Resumen. Muchos metazoos contienen moléculas capaces de fluorescencia, absorción y reemisión de luz. Dado que la distribución anatómica, o el patrón, de estas moléculas es variable entre taxones, los patrones de fluorescencia pueden servir como una poderosa herramienta diagnóstica en taxonomía y ecología. Sin embargo, los patrones de fluorescencia específicos de especie entre invertebrados marinos están poco comprendidos. Aquí, mostramos que los hidrozoos tienen diversos patrones de fluorescencia, que pueden ser el resultado de moléculas producidas intrínsecamente u obtenidas de fuentes dietéticas. Estudiamos hidrozoos, incluidos sifonóforos, hidromedusas e hidroides, en 5 órdenes de ambientes marinos pelágicos y bentónicos en Bocas del Toro, Panamá. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que los patrones de fluorescencia son muy prevalentes y pueden variar entre especies de hidrozoos y a lo largo del desarrollo. La mayoría de los taxa de hidrozoos examinados exhibieron alguna forma de fluorescencia, con variación observada entre las etapas de vida y las partes del cuerpo. Se documentó fluorescencia en el 88% de las hidromedusas (Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Limnomedusae y Narcomedusae), el 50% de los hidroides y el 75% de los sifonóforos que se observaron en este estudio. Nuestros resultados ilustran cómo los patrones de fluorescencia pueden servir como una herramienta diagnóstica útil para explorar la biodiversidad marina, resaltando la necesidad de una mayor documentación de los patrones de fluorescencia en la diversidad marina y de investigar las moléculas que subyacen a este fenómeno.

Abstract. Many metazoans contain molecules capable of fluorescence, which is the absorption and re-emission of light. As the anatomical distribution, or patterning, of these molecules varies across taxa, fluorescence patterns may serve as a powerful diagnostic tool in taxonomy and ecology. However, species-specific fluorescence patterns in marine invertebrates are poorly understood. Here, we show that hydrozoans exhibit diverse fluorescence patterns, which may result from molecules that are produced intrinsically or obtained from dietary sources. We surveyed 5 orders of hydrozoans, including siphonophores, hydromedusae, and hydroids, from pelagic and benthic marine environments in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Our findings show that fluorescence patterns are highly prevalent and may vary across hydrozoan species throughout development. Most hydrozoan taxa exhibited some form of fluorescence, with variation observed among life stages and body parts. Fluorescence was documented in 88% of hydromedusae (Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Limnomedusae, and Narcomedusae), 50% of hydroids, and 75% of siphonophores. Our results illustrate how fluorescence patterns can serve as a useful diagnostic tool to explore marine biodiversity, highlighting the need for further documentation of fluorescence patterns across marine taxa and research into the molecules that underlie this phenomenon.

ABSTRACT. Kelp forests support species-rich food webs that predator-prey interactions may sustain. Here, we analyze prey availability and stomach contents of the predatory fish Prolatilus jugularis in an unexplored subtidal kelp forest of Lessonia trabeculata in south-central Chile. In the kelp forest, 42 invertebrate taxa and 1016 individuals were observed. In the diet of P. jugularis, 21 taxa and 130 individuals were identified. Crustacea, particularly amphipods, were the dominant and more frequent taxa in the kelp forest and stomach contents. Annelida and Mollusca were also present in the kelp forest and diets but were less abundant. We did not find a statistically significant correlation between kelp forest and stomach-content prey abundances and frequencies. Also, dominance structure significantly differed between kelps and stomach contents. Our results indicate that P. jugularis could feed in other habitats outside the survey area. Seven predatory fish were sampled in the kelp forest. Pinguipes chilensis was the dominant fish, with 65% of the total fish biomass, followed by P. jugularis with 20%.

SUMMARY This is a review of studies related with the effects generated by the fast-growing exotic plantations (PECR) of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp. on water quality of watersheds in south-central Chile, at different spatial and temporal scales. The analyzed data comes from a region between 36° - 40° S in the Central Valley and includes both mountain ranges, the Coastal and the Andes. Studies on the watershed’s capacity to export nutrients indicate that the conversion from native forests to forest plantations implies a net loss in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) retention capacity. Consequently, watersheds with plantations coverage experience a net loss of these nutrients. Similarly, in watersheds dominated by Eucalyptus globulus, nitrogen retention decreases, especially NO3-N, and is partially reversed as a wider riparian vegetation is maintained. Studies of soil erosion and sediment transport losses show that clearcut harvesting has significant impacts on water quality, increasing sediment transport rates in streams. However, when soil conservation measures are practiced, erosion rates decrease significantly during forest harvesting. Some of the physical-chemical characteristics of the water, such as pH and temperature, are similar between streams with native forests and forest plantations. There is also a tendency for a decrease of richness and abundance of the macrobenthic invertebrates community due to the replacement of riparian vegetation by Eucalyptus spp.

RESUMEN Se presenta una revisión de estudios acerca de los efectos que generan las plantaciones exóticas de crecimiento rápido (PECR) de Pinus radiata y Eucalyptus spp. sobre la calidad del agua de cuencas en el centro-sur de Chile, a diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales. Los datos analizados provienen de una región comprendida entre los 36°- 40° S, en el Valle Central y en ambas cordilleras de la Costa y de los Andes. Los estudios acerca de la capacidad de las cuencas para exportar nutrientes indican que la conversión de bosques nativos por plantaciones forestales, implican una pérdida en la capacidad de retención de nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P), por lo que las cuencas con cobertura de plantaciones presentan pérdidas netas de estos nutrientes. En cuencas donde predomina Eucalyptus globulus, la retención de N disminuye, especialmente NO3-N y se revierte parcialmente a medida que se mantiene un mayor ancho de vegetación ribereña. Los estudios de pérdidas de suelo por erosión y transporte de sedimentos muestran que la cosecha a tala rasa produce fuertes impactos sobre la calidad del agua, aumentando las tasas de transporte de sedimentos en los cauces de agua. Sin embargo, cuando se practican medidas de conservación de suelos las tasas de erosión disminuyen notablemente durante la cosecha forestal. Algunas de las características físico-químicas del agua, como pH y temperatura, son similares en esteros con bosques nativos y plantaciones forestales. Finalmente, se detectó una tendencia a la disminución de la riqueza y abundancia de la comunidad de macro invertebrados bentónicos debido al reemplazo de la vegetación ribereña de especies boscosas nativas por Eucalyptus spp.

ABSTRACT Monstrilloid copepods are endoparasites of marine benthic invertebrates (i.e., polychaetes, molluscs) during their juvenile stages. A final copepodite stage V preadult leaves the host and moults into a non-feeding, reproductive planktonic adult. The taxonomy of Monstrilloid copepods has been historically complex. The current list of species of Brazilian Monstrilloida is available from the “Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil” website (CTFB), an on-line database with taxonomic information on the species known to occur in Brazil. Based on current taxonomical contributions, a total of 14 valid nominal species of Monstrilloida have been recorded from Brazil, including six endemic species (43%). Species of Cymbasoma (five species: 36%) and Monstrilla (six species: 43%) total up to 78% of the Brazilian monstrilloid species diversity. Monstrillopsis and Caromiobenella are both represented by three species. Records of Monstrilloida are concentrated in the East, Southeast, and Northeast regions of the country, with an absence of records for the Rio Grande region. The records of Monstrilloid copepods should be revised in the light of evidence suggesting that widespread nominal species like Cymbasoma longispinosum Bourne, 1890, Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson I.C., 1888, Monstrillopsis dubia (Scott T., 1904), and Monstrilla grandis Giesbrecht, 1891 probably represent species complexes. A better knowledge of the taxonomy, distribution, and biology of the Brazilian Monstrilloida taxa is important to support their conservation. The revision of previous records, the occurrence of species complexes among the Brazilian monstrilloid fauna, the discovery of hosts, and reliably matching males and females of monstrilloids are pending assignments to significantly improve our knowledge of the group. i.e., ie i e (i.e. polychaetes molluscs stages nonfeeding, nonfeeding non feeding, feeding non-feeding adult complex Catálogo Brasil CTFB, CTFB , (CTFB) online line Brazil contributions 1 43%. 43 43% . (43%) five 36% 36 78 diversity East Southeast country region Bourne 1890 IC I C I.C. 1888 Scott T T. 1904, 1904 1904) Giesbrecht 189 distribution conservation fauna hosts group i.e. (i.e (CTFB 4 (43% 3 7 I.C 188 190 18 i.e (43 19 (4 (

ABSTRACT The Tunicata, despite the relatively low species diversity among the invertebrates, has always received attention not only due to their ecological importance, especially in fouling communities, but also for several species that are studied as models for genetics and the evolution of development, as well as being a prolific source of natural products. In Brazil, research during the last 60 years has considerably increased our knowledge of benthic and planktonic tunicates, resulting from the work of several research teams. In this review, we provide information on the biodiversity of coastal Brazil along with an analysis of geographic distribution, sampling effort, the locations and status of taxonomic collections, and research specialists working on this group. Tunicata invertebrates importance communities development products 6 tunicates teams review distribution effort collections group

Abstract Biological scientific collections provide a robust framework for studying past and present biodiversity through different perspectives. Mapping and sharing their information content may aid to reduce biodiversity shortfalls, such as those observed in annelid polychaetes. These are among the most important groups of marine invertebrates, playing pivotal ecological roles in benthic habitats, and being important bioindicators. The main scientific polychaete collections in Brazil are concentrated in four institutions: Museum of Zoology and Oceanographic Institute of University of São Paulo, Museum of Biological Diversity of State University of Campinas, and National Museum of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. This paper explores the history and taxonomic knowledge of these collections, offering a comprehensive overview of their current statuses and highlighting challenges for the future. Together, these four collections safeguard over 300,000 samples from 68 polychaete families and 1,267 species representing 89% of the families and 94% of the species reported for the Brazilian coast. Among these samples, 252 are holotypes, which have rapidly increased in numbers in the past couple of decades due to the rise of species originally described from Brazil. Despite the long-standing presence of some of these institutions, the organization of their polychaete collections only began in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The organization of these official collections allowed the rescue of samples scattered around the institutions and made them available for further studies. All the Brazilian coastline is represented in these collections, but São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are overrepresented. Historical factors, such as collection mergers, expeditions, and targeted projects, also influenced the geographic distribution of samples. Brazilian scientific polychaete collections have significantly advanced in the last 15 years. However, the associated data still needs better structuring and accessibility to the scientific community via open-access online platforms allowing further investigation on Brazilian polychaete biodiversity. perspectives shortfalls polychaetes invertebrates habitats bioindicators Campinas future Together 300000 300 000 300,00 6 1267 1 267 1,26 89 94 coast 25 holotypes longstanding long standing s 2000s studies overrepresented factors mergers expeditions projects years However openaccess open access 30000 30 00 300,0 126 26 1,2 8 9 2 3000 3 0 300, 12 1,

RESUMEN La meiofauna es un grupo de organismos heterotróficos de menor tamaño que los macroinvertebrados, pero mayor que la microfauna que incluye grupos tales como amebas testadas, ciliados y nemátodos. Son un enlace entre las bacterias y los recursos y los macroinvertebrados. Sin embargo, la meiofauna en el trópico ha sido pobremente estudiada; por lo tanto, nuestra meta fue caracterizar la comunidad en términos de su composición y abundancia, así como evaluar potenciales variables ambientales que controlen estas dinámicas comunitarias. Se condujeron muestreos mensuales de meiofauna por un periodo de ocho meses en la Quebrada Prieta, Bosque Nacional El Yunque, Puerto Rico. Los muestreos se realizaron en 12 pozas, y la descarga, las características del sedimento y las variables bióticas se registraron simultáneamente. Se identificaron en total 62 morfoespecies de meiofauna, siendo los nemátodos los más abundantes, seguidos de las amebas testadas. Los grupos bacterívoros y detritívoros dominaron la comunidad. La abundancia de la meiofauna se relacionó negativamente con la descarga y positivamente con el porcentaje de arena gruesa, el nitrato y la abundancia de macroinvertebrados. La composición de la meiofauna en la Quebrada Prieta es similar la reportada para ríos templados, al menos en términos de los grupos de meiofauna presentes. Sin embargo, la comunidad en la Quebrada Prieta estuvo dominada por las amebas testadas. En comparación, los ríos templados son frecuentemente dominados por rotíferos y nematodos. Tanto las variables abióticas como la bióticas son importantes para la comunidad de la meiofauna en las cabeceras del río en Puerto Rico.

ABSTRACT Meiofauna is a group of heterotrophic organisms smaller than macroinvertebrates but larger than microfauna and characterized by groups such as testate amoebae, ciliates, and nematodes. They are a link between bacteria and resources and macroinvertebrates. However, tropical meiofauna is poorly studied; thus, our goal was to characterize meiofaunal community composition and abundance and assess potential environmental variables controlling these community dynamics. Monthly samplings of meiofauna were conducted for eight months in Quebrada Prieta, El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico. Sampling was made in 12 pools, and data on discharge, sediment characteristics, and biotic variables were also collected. A total of 62 meiofaunal morphospecies were identified, with nematodes dominating the community, followed by testate amoebae. Bacterivores and detritivores taxa dominated the community. Meiofaunal abundance was negatively related to discharge and positively to the percentage of coarse sand, nitrate, and macroinvertebrate abundance. The composition ofmeiofauna in Quebrada Prieta is like the composition reported for temperate streams, at least in major meiofaunal groups present. However, the community in Quebrada Prieta was dominated by testate amoebae. In contrast, temperate streams are often dominated by rotifers and nematodes. Both abiotic and biotic variables are important for meiofaunal communities in the headwater streams in Puerto Rico.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los análisis ecológicos de redes han sido usados para definir aspectos relacionados a la estructura, salud y dinámica de los ecosistemas marinos. Objetivos. Evaluar la estructura, organización y madurez en el ecosistema de Yelapa, un arrecife rocoso somero. También, se determinaron los grupos funcionales que podrían ser más sensibles a perturbaciones simuladas y aquellos que generan menor resiliencia en el ecosistema. Métodos. Se construyó un modelo trófico de balance de masas Ecopath con Ecosim y se usó la teoría de Ascendency para evaluar las propiedades ecosistémicas. La matriz de Impacto Trófico Mixto evaluó los efectos tróficos directos e indirectos en la red. Se determinaron los grupos funcionales más sensibles a perturbaciones usando simulaciones dinámicas Ecosim de corto y largo tiempo con dos escenarios de mortalidad (incremento del 25 % y 50 %). Finalmente, se empleó el Tiempo de Recuperación del Sistema como una medida de resiliencia. Resultados. El ecosistema arrecifal rocoso de Yelapa exhibió características de un ecosistema maduro, organizado y desarrollado, pero a su vez menos resistente a perturbaciones. Diferentes grupos de peces, zooplancton y fitoplancton generaron los mayores efectos en la red trófica. Además, el fitoplancton, clorofitas y el grupo de otros invertebrados bentónicos propagaron los mayores efectos hacia los otros componentes del sistema. Yelapa es menos resiliente cuando son perturbados los grupos funcionales de anguilas y morenas, otros invertebrados bentónicos, pargos y fitoplancton. Conclusiones. Grupos funcionales de distintos niveles tróficos fueron prioritarios para preservar la integridad estructural del ecosistema, las condiciones de madurez, desarrollo y resiliencia. Este estudio representa el primer paso para analizar las propiedades de la red trófica y especies ecológicamente relevantes entre el ecosistema de coral somero y profundo en Yelapa.

ABSTRACT Background. Ecological Network Analysis has been used for defining aspects concerning the structure, health, and dynamics of marine ecosystems. Objectives. Evaluate the ecosystem’s structure, organization, and maturity in the shallow rocky reef ecosystem in Yelapa. Also, we determine the most affected functional groups by disturbances simulated and those which generate less resilience in the ecosystem. Methods. A mass-balance trophic model Ecopath with Ecosim, was constructed, and Ascendency›s theory was used to evaluate the ecosystem properties. A Mixed Trophic Impacts matrix was used to assess direct and indirect trophic effects on the network. The functional groups more sensitive to disturbances were determined using Ecosim dynamics simulations in the short and long term with two mortality scenarios (an increase of 25 % and 50 %). Finally, the System Recovery Timewas used as a measure of resilience. Results. The Yelapa rocky-reef ecosystem exhibits the feature of a mature, organized, and developing ecosystem but is less resistant to disturbances. Several fish groups, zooplankton, and phytoplankton produced the most remarkable effects in the trophic network. In addition, the phytoplankton, chlorophyta, and the group of other benthic invertebrates propagated more effects on other model components. Conclusions. Yelapa rocky reef would lose resilience if the functional groups eels & morays, other benthic invertebrates, snappers, and phytoplankton were disturbed.

Trace elements in aquatic ecosystems are considered as major pollutants due to their environmental persistence, toxicity and ability to be incorporated into food webs. Contaminated sediments represent a threat to benthic macroinvertebrates which in turn expose high trophic organisms to hazardous trace elements, therefore metals accumulated in benthic organisms can also be bio concentrated in food webs. Direct toxic effects of metals include changes in diversity and abundance of benthic invertebrates while, indirect effects include modifications of species interactions and reductions in food quality. In this work, we study the potentially toxic metal concentrations in both sediments and benthic macroinvertebrates in the Maipo River basin (central Chile) evaluating the risk assessment of sediment, toxicity to the biota and bioaccumulation in the organisms. Sediments and benthic organisms were sampled in spring (October-December) 2016 from four sites of the Maipo River basin. Twelve trace elements (As, Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by AAE. The Geo accumulation index showed that Zn was moderate to strong pollute in all sites and the enrichment factor showed that there were no important anthropic impacts in the river. High level of contamination was found for Cu in PEL and the pollution index showed that PEL was extremely polluted. Three (Cu, Mn and Zn) out of the five metals analyzed were the elements which presented the largest toxicity to organisms in these aquatic systems based on the Threshold Effect Concentration (TEC) and Probable Effect Concentration (PEC) analysis. Most of the metals analyzed did not show bioaccumulation; however, Ni and Pb were the metals with the highest bioaccumulation factor in all the studied sites.

Abstract Aim In the present study, the structure of the benthic invertebrates in ponds in the presence and absence of Nile tilapia was evaluated. Methods The benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters were analyzed for a period of eight weeks, every 15 days, in two ponds (one with fish and the other without fish). Benthic invertebrates were sampled with artificial substrate samplers, made with cheap and common materials, like expanded clay, loofah leaves and gravel. Results With the exception of turbidity, the other physical and chemical variables of water quality were within the ideal limits for tilapia farming. Despite that, there was a significant difference for all physical-chemical parameters monitored, and the average turbidity was much higher in pond with fish. The use of artificial substrate samplers for biomonitoring was effective in the colonization of several taxa in a short period of time (15 days). For benthic community metrics, organism richness, diversity and evenness were significantly higher in the pond without fish. On the other hand, the dominance of Chironomidae and the abundance of Glossiphonidae were much higher in the pond with fish. For Chironomidae, this family was dominant in both treatments, but reached a higher frequency in the pond with fish (98.49%) than in pond without fish (92.87%). The presence of sensitive families, like Leptoceridae (Order Trichoptera), was higher in the pond with no fish, as well as the metric of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera families (% EPT). Conclusions The presence of fish altered the macrobenthic community, since metrics of richness and diversity presented lower values in pond with fish.

Resumo Objetivo No presente estudo, avaliou-se a estrutura de invertebrados bentônicos em viveiros escavados na presença e ausência de tilápia do Nilo. Métodos Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos e os parâmetros físico-químicos foram analisados por um período de oito semanas, a cada 15 dias, em dois viveiros (um com peixes e outro sem peixes). Os invertebrados bentônicos foram coletados com amostradores de substrato artificial, feitos com materiais baratos e comuns, tais como argila expandida, folhas de taboa e brita. Resultados Com exceção da turbidez, as demais variáveis físicas e químicas da qualidade da água estiveram dentro dos limites ideais para o cultivo de tilápia. Apesar disso, houve diferença significativa para todos os parâmetros físico-químicos monitorados, sendo que a turbidez média foi bem maior no tanque com peixes. Para as métricas dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos, riqueza, diversidade e uniformidade de organismos foram significativamente maiores no tanque sem peixes. Por outro lado, a dominância de Chironomidae e a abundância de Glossiphonidae foram muito maiores no tanque com peixes. Para Chironomidae, esta família foi dominante em ambos os tratamentos, mas atingiu maior frequência no viveiro com peixes (98,49%) do que no viveiro sem peixes (92,87%). A presença de famílias sensíveis, como Leptoceridae (Ordem Trichoptera), foi maior no viveiro sem peixes, assim como a métrica das famílias Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (% EPT). Conclusões O uso de amostradores de substrato artificial para biomonitoramento mostrou-se eficaz na colonização de diversos táxons em um curto período de tempo (15 dias). Por fim, a presença de peixes alterou a comunidade macrobentônica, já que as métricas de riqueza e diversidade apresentaram valores mais baixos no viveiro escavado com peixes.

Resumen El Caribe mexicano es la sección más extensa del mar Caribe mesoamericano con 16 áreas marinas protegidas. Durante 2015 y 2016, fueron realizadas 2 campañas de muestreo en el Parque Nacional Arrecife Puerto Morelos y la Reserva de la Biosfera Arrecife de Sian Ka’an, para determinar la biodiversidad de los anfípodos bentónicos. Además, las especies documentados previamente en éstos fueron incluidos para completar el primer listado de especies a lo largo del Caribe mexicano. El presente estudio incluye 35 familias, 70 géneros y 121 especies, dentro de las cuales, 41 no habían sido registradas en esta área y 5 correspondieron a registros nuevos de anfípodos. A la fecha y de acuerdo con la información sintetizada en este listado de especies, tanto el área natural arrecife Puerto Morelos y el arrecife de Sian Ka’an, localizados en la zonas norte y central del mar Caribe mexicano, son las 2 áreas naturales protegidas con la mayor cantidad de especies de anfípodos bentónicos.

Abstract The Mexican Caribbean Sea is the longest section of the Mesoamerican Caribbean Sea, with 16 protected marine areas. During 2015 and 2016, 2 sampling campaigns in the Puerto Morelos Coral Reef National Park and the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico, were carried out to determine the biodiversity of benthic amphipods. In addition, the previously documented amphipod data were included to summarize the first checklist of such amphipods along the Mexican Caribbean Sea. The present study found 35 families, 70 genera, and 121 species, of which 41 species had not been previously reported in the Mexican Caribbean Sea, and 5 species represented new records of amphipods from the Caribbean Sea. According to the information summarized in this amphipod’s inventory, both the coral reefs Puerto Morelos and Sian Ka’an, located in the north and central Mexican Caribbean Sea, represented the protected natural areas with the largest amounts of benthic amphipod species thus far.

RESUMEN Telmatobius atacamensis, anuro microendémico de la Puna salteña, tiene hábitos exclusivamente acuáticos. Está categorizado como especie en peligro crítico a nivel global y como amenazada a nivel nacional. El conocimiento de la ecología trófica es útil para mejorar el manejo y conservación de una especie y, debido a que esta información es escasa, el objetivo fue describir y analizar su dieta. Mediante la técnica de lavado estomacal se obtuvieron 37 contenidos de individuos recolectados en los ríos San Antonio y Los Patos durante un ciclo anual (2018), una vez al mes. Se registraron 724 presas, pertenecientes a diez órdenes; dípteros, coleópteros y hemípteros fueron los más importantes. No hubo correlación significativa entre el tamaño depredador-presa. Tampoco hubo diferencias significativas entre hembras, machos y juveniles y el número y volumen de presas consumidas. El índice de diversidad de la dieta fue de 1,05 y la amplitud del nicho trófico estandarizado fue de 0,09. La superposición de nicho entre las categorías fue de Ojk = 0,80. De acuerdo con el índice de similitud de Jaccard, las dietas de hembras y juveniles fueron las más semejantes (71 %). Presentaron una marcada predominancia al consumo de invertebrados de hábitos bentónicos y, si bien se encontraron algunas presas de hábitos terrestres, podría deberse a un consumo accidental. Este consumo desproporcionado de fauna bentónica estaría directamente relacionado con los hábitos de vida de la especie. Por otro lado, la composición de la dieta no varía significativamente entre las categorías consideradas, sin registrar diferencias en la cantidad y volumen de presas.

ABSTRACT Telmatobius atacamensis, a microendemic anuran from the Salta Puna, has exclusively aquatic habits. It is categorized as a critically endangered species globally and as threatened nationally. The knowledge of trophic ecology is useful to improve the management and conservation of a species and, since this information is scarce, the objective was to describe and analyze its diet. Using the Stomach-flushing technique, 37 stomach contents were obtained from individuals recollected once a month in the San Antonio and Los Patos rivers during an annual cycle (2018). A total of 724 eaten items from ten orders were registered; dipterans, coleopterans, and hemipterans were the most important. There was no significant correlation between predator-prey sizes. Nor were there significant differences between females, males, and juveniles, and the number and volume of prey consumed. The diet diversity index was 1.05 and the standardized trophic niche width was 0.09. The niche overlap between the categories was Ojk = 0.80. According to the Jaccard similarity index, the diets of females and juveniles were the most similar (71 %). They presented a marked predominance for the consumption of invertebrates with benthic habits and, although some prey of terrestrial habits were found, it could be due to accidental consumption. This disproportionate consumption toward benthic fauna would be directly related to the life habits of the species. On the other hand, the composition of the diet does not vary significantly between the categories considered, without registering differences in the quantity and volume of prey.

Resumo Um dos indicadores biológicos mais utilizados para determinar a saúde de um ecossistema fluvial são os macroinvertebrados bentônicos. A presença de espécies recorrentes em um amplo gradiente de latitudes domina o padrão biogeográfico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos nas águas doces do Chile; no entanto, o conhecimento sobre a ecologia comunitária destes nos rios chilenos continua escasso. Os modelos nulos se tornaram uma poderosa ferramenta estatística para descrever os mecanismos ecológicos que orientam a estrutura de uma comunidade ecológica e os padrões subjacentes da diversidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a estrutura da comunidade de invertebrados bentônicos no rio Allipén, descrevendo sua composição, riqueza e abundância de espécies através de modelos de riqueza e modelos nulos baseados na presença / ausência. Os resultados revelam alta riqueza de espécies e baixa diversidade, sendo identificados três filos, cinco classes, 11 ordens e 28 famílias na área de estudo durante as quatro estações do ano. O filo de Arthropoda foi o mais representativo em abundância e riqueza. Em relação à riqueza, Trichoptera (7) e Diptera (6) seguidos por Ephemeroptera (3) foram as ordens que mostraram a maior diversidade de famílias, no entanto, uma baixa diversidade com H’≤ 1,5 nit foi registrada na área de estudo. Demonstramos através dos modelos nulos, a randomização nas associações de espécies correspondentes aos três locais analisados. As informações aqui fornecidas contribuem para a compreensão dos padrões ecológicos das comunidades de invertebrados no rio Allipén, estabelecendo a base para estudos ecológicos mais complexos.

Abstract One of the biological indicators most used to determine the health of a fluvial ecosystem are the benthic macroinvertebrates. The presence of recurrent species in a wide gradient of latitudes, dominates the biogeographic pattern of the benthic macroinvertebrates in Chilean fresh waters, nevertheless the knowledge on the communitarian ecology of these in the Chilean rivers continues to be scarce. Null models became a powerful statistical tool for describing the ecological mechanisms that drive the structure of an ecological community and the underlying patterns of diversity. The objective of this study was to determine the community structure of benthic invertebrates in the Allipén River by describing their composition, richness and abundance of species through richness models and null models based on presence/absence. The results reveal a high family richness and low diversity, three phyla, five classes, 11 orders and 28 families were identified in the study area during the four seasons of the year. The Arthropoda phylum was the most representative in abundance and richness. Regarding to richness, Trichoptera (7 families) and Diptera (6 families) followed by Ephemeroptera (3 families) were the orders that showed the greatest diversity of families, however, a low diversity with a H’≤ 1.5 nit was registered in the study area. We demonstrated through the null models, the randomization in the species associations corresponding to the three analyzed sites. The information provided here contributes to the understanding of the ecological patterns of the invertebrate communities in the Allipén River, establishing the basis for more complex ecological studies.

Resumo Este estudo investigou a ocorrência de partículas plásticas no trato digestivo de peixes de riachos de cabeceira em uma região de baixa densidade humana da bacia subtropical do rio dos Sinos no sul do Brasil. No total, 258 indivíduos de 17 espécies foram coletados por meio da pesca elétrica. Trinta e oito por cento (38%) dos espécimes continham partículas de plástico. Todos eram fibras, com contagem máxima de 43 por indivíduo. As fibras plásticas foram a quarta categoria de alimentos mais abundante. Os resultados mostraram que a absorção dessas partículas plásticas foi proporcional ao número de itens alimentares ingeridos. A contagem de fibras nos intestinos se correlacionou com a absorção de Trichoptera, que são invertebrados que usam partículas de plástico para construir suas capas protetoras. Nenhuma diferença significativa na absorção de plástico foi detectada entre peixes bentônicos e de coluna d'água. Nenhuma evidência de bioacumulação de partículas plásticas foi encontrada nos intestinos. A distância das áreas urbanas não foi relacionada ao número de partículas plásticas ingeridas, concluindo que os plásticos são ubíquos e disponíveis para a biota, mesmo em locais remotos. A fonte mais provável dessas partículas são as residências próximas aos córregos que descarregam os esgotos das máquinas de lavar sem nenhum tratamento.

Abstract This study investigated the occurrence of plastic particles in the digestive tracts of fish from headwater streams in a human-thinly populated region of the subtropical Sinos River basin in southern Brazil. In total, 258 individuals from 17 species were collected using electric fishing. Thirty-eight percent (38%) of the specimens contained plastic particles. All of them were fibers, with a maximum count of 43 per individual. Plastic fibers were the fourth most abundant food category. Results showed that the uptake of these plastic particles was proportional to the number of ingested food items. Fiber counts in the guts correlated with the uptake of Trichoptera, which are invertebrates using plastic particles to construct their protective cases. No significant difference in plastic uptake was detected between benthic and water column fish. No evidence of bioaccumulation of plastic particles was found in the intestines. The distance from urban areas was not related to the number of ingested plastic particles, concluding that plastics are ubiquitous and available to biota, even in remote locations. The most probable source of these particles is residences close to the streams which discharge the sewage of washing machines without any treatment.

Resumo O Brasil é caracterizado como um país megadiverso e uma das prioridades no conhecimento e conservação dessa biodiversidade é seguramente a melhoria das coleções biológicas. Estas representam patrimônio biológico, científico, cultural e genético de um país, e sua preservação depende de um esforço coletivo de pesquisadores, instituições e do poder público. Com relação às coleções biológicas marinhas de invertebrados e algas, o estado de São Paulo representa uma alta porcentagem do acervo nacional, com cinco principais coleções depositadas em instituições estaduais. Atualmente estas coleções salvaguardam a grande maioria do acervo marinho estadual e compõem um dos maiores do país. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é o de apresentar informações sobre as coleções biológicas marinhas do estado de São Paulo, estado atual, financiamentos e perspectivas futuras, criando oportunidades de comunicação e considerando os fatores que impactam o desenvolvimento das mesmas. O apoio financeiro da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) às instituições paulistas extravasa os limites do estado, visto que muitas pesquisas abordam áreas mais abrangentes e/ou estabelecem parcerias diversas com outras instituições não paulistas. Isso se reflete inclusive na abrangência taxonômica e geográfica das coleções biológicas do Estado, uma vez que estas mantêm espécimes/espécies de diferentes regiões do país, ou mesmo de outros países. No entanto, vale ressaltar que não basta investir em expedições de coleta para enriquecimento das coleções sem valorizar a formação de pessoal qualificado, tanto para a curadoria dos acervos quanto para o refinamento taxonômico.

Abstract Brazil is characterized as a megadiverse country, and one of the factors that guarantees the knowledge and preservation of this biodiversity is an improvement in the biological collections. They represent a country's biological, scientific, cultural, and genetic heritage and their preservation depends on a joint effort of researchers, institutions, and public authorities. Marine biological collections of invertebrates and algae of the state of São Paulo represent a high percentage of the national collections, with five biological collections deposited in state institutions. Currently, these collections safeguard the vast majority of the state's marine collection and make up one of the largest in the country. Therefore, the objective of this research is to present information on marine biological collections in the state of São Paulo, their current status, funding, and future perspectives, creating communication opportunities and considering the factors that impact their development. Support from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) surpasses state limits, since many studies address broader areas and/or establish diverse partnerships with other institutions from outside São Paulo. This is reflected in the taxonomic and geographic scope of the biological collections in the state, since these host specimens/species from different regions of the country, or even from other countries. However, it is worth mentioning that it is not enough to invest in expeditions to enrich the collections without valuing the training of qualified personnel, both for the collections maintenance and for their taxonomic refinement.