Abstract: Madrid has become a receptor space for both internal and external migration, which supposes social and linguistic consequences that may be worth studying. Sociolinguistic integration of the group of Paraguayans in Madrid is a complex process due to their bilingual character between Spanish and Guaraní, used in mixing and codeswitching as jopara. The aim of this paper is to study not only the sociolinguistic integration process of Paraguayans in Madrid, but also the language attitudes to Paraguayan form of Spanish and Guaraní, as well as the degree of bilingualism and vitality of Guarani in Madrid, where it becomes a minority language. The results suggest a manifest prestige of their two varieties, reflected in the only partial convergence towards the Madrilenian variety and in the vitality of the Guaraní, used as jopara. Despite this, they value the linguistic variety of Madrid as the most prestigious, which they recognize as the normative one and wish it for their children.

Resumen: Madrid se ha convertido en un espacio de acogida de migración interna y externa, que supone consecuencias sociales y lingüísticas merecedoras de estudio. La integración sociolingüística del contingente de paraguayos en Madrid es un proceso complejo dado su carácter bilingüe de castellano y guaraní, usados en mezcla y cambio de código como jopara. La finalidad principal de este trabajo es estudiar su proceso de integración sociolingüística en Madrid, así como las actitudes hacia el castellano paraguayo y el guaraní, así como el grado de bilingüismo y de vitalidad del guaraní en Madrid, donde se convierte en una lengua minoritaria. Los resultados sugieren un prestigio manifiesto tanto del castellano paraguayo como del guaraní, reflejado en la convergencia solo parcial hacia la variedad madrileña y en la vitalidad del guaraní usado en forma de jopara, aunque al mismo tiempo valorando la variedad madrileña como la más prestigiosa, a la que reconocen como norma y desean para sus hijos.

Translanguaging is an approach to language aimed at promoting diversity and plurality of languages in the classroom. In this approach, students are taught in two or more languages, and literature suggests that they tend to participate more in the classroom when concepts are explained in their mother tongue. However, higher learning institutions in most countries, including Lesotho, still practise a colonial monoglossic language approach in the classroom wherein native languages are not included as languages of instruction alongside colonial languages. Therefore, I believe that pedagogical translanguaging can serve as a useful strategy to curb the hegemony of colonial monoglossic ideologies that prohibit the use of African languages in the classroom. This study adopted a qualitative approach confined within a case study design. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with three lecturers and focus group discussions with 60 students. Findings reveal that pedagogical translanguaging is an effective approach because it can promote social justice and plurality of languages in the classroom. The study thus recommends that minority African languages be included as languages of instruction as well, alongside the English language.

Resumen: ¿Cuáles son las oportunidades y tensiones que surgen cuando se implementan pedagogías multilingües en contextos de diversidad lingüística y cultural en la educación superior? Abordamos esta pregunta, desde perspectivas críticas y decoloniales del sur, a través de una experiencia de enseñanza multilingüe (en castellano y tres lenguas originarias) en un programa de formación de maestros de educación intercultural bilingüe en el Perú. A partir de una sistematización educativa, describimos cómo la apropiación de parte de los estudiantes de las pedagogías multilingües les proporciona oportunidades para reclamar voces individuales y colectivas, prácticas comunicativas y conocimientos, desarrollar posturas interculturales hacia la diferencia y apoyar formas colectivas de reclamación lingüística. Asimismo, encontramos que estas oportunidades coexisten con la reproducción de ideologías dominantes que aún cuestionan la capacidad comunicativa y epistémica de todos los estudiantes. Finalmente, ofrecemos reflexiones sobre cómo las pedagogías multilingües pueden apoyar esfuerzos más amplios para identificar, desafiar y transformar la colonialidad del lenguaje en la educación superior.

abstRact: What are the opportunities and tensions that arise from the use of multilingual pedagogies in linguistically and culturally diverse contexts of higher education? We consider this question through the case of a multilingual (in Spanish and three Indigenous languages) teaching experience in an intercultural bilingual education teacher program in Peru drawing on critical, decolonial and Southern perspectives. Based on practitioner research, we describe how students’ appropriation of multilingual pedagogies provided opportunities to reclaim individual and collective voices, ways of languaging and knowledges, develop intercultural stances towards difference, support collective paths of language reclamation, while also reproduced dominant ideologies which questioned the communicative and epistemic capacity of all students. We offer reflections on how multilingual pedagogies can support broader efforts to identify, challenge and transform the coloniality of language in higher education.

