 69. (MIC 12 (1 62. (62 3. (3 15. (15 (EC (6

Selenium-containing compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cancer preventive effects. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, we assessed the toxicity, neuroprotective, antioxidant properties, and impact on longevity of 11 selenoacetylenes. Their toxicity and bioactivities varied based on molecular structure. Selenoacetylenes with butyl substituents were toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae. The presence of but-3-in-2-ol radical increased antiprotozoal activity against Tetrahymena pyriformis. Compared to the positive control (Nimitz® EC), selenoacetylenes were less toxic to nematode worms and eggs. Selenoacetylenes significantly reduced amyloid beta (Aβ) paralysis in C. elegans CL4176 worms, increased longevity by 18 to 22%, along with improving survival after oxidative or thermal stress. Galantamine, showed inferior results. These findings enhance our understanding of selenoacetylenes on neuroprotection, antioxidant activity, and longevity in C. elegans. Future mammalian studies will further elucidate mechanisms and explore the potential therapeutic use of selenoacetylenes in treating Alzheimer’s disease and longevity. Seleniumcontaining Selenium containing activities antioxidative antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory effects organism neuroprotective properties 1 structure larvae but3in2ol butinol but 3 2 ol pyriformis Nimitz® Nimitz (Nimitz EC, EC , EC) eggs Aβ (Aβ C CL CL417 22 22% stress Galantamine results neuroprotection Alzheimers Alzheimer s CL41 CL4

A series of novel thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological ability. 2-Amino-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-d]pyrano-3-cyanonitrile was synthesized by Gewald reaction using pyranone as substrate, malonitrile and sulfur powder as raw materials and triethylamine as base at room temperature. Subsequent amination with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) gave N'-(3-cyano-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide. In this article, the 23 thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidines were obtained by Dimroth rearrangement condensation with different anilines, 16 of them being new compounds. Meanwhile, all compounds were assessed for breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line bioactivity with paclitaxel (PTX) as the positive control, and all compounds in the series showed inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231. The IC50 of compound l against MDA-MB-231 is 27.6 μM, which is similar to that of PTX with an IC50 of 29.3 μM. This means that compound l exhibits comparable inhibitory activity to PTX in MDA-MB-231 cells and may be considered as a potential anti-MDA-MB-231 inhibitor. thieno2,3dpyrimidine thieno23dpyrimidine thienodpyrimidine thieno 2,3 d pyrimidine 2 3 designed ability 2Amino4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3dpyrano3cyanonitrile 2Amino47dihydro5Hthieno23dpyrano3cyanonitrile AminodihydroHthienodpyranocyanonitrile Amino 4,7 dihydro 5H pyrano cyanonitrile 4 7 H substrate temperature N,Ndimethylformamide NNdimethylformamide N,N dimethylformamide N DMFDMA DMF DMA (DMF-DMA N3cyano4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3cpyran2ylN,Ndimethylmethanimidamide. N3cyano47dihydro5Hthieno23cpyran2ylNNdimethylmethanimidamide NcyanodihydroHthienocpyranylNNdimethylmethanimidamide cyano c pyran yl dimethylmethanimidamide. dimethylmethanimidamide N'-(3-cyano-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide article thieno2,3d thieno23d thienod thieno[2,3-d anilines 1 Meanwhile MDAMB231 MDAMB MDA MB 231 MDA-MB-23 (PTX control MDAMB231. 231. IC IC5 276 27 6 27. μM 293 29 29. antiMDAMB231 antiMDAMB anti anti-MDA-MB-23 inhibitor thieno2 3dpyrimidine dpyrimidine 2, 2Amino4 7dihydro5Hthieno2 3dpyrano3cyanonitrile Hthieno dpyrano 47 4, Ndimethylformamide NN N3cyano4 3cpyran2ylN Ndimethylmethanimidamide cpyran ylN N3cyano4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3cpyran2ylN,Ndimethylmethanimidamide ylNNdimethylmethanimidamide 3d MDAMB23 MDA-MB-2 antiMDAMB23 anti-MDA-MB-2 2Amino dihydroHthieno 7dihydro5Hthieno dpyranocyanonitrile Ncyano N3cyano cpyranylN MDAMB2 MDA-MB- antiMDAMB2 anti-MDA-MB- MDA-MB anti-MDA-MB

In the present work, three series of cinnamic (1), p-coumaric (2) and ferulic (3) esters containing different side-chains such as ethyl (1a-3a), n-propyl (1b-3b), n-butyl (1c-3c), n-pentyl (1d-3d), n-hexyl (1e-3e), and n-heptyl (1f-3f) were prepared, tested for activity against trypomastigote forms of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and toxicity against NCTC cells. Obtained results indicated that the presence of p-coumaric or ferulic moieties associated with C4-C7 linear side-chains play an important role in the bioactivity against T. cruzi since compounds 2c-2f and 3d-3f were found to be the most active derivatives with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value ranging from 12.8 to 1.7 μM, superior to that determined for the positive control benznidazole (EC50 = 16.4 μM). Additionally, machine learning and multivariate statistical analyses identified molecular features correlated with biological activity, emphasizing the importance of side-chain length and lipophilicity, highlighting the significance of the molecular structure of phenylpropanoid derivatives in the activity against T. cruzi. work 1, 1 , (1) pcoumaric p coumaric 2 (2 3 (3 sidechains side chains 1a3a, 1a3a aa 1a 3a (1a-3a) npropyl n propyl 1b3b, 1b3b bb 1b 3b b (1b-3b) nbutyl butyl 1c3c, 1c3c cc 1c 3c c (1c-3c) npentyl pentyl 1d3d, 1d3d dd 1d 3d d (1d-3d) nhexyl hexyl 1e3e, 1e3e ee 1e 3e e (1e-3e) nheptyl heptyl 1f3f ff 1f 3f f (1f-3f prepared cells C4C7 CC C4 C7 C C4-C T 2c2f cf 2c 2f 3d3f df EC50 EC 128 12 8 12. 17 7 1. μM (EC5 164 16 4 16. μM. . μM) Additionally sidechain chain lipophilicity (1 ( (1a-3a (1b-3b (1c-3c (1d-3d (1e-3e C4C EC5 (EC