ABSTRACT: Plant extracts effects have been regarded and proven in researches under different applications in agriculture, including seed treatment. The plant extracts effectiveness is attributed to the presence of certain classes of compounds; therefore, studies that aim to identify and quantify these composites, which are present in plant extracts used in agriculture, are important, as well as the seed treatment. This research aimed to understand and describe through a systematic review, what were the main carried approaches, classes and identified compounds in studies with plant extracts to different applications in agriculture and the seed treatment. The period 2015 to 2020 was the one that exposed the higher research publication indexes, considering the theme under analysis, plant extracts in agriculture, seeking to identify or quantify the presence of metabolic composites, indicating a growing interest in this theme. Such studies pursued identifying and/or quantifying the compounds that are present in the plant extracts. The phenolic compounds constitute the priority class of metabolites to different functions, effects and applications in agriculture, mainly in seed treatment. The terpenes present a substantial potential as bioinsecticides to agriculture. Plant species that are rich in phenolic and terpenes compounds are a significant source of alternative control in the protection of the productive system. ABSTRACT treatment therefore composites important review approaches 201 202 indexes analysis andor functions system 20 2

RESUMO: Efeitos de extratos vegetais têm sido apontados e comprovados em pesquisas sob diferentes aplicações na agricultura, incluindo o tratamento de sementes. A eficácia de extratos vegetais é atribuída a presença de certas classes de compostos, logo, sendo importante estudos que visam a identificação e quantificação destes compostos presentes em extratos de plantas usados na agricultura, bem como para o tratamento de sementes. Objetivou-se compreender e descrever, por meio de uma revisão sistematizada, quais as principais abordagens realizadas, classes e compostos identificados em estudos com extratos vegetais para diferentes aplicações na agricultura e no tratamento de sementes. O período 2015 a 2020 foi o que apresentou os maiores índices de publicações de pesquisas que exploram extratos vegetais na agricultura, buscando identificar e, ou quantificar os compostos presentes nos extratos vegetais. Os compostos fenólicos constituem a classe prioritária de metabólitos para diferentes funções, efeitos e aplicações na agricultura, principalmente no tratamento de sementes. Os terpenos apresentam grande potencial como bioinseticidas para a agricultura. Espécies de plantas ricas em compostos fenólicos e terpenos são fontes potenciais para controle alternativo na proteção de sistemas produtivos. RESUMO sementes logo Objetivouse Objetivou se descrever sistematizada realizadas 201 202 funções produtivos 20 2

Abstract The use of botanical insecticides has increased in recent years due to the demand for effective products, particularly against insects resistant to conventional insecticides. Among these is Aedes aegypti, a well-adapted mosquito to urban environments that opportunistically feeds on humans and animals, contributing to the spread of virus. We evaluated the potential of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Eucalyptus caryophyllus, and Mentha arvensis in terms of their larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti. EOs’ compounds were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioassays were performed on third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti to evaluate the larvicidal effects of EO dilutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at different concentrations. Mortality rates were observed over a 72-hour period to determine the efficacy of the treatments. Citronellal (86.64) predominated in E. citriodora, limonene in E. staigeriana (41.68), eugenol in E. caryophyllus (87.76), and menthol in M. arvensis (51.53%). EOs exhibited larvicidal activity from 10 ppm, with notable efficacy at 85 ppm, in which those from E. staigeriana and M. arvensis caused maximum mortality to Ae. aegypti larvae. Results revealed distinct efficacy patterns among EOs, with E. staigeriana displaying high toxicity within 24 h, achieving LC50 and LC95 values of 47.04 ppm and 97.35 ppm, respectively. Larvicidal effects within 1 h were observed for E. citriodora and E. caryophyllus. This study underscores larvicidal efficacy against Ae. aegypti, notably E. staigeriana, which had the lowest LC50 value. The findings indicate that the tested samples have potential for use as bioinsecticides. products welladapted well adapted animals virus (EOs Ae chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) DMSO (DMSO concentrations 72hour hour 72 treatments 86.64 8664 86 64 (86.64 E 41.68, 4168 41.68 , 41 68 (41.68) 87.76, 8776 87.76 87 76 (87.76) M 51.53%. 5153 51.53% 51 53 (51.53%) 8 2 LC LC5 LC9 4704 47 04 47.0 9735 97 35 97.3 respectively value bioinsecticides (GC-MS 7 86.6 866 6 (86.6 416 41.6 4 (41.68 877 87.7 (87.76 515 51.53 5 (51.53% 470 0 47. 973 9 3 97. 86. (86. 41. (41.6 87. (87.7 51.5 (51.53 (86 (41. (87. 51. (51.5 (8 (41 (87 (51. ( (4 (51 (5