Resumen La presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar la influencia de la lengua de herencia en la lengua dominante en hablantes de origen aimara (HH) en el norte de Chile. El concepto de HH se refiere a la descripción de un perfil lingüístico que adquiere su lengua materna o lengua de herencia (LH) en una comunidad donde la LH es minoritaria y luego, al salir a la comunidad dominante, adquiere la lengua mayoritaria como L2. Para llevar a cabo este propósito, se diseñó y se aplicó una propuesta didáctica para el desarrollo de la biliteracidad en niños y niñas HH bilingües aimara-español. Veintidós estudiantes de 7 a 13 años participaron en la propuesta pedagógica que se realizó en cuatro sesiones, de cuatro horas pedagógicas cada una, que tuvo como producto final la elaboración de una narración escrita bilingüe en pasado por cada participante. El análisis de los textos escritos finales mostró la presencia de léxico aimara en las narraciones, así como la presencia de una sintaxis y morfología española influida por la sintaxis y morfología aimara. Se concluye que existe una interacción constante entre dos sistemas lingüísticos, conocimiento fundamental para la planificación y desarrollo de un currículo bilingüe-intercultural.

Nayracha Aka yatxatawi kunamasa taykana arupa arusiri (TAA) kastill arusiwin uñstaraki ukatuqita, araxtuqi Chile markanakana suma amuyt’añatakirakiwa. Akasti sañ munarakiw kunamasa TAA aruskipataspa, ukhamaraki uñjataspa taykana yatichata aru (TYA) mä markana TYA juk’aki utjaraki, ukata yaqha jach’a markanakaru purisa, payiri aru yatintaña. Aka amtawisti suma sarayañatakisti, mä yatichawi wakiyataraki, pä aruta qillqaña wawanakaru suma yatintañataki, TAA pä aruta, aymarata ukhamaraki kastill aruta. Niya 22ni yatiqirinaka, 7 maranita niya 13 marani yatintiri wawanakawa yatiqawayapxaraki, niya 4 uranakana yatintasa, jupanakasti tukuyañataki sapa mayni pä aruta, mä qillqata lurawayapxaraki. Ukata qillqata suma amuykipata, aymar aru kastill aru qillqatana uñstaraki, ukhamaraki arunaka kunamasa arusita, kunamas taq’a t’aqa arunakas apthapita, ukanakana aymara aru amuyu uñstakipiniwa, niya tukt’ayañataki saraksnawa paypacha aruna maynita mayni aruru yaqukipata amuyu uñstaraki, ukasti sumapiniy yatichañ wakiyañataki ukhamaraki yatichaña thakhi lurañataki pä aruta - chiktasitsapiniwa sarayañarakispa, ukarakiwa amuyuxa.

Abstract The current work aims to identify the heritage language’s influence on the dominant language or second language (L2) in Aymara heritage speakers in the north of Chile. The definition of heritage speakers (HH) refers to a linguistic profile that acquires the first or heritage language (LH) in a community where the LH is a minority language. Then, after an initial exposure to the LH language, the speaker acquires the L2 language, generally when accessing the educational system. 22 bilingual heritage Aymara-Spanish students from the 7-13 age range participated in a 4-session didactic proposal based on the biliteracy model, which had as a final task a written bilingual production. The analysis of the final task showed the presence of the Aymara lexicon in the narrations, as well as the presence of Spanish syntax and morphology influenced by Aymara syntax and morphology, concluding that there is a constant interaction between two linguistic systems, relevant knowledge for planning and development of a bilingual-intercultural curriculum.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate reading performance and brain activation associated with reading for bilingual and monolingual dyslexics (DDB-DDM), and typical bilinguals as Controls (C). The behavioral results showed that DDB outperformed DDM in all reading components in Portuguese. In the tasks applied in English, there was no significant difference in the performance of DDB compared to C. The results of the brain imaging for the task in Portuguese showed C presented significant activation of the left occipitotemporal and left inferior frontal gyrus while reading words. DDB and DDM, in turn, showed deactivation of left temporoparietal region and no significant activation in the left occipitotemporal region or left inferior frontal gyrus. For the FAST LOC task, DDB showed hypoactivity in the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) during word reading, both in English and Portuguese. The findings provide evidence for a possible positive impact of bilingualism on the reading performance of dyslexics.

Abstract In two experiments, a language decision task, and a multiple-choice English-Portuguese translation task, we examined the effect of interlingual homographs and word frequency on lexical access of Brazilian-Portuguese - English bilinguals. Language choice, accuracy, and response times were registered by the PsyToolkit software, and linear mixed-effects models were used in the analysis of the data. The results of this study align with the non-selective lexical access hypothesis. Bilinguals had facilitated access, particularly for words in the L2. There was also an interference effect of word frequency observed in both the L1 and L2 for interlingual homographs.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar como ocorre o processamento anafórico por brasileiros falantes de inglês como L2, buscando descobrir se estes sujeitos se guiam pela sintaxe desde o momento inicial do processamento, ou se fazem uso de informações de outras naturezas, especialmente semântico-lexicais, para identificar o possível antecedente das anáforas. Para isto, realizamos um experimento de leitura automonitorada, que mostrou diferenças entre os sujeitos de nível de proficiência intermediário e os avançados. No primeiro grupo, houve uma facilitação da leitura quando os traços de gênero de ambos os antecedentes combinavam com o traço de gênero da anáfora. Já para os avançados, os resultados indicaram que este grupo tem a leitura facilitada quando ao menos um dos antecedentes combina com o traço de gênero da anáfora. Tais resultados são consistentes com modelos de processamento em L2 que defendem um acesso incompleto à sintaxe, dando prioridade à utilização de informações de natureza semântico-lexical e pragmática para a resolução anafórica (CLAHSEN & FELSER, 2006, 2017). Além disso, apesar de não se encaixar perfeitamente em nenhum modelo de interferência na memória de trabalho baseado em semelhanças, os resultados são indicativos de propostas que tratam sobre interferência na recuperação da memória de trabalho.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to investigate how Brazilian speakers of English as L2 process anaphors in English, seeking to find out if these subjects are guided by syntax from the initial processing moment, or if they make use of information of other sources, especially semantic-lexical, to identify the possible antecedent of the anaphor. For this, we conducted a self-paced reading experiment, which showed differences between intermediate and advanced proficiency level subjects. In the first group, there was a facilitation of reading when the gender cues of both antecedents matched the gender cue of the anaphora. For the advanced group, the results indicated that the processing is facilitated when at least one of the antecedents matches the gender cue of the anaphor. These results are consistent with L2 processing models that advocate incomplete access to syntax, prioritizing the use of semantic-lexical and pragmatic information for anaphoric resolution (CLAHSEN & FELSER, 2006, 2017). In addition, although it does not fit perfectly into any similarity-based interference model, the results are indicative of proposals that address retrieval interference in working memory.

Abstract This study examined the effects of bilingual education and simultaneous biliteracy on children’s levels of speech connectedness and reading in Portuguese and English. Thirty-two 5th graders completed oral production tasks and took reading fluency and comprehension tests in L1 and L2. Our results show that, in general, children show connectedness and reading scores which are correlated in the two languages, that is, the languages follow different, but related paths in the time point they were assessed. We conclude that simultaneous biliteracy, in the case of the participants of this research, is not detrimental to the outcomes of either language. On the contrary, it promotes the concomitant use of languages, which, in turn, seems to guarantee support for both languages, L1 and L2, in a bidirectional fashion.

Abstract This study investigated if bilingual language coactivation would be observed in the context of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Portuguese-English bilinguals listened to 12 lists of semantically associated words that related to either a cognate or a noncognate critical lure. Participants were instructed to recall as many words as they could and to type them on the computer keyboard. Then, they performed a recognition test with words from the study phase of the recall test, as well as critical lures and unstudied words. Statistical analyses showed a small but statistically significant difference in the recall of studied words between conditions. No differences were observed in the recognition. We suggest that participants relied more on verbatim than gist trace, which may have reduced language coactivation effects.

Resumo A multiplicidade de experiências e contextos de aquisição de L2 desafiam os estudos de bilinguismo, visto que as diferenças individuais complexificam a comparabilidade entre estudos (Treffers-Daller; Korybsky, 2015). Nesse contexto, o construto dominância linguística torna-se uma variável importante para a compreensão desse fenômeno em diferentes domínios e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas eficazes para sua aferição um aspecto fundamental nesse processo (Gertken et al., 2014). Neste artigo, apresentamos os resultados da validação do Questionário de Levamento de Uso de Línguas para usuários de inglês como L2 imersos em contexto brasileiro em correlação com um marcador explícito de aprendizagem de inglês de mensuração de amplitude lexical. A concepção de dominância linguística, tal como definida por Heredia (1997), e o Princípio da Complementaridade (CP), de Grosjean (1998, 2016), foram usados para operacionalizar o construto em termos de frequência e de domínios específicos de uso, servindo de base para elaboração do questionário. A proficiência, por sua vez, foi mensurada a partir de um teste de amplitude lexical em inglês – Vocabulary Size Test (Nation; Beglar, 2007). A partir de dados de 784 participantes, foram calculadas as correlações de Pearson entre os 11 itens do questionário, referentes às práticas de uso de inglês e português, entre si, e deles com a nota obtida no Vocabulary Size Test. As análises estatísticas mostram correlação significativa entre os itens de prática de uso de língua inglesa e deles com a nota do VST, e evidenciam que os respondentes com maior envolvimento em atividades em inglês tendem a ter melhor resultado no teste de proficiência. Essas correlações são interpretadas como um aspecto chave de validade externa do construto operacionalizado pelo questionário, permitindo-nos apresentá-lo à comunidade científica como um instrumento eficaz para a detecção e aferição de alterações na dominância da L1 em favor do uso da L2 entre usuários do inglês como L2.

Abstract The multiplicity of L2 acquisition experiences and contexts challenge the studies of bilingualism since individual differences complicate comparability between studies (Treffers-Daller; Korybsky, 2015). In this context, the construct of language dominance becomes an important variable for understanding this phenomenon in different domains and the development of effective tools for measuring it a key aspect in this process (Gertken et al., 2014). In this paper, we present the results of the validation of the Language Use Questionnaire for users of English as L2 immersed in a Brazilian context in correlation with an explicit marker of English language learning to measure lexical breadth. The concepts of linguistic dominance, as defined by Heredia (1997), and Grosjean's (1998, 2016) Complementary Principle, were used to operationalize the construct in terms of frequency and specific domains of use, serving as the basis for designing the questionnaire. Proficiency, in turn, was measured using a test of lexical breadth in English – Vocabulary Size Test (Nation; Beglar, 2007). Based on data from 784 participants, Pearson's correlations were calculated among the 11 items of the questionnaire, which referred to English and Portuguese use, and between them and the score obtained in the Vocabulary Size Test. The statistical analyses show a significant correlation among the items referring to English language use and between them and the VST score, presenting evidence that respondents with greater involvement in English activities tend to have better results in the proficiency test. Such correlation is interpreted as a key facet of external validity of the questionnaire, allowing us to bring it to the research community as an efficient measure for detection and assessment of changing dominance from L1 to L2 among users of English as a second language.

Abstract Dyslexics are often discouraged from L2 learning; however, it can have beneficial effects. The dual route reading model (Ellis, 1995) proposes reading processing via two distinct routes: the lexical and phonological route. We investigated reading performance in young bilingual dyslexics (aged 8-11) in English and Brazilian Portuguese (BP), checking for transfer of the direct lexical reading strategy, more compatible with the opaque and irregular English orthography as well as dyslexia, thus benefiting reading in BP also. Indeed, dyslexics showed poorer performance on reading pseudowords, but less impairment for frequent words and better performance in English than in BP, with near similar scores compared to controls for sentence reading. This shows that high exposure to English in immersive and student-centered educational contexts may enhance reading even in young bilingual dyslexics.

RESUMEN En un mundo en permanente cambio, los métodos tradicionales de enseñanza de idiomas no resuelven las necesidades comunicativas en lenguas extranjeras que favorecen el conocimiento y la adaptación a contextos educativos cambiantes. El método AICLE es ampliamente utilizado para desarrollar habilidades tanto en el aprendizaje de la lengua como en otras áreas del conocimiento, permite fortalecer las capacidades docentes para asumir la enseñanza de los contenidos de las diferentes materias en una lengua extranjera. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es recopilar información significativa y existente sobre el método CLIL y su contribución en el campo educativo. Se utiliza el enfoque descriptivo documental de investigaciones recientes relacionadas con el tema de estudio, basado en los fundamentos teóricos de la educación bilingüe. La revisión bibliográfica muestra que al enseñar la lengua extranjera como vehículo para instruir contenidos de otras materias, los estudiantes comprenden la necesidad de aprender la lengua para apropiarse de los conocimientos de la materia y permite a los docentes explorar su propio contexto de enseñanza, reflexionar e identificar factores que pueden mejorar su práctica docente, especialmente en la inclusión de actividades de escritura en inglés.

ABSTRACT In a world of permanent change, traditional language teaching methods do not solve the communicative needs in foreign languages that favor knowledge and adaptation to changing educational contexts. The CLIL method is widely used to develop skills both in the learning language and in other areas of knowledge, it allows for the strengthening of teaching capacities to assume the teaching of contents of the different subjects in a foreign language. The objective of this bibliographic review is to collect significant and existing information on the CLIL method and contribution of this method in the educational field. The documentary descriptive approach of recent research related to the subject of study is used, based on the theoretical foundations of bilingual education. The literature review shows that by teaching the foreign language as a vehicle to instruct content from other subjects, students understand the need to learn the language to seize the knowledge of the subject and allows teachers to explore their own teaching context, reflect and identify factors that can improve their teaching practice, especially in the inclusion of writing activities in English.

Resumen Este trabajo aborda el tema de las discordancias presentes en textos académicos escritos por estudiantes universitarios de comunidades bribris y cabécares. Partiendo de propuestas sobre el bilingüismo (Baker, 1993), el contacto de lenguas (Palacios, 2011) y la revisión (Cassany, 2014), se diseñó y aplicó una propuesta didáctica de 10 horas de duración orientada, primero, a la concientización del fenómeno de las discordancias en variedades de español en contacto con el bribri y el cabécar, y, segundo, al reconocimiento y revisión de estas en textos académicos; asimismo, se buscó generar conciencia sobre algunas características deseables en estos escritos. El tema fue definido luego de realizar un diagnóstico, el cual mostró que las producciones escritas por dichos estudiantes tienden a presentar mayor cantidad de discordancias que las de hablantes de comunidades históricamente monolingües en español, tanto de zona rural como de zona urbana. Con base en un instrumento de evaluación aplicado al inicio y al final de un curso-taller, se observó una reducción en la cantidad de discordancias en los textos revisados y corregidos, así como una mejor comprensión de características importantes de los textos académicos.

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of disagreements present in academic texts written by university students from Bribri and Cabecar communities. Following the approaches on bilingualism (Baker, 1993), language contact (Palacios, 2011), and revision (Cassany, 2014), a 10-hour didactic proposal was designed and applied. Firstly, it aimed at raising awareness of the phenomenon of disagreement in varieties of Spanish in contact with Bribri and Cabecar, and, secondly, it promotes the recognition and review of these in academic texts. Moreover, it sought to generate awareness about some desirable characteristics in these writings. This research was raised after making a diagnosis, which showed that the productions written by these students tend to present a greater number of disagreements than those of speakers of historically monolingual communities in Spanish, both in rural and urban areas. An evaluation instrument applied at the beginning and at the end of a course-workshop showed a reduction in the number of disagreements in the revised and corrected texts, as well as a better understanding of important characteristics of the academic texts.