Resumen Marco contextual: La hospitalización y la intervención quirúrgica son percibidas por el niño como acontecimientos amenazantes que repercuten en su comportamiento, concretamente en la ansiedad y el miedo. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de una película preparatoria para los procedimientos que deben realizarse antes de la cirugía ambulatoria con el fin de reducir la ansiedad y el miedo. Metodología: Estudio aleatorizado y controlado en el que participaron 60 niños (de 6 a 14 años) sometidos a cirugía ambulatoria. El grupo de intervención vio una película en el periodo preoperatorio y el grupo de control recibió los cuidados habituales. La eficacia de la película se midió con la escala Children’s Anxiety Meter-State y el miedo con la Children’s Fear Scale. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas (p > 0,05) entre el grupo de intervención que vio la película y el grupo de control que siguió los cuidados preoperatorios habituales. Conclusión: Es importante evaluar con precisión si los costes de esta intervención compensan los beneficios. Se sugiere seguir investigando en este ámbito, ajustando otros programas que resulten más eficaces en este contexto.

Resumo Enquadramento: A hospitalização e a cirurgia são consideradas pela criança como eventos ameaçadores e com repercussões no seu comportamento, nomeadamente ansiedade e medo. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de um filme preparatório para procedimentos a realizar antes de uma cirurgia de ambulatório visando a redução da ansiedade e medo. Metodologia: Estudo randomizado, controlado, envolvendo 60 crianças (6-14 anos), submetidas a cirurgia de ambulatório. O grupo de intervenção visualizou um filme no período pré-operatório e o grupo de controlo recebeu os cuidados habituais. A efetividade do filme foi medida através da escala de ansiedade Children’s Anxiety Meter-State e o medo pela escala Children’s Fear Scale. Resultados: Não se observaram diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre o grupo de intervenção que visualizou o filme e o grupo de controlo que seguiu os cuidados pré-operatórios habituais. Conclusão: Importa avaliar de forma precisa se os custos envolvidos nesta intervenção compensam os benefícios. Sugere-se mais investigação nesta área, ajustando outros programas que se revelem mais efetivos neste contexto.

Abstract Background: Children often perceive hospitalization and surgery as threatening events that can lead to feelings of anxiety and fear. These feelings may affect their behaviors. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational video in reducing anxiety and fear before outpatient surgery. Methodology: A randomized controlled study was conducted with 60 children (6 - 14 years old) undergoing outpatient surgery. The intervention group watched an educational video during the preoperative period, while the control group received standard preoperative care. The effectiveness of the video was measured using the Children’s Anxiety Meter-State scale, and fear was measured using the Children’s Fear Scale. Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the intervention group that watched the video and the control group that received standard preoperative care. Conclusion: An accurate assessment of whether the costs of this intervention outweigh the benefits is essential. Further research is recommended, particularly in adapting other programs that have proven more effective in this context.

Resumen: La meditación es una herramienta eficaz para promover el bienestar psicológico y manejar el estrés y los trastornos psicológicos asociados con situaciones académicas, clínicas y asistenciales altamente demandantes en contextos académicos sanitarios. Este artículo evalúa el impacto de intervenciones basadas en la meditación, en el bienestar psicológico de estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Se buscaron ensayos clínicos controlados en la Biblioteca virtual de Salud (BVS), Biblioteca Cochrane, Trip Database, Sage Pub, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Medline (vía PubMed), Europe PMC, ScienceDirect, APA PsycInfo y ERIC. Se identificaron 651 estudios. Se incluyeron 13 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Se encontró que la práctica de meditación no clínica, predominantemente mediante intervenciones basadas en la atención plena (mindfulness), realizadas en contextos académicos tiene un efecto positivo en el bienestar psicológico y en la competencia socioemocional del estudiantado. Los beneficios a largo plazo dependen de que los estudiantes practiquen la meditación regularmente. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones para la educación sanitaria. Sugieren integrar la meditación como un enfoque preventivo para mejorar el bienestar psicológico del estudiantado.

Resumo: A meditação é uma ferramenta eficaz para promover o bem-estar psicológico, administrar o estresse e os transtornos psicológicos associados a situações acadêmicas, clínicas e assistenciais altamente demandantes em contextos acadêmicos sanitários. Este artigo avalia o impacto de intervenções baseadas na meditação para o bem-estar psicológico de estudantes de Ciências da Saúde. Foram buscados ensaios clínicos controlados na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), Biblioteca Cochrane, Trip Database, Sage Pub, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Medline (via PubMed), Europe PMC, Science Direct, APA PsycInfo e ERIC. Foram identificados 651 estudos. Foram incluídos 13 estudos que cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade. Foi encontrado que a prática da meditação não clínica, predominantemente por meio de intervenções baseadas na atenção plena (mindfulness), realizadas em contextos acadêmicos, tem um efeito positivo no bem-estar psicológico e na competência socioemocional dos estudantes. Os benefícios a longo prazo dependem de que os estudantes pratiquem a meditação regularmente. Essas descobertas têm implicações para a educação sanitária. Sugerimos integrar a meditação como uma abordagem preventiva para melhorar o bem-estar psicológico dos estudantes.

Abstract: Meditation is an effective tool to promote psychological well-being and manage stress and psychological distress associated with highly demanding academic, clinical and healthcare situations in academic health contexts. This paper evaluates the impact of meditation-based interventions on the psychological well-being of health occupations students. Controlled clinical trials were searched in the Biblioteca virtual de Salud (BVS), Cochrane Library, Trip Database, Sage Pub, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Medline (via PubMed), Europe PMC, ScienceDirect, APA PsycInfo, and ERIC. 651 studies were identified. Thirteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. It was found that non-clinical meditation practice, mainly through mindfulness-based interventions, carried out in academic contexts has a positive effect on the psychological well-being and socio-emotional competence of the student body. Long-term benefits depend on students practicing meditation regularly. These findings have implications for health education. They suggest integrating meditation as a preventive approach to improve the psychological well-being of students.

Resumen: Los antitrombóticos son fármacos que se utilizan para prevenir la formación de coágulos sanguíneos, también conocidos como trombos. Estos coágulos pueden causar graves problemas de salud, como infartos o enfermedades cerebrovasculares. En este artículo se analizan diferentes tipos de antitrombóticos, como los antiplaquetarios y los anticoagulantes, y se discuten sus mecanismos de acción. Además, se examinan los beneficios y los riesgos asociados con el uso de antitrombóticos. Por un lado, estos fármacos pueden reducir el riesgo de eventos trombóticos, lo que puede ser especialmente beneficioso en pacientes con condiciones de alto riesgo, como aquellos que han sufrido un infarto o que tienen fibrilación auricular. Por otro lado, también se discuten los posibles efectos secundarios de los antitrombóticos, como el aumento del riesgo de sangrado. Además, se proporcionan pautas para su uso seguro en diferentes escenarios clínicos. Finalmente, se abordan las estrategias de monitoreo y ajuste de la dosis de estos medicamentos para garantizar su eficacia y seguridad en los pacientes.

Abstract: Antithrombotics are drugs used to prevent the formation of blood clots, also known as thrombi. These clots can cause serious health problems, such as heart attacks or strokes. Different types of antithrombotics, such as antiplatelets and anticoagulants, are analyzed and their mechanisms of action are discussed. Additionally, the benefits and risks associated with the use of antithrombotics are examined. On the one hand, these drugs can reduce the risk of thrombotic events, which may be especially beneficial in patients with high-risk conditions, such as those who have suffered a heart attack or who have atrial fibrillation. On the other hand, the possible side effects of antithrombotics, such as the increased risk of bleeding, are also discussed and guidelines for their safe use in different clinical scenarios are provided. Additionally, monitoring and dose adjustment strategies for these medications are addressed to ensure their effectiveness and safety in patients.

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of inhaled Magnesium Sulfate associated with Salbutamol versus Inhaled Salbutamol alone in patients with moderate and severe asthma exacerbations. Method Clinical, prospective and randomized study with patients between 3 and 14 years of age divided into two groups: one to receive inhaled salbutamol associated with magnesium sulfate (GSM), the other to receive inhaled salbutamol alone (GS). The sample consisted of 40 patients, 20 patients in each group. Severity was classified using the modified Wood-Downes score, with values between 4 and 7 classified as moderate and 8 or more classified as severe. Results Post-inhalation scores decreased both in patients who received salbutamol and magnesium and in those who received salbutamol alone, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusions Despite the benefits when administered intravenously, inhalation of the drug alone or in combination did not reduce the severity of the exacerbation. exacerbations Clinical 1 groups GSM, GSM , (GSM) GS. GS . (GS) 2 group WoodDownes Wood Downes score Postinhalation Post intravenously exacerbation (GSM (GS

ABSTRACT The existing methodological diversity for locating vulnerability in cities has not succeeded in defining a method that guarantees perfect identification. Among the traditional procedures, we can distinguish between top-down methods, with a regional scale and based predominantly on quantitative procedures of a statistical nature, and bottom-up methods, with a local approach of a qualitative profile. Statistical methods lose effectiveness as the scale of analysis is reduced, and qualitative methods lose effectiveness as the scale of analysis increases. Faced with this paradox, the main contribution of the research is the MIUV (Mixed Identification for Urban Vulnerability) method, which progressively links different levels of integration of the two perspectives, to take advantage of both benefits. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested in a specific area of the Valencian Community, where the location of the most disadvantaged environments has been outlined with greater precision at each step.

RESUMEN La diversidad metodológica existente para localizar vulnerabilidad en ciudades no ha conseguido todavía definir un método que garantice una identificación perfecta. Entre los procedimientos tradicionales, distinguimos métodos top-down, de escala regional y basados predominantemente en procedimientos cuantitativos de corte estadístico, y bottom-up, con una aproximación local de perfil cualitativo. Los métodos estadísticos pierden eficacia al reducirse la escala de análisis y los cualitativos, al incrementarla. Frente a esta paradoja, el aporte principal de la investigación es el método IMVU, Identificación Mixta de Vulnerabilidad Urbana, que encadena de forma progresiva distintos niveles de integración de las dos perspectivas, para tratar de aprovechar las bondades de ambas. Se ha comprobado la eficacia del método propuesto sobre un espacio concreto de la Comunitat Valenciana, donde se ha ido perfilando, con más precisión en cada paso, la ubicación de los entornos más desfavorecidos.

Abstract The IMF´s practices affect the lives of millions of persons all around the world. Recently, institutional actors of the United Nations have defined the rules that it should follow to promote the respect and effectiveness of Human Rights. However, the Fund acts as if such rules do not in fact exist. The article aims to analyze the juridical nexus that ties the IMF to Human Rights, problematizing the «argumentative strategies» through which it legitimizes its position on the field. This way of approaching to the debate allows the paper to: 1) prove the IMF's juridical link to these Rights and, at the same time, show the benefits and limits of the critics that are directed to said link; 2) introduce in a single coherent narrative the developments on this subject that the specialized literature exhibits in a fragmented manner; 3) show how the newest trends that inform the doctrine of Human Rights are translated into official juridical documents. It is argued that the Fund has the international obligation of respecting and enforcing Human Rights from its own mandate and considering the rules of institutional actors on this regard, under penalty of incurring in responsibility for their violation. IMFs s world Recently However exist argumentative strategies field 1 time 2 manner 3 documents regard violation

Resumen Con sus prácticas, el FMI afecta la vida de millones de personas alrededor del mundo. Recientemente, la ONU ha definido las pautas que los agentes del campo financiero deben seguir para promover el respeto y la efectividad de los Derechos Humanos (DDHH). Sin embargo, el Fondo actúa como si de hecho tales pautas no existiesen. Este trabajo procura analizar el nexo jurídico que ata al FMI a los DDHH, problematizando las «estrategias argumentativas» a través de las cuales él legitima su posición al respecto. Esta manera de ingresar al debate permite: 1) sustentar jurídicamente la ligazón del Fondo a estos derechos y, al mismo tiempo, mostrar las bondades y límites de las críticas que se le endilgan a dicha ligazón; 2) presentar en un único relato coherente los desarrollos sobre esta temática que la literatura especializada exhibe de manera fragmentada; 3) dar cuenta de cómo las últimas tendencias que informan la doctrina de los DDHH se traducen en documentos jurídicos oficiales. Se argumenta que el FMI tiene la obligación internacional de respetar y efectivizar los DDHH desde su propio mandato y considerando las pautas de los actores institucionales al respecto, so pena de incurrir en responsabilidad por su violación. prácticas mundo Recientemente DDHH. . (DDHH) embargo existiesen estrategias argumentativas respecto permite 1 tiempo 2 fragmentada 3 oficiales violación (DDHH

BACKGROUND: Despite benefits, structured mentorship needs to be better recognised within health profession training institutions (HPI) in Southern Africa (SA). Given the need to transform faculties and retain skilled personnel, mentoring programmes can be used to address these needs and warrant further exploration OBJECTIVE: To explore mentorship models within HPI in SA METHODS: During the annual South African Health Educationalists Conference (SAAHE) in 2022, five academics from HPIs in the region conducted an interactive national workshop on mentorship in health professions education. Following a presentation on mentorship models, participants were allowed to share their perspectives on current mentorship practices, gaps and recommendations for enhancing mentorship. Key concepts and themes generated are reported RESULTS: Three key approaches to mentorship models were identified during the workshop. These were 'top-down', 'ad-hoc' and 'supportive' approaches. Mentorship models were largely self-initiated and followed a traditional dyadic style with little innovation. Mandatory 'top-down', over-regulated programmes compared with 'grassroots' approaches were the two extremes reflected on the spectrum of models. While the benefits of mentorship were recognised, institution-wide implementation is lacking, reflecting varied or no widescale adoption. Mentorship could serve as a focused, formal strategy to ensure the demographic transformation of HPIs. Recommendations were made to measure the effectiveness of mentorship programmes against academic promotion criteria and research outputs CONCLUSION: While mentorship is positively viewed as a means to ensure improved equity and outputs, practical implementation is lacking. Mentorship programmes require further exploration of models and processes to facilitate successful implementation

Abstract Digital Welfare State in Ecuador: Citizen Datafication and Machine Learning in the Construction and Management of Poverty In the era of digital governance, the increasing use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in social protection systems has emerged as a prominent concern. The state's efforts to promote citizen datafication and the implementation of AI for managing and providing social services and benefits are guided by principles of neutrality, objectivity, and technological efficiency. Nevertheless, these technologies can not only improve the effectiveness of social benefits allocation, but also have the potential of controlling, monitoring, sanctioning, and excluding beneficiaries. In light of the prevailing techno-optimism evident in the design of contemporary social policy, particularly with regard to its allocation mechanisms, this study draws upon insights from Science, Technology, and Society Studies to shed light on how data systems and AI technologies transform the notion of poverty and impact the definition of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. This approach focuses on unraveling the political dimension of data systems and AI technologies that are emerging as mediators in the relationship between the state and citizens. Through the case study of Ecuador's Social Registry, the aim is to enrich the critical examination of digital welfare states in the Latin American region, analyzing their implications for society and their potential to produce or exacerbate inequality and exclusion; challenging deterministic views of technological change and public policy design.

Resumen En la era de la gobernanza digital, la utilización creciente de datos y tecnologías de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en los sistemas de protección social se ha convertido en un asunto relevante. Los esfuerzos del Estado por impulsar la datificación ciudadana y la implementación de la IA para la gestión y provisión de servicios y beneficios sociales están vehiculizados por las ideas de neutralidad, objetividad y eficiencia tecnológica. No obstante, estas tecnologías no solo pueden mejorar la efectividad en la asignación de beneficios sociales; sino que también tienen el potencial de controlar, monitorear, sancionar y excluir a los beneficiarios. Ante el tecno-optimismo que marca el diseño de la política social contemporánea, específicamente sus mecanismos de asignación, este trabajo apuesta por los Estudios de la Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad para dar luz sobre cómo los sistemas de datos y las técnicas de IA transforman la noción de pobreza e impactan en la definición de beneficiarios y no beneficiarios. Este enfoque se centra en desentrañar la dimensión política -de la politics- de los sistemas de datos y las tecnologías de la IA que comienzan a mediar la relación entre el Estado y los ciudadanos. A través del estudio del caso ecuatoriano del Registro Social, el objetivo recae en nutrir el examen crítico de los Estados de Bienestar Digital en la región latinoamericana, analizando sus implicaciones en la sociedad y su potencial para producir o amplificar desigualdad y exclusión; desafiando las visiones deterministas del cambio tecnológico y del diseño de políticas públicas.

Resumen En Argentina, el virus del dengue ha experimentado un aumento en los últimos años. Este estudio se propone realizar una revisión sistemática para evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de la vacuna TAK-003 tetravalente contra el dengue en este contexto. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados que comparaban la efectividad y seguridad de la vacuna con placebo en la población general. La búsqueda se efectuó en Epistemonikos y dos investigadores evaluaron los estudios de manera independiente. El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó con la herramienta Rob 2 de Cochrane. Se realizó un metaanálisis de los resultados y la certeza en la evidencia se evaluó mediante la metodología GRADE. Concluimos, con alta certeza de evidencia, que la vacuna tetravalente contra el dengue reduce las infecciones graves (RR 0.17, IC 95% 0.12 a 0.24) e infecciones por el virus del dengue (RR 0.40, IC 95% 0.36 a 0.45) en una población de ≤17 años. La vacuna podría no incrementar el riesgo de eventos adversos serios, aunque es importante destacar la baja certeza de evidencia (RR 1.04, IC 95%: 0.69-1.55). La aplicación de la vacuna tetravalente contra el dengue disminuye el riesgo de infecciones graves y no graves por el dengue en esa población. No obstante, existe baja certeza en la evidencia en relación a la seguridad de la vacuna. La decisión de la vacunación debe considerar la magnitud de los beneficios en función del riesgo de infección.

Abstract In Argentina, the dengue virus has experienced an increase in recent years. This study aims to conduct a systematic review to assess the effectiveness and safety of the tetravalent dengue vaccine TAK-003 in this context. A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine with a placebo in the general population was conducted. The search was carried out on Epistemonikos, and two investigators independently evaluated the studies. Bias risk was assessed using Cochrane’s Rob 2 tool. A meta-analysis of the results was performed, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE methodology. We concluded, with high certainty of evidence, that the tetravalent dengue vaccine reduces severe infections (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.24) and infections by the dengue virus (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.45) in a population aged ≤17 years. The vaccine may not increase the risk of serious adverse events, although it is important to note the low certainty of evidence (RR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.69-1.55). The use of the tetravalent dengue vaccine decreases the risk of severe and non-severe dengue infections in this population. However, there is low certainty of evidence regarding the vaccine’s safety. The decision to vaccinate should consider the magnitude of benefits relative to the risk of infection.

Resumen En Argentina, el virus del dengue ha experimentado un aumento en los últimos años. Este estudio se propone realizar una revisión sistemática para evaluar la efec tividad y seguridad de la vacuna TAK-003 tetravalente contra el dengue en este contexto. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados que comparaban la efectividad y seguridad de la vacuna con placebo en la población general. La búsqueda se efectuó en Episte monikos y dos investigadores evaluaron los estudios de manera independiente. El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó con la herramienta Rob 2 de Cochrane. Se realizó un metaa nálisis de los resultados y la certeza en la evidencia se evaluó mediante la metodología GRADE. Concluimos, con alta certeza de evidencia, que la vacuna tetravalente contra el dengue reduce las infec ciones graves (RR 0.17, IC 95% 0.12 a 0.24) e infecciones por el virus del dengue (RR 0.40, IC 95% 0.36 a 0.45) en una población de ≤17 años. La vacuna podría no incre mentar el riesgo de eventos adversos serios, aunque es importante destacar la baja certeza de evidencia (RR 1.04, IC 95%: 0.69-1.55). La aplicación de la vacuna tetravalente contra el dengue disminuye el riesgo de infecciones graves y no graves por el dengue en esa población. No obstante, existe baja certeza en la evidencia en relación a la se guridad de la vacuna. La decisión de la vacunación debe considerar la magnitud de los beneficios en función del riesgo de infección.

Abstract In Argentina, the dengue virus has experienced an increase in recent years. This study aims to conduct a systematic review to assess the effectiveness and safety of the tetravalent dengue vaccine TAK-003 in this context. A systematic review of randomized controlled clini cal trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine with a placebo in the general population was conducted. The search was carried out on Epistemoni kos, and two investigators independently evaluated the studies. Bias risk was assessed using Cochrane’s Rob 2 tool. A meta-analysis of the results was performed, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE methodology. We concluded, with high certainty of evidence, that the tetravalent dengue vaccine reduces severe infections (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.24) and infections by the den gue virus (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.45) in a population aged ≤17 years. The vaccine may not increase the risk of serious adverse events, although it is important to note the low certainty of evidence (RR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.69-1.55). The use of the tetravalent dengue vaccine decreases the risk of severe and non-severe dengue infections in this population. However, there is low certainty of evidence regarding the vaccine’s safety. The decision to vaccinate should consider the magnitude of benefits relative to the risk of infection.

INTRODUCTION: South Africa has a high unemployment rate and few post-school employment opportunities for learners with disabilities. School-to-work transition programmes in special educational needs schools prepare learners with disabilities for work in the open labour market, optimizing post-school employment opportunities. Occupational therapists are the main key role players in facilitating school-to-work transition programme in many contexts of education. AIM: This study explores the perceptions of occupational therapists of a school-to-work transition programme at the school for learners with special needs. METHODS: This study was a descriptive qualitative study. The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with six occupational therapists involved in delivering the programme at the school. To ensure ethical compliance, we obtained clearance from the UP-Research Ethics Committee. The collected data underwent reflective thematic analysis for interpretation. FINDINGS: Three prominent themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) The Significance of the Programme: Participants highlighted the importance and benefits of the program. (2) Facilitators affecting school-to-work transition programme: Various factors that positively influenced the smooth transition from school to the workforce were identified and discussed. (3) Barriers to school-to-work transition programme: Participants also pointed out obstacles and challenges that hindered the successful transition from school to the workforce. CONCLUSION: The school-to-work transition programme was influenced by personal, environmental, and occupational barriers and facilitators. The findings highlighted that the benefits of the programme should be viewed in a broader context, as learners mature and develop self-confidence. The value of the programme thus extends beyond employment opportunities. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The research findings inform barriers that need to be focused on in order to have a successful and effective school-to-work transition programme. There are facilitators that show the perceived effectiveness of the school-to-work transition programme that could assist in motivating for more assistance from stakeholders of the school.

Resumo Introdução: O rastreio do cancro do pulmão (CP) está ainda numa fase precoce quando comparado com outros programas de rastreio oncológico, não obstante a sua elevada letalidade, em particular quando diagnosticado tardiamente. O diagnóstico numa fase precoce é crucial para a obtenção dos melhores resultados. Resumo: Esta revisão irá abordar a evidência atual sobre o rastreio CP através de tomografia computorizada de baixa-dose (TCBD) e o seu impacto na redução da mortalidade, as atuais recomendações para o rastreio, critérios de elegibilidade dos doentes, frequência e duração do rastreio, benefícios e riscos, custo-efetividade e alguma informação disponível sobre a implementação e adoção do rastreio do CP. Adicionalmente, são abordados novos biomarcadores não-imagiológicos e não-invasivos com elevado potential de diagnóstico. Mensagens Chave: O rastreio por TCBD numa população pré-especificada com base na idade e carga tabágica demonstrou reduzir a mortalidade por CP. A otimização da população-alvo e a gestão dos riscos da TCBD pode melhorar a eficiência e custo-efetividade do rastreio do CP. Novas tecnologias e biomarcadores, atualmente em estudo, poderão vir a alterar significativamente o paradigma do rastreio e diagnóstico do CP.

Abstract Background: