ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

Abstract Introduction: Bioindicator monitoring is a crucial conservation strategy within natural protected areas. Various taxonomic groups have been investigated as bioindicators due to their distinctive attributes, including ease of sampling, differential responses to disturbances, associations with species richness, and accessible taxonomy. Objective: To compare the potential of four taxa (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae, and Pompilidae) as environmental bioindicators, considering their ease of collection, presence of changes in community composition due to disturbances, including species with preferences for disturbed or conserved areas; and to correlate their diversity with the diversity of other taxa. Methods: The study was conducted at the Manu Learning Centre Biological Station in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, which comprises three areas along a disturbance gradient. Specimens were collected using pitfall traps, yellow pan traps, Malaise traps, and monoliths from May to June in 2021. Ease of collection was measured in terms of richness and abundance; changes in the community composition were assessed using similarity analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and beta diversity partitioning; presence of species with preferences was analyzed using correspondence analysis and G. Williams’ goodness-of-fir test; and diversity correlation using the Spearman index. Results: Among the taxa investigated, Scarabaeidae and Pompilidae were the easiest to collect. Changes in composition were observed in all taxa but were significant only in Chilopoda and Scarabaeidae. All taxa exhibited species with preferences for disturbed and undisturbed environments. There was a high correlation in diversities among Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, and Chilopoda. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the diverse responses exhibited by taxa along a disturbance gradient. Notably, Scarabaeidae and Chilopoda emerged as particularly robust bioindicators within the studied ecosystem.

Resumen Introducción: El monitoreo de bioindicadores es una herramienta importante para la conservación de áreas naturales protegidas. Diferentes grupos taxonómicos fueron estudiados como bioindicadores por presentar: facilidad de muestreo, respuestas variadas a la perturbación, riqueza asociada a otras especies, y taxonomía accesible. Objetivo: Comparar el potencial de cuatro taxones (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae y Pompilidae) como bioindicadores ambientales, tomando en cuenta su facilidad de recolección, presencia de cambios en la composición de sus comunidades por perturbaciones, presencia de especies con preferencia por áreas perturbadas o conservadas; y diversidad correlacionada con la diversidad de los otros taxones. Métodos: El trabajo se realizó en la estación Biológica Manu Learning Centre en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, que comprende tres áreas en un gradiente de perturbación. Los ejemplares fueron recolectados con trampas pitfall, bandejas amarillas, trampas Malaise y monolitos, de mayo a diciembre del 2021. La facilidad de recolección se midió en términos de riqueza y abundancia; los cambios en la composición de sus comunidades mediante el análisis de similitud, escalamiento no métrico multidimensional, y partición de la diversidad beta; presencia de especies con preferencia con el análisis de correspondencia y el ajuste de bondad G de Williams; y finalmente la correlación de las diversidades con el índice de Spearman. Resultados: De los taxones estudiados, las de más fácil recolección fueron Scarabaeidae y Pompilidae. Existen cambios en la composición en todos los taxones, pero son importantes solo en Chilopoda y Scarabaeidae. En todos los taxones hay especies con preferencia por ambientes perturbados y no perturbados. Existe una alta correlación de las diversidades de Carabidae, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda. Conclusiones: Todos los grupos responden de diferente forma a los gradientes de perturbación, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda fueron los que tuvieron mejores características para ser considerados buenos bioindicadores.

Abstract Introduction: The River Tambo basin is one of the main hydrographic systems of the Peruvian western watershed, being a source of development for agriculture, agroindustry, livestock, and domestic use in the Tambo Valley and Arequipa City. Objective: To analyze the structure of macroinvertebrates in River Tambo, Perú and assess the water quality through this community. Methods: Five sampling events were conducted between December 2018 and November 2019 in 12 stations, using a Surber net (500 μm). Macroinvertebrates were identified at a family level. To assess community structure, richness, Simpson’s dominance index (D), Pielou’s evenness (J’), and true diversity of order 1 were determined. A nMDS based on the Bray-Curtis index was used to evaluate dissimilarity. To check for differences in community structure, ANOSIM and two-way MANOVA were used. SIMPER was used to establish family contribution to sample similarity. Relations between physicochemical and biological variables were determined by CCA. ABI index was applied to assess ecological quality. Results: 32 families were recognized, being the most abundant: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae, and Elmidae. The middle and low zones of the basin showed the highest and lowest diversity respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the community structure indices among the 12 stations differed. There was a higher similarity among the 12 stations in December. ABI scores increased from the low to the middle part of the river, which showed the highest ecological quality. Conclusion: Macroinvertebrate communities from River Tambo reflect ecosystem conditions. Environments impacted by human activities show lower diversity and ecological quality, due to the structure, habitat, and water quality of the river being altered.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca del rio Tambo es uno de los principales sistemas hidrográficos de la vertiente occidental del Perú y fuente de desarrollo para la agricultura, agroindustria, ganadería y consumo doméstico en el valle de Tambo y la ciudad de Arequipa. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura de macroinvertebrados en el río Tambo, Perú y evaluar la calidad del agua a través de esta comunidad. Métodos: Entre diciembre del 2018 y noviembre del 2019 se realizaron cinco muestreos en 12 estaciones, empleando una red Surber (500 μm). Los macroinvertebrados se identificaron a nivel de familia. Se registró la riqueza, dominancia de Simpson, equidad de Pielou, y diversidad verdadera de orden 1, para evaluar la estructura de la comunidad. Para estimar la similitud, se utilizó nMDS (índice de Bray-Curtis). Para verificar si existen diferencias en la estructura comunitaria, se empleó MANOVA de dos vías y ANOSIM. Para establecer la contribución de las familias a la similitud entre muestras, se utilizó SIMPER. La relación entre variables fisicoquímicas y biológicas se determinó con ACC. Se aplicó el índice ABI para evaluar la calidad ecológica. Resultados: se reconocieron 32 familias, siendo las más abundantes: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae y Elmidae. La mayor y menor diversidad se presentó en la parte media y baja de la cuenca respectivamente. Existieron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) de los índices de estructura comunitaria entre las 12 estaciones. Se evidenció mayor similitud entre las 12 estaciones en diciembre. Los puntajes del índice ABI se incrementan de la parte baja del río a la media, que se presentó la mejor calidad ecológica. Conclusión: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados del río Tambo reflejan el estado del ecosistema. Los ambientes con impacto por actividad humana registran menor diversidad y calidad ecológica, ya que se altera la estructura, hábitat y calidad de agua del río.

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms are strictly aquatic animals and one of the groups of marine invertebrates whose ecological importance is crucial for the environments where they inhabit. The most outstanding characteristic is their pentaradial symmetry. These organisms can be distributed in a wide variety of oceanic environments, and are not exclusive inhabitants of reef formations. A total of 1 539 species have been registered, of which 717 belong to the Pacific and 60 of them have been registered for El Salvador. Objective: The objective of the work was to record the richness and density of echinoderm species in rocky reefs of Punta Amapala (La Unión). Methods: The sampling was conducted in five sites, two of them at 3 m of depth and three at 6 m. For this, snorkeling and autonomous diving were used, covering two band transects of 30 x 1 m. Within the transects, the identification (richness) and counting (abundance) of the organisms was carried out. Results: The species that presented the highest density at 3 m reefs was Echinometra vanbrunti (0.83 indv/m2), followed by the ophiuroid Ophiocomella alexandri (0.16 indv/m2) and Ophiocoma aethiops (0.16 indv/m2). And at the 6 m reefs were Ophiothela mirabilis (0.83 indv/m2), Ophionereis annulata (0.21 indv/m2), Ophiothrix rudis (0.08 indv/m2) and Ophiocomella alexandri (0.01 indv/m2). Conclusions: These organisms fulfill various ecological roles, such as being bioindicators of water quality by tolerating certain changes in physicochemical conditions and fulfilling the role of macrofauna hosts due to the cavities formed by some sea urchins. That is why sampling efforts must increase in these areas to monitor the quality and health of the rocky reefs, whose role is key, as they are, together with Los Cóbanos, the largest in the country.

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos son animales estrictamente acuáticos y de los grupos de invertebrados marinos cuya importancia ecológica es crucial para los ambientes en donde habitan. La característica más destacada es su simetría pentarradial. Estos organismos pueden distribuirse en una amplia variedad de ambientes oceánicos, y no ser exclusivamente habitantes de las formaciones arrecifales. Se han registrado el total de 1 539 especies, de las cuales 717 pertenecen a Pacífico y 60 de ellas se han registrado en El Salvador. Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo fue registrar la riqueza y densidad de especies de equinodermos en arrecifes rocosos de Punta Amapala (La Unión). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en cinco sitios, dos a 3 m de profundidad y tres a 6 m. Para esto, se utilizó snorkeling y buceo autónomo, recorriendo dos transectos de banda de 30 x 1 m. Dentro de los transectos, se realizó la identificación (riqueza) y contabilización (abundancia) de los organismos. Resultados: La especie que presentó mayor densidad en los arrecifes de 3 m fue Echinometra vanbrunti (0.83 indv/m2), seguido por el ofiuroideo Ophiocomella alexandri (0.16 indv/m2) y Ophiocoma aethiops (0.16 indv/m2). Y en los arrecifes a 6 m fueron Ophiothela mirabilis (0.83 indv/m2), Ophionereis annulata (0.21 indv/m2), Ophiothrix rudis (0.08 indv/m2) y Ophiocomella alexandri (0.01 indv/m2). Conclusiones: Estos organismos, cumplen con diversos roles ecológicos, como ser bioindicadores de calidad de agua al tolerar ciertos cambios en las condiciones físico-químicas, así como cumplir el papel de hospederos de macrofauna por las cavidades que forman algunos erizos. Es por ello que los esfuerzos de muestreo deben incrementarse en estas zonas para monitorear la calidad y salud de los arrecifes rocosos, cuyo papel es clave, por ser junto con Los Cóbanos, los de mayor extensión en el país.

Abstract Based by the concept that the distribution of seeds is universal and that a seed only germinates when the conditions are favourable for germination, the type of soil can be characterized based on the present flora. The plants that caracterize a soil are called “bioindicators plants.” A trial was carried out in Sartaguda (Navarra); 4 plots of 1 m2 were subjected to different conditions: reference plot, contribution of organic fertilizer, contribution of abundant irrigation and extreme drought (with a plastic cover). In all plots, the adventitia was allowed to grow naturally to be identified and counted. The trial started on November 18, 2021 and the assessment was carried out on May 11. Plantago lanceolata is much more abundant with irrigation. Stellaria media is less abundant when there is excess water or excess nitrogen. Veronica sp. is less abundant with excess water, extreme drought or excess nitrogen. Poa annua and Medicago sp. emergenced less with excess nitrogen, however, Urtica urens, Capsella bursa-pastoris and even Sisymbrium sp. are more abundant in those conditions. Chenopodium album, although is not exactly a winter species, is more abundant with water and abundant N.

Resumen Apoyados en el concepto de que la distribución de las semillas es universal y que una semilla sólo germina cuando se crean las condiciones propicias para su germinación, se puede caracterizar el tipo de suelo a partir de la flora que está presente en él. A estas plantas que nos ayudan a conocer el estado de ese suelo se les llama “plantas bioindicadoras. En un campo ubicado en Sartaguda (Navarra) se establecieron 4 parcelas de 1 m2 y se sometió cada una de ellas a diferentes condiciones: parcela de referencia, aportación de fertilizante orgánico, aportación de riego abundante, sequía extrema (con una cubierta de plástico), dejándose crecer libremente las adventicias hasta su identificación y conteo. Se inició la experiencia el 18 de noviembre de 2021 y el 11 de mayo se realizó la valoración. Plantago lanceolata es mucho más abundante con riego. Stellaria media es menos abundante cuando hay exceso de agua o exceso de nitrógeno. Veronica sp. es menos abundante con exceso de agua, con sequía extrema o exceso de nitrógeno. Poa annua y Medicago sp. han tenido menor emergencia con exceso de N, sin embargo, Urtica urens, Capsella bursa-pastoris e incluso Sisymbrium sp. son más abundantes en esas condiciones. Chenopodium album aunque no es propiamente una especie de invierno, es más abundante con agua y N abundante.

ABSTRACT Microplastics are generated by the fragmentation of plastic that enters the oceans and is accidentally consumed by various species in the trophic chain. Otariids are considered bioindicators of the presence of microparticles in the environment; however, the level of impact in the coastal area of the Bio-bío region, Chile, is unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of this polymer in faeces of sea lions (Otaria flavescenses), in the ‘La Poza’ sector, commune of Talcahuano, Bio-bío region. Stool samples were collected, freeze-dried, digested and subsequently filtered to identify microplastics. Microfibres of various colours were found, with a predominance of black. It is concluded that sea lions were indicators of the circulation of microplastics in their food chain in the sampling area.

RESUMEN Los microplásticos se generan por la fragmentación del plástico que ingresa a los océanos y es consumido accidentalmente por diversas especies que se encuentran en la cadena trófica. Los otáridos son considerados como bioindicadores de la presencia de micropartículas en el ambiente; sin embargo, se desconoce el nivel de afectación en la zona costera de la región del Bio-bío, Chile. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de este polímero en heces de lobos marinos (Otaria flavescens), en el sector ‘La Poza’, comuna de Talcahuano, región del Bio-bío. Se tomaron muestras de heces que fueron liofilizadas, digeridas y posteriormente filtradas para identificar microplásticos. Se encontraron microfibras de varios colores, con predominio del color negro. Se concluye que los lobos marinos fueron indicadores de circulación de microplásticos en su cadena trófica en la zona de muestreo.

Resumo Acacia mangium é uma espécie pioneira, de rápido crescimento e utilizada na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Os objetivos foram avaliar insetos e aranhas, seus índices ecológicos e interações com plantas de A. mangium em área tropical degradada em processo de recuperação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 24 repetições, com os tratamentos representados pelos primeiro e segundo anos após a plantio de A. mangium. Os números de folhas/galhos, galhos/plantas e cobertura do solo por plantas de A. mangium, de Hemiptera: Phenacoccus sp. e Pachycoris torridus; Hymenoptera: Tetragonisca angustula e Trigona spinipes, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. e Cephalotes sp.; Blattodea: Nasutitermes sp. e Neuroptera: Chrysoperla sp.; a abundância, riqueza de espécies de insetos polinizadores, formigas cuidadoras e a abundância de predadores de Sternorrhyncha foram maiores no segundo ano após o plantio. Os números de Hemiptera: Aethalium reticulatum, Hymenoptera: Camponotus sp., Cephalotes sp., Polybia sp., T. angustula, T. spinipes, formigas cuidadoras, insetos polinizadores, predadores de Sternorrhyncha e a riqueza de espécies de formigas cuidadoras foram maiores em plantas de A. mangium com maior altura e número de folhas ou galhos. O aumento populacional de artrópodes e da cobertura do solo com o processo de envelhecimento das plantas de A. mangium indicam impacto positivo dessa planta na recuperação de áreas degradadas.

Abstract Acacia mangium is a pioneer species with fast growth and frequently used in the recovery of degraded areas. The objectives were to evaluate insects and spiders, their ecological indices and interactions on A. mangium saplings in a tropical degraded area in recovering process. The experimental design was completely randomized with 24 replications, with treatments represented by the first and second years after A. mangium seedling planted. Numbers of leaves/branch, branches/sapling, and ground cover by A. mangium saplings, Hemiptera: Phenacoccus sp. and Pachycoris torridus; Hymenoptera: Tetragonisca angustula and Trigona spinipes, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. and Cephalotes sp.; Blattodea: Nasutitermes sp. and Neuroptera: Chrysoperla sp.; abundance, species richness of pollinating insects, tending ants, and the abundance of Sternorrhyncha predators were greatest in the second year after planting. Numbers of Hemiptera: Aethalium reticulatum, Hymenoptera: Camponotus sp., Cephalotes sp., Polybia sp., T. angustula, T. spinipes, tending ants, pollinating insects, Sternorrhyncha predators and species richness of tending ants were highest on A. mangium saplings with greatest numbers of leaves or branches. The increase in the population of arthropods with ground cover by A. mangium saplings age increase indicates the positive impact by this plant on the recovery process of degraded areas.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the application of the Phytoplankton Community Index-PCI and Functional Groups-FG in determining the water quality of the Guamá River (Pará, Amazônia, Brazil). Samplings occurred monthly for analyses of phytoplankton and physical and chemical parameters, for two years, at the station where water was collected for human supply consumption. Seasonality influenced electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, transparency, winds, true color, and N-ammoniacal. The ebb tide showed high turbidity and suspended solids. The density varied seasonally with the highest values occurring in September and December (61.1 ind mL-1 and 60.2 ind mL-1, respectively). Chlorophyll-a was more elevated in December (21.0 ± 4.7 µg L-1) and chlorophyll-c higher in relation to clorophyll- b indicated the dominance of diatoms. Functional Group P prevailed in the study months. Through the PCI índex the waters of Guamá River varied from reasonable to excellent and the TSI ranged from oligo to mesotrophic. The use of Functional Groups proved to be a promising tool in the determination of water quality since it covered the most abundant species in the Environment, but the PCI is not adequate to characterize Amazonian white-waters rivers, which have diatoms as the leading dominant group. IndexPCI Index GroupsFG FG Pará, Pará (Pará Amazônia Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) parameters years consumption conductivity solids oxygen transparency winds color Nammoniacal. Nammoniacal N ammoniacal. ammoniacal N-ammoniacal 61.1 611 61 1 (61. mL1 mL mL- 602 60 2 60. mL1, 1, respectively. respectively respectively) Chlorophylla Chlorophyll 21.0 210 21 0 (21. 47 4 7 4. L1 L L-1 chlorophyllc chlorophyll c clorophyll months mesotrophic Environment whitewaters white rivers group 61. 6 (61 21. (21 L- (6 (2 (

Abstract: Aim Macroinvertebrates are extensively employed as bioindicators for evaluating how stream ecosystems respond to alterations in physical and chemical habitats caused by human activity. Although family-taxonomic level is usually used to identify macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring programs, coarser taxonomic resolution may provide similar information. We aim to evaluate taxonomic sufficiency by comparing macroinvertebrate communities at the order and family levels to differentiate the effects of different land uses. Methods We conducted colonization experiments using artificial substrates in streams representing three land use types: urban (U, n=3), intensive agriculture - dairy production (AD, n=4), and extensive cattle ranching (CR, n=4). Results We obtained similar results using both taxonomic levels, which effectively distinguished the impacts of different land uses. In the sites examined, the majority of indicator groups exhibited only one family per order, with the exception of Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae, and Caenidae). Notably, Baetidae and Caenidae were more prevalent in streams associated with extensive cattle ranching (CR). Conclusions Although this study provides a clear precedent, further investigation of these systems and other land uses (e.g., afforestation) is needed to validate this pattern. Coarser taxonomic assessment holds potential as a cost-effective method for stream monitoring and assessment in Uruguay. Abstract activity familytaxonomic programs information types U, U (U n=3, n3 n n=3 , 3 n=3) AD, AD (AD n=4, n4 n=4 4 n=4) CR, CR (CR n=4. . examined Leptophlebiidae, Leptophlebiidae (Leptophlebiidae Caenidae. Caenidae) Notably CR. (CR) precedent e.g., eg e g (e.g. afforestation pattern costeffective cost effective Uruguay n= e.g. (e.g e.g

Resumo: Objetivo Os macroinvertebrados são amplamente utilizados como bioindicadores para avaliar a forma como os ecossistemas de riachos respondem às alterações dos habitats físicos e químicos causadas pela atividade humana. Embora o nível taxonômico de família seja normalmente utilizado para identificar macroinvertebrados em programas de biomonitoramento, uma resolução taxonômica mais grosseira pode fornecer informações semelhantes. O objetivo é avaliar a suficiência taxonómica, comparando as comunidades de macroinvertebrados ao nível da ordem e da família, para diferenciar os efeitos de diferentes usos do solo. Métodos Realizamos experimentos de colonização utilizando substratos artificiais em cursos de água representativos de três tipos de uso do solo: urbano (U, n=3), agricultura intensiva - produção de leite (AD, n=4), e pecuária extensiva (CR, n=4). Resultados Obtivemos resultados semelhantes utilizando ambos os níveis taxonômicos, o que permitiu distinguir eficazmente os impactos dos diferentes usos do solo. Nos locais examinados, a maioria dos grupos indicadores apresentava apenas uma família por ordem, com exceção dos Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae e Caenidae). Notavelmente, Baetidae e Caenidae foram mais predominantes em riachos associados à criação extensiva de gado (CR). Conclusões Embora este estudo forneça um precedente claro, é necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada destes sistemas e de outras utilizações do solo (por exemplo, reflorestamento) para validar este padrão. A avaliação taxonômica mais grosseira tem potencial para ser um método económico de monitoramento e avaliação de cursos de água no Uruguai. Resumo humana biomonitoramento taxonómica U, U (U n=3, n3 n n=3 , 3 n=3) AD, AD (AD n=4, n4 n=4 4 n=4) CR, CR (CR n=4. . taxonômicos examinados Leptophlebiidae, Leptophlebiidae (Leptophlebiidae Caenidae. Caenidae) Notavelmente CR. (CR) claro exemplo reflorestamento padrão Uruguai n=

ABSTRACT Environmental changes directly influence quality of life, and environmental protection laws arise to ensure the maintenance of ecological balance. Aquatic environments have been contaminated by substances of anthropic origin, which are called effluents. Improper disposal of effluents has adverse effects on the environment and human health. In Brazilian legislation, the resolutions of the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) RE 357/2005 and RE 430/2011 address the use of indicator species to evaluate the effluents’ toxicity. Despite these, much still needs to be done to control and monitor the emission of effluents in Brazilian water resources. The objective of this work was to carry out a historical survey of the regulations on the disposal of effluents in Brazil and to show the differences in each state's regulations, highlighting the indicator species accepted in each regulation and their advantages and disadvantages. In this way, this review summarizes and organizes the information of the Brazilian legislation on the disposal of effluents and helps the researcher in the area to choose between the methodologies adopted for the analysis of their environmental samples. Despite the insertion of bioassays, it is evident that the current Brazilian legislation is permissive, requiring adaptations and definitions to increase adherence to the ecotoxicological monitoring of water resources by the States. life balance origin health CONAMA (CONAMA 3572005 357 2005 357/200 4302011 430 2011 430/201 toxicity these states state s disadvantages way samples bioassays permissive States 357200 35 200 357/20 430201 43 201 430/20 35720 3 20 357/2 43020 4 430/2 3572 2 357/ 4302 430/

RESUMO As mudanças ambientais influenciam diretamente a qualidade de vida, e leis de proteção ambiental surgem para garantir a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico. Os ambientes aquáticos têm sido contaminados por substâncias de origem antrópica, denominadas efluentes. O descarte inadequado de efluentes traz efeitos adversos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Na legislação brasileira, as resoluções do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) RE 357/2005 e RE 430/2011 abordam o uso de espécies indicadoras para avaliar a toxicidade dos efluentes. Apesar destas, muito ainda precisa ser feito para controlar e monitorar a emissão de efluentes nos recursos hídricos brasileiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento histórico das regulamentações sobre o descarte de efluentes no Brasil e mostrar as diferenças nas regulamentações de cada estado, destacando as espécies indicadoras aceitas em cada regulamentação e suas vantagens e desvantagens. Dessa forma, esta revisão resume e organiza as informações da legislação brasileira sobre o descarte de efluentes e auxilia o pesquisador da área a escolher entre as metodologias adotadas para a análise de suas amostras ambientais. Apesar da inserção de bioensaios, fica evidente que a legislação brasileira atual é permissiva, exigindo adaptações e definições para aumentar a adesão ao monitoramento ecotoxicológico dos recursos hídricos pelos estados. vida ecológico antrópica humana CONAMA (CONAMA 3572005 357 2005 357/200 4302011 430 2011 430/201 destas brasileiros estado desvantagens forma bioensaios permissiva estados 357200 35 200 357/20 430201 43 201 430/20 35720 3 20 357/2 43020 4 430/2 3572 2 357/ 4302 430/

Abstract: Aim The freshwater environment is indeed diverse and complex, and it faces numerous challenges due to human activities. One approach to evaluating these human interventions is through the use of bioindicators, with fish being one of the key groups studied in the aquatic environment. However, the existent studies report that only a limited number of Brazilian ichthyofauna species have been investigated as potential bioindicators. Methods The data present here were organized through a bibliographic review that adopts an exploratory and descriptive approach, focusing on articles published between the years 2000 and 2022, utilizing terms such as “bioindicators,” “Brazilian fish,” and “aquatic ecosystem” in both Portuguese and English languages. Results Despite Brazil having the most diverse ichthyofauna on the planet, the research has focused on only 45 species thus far. Among these, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) emerged as the most frequently studied species. The analysis of gill and liver tissues was found to be the most common method employed in these studies, while other tissues received relatively little attention. Moreover, the distribution of studies on bioindicator species was uneven, with the Upper Paraná ecoregion having the highest number of species investigated. This suggests that research efforts in this field have not been uniformly distributed across Brazil. Conclusions The patchy nature of studies on bioindicators of the Brazilian ichthyofauna highlights the need for greater incentives and support for research in this area. With Brazil's exceptional ichthyofauna diversity, there is ample potential to identify and utilize additional species as environmental indicators. By expanding the scope of studies and addressing the geographical imbalance, a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts of human activities on freshwater ecosystems in Brazil can be achieved. This knowledge is vital for effective conservation and management efforts to protect and sustain the country's valuable aquatic resources. Abstract complex However 200 2022 “bioindicators, fish, ecosystem languages planet 4 far Quoy Gaimard 1824 attention Moreover uneven area Brazils s diversity indicators imbalance achieved countrys country resources 20 202 “bioindicators 182 2 18 1

Resumo: Objetivo O ambiente de água doce é amplamente diverso e complexo, e devido às atividades e intervenções antrópicas, enfrenta numerosos desafios. Uma das abordagens utilizada para avaliar essas intervenções humanas é através do uso de bioindicadores, sendo os peixes um dos principais grupos estudados no ambiente aquático. Entretanto, os trabalhos disponíveis relatam que apenas um número limitado de espécies da ictiofauna brasileira foi investigado como potenciais bioindicadores. Métodos Os dados do presente trabalho foram organizados por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica que adota abordagem exploratória e descritiva, com foco em artigos publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2022, utilizando termos como “bioindicadores”, “peixes brasileiros” e “ecossistema aquático” tanto em língua portuguesa quanto inglesa. Resultados Apesar de o Brasil ter a ictiofauna mais diversificada do planeta, a pesquisa se concentrou em apenas 45 espécies até o momento. Dentre estas, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) emergiu como a espécie mais estudada. A análise dos tecidos branquiais e hepáticos foi considerada o método mais comum empregado nesses estudos, enquanto outros tecidos receberam relativamente pouca atenção. Além disso, a distribuição dos estudos sobre espécies bioindicadoras foi desigual, sendo a ecorregião do Alto Paraná a que apresentou o maior número de espécies investigadas. Conclusões Isso sugere que os esforços de pesquisa na área da ictiofauna como bioindicador não têm sido distribuídos uniformemente pelo Brasil. A natureza fragmentada dos estudos sobre bioindicadores da ictiofauna brasileira destaca a necessidade de maiores incentivos e apoio à pesquisa nesta área. Com a excepcional diversidade da ictiofauna do Brasil, há amplo potencial para identificar e utilizar espécies adicionais como indicadores ambientais. Ao ampliar o escopo dos estudos e abordar o desequilíbrio geográfico, pode-se alcançar uma compreensão mais abrangente dos impactos das atividades humanas nos ecossistemas de água doce no Brasil. Este conhecimento é vital para esforços eficazes de conservação e gestão para proteger e sustentar os valiosos recursos aquáticos do país. Resumo complexo antrópicas desafios aquático Entretanto descritiva 200 2022 , “bioindicadores” brasileiros ecossistema inglesa planeta 4 momento estas Quoy Gaimard 1824 estudada atenção disso desigual investigadas ambientais geográfico podese pode país 20 202 “bioindicadores 182 2 18 1

RESUMO Insetos da ordem Ephemeroptera tem sido utilizado como bioindicadores de qualidade de água por responderem a inúmeros impactos antrópicos. Neste estudo avaliamos o uso dos Ephemeroptera como bioindicadores de riachos influenciados por atividades agrícolas. Coletamos ninfas de Ephemeroptera em seis riachos com diferentes usos e cobertura do solo em sua área de drenagem localizados na região norte do Rio Grande do Sul. A partir da análise do uso e cobertura do solo, categorizamos os riachos em ‘naturais’ (área de drenagem com >42% de vegetação arbórea nativa) e ‘agrícolas’ (área de drenagem com >72% de uso agrícola na área de drenagem). Coletamos um total de 2767 organismos, distribuídos em quatro famílias e 11 gêneros. Observamos maior abundância (68%) e riqueza taxonômica (11 gêneros) de Ephemeroptera nos riachos agrícolas. Os riachos naturais perfazem um total de 32% da fauna coletada com oito gêneros. Este padrão foi determinado, especialmente, pelas famílias Baetidae e Leptohyphidae. Os gêneros Cloeodes e Tricorytopsis foram abundantes nos riachos agrícolas. Neste estudo, observamos que gêneros de Ephemeroptera são tolerantes a alterações ambientais, sobretudo aquelas causadas por atividades agrícolas. Assim, o uso da ordem em estudos de avaliação da qualidade da água deve ser considerado com cautela. antrópicos agrícolas Sul ‘naturais 42 >42 nativa ‘agrícolas 72 >72 drenagem. . drenagem) 276 organismos 1 68% 68 (68% (1 32 determinado especialmente Leptohyphidae ambientais Assim cautela 4 >4 7 >7 27 6 (68 ( 3 > 2 (6

ABSTRACT Insects of the Ephemeroptera order have been used as bioindicators of water quality as they respond to countless anthropic impacts. In this study, we assessed the use of Ephemeroptera as bioindicators of streams impacted by agricultural activities. We collected Ephemeroptera nymphs in six streams with different uses and soil cover in their drainage areas located in the northern region of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on soil use and cover analysis, we categorized the streams as ‘natural’ (drainage area with >42% native arboreal vegetation) and ‘agricultural’ (drainage area with >72% agricultural use). We collected a total of 2,767 organisms, distributed into four families and eleven genera. We observed greater abundance (68%) and taxonomic richness (11 genera) of Ephemeroptera in the agricultural streams. The natural streams comprise 32% of the fauna collected, with eight genera. That pattern was especially determined by the Baetidae and Leptohyphidae families. The genera Caenis, Cloeodes, and Tricorythopsis were abundant in the agricultural streams. In this study, we observed that genera of Ephemeroptera are tolerant to environmental changes, particularly those caused by agricultural activities. Therefore, the use of the order in studies to assess water quality must be carried out with caution. impacts study activities Sul analysis ‘natural 42 >42 vegetation ‘agricultural 72 >72 use. . use) 2767 2 767 2,76 organisms 68% 68 (68% 11 (1 32 Caenis Cloeodes changes Therefore caution 4 >4 7 >7 276 76 2,7 6 (68 1 ( 3 > 27 2, (6

ABSTRACT To evaluate the damage of oil exploration to ecosystems, ecotoxicological tests are a fundamental tool in environmental risk programs. The products used constitute xenobiotics that can be potentially toxic to soil biota and cause severe metabolic alterations in organisms, which affect structural and functional changes in terrestrial ecosystems. The objective of this research was to carry out a toxicological diagnosis of a water-based drilling fluid for use in oil exploration in Cuba. Toxicological procedures recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) were used, with two terrestrial contamination bioindicators, earthworms of the species Eisenia andrei and lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa). The fluid was prepared by making a 1:9 dilutions (sludge: water) (v/v) and the dilutions to be tested were made from the fraction of suspended solids (FSS). As a toxicity criterion, the mean lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated from the mortalities of the bioindicators, with the Statgraphics Centurion XV statistical program, according to the Probit method. The values were compared with the current federal codes (CFR) that classify a toxic fluid when the LC50 is less than 3%. The LC50 for the bioassay with worms was 36.95% and 30.1% for lettuce seeds. According to established criteria, this fluid is non-toxic for the survival of terrestrial biota. These results support the use of this drilling fluid responsibly and with respect to the environment.

RESUMEN Para evaluar los daños de la exploración petrolera a los ecosistemas, los ensayos de ecotoxicológicos son una herramienta fundamental en los programas de riesgo ambiental. Los productos utilizados constituyen xenobióticos que pueden ser potencialmente tóxicos para la biota del suelo y ocasionar severas alteraciones metabólicas en los organismos, que repercuten en cambios estructurales y funcionales en los ecosistemas terrestres. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar un diagnóstico toxicológico a un fluido de perforación base agua para su uso en la exploración petrolera en Cuba. Se utilizaron procedimientos toxicológicos recomendadados por la Organización para la Cooperación Económica y el Desarrollo (OECD), con dos bioindicadores de contaminación terrestres, lombrices de tierra de la especie Eisenia andrei y semillas de lechuga (Lactuca sativa). El fluido se preparó realizando una dilución 1:9 (lodo: agua) (v/v) y a partir de la fracción de sólidos suspendidos (FSS) se realizaron las diluciones a ensayar. Como criterio de toxicidad se calculó la concentración letal media (CL50) a partir de las mortalidades de los bioindicadores, con el programa estadístico Statgraphics Centurion XV, según el método Probit. Los valores se compararon con los códigos federales (CFR) vigentes que cataloga a un fluido tóxico cuando la CL50 es menor que 3 %. La CL50 para el bioensayo con lombrices fue de 36.95 % y de 30.1 % para las semillas de lechuga; según los criterios establecidos este fluido es no tóxico para la supervivencia de la biota terrestre. Estos resultados apoyan el uso de este fluido de perforación con la responsabilidad y respecto al medio ambiente.

RESUMO O uso de agentes inalatórios gasosos para a eutanásia de animais oferece ação rápida devido ao fácil acesso à circulação arterial. A propriedade neuroprotetora para a coleta de tecido cerebral post mortem foi investigada utilizando-se isoflurano e dióxido de carbono (CO2) sobre os bioindicadores séricos de sódio e potássio. Amostras de soro foram coletadas de três grupos de animais (n=8) e doadas para este estudo, previamente aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA 173/2020). Os grupos de soro analisados foram denominados isoflurano, CO2 e canabidiol (CBD/CO2). Os resultados demonstraram que os três grupos apresentaram níveis elevados de potássio em comparação ao grupo controle (*, P<0,05), indicando hipercalemia, enquanto nenhuma diferença foi observada no sódio sérico. Além disso, os grupos CO2 e CBD/CO2 diferiram significativamente do grupo isoflurano (#, P<0,05), que apresentou o maior nível de hipercalemia. Esses achados contribuem para a compreensão dos efeitos fisiológicos dos diferentes métodos de eutanásia sobre os perfis bioquímicos dos animais. Como conclusão, recomenda-se o uso de CO2 como método de eutanásia para coleta de tecido cerebral devido ao menor impacto sobre os níveis de potássio. arterial utilizandose utilizando se CO (CO2 n=8 n8 n 8 (n=8 estudo CEUA 173/2020. 1732020 173/2020 . 173 2020 173/2020) CBD/CO2. CBDCO2 CBDCO CBD (CBD/CO2) *, (* P<0,05, P005 P P<0,05 , 0 05 P<0,05) hipercalemia sérico disso CBD/CO #, (# conclusão recomendase recomenda (CO n= (n= 173202 173/202 17 202 (CBD/CO2 * ( P00 P<0,0 # (n 17320 173/20 1 20 (CBD/CO P0 P<0, 1732 173/2 2 P<0 173/ P<

ABSTRACT The use of gaseous inhalation agents for animal euthanasia offers rapid action due to easy access to the arterial circulation. The neuroprotective property of postmortem brain tissue collection was investigated using isoflurane and carbon dioxide (CO2) on the serum bioindicators of sodium and potassium. Serum samples were collected from 3 groups of animals (n=8) and donated to this study, previously approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA 173/2020). The serum groups analyzed were named isoflurane, CO2 and cannabidiol (CBD/CO2). The results demonstrated that the three groups had elevated potassium levels compared to the control group (*, p<0.05), indicating hyperkalemia, while no difference was observed in serum sodium. Furthermore, the CO2 and CBD/CO2 groups differed significantly from the isoflurane group (#, p<0.05), which had the highest level of hyperkalemia. These findings contribute to our understanding of the physiological effects of different euthanasia methods on the biochemical profiles of animals. In conclusion, the use of CO2 is recommended as a euthanasia method for collecting brain tissue due to the lowest impact on potassium levels. circulation CO (CO2 n=8 n8 n 8 (n=8 study CEUA 173/2020. 1732020 173/2020 . 173 2020 173/2020) CBD/CO2. CBDCO2 CBDCO CBD (CBD/CO2) *, (* p<0.05, p005 p p<0.05 , 0 05 p<0.05) hyperkalemia Furthermore CBD/CO #, (# conclusion (CO n= (n= 173202 173/202 17 202 (CBD/CO2 * ( p00 p<0.0 # (n 17320 173/20 1 20 (CBD/CO p0 p<0. 1732 173/2 2 p<0 173/ p<

ABSTRACT: The green-winged saltator Saltator similis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) is a passerine bird highly valued by bird breeders and a target of illegal wildlife trafficking. Coccidian chromists are etiological agents of coccidiosis, which may be asymptomatic and enzootic in bird populations when environmental conditions are favorable. However, epizootic outbreaks with severe disease can occur due to environmental changes. In this context, this study reports a case of coccidiosis in a free-living juvenile specimen of S. similis captured at the Itatiaia National Park in southeastern Brazil. Typical clinical signs of coccidiosis were observed, and it was associated with greenish mucoid diarrhea containing a high density of coccidian oocysts. Three Isospora spp. were specifically identified in 14 fecal samples (fecal droplets) collected over two hours. Isospora saltatori (Berto, Balthazar, Flausino & Lopes, 2008) had the highest density and positivity throughout most of the collection period. Finally, this paper discusses the importance of the continuous evaluation of the health of birds as bioindicators and their coccidian ecological biomarkers as one of the strategies for evaluating the conservation status of Itatiaia National Park. ABSTRACT greenwinged green winged dOrbigny d Orbigny Lafresnaye 1837 trafficking favorable However changes context freeliving free living S Brazil observed oocysts spp 1 droplets hours Berto, Berto (Berto Balthazar Lopes 2008 period Finally 183 200 18 20 2

RESUMO: O trinca-ferro Saltator similis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) é um pássaro muito valorizado por criadores de aves e pelo tráfico ilegal de animais silvestres. Os cromistas coccídios são agentes etiológicos da coccidiose, a qual pode ser assintomática e enzoótica em populações de aves quando as condições ambientais são favoráveis, mas surtos epizoóticos com doença grave podem ocorrer como resultado de mudanças ambientais. Nesse contexto, este artigo relata um caso de coccidiose em um espécime juvenil de vida livre de S. similis capturado no Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, no sudeste do Brasil. Foram observados sinais clínicos típicos de coccidiose, associados a diarreia mucóide esverdeada contendo alta densidade de oocistos. Três Isospora spp. foram especificamente identificadas em 14 defecações coletadas durante um período de duas horas. Isospora saltatori (Berto, Balthazar, Flausino & Lopes, 2008) foi a espécie com maior densidade e positividade durante a maior parte do período de coleta. Por fim, este artigo discute a importância da avaliação contínua da saúde das aves como bioindicadores, e de seus biomarcadores ecológicos coccídios, como uma das estratégias para avaliação do estado de conservação do Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. RESUMO trincaferro trinca ferro dOrbigny d Orbigny Lafresnaye 1837 silvestres favoráveis contexto S Itatiaia Brasil oocistos spp 1 horas Berto, Berto (Berto Balthazar Lopes 2008 coleta fim bioindicadores 183 200 18 20 2