Resumo O uso de inseticidas botânicos tem aumentado nos últimos anos devido à demanda por produtos eficazes, especialmente contra insetos resistentes aos inseticidas convencionais. Entre eles está o Aedes aegypti, um mosquito bem adaptado a ambientes urbanos que se alimenta oportunisticamente de humanos e animais, contribuindo para dispersão de vírus. Avaliamos o potencial de óleos essenciais (OEs) extraídos de Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Eucalyptus caryophyllus e Mentha arvensis em relação à sua atividade larvicida contra Ae. aegypti. Os compostos dos OEs foram determinados usando cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Os bioensaios foram realizados em larvas de terceiro instar de Ae. aegypti para avaliar os efeitos larvicidas das diluições de OE em dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) em diferentes concentrações. As taxas de mortalidade foram observadas ao longo de 72 horas para determinar a eficácia dos tratamentos. O componente citronelal (86,64) predominou em E. citriodora, limoneno em E. staigeriana (41,68), eugenol em E. caryophyllus (87,76) e mentol em M. arvensis (50,73%). Os OEs exibiram atividade larvicida a partir de 10 ppm, com grande eficácia a 85 ppm, onde os de E. staigeriana e M. arvensis causaram mortalidade máxima de larvas de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados revelaram padrões de eficácia distintos entre os OEs, com E. staigeriana exibindo maior toxicidade dentro de 24 horas, alcançando valores de CL50 e CL95 de 47,04 ppm e 97,35 ppm, respectivamente. Efeitos larvicidas dentro de 1 hora foram observados para E. citriodora e E. caryophyllus. Este estudo destaca a eficácia larvicida contra Ae. aegypti, especialmente E. staigeriana, que teve o menor valor de CL50. Concluímos que esses OEs são potencialmente larvicidas para o controle eficaz de Ae. aegypti. eficazes convencionais animais vírus (OEs Ae GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) DMSO (DMSO concentrações 7 tratamentos 86,64 8664 86 64 (86,64 E 41,68, 4168 41,68 , 41 68 (41,68) 87,76 8776 87 76 (87,76 M 50,73%. 5073 50,73% 50 73 (50,73%) 8 2 CL CL5 CL9 4704 47 04 47,0 9735 97 35 97,3 respectivamente (GC-MS 86,6 866 6 (86,6 416 41,6 4 (41,68 87,7 877 (87,7 507 50,73 5 (50,73% 470 0 47, 973 9 3 97, 86, (86, 41, (41,6 87, (87, 50,7 (50,73 (86 (41, (87 50, (50,7 (8 (41 (50, ( (4 (50 (5

Abstract Introduction: Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) affect conifers and other forest species in the northern hemisphere, reducing forest productivity and causing stand death, thereby justifying control actions. Objective: The aim was to collect baculoviral strains from Mexican sawfly populations and explore their potential for developing biopesticides. Materials and methods: A search for baculovirus-infected field populations was carried out. Twenty-three samples of live or dead larvae were collected from 12 localities. Microscopic diagnosis at 400X or 1000X under phase contrast, a DNA hybridization test, and a pathogenicity test were performed. Results and discussion: Samples from eleven localities showed baculoviral polyhedra. Three subsamples of Zadiprion ojedae DNA from Guachochi, Chihuahua, hybridized with a synthetic probe of the Neodiprion sertifer Polh gene sequence, confirming they harbored baculovirus infection. Five tested inocula produced disease and mortality in all treated larvae; two of them induced baculoviral polyhedra proliferation in ≥89 % of the resulting cadavers. The rictus mortem of sawfly larvae killed by baculovirus differs from that observed in Lepidoptera: most baculovirus-bearing cadavers remain firm or hard, flattened or not, obscured or not, and do not hang from the hind legs. For most of the cadavers found with liquefied tissues, the agent that most probably caused death was not the baculovirus but the accompanying microbiota (bacilli, cocci, or fungi). Conclusions: Baculovirus strains are widely present in Mexican sawfly populations and several of them were pathogenic and promising for developing bioinsecticides.

Resumen Introducción: Las moscas sierra (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) afectan las coníferas y otras especies forestales en el hemisferio norte, reduciendo la productividad del bosque y causando la muerte de los rodales, lo que justifica acciones de control. Objetivo: Obtener cepas baculovíricas de poblaciones de moscas sierra mexicanas y explorar su potencial para elaborar bioplaguicidas. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda de poblaciones de campo infectadas con baculovirus. De 12 localidades se recolectaron 23 muestras de larvas vivas o muertas. Se realizó un diagnóstico microscópico a 400X o 1000X bajo contraste de fases, una prueba de hibridación de ADN y otra de patogenicidad. Resultados y discusión: Las muestras procedentes de once localidades mostraron poliedros baculovíricos. Tres submuestras de ADN de Zadiprion ojedae de Guachochi, Chihuahua, hibridaron con una sonda sintética de la secuencia del gen Polh de Neodiprion sertifer, confirmando que albergaban la infección baculovírica. Cinco inóculos probados produjeron enfermedad y mortalidad en todas las larvas tratadas; dos de ellos indujeron proliferación de poliedros baculovíricos en ≥89 % de los cadáveres resultantes. El rictus mortem de las larvas de moscas sierra muertas por baculovirus difiere del observado en los lepidópteros: la mayoría de los cadáveres portadores de baculovirus permanecen firmes o duros, aplanados o no, obscurecidos o no y no cuelgan de las patas traseras. La licuefacción de sus tejidos internos, su aplanamiento y obscurecimiento dependen de la abundancia relativa y tipo de microbiota acompañante. En la mayoría de los cadáveres encontrados con tejidos licuados, el agente que probablemente causó la muerte en mayor medida no fue el baculovirus, sino la microbiota acompañante (bacilos, cocos y hongos). Conclusiones: Las cepas baculovíricas están ampliamente presentes en las poblaciones mexicanas de moscas sierra y varias de ellas fueron patogénicas y prometedoras para el desarrollo de bioinsecticidas.

ABSTRACT: We verified the spatial and temporal distribution of the olive leaf moth (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) in a new potential region for olive cultivation and evaluated the bioinsecticides effectiveness to control this pest. The experimental orchard composed by Koroneiki and Arbequina cultivars was planted in Pato Branco, Southwest region of Paraná, Brazil. In the field, larvae counts were performed weekly on 25 plants of each cultivar, for 12 months, to verify the spatial and temporal distribution. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, second instar larvae of P. forficifera were fed with olive leaves treated with Azadirachta indica oil, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and the effectiveness in the larvae mortality was used to compare four bioinsecticides and control. The P. forficifera larvae occurred mainly during the three summer months, had a host preference for the ‘Arbequina’ (68.9% of total larvae) and occurred at random distribution patterns throughout the orchard. The A. indica oil and B. thuringiensis both caused almost 100% larvae mortality under laboratory conditions. ABSTRACT Palpita Munroe 1959 pest Branco Paraná Brazil field 2 cultivar 1 months Furthermore conditions P bassiana ‘Arbequina 68.9% 689 68 9 (68.9 A B 100 195 68.9 6 (68. 10 19 68. (68 (6 (

RESUMO: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal da lagarta-da-oliveira (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) em uma nova região com potencial de cultivo de oliveira e avaliar a eficiência de controle desta praga com bioinseticidas. O pomar experimental com as cultivares Koroneiki e Arbequina foi implantado em Pato Branco, região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. No pomar foram realizadas contagens semanais de lagartas em 25 plantas de cada cultivar, durante 12 meses, para verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal. Além disso, em condições de laboratório, larvas de segundo instar foram submetidas à alimentação com folhas de oliveira tratadas com óleo de neem (Azadirachta indica), Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae e Beauveria bassiana, e a efetividade de mortalidade das larvas foi utilizada para comparação entre os quatro bioinseticidas e a testemunha. As lagartas de P. forficifera ocorreram concentradas durante os três meses de verão, tiveram preferência hospedeira pela cultivar Arbequina (68,9% do total de larvas registradas), e ocorreram em padrão de distribuição aleatório ao longo do pomar. A aplicação de óleo de neem (A. indica) ou de B. thuringiensis causaram quase 100% de mortalidade das larvas em condições de laboratório. RESUMO lagartadaoliveira lagarta Palpita Munroe 1959 Branco Paraná Brasil 2 1 disso laboratório Azadirachta indica, indica , bassiana testemunha P verão 68,9% 689 68 9 (68,9 registradas, registradas registradas) A. (A B 100 195 68,9 6 (68, 10 19 68, (68 (6 (

Resumen (Objetivo) El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el uso de insecticidas orgánicos procedentes de extractos de diferentes plantas, para controlar el impacto producido por la plaga de la oruga Spodoptera spp. en el cultivo de sandía Citrullus lanatus, en la provincia de Los Ríos-Ecuador. (Metodología) Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA), que comprendió cinco tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones, con diferentes extractos y un control. El tratamiento T1 consistió en extracto de ají Capsicum sativum más jabón común; el T2, en un extracto de ajo Allium sativum con aceite vegetal parafínico más jabón común; el T3, en un extracto de ortiga Urtica dioica; el T4, en un extracto de ruda Ruta graveolens; y el T5 fue definido como control. Las diferencias entre los tratamientos fueron comparadas mediante el test de Tukey. Se consideraron distinciones estadísticamente significativas cuando p ≤ 0.05. (Resultados) El tratamiento T3 es el de mayor importancia, pues alcanza el menor porcentaje de incidencia de la plaga con una media del 25 % y presenta, de igual manera, el menor porcentaje de daños en fruto con una media del 10 %. A este lo siguieron el T1 (32,50 %) y el T2 (35,00 %). El control T5 obtuvo los resultados negativos y logró el 50 % de incidencia de la plaga con un 37,50 % de daño en frutos. (Conclusiones) Se demuestra que el extracto de ortiga, utilizado como extracto botánico para el control potencial de Spodoptera spp. en el cultivo de sandía, presenta resultados positivos con la menor incidencia de la plaga (25 %), evidenciando la utilidad de los extractos botánicos en la producción hortícola sostenible.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso de inseticidas orgânicos de extratos de diferentes plantas para controlar o impacto produzido pela praga da lagarta do complexo Spodoptera spp. no cultivo de melancia Citrullus lanatus, na província de Los Ríos-Equador. (Metodologia) Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental em blocos inteiramente casualizados (DBIC), que incluiu cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições, com diferentes extratos e um controle. O tratamento T1 consistiu de extrato de pimenta Capsicum sativum mais sabão comum; T2, em extrato de alho Allium sativum com óleo vegetal parafínico mais sabão comum; T3, em extrato de urtiga Urtica dioica; T4, em extrato de arruda Ruta graveolens; e T5 foi definido como controle. As diferenças entre os tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Foram consideradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando p ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) O tratamento T3 é o mais importante, pois atinge o menor percentual de incidência da praga com média de 25% e também apresenta o menor percentual de danos aos frutos com média de 10%. A esse seguiram os T1 (32,50%) e T2 (35,00%). O controle T5 obteve resultados negativos e atingiu 50% de incidência da praga com 37,50% de dano aos frutos. (Conclusões) Mostra-se que o extrato de urtiga, usado como extrato botânico para o controle potencial de Spodoptera spp. no cultivo de melancia, apresenta resultados positivos com a menor incidência da praga (25%), evidenciando a utilidade dos extratos botânicos na produção hortícola sustentável.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this work was to analyze the use of organic insecticides from extracts of different plants to control the impact produced by the caterpillar pest Spodoptera spp. on the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) crop in the province of Los Ríos, Ecuador. (Methodology) A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, consisting of five treatments with four replicates, with different extracts and a control. Treatment T1 consisted of Capsicum sativum chili bell pepper extract plus common soap; treatment T2 consisted of Allium sativum garlic extract with liquid paraffin vegetable oil plus common soap; treatment T3 consisted of Urtica dioica nettle extract; treatment T4 consisted of Ruta graveolens rue extract, and treatment T5 was defined as a control. Differences between results of treatments were compared using Tukey's test. Results were considered to be statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. (Results) The T3 treatment was most effective, producing the lowest percentage of pest incidence (an average of 25%), and the lowest percentage of fruit damage (an average of 10%). It was followed by T1 (32.50% pest incidence) and T2 (35.00% pest incidence). The T5 control produced negative results, with 50% pest incidence and 37.50% fruit damage. (Conclusions) The study demonstrated that nettle extract, used as a botanical extract for the potential control of Spodoptera spp. in the watermelon crop produced the lowest incidence of pests (25%), demonstrating the usefulness of botanical extracts in sustainable horticultural production.

Abstract Baculoviruses are pathogenic viruses isolated from insects mainly included in the order Lepidoptera. These viruses have a high host-specificity, with no effects on non-target insects, plants or vertebrates. Baculoviruses are an effective tool for insect pest management. These bioinsecticides allow farmers to control key pests in lettuce, tomato, eggplant, bell pepper and corn crops with high percentages of effectiveness. The use of baculovirus-based pesticides in horticulture is increasing at regional level. In Latin America these types of bioinsecticides are used in horticultural systems with organic production. In Argentina, new indigenous baculovirus isolates were characterized and most of them demonstrated a high potential for application as bioinsecticides to control horticultural pests. The incorporation of baculovirus in pest management programs decrease the use of synthetic insecticides and their negative impact on food for human consumption and the environment.

Resumen Los baculovirus son patógenos aislados de insectos, principalmente del orden Lepidoptera. Se caracterizan por su alta especificidad, pues poseen un espectro de hospedadores reducido, y por ser inocuos para artrópodos benéficos, plantas y mamíferos. Estas características les confieren a los baculovirus propiedades óptimas para su uso como bioinsecticidas. Su aplicación permite el control de plagas claves en cultivos de lechuga, tomate, berenjena, morrón y maíz en elevados porcentajes de efectividad. El empleo de estos agentes en la horticultura va en aumento a nivel regional. En Latinoamérica su utilización se asocia principalmente a sistemas hortícolas con producción orgánica. En la Argentina se han caracterizado numerosos aislamientos baculovirales autóctonos que poseen un alto potencial para su aplicación como bioinsecticidas en el control de plagas presentes en sistemas hortícolas. La incorporación de estos agentes en programas de manejo de plagas permite disminuir el uso de insecticidas sintéticos y minimizar el impacto negativo sobre alimentos de consumo humano y el ambiente.

Resumen Se sintetizan las experiencias del autor y colaboradores en la búsqueda de métodos preventivos para lidiar con Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Enmarcados en la noción del manejo integrado de plagas (MIP), incluyen el injerto de Cedrela odorata sobre un patrón resistente de cedro australiano (Toona ciliata var. australis); la estructuración de plantaciones ecológicamente robustas, basadas en la diversificación de la vegetación y el control biológico natural; el diseño de un sistema de predicción del riesgo; el abatimiento precoz de la población, usando trampas con feromonas; la evitación mediante la repelencia de adultos o la fagodisuasión de larvas; y la mortalidad de larvas por toxicidad o disrupción de su crecimiento.

Abstract Research experiences of the author and collaborators in the search of preventative methods to deal with Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are summarized. Based upon the paradigm of integrated pest management (IPM), they include graftings of Cedrela odorata on a resistant rootstock of Australian cedar (Toona ciliata var. australis); structuration of ecologically-robust plantations, based on plant diversification and natural biological control; design of a risk prediction system; early population abatement by means of pheromone-baited traps; avoidance by adult repellence or larval deterrence; and larval mortality due to toxicity or growth disruption.

ABSTRACT Soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens) and Spodoptera group are important defoliators insects responsible for significant yield losses in soybean, cotton and maize in Brazil. Bioinsecticides and transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are among the most used sustainable control methods for pest control in agriculture, especially for several lepidopteran species. To provide new components for insect control, this study aimed to select and characterize B. thuringiensis strains toxic to C. includens, S. cosmioides, S. eridania, and S. frugiperda. We performed initial bioassays with fifty B. thuringiensis strains for C. includens and selected four strains – 1608A, 726, 773, and 775E – that caused high larval mortality (100%) to be tested against Spodoptera species. These strains harbored cry insecticidal genes, megaplasmids, absence of β-exotoxin and showed two major proteins about 65 and 130 kDa in SDS-page attributed to Cry protein classes toxic to lepidopteran species. The 1608A and 775E strains also showed high toxicity to Spodoptera species that demonstrate great potential for B. thuringiensis-based bioproduct development and as sources of new insecticidal genes for transgenic crops for multiple pest control relevant in the Brazilian agricultural system.

ABSTRACT Neotropical Annonaceae-derived bioinsecticides have shown promising control of insect pest species. In order to develop an alternative tool for control Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970), an important invasive pest of Brazilian orchards, this study investigated the insecticidal activity of a formulation prepared from ethanolic seed extract of different Annona species (Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L., and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil.) at discriminatory concentration of 2000 mg L-1 in comparison with a limonoid-based bioinsecticide and a synthetic insecticide (spinetoram) as positive controls. In an ingestion and topical application bioassay, the formulation based on A. mucosa caused more than 95% mortality, which was equivalent to the mortality caused by the synthetic insecticide spinetoram. In a free-choice bioassay, A. mucosa (83%), bioinsecticide (88%) and synthetic insecticide (98%) produced a significant reduction in the number of eggs per fruit. In addition, formulations based on A. mucosa, A. sylvatica, A. muricata and bioinsecticide resulted in a 50% reduction in egg viability. In the field, A. mucosa and bioinsecticide negatively influenced the infestation by Z. indianus in figs, producing a significant reduction in the number of larvae per fruit (3.6 and 2.29 larvae per fruit, respectively) in relation to the control treatment (11 larvae per fruit). However, they were significantly inferior to the synthetic insecticide (0.71 larvae per fruit). Thus, A. mucosa, bioinsecticide and spinetoram have the potential to be used in the framework of Z. indianus management.

In the Northwest of Mexico, Phenacoccus solenopsis has been recognized as an aggressively invasive species on cotton plants. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two fungal commercial bioinsecticides (Verticillium lecanii and Isaria fumosorosea) against P. solenopsis under laboratory and semi-felds conditions. Our results showed a high mortality by V. lecanii (100%) followed by I. fumosorosea (40%) and control (0%) after 96 h of exposure. Thirty days after initiating the experiment, we observed a significant reduction of the disease index in cotton plants exposed to I. fumosorosea and V. lecanii (50% and 48%, respectively) compared with control (76%). The use of V. lecanii and I. fumosorosea did not show significant changes in the physiological parameters of plants (chlorophyll, polyphenol contents, anthocyanins and potential photochemical yield values) compared with the control after 30 days of exposure to entomopathogenic fungi. Currently, the available information about mode of action of commercial formulations using I. fumosorosea and V. lecanii for biocontrol of P. solenopsis is scarce in Mexico compared with other countries. Therefore, studies focused on their effectiveness are necessary.

En el noroeste de México, Phenacoccus solenopsis ha sido reconocida como una especie agresivamente invasiva en plantas de algodón. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de dos bioinsecticidas fúngicos comerciales (Verticillium lecanii e Isaria fumosorosea) contra P. solenopsis en condiciones de laboratorio y semi-campo. Nuestros resultados mostraron una alta mortalidad por V. lecanii (100%) seguida de I. fumosorosea (40%) y control (0%) después de 96 horas de exposición. Después de treinta días de iniciar el experimento, se observó una reducción significativa del índice de severidad en plantas de algodón expuestas a I. fumosorosea y V. lecanii (50% y 48%) comparada con el control (76%). El uso de V. lecanii e I. fumosorosea no mostró cambios significativos en los parámetros fsiológicos de las plantas (valores de clorofla, contenido de polifenoles, antocianinas y eficiencia fotosintética) con respecto al control después de 30 días de exposición a los hongos entomopatógenos. Actualmente, la información disponible sobre el modo de acción de la formulación comercial empleando I. fumosorosea y V . lecanii para el control biológico de P. solenopsis es escasa en México en comparación con otros países. Por lo tanto, son necesarios estudios enfocados en su efectividad.

Abstract The Cry toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used as bioinsecticides in agriculture. Reliable methods are needed to analyze the characteristics that are conferred to genetically modified (GM) plants during their development, before commercialization. The objective of the work was to standardize methodologies for the analysis of the expression of genes and proteins conferred to GM cotton during its different phenological stages in the field. As the main practical application of the study, the standardized methodologies can be used in the characterization of GM crops that are developed and for which it is necessary to carry out their risk analysis. To do this, samples of plant tissue were processed in different phenological stages obtained from GM cotton commercial farms in the Yaqui Valley. In the different tissues, gene and protein expression was quantified by RTq-PCR and Elisa analysis, respectively. The results obtained show variation in the expression of the genes conferred throughout the development of the same variety and between the different sites where the crops were located. The highest levels of expression were identified, as expected, in the early stages of the culture (average values of 8.5 μg g-1 for Cry1Ac and 63.1 μg g-1 for Cry2Ab) compared with that observed in late or mature stages (mean values 0.05 and 0.3 μg g-1 for Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, respectively). Therefore, it is concluded that the RTq-PCR and ELISA techniques are suitable to evaluate the spatial and temporal expression of genes that are conferred to GM plants, information required to characterize the exposure to the hazard and to perform the risk analysis.

Resumen Las toxinas Cry de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) son utilizadas como bioinsecticidas en la agricultura. Se precisa de métodos confiables que permitan analizar las características que se confieren a las plantas genéticamente modificadas (GM) durante su desarrollo, antes de su comercialización. El objetivo del trabajo fue estandarizar metodologías para el análisis de la expresión de genes y proteínas conferidas al algodonero GM durante sus diferentes etapas fenológicas en campo. Como principal aplicación práctica del estudio realizado, las metodologías estandarizadas se podrán emplear en la caracterización de cultivos GM que se desarrollen y para los cuales sea necesario realizar su análisis de riesgo. Para ello se procesaron muestras de tejido vegetal en diferentes etapas fenológicas obtenidas de predios comerciales de algodonero GM en el Valle del Yaqui. En los diferentes tejidos se cuantificó la expresión génica y proteica mediante análisis RTq-PCR y Elisa, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos muestran variación en la expresión de los genes conferidos a lo largo del desarrollo de la misma variedad y entre los diferentes sitios donde se ubicaron los cultivos. Los mayores niveles de expresión se identificaron, como se esperaba, en las etapas tempranas del cultivo (valores medios de 8.5 µg g-1 para Cry1Ac y 63.1 µg g-1 para Cry2Ab) comparados con lo observado en etapas tardías o maduras (valores medios de 0.05 y 0.3 µg g-1 para Cry1Ac y Cry2Ab, respectivamente). Por lo tanto, se concluye que las técnicas de RTq-PCR y ELISA son adecuadas para evaluar la expresión espacial y temporal de genes que se confieran a plantas GM, información requerida para caracterizar la exposición al peligro y poder realizar el análisis de riesgo.

RESUMO Bacillus thuringiensis é o entomopatógeno mais comercializado mundialmente. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficiência das subespécies kurstaki, aizawai e o hibrido aizawai x no kurstakicontrole de Bonagota salubricola (Lepidopetera: Tortricidae) em diferentes períodos de avaliação. Os experimentos foram realizados em dieta artificial. Foram utilizadas microplacas contendo 150 µl de dieta em cada poço. A concentração contendo as subespécies de Bt foi depositada na superfície da dieta, em seguida liberada uma larva neonata, totalizando 24 em cada concentração. A mortalidade foi avaliada no sétimo, décimo e décimo quinto dias após o tratamento. Em todas as concentrações, foi verificado o instar larval. A avaliação de mortalidade realizada após quinze dias do tratamento foi significativa para as três subespécies. Bt kurstaki foi mais eficiente em todos os períodos de avaliação, exceto aos quinze dias, período em que foi semelhante a Bt aizawai. Avaliações acima de sete dias foram mais adequadas para determinar a mortalidade. As três subespécies influenciaram na capacidade de mudança de instar, indiferentemente da concentração. A CL50 de Bt kurstaki, aos sete e dez dias de avaliação, foi de três a seis vezes menores que Bt x aizawaikurstaki e Bt aizawai, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis are the entomopathogen most marketed worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of kurstaki, aizawai subspecies and kurstaki x aizawai hybrid on B. salubricola larvae fed on artificial diet in different assessment periods. Mortality was assessed on the seventh, tenth and fifteenth days after treatment. Microplates containing 150 µl of diet in each cell were used. Suspensions containing Bt subspecies was deposited on the surface of the diet, then neonate larvae were released. The mortality assessment performed after fifteen days of treatment was significant for all three subspecies. Bt kurstaki was more efficient in all assessment periods, except for fifteen days, which was similar to Bt aizawai. Assessments performed up to seven days were more efficient to determine mortality. The three subspecies have influenced the ability for instar change, regardless of concentration. The LC50 of Bt kurstaki on the seventh and tenth days of assessment was from three to six times smaller than that observed in Bt aizawai x kurstaki, and Bt aizawai, respectively.

Currently only monosporic strains from several entomopathogenic fungi have been selected and used for mass production and bioinsecticide manufacturing worldwide. The main reasons for the use of single spore instead of multispore strains are the attenuated virulence and the contaminants of the same species. In this study, different polisporic isolates and their monosporic combinations were tested against Tenebrio molitor (L.) larvae as an insect model. Isolates were obtained from arid soils. Four Metarhizium sp. (Metschn.) multisporic isolates (CEP413, CEP589, CEP590 and CEP591) were selected for bioassays. Trials were performed to evaluate mortality on three treatments, Full Polisporic (FP), Partial Polisporic (PP) and Pure Monosporic (PM). Cumulative mortality was measured at day 4 post infection. Sporulation percentage was assessed at day 6 post infection. The highest mortality was found at FP treatment (94%), the lowest mortality at day 4 was found at PM-CEP413 (32%). At day 6 the sporulation percentage was higher on FP (94%) and it was different from the rest of the treatments. To elucidate different polisporic and monosporic combinations to improve their effectiveness, may help to expand the use of bioinsecticides based on entomopathogenic fungi.

Actualmente existen varias cepas de hongos entomopatógenos utilizadas para la fabricación de bio-insecticidas comerciales. Sin embargo, la selección de éstas sigue algunas pautas como la obtención y evaluación de cepas monospóricas (cultivo en masa de microorganismos que provienen de una sola espora) Las principales razones para el uso de cultivos monospóricos en lugar de cultivos polispóricos son: la virulencia atenuada y los posibles “contaminantes” de la misma especie. En este estudio, diferentes aislamientos polispóricos y sus combinaciones monospóricas se pusieron a prueba para evaluar su eficacia respecto a larvas de Tenebrio molitor (L.) como insecto modelo. Los aislamientos polispóricos de hongos entomopatógenos fueron obtenidos de muestras de suelo de regiones agrícolas áridas. Se seleccionaron cuatro aislamientos polispóricos de Metarhizium sp. (Metschn.) (CEP413, CEP589, CEP590 y CEP591) para los bioensayos. Se realizaron pruebas de patogenicidad para evaluar la mortalidad en tres tratamientos, Polispórico completo (FP), Polispórico parcial (PP) y Monospórico puro (PM). La mortalidad acumulada se midió al día 4 después de la infección. El porcentaje de esporulación se evaluó al día 6 después de la infección. La mayor mortalidad se encontró en el tratamiento PF (94%), la menor mortalidad en el día 4 se encontró en PM-CEP413 (32%). Al día 6 el porcentaje de esporulación fue mayor en FP (94%) y fue diferente del resto de tratamientos. Elucidar diferentes combinaciones polispóricas y monospóricas para aumentar la eficacia de las aplicaciones es crucial para ayudar a expandir el uso de bio-insecticidas basados en hongos entomopatógenos.

RESUMEN El cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la región del Norte Tropical del departamento de La Paz tiene un alto potencial en cuanto al desarrollo, calidad y adaptación a condiciones de amazonia a echo que este cultivo adquiera importancia y sea una alternativa productiva para esta región. (July y Somarriba, 2010). Así mismo el norte paceño (Yungas) se caracteriza por presentar producción orgánica en cacao y reconocida para poder realizar exportación a otros países con un valor agregado. Los rendimientos en cacao en estas zonas productoras sufre daños considerables a causa de la plaga denominada chinche del cacao (Monalonion dissimulatum Dist.) que causa daños en la mazorca de cacao. Por lo cual la investigación se dirigió principalmente al control del chinche en el cultivo de cacao y se enfocó en una producción orgánica, evaluando el grado de efectividad de tres bioinsecticidas a base de; Solimán (Hura crepitans), Ajo ajo de monte (Gallecia integrifolia), tabaco deshidratado (cigarrillos) que se aplicó en parcelas afectadas por esta plaga La eficacia de los tres bioinsecticidas tuvo una variación, donde la sabia de solimán (árbol forestal) fue el mejor controlador de la chinche presentando una incidencia de fase ninfal del 14.3% y en fase adulta de 9.82% esto comparación del testigo sin bioinsecticida, el cual presento incidencia en fase ninfal 55.2% y adulta 28.9%. Así mismo el número de mazorcas que murieron a causa de picaduras del chiche cacao en el Testigo presento mayor número de mazorcas muertas a razón de 7 mazorcas por árbol, por otro lado en los tratamientos donde se utilizó Solimán se vio menor número de mazorcas muertas por picadura de chiche de 3 mazorcas por árbol, siendo el más efectivo en el control de esta plaga.

ABSTRACT The cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Tropical North region of the department of La Paz has a high potential in terms of development, quality and adaptation to Amazonian conditions, to the fact that this crop acquires importance and is a productive alternative for this region (July and Somarriba, 2010). Also the north of La Paz (Yungas) is characterized by organic production in cocoa and recognized to be able to export to other countries with added value. Cacao yields in these producing areas suffer considerable damage from the so-called cocoa bug (Monalonion dissimulatum Dist.) Which causes damage to the cocoa ear. Therefore, the research was mainly directed to the control of bedbug in the cocoa cultivation and focused on an organic production, evaluating the degree of effectiveness of three bioinsecticides based on; Soliman (Hura crepitans), Mountain garlic (Gallecia integrifolia), dehydrated tobacco (cigarettes) applied on plots affected by this pest The efficacy of the three bioinsecticides had a variation, Where the wise of solimán (forest tree) was the best control of bug presenting a nymphal phase incidence of 14.3% and in adult phase of 9.82%thiscomparison ofthe control withoutbioinsecticide, which presented incidence in nymph phase 55.2% and adult 28.9%. Also the number of cobs that died due to bites ofthe cacao bug in the Witness had more number of dead cobs at the rate of 7 cobs per tree, on the other hand in the treatments where Solimán was used, there was a few number of dead cobs bitten by cocoa bugs of 3 cobs per tree, being the most effective in the control of this pest.

Abstract A globally 13% of estimated damage by weevils. In Mexico there are more than 25 species of insects that attack stored grains and seeds and at the same time they reduce the physical and physiological seed quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate bio-insecticides to control weevils of corn, beans and wheat and their relationship to the physiological seed quality. The work was conducted at the Instituto Tecnológico de Roque, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico, in 2011. The castor oil plant extracts, governor and garlic was used in two concentrations to control Acanthoscelides obtectus, Sitophilus granarius and Sitophilus zeamais. The experimental design used in the research was completely randomized factorial arrangement with 11 treatments and three repetitions. They are sampling at 24, 48 and 144 h, to assess mortality, vigor and seed germination were performed. The results detected significant differences between treatments. Excelling the castor oil as the most effective, because it caused 100% mortality at 24 h for the three species of weevils. All extracts in the three species of seed and for the three species of weevils exceed the criterion of 50% mortality rate, which is considered acceptable. The biopesticide castor ricin was affecting greater proportion physiological seed quality of the three cultivars studied.

Resumen A nivel mundial se estima 13% de daños por gorgojos. En México existen más de 25 especies de insectos que atacan semillas y granos almacenados y a la vez éstos reducen la calidad física y fisiológica de las semillas. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar bioinsecticidas para el control de gorgojos de maíz, frijol y trigo y su relación con la calidad fisiológica de la semilla. El trabajo se realizó en el Instituto Tecnológico de Roque, Celaya, Guanajuato, México, en 2011. Se utilizó extractos de higuerilla, gobernadora y ajo en dos concentraciones para el control de Acanthoscelides obtectus, Sitophilus granarius y Sitophilus zeamais. El diseño experimental utilizado en la investigación fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial, con 11 tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Se realizaron muestreos a las 24, 48 y 144 h, para evaluar la mortalidad, el vigor y la germinación de las semillas. Los resultados detectaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Sobresaliendo el aceite de higuerilla como el más efectivo, ya que causó 100% de mortalidad a las 24 h para las tres especies de gorgojo. Todos los extractos en las tres especies de semillas y para las tres especies de gorgojos superan el criterio de 50% de índice de mortalidad, el cual se considera aceptable. El bioinsecticida de ricina de higuerilla fue el que afectó en mayor proporción la calidad fisiológica de la semilla de los tres cultivares estudiados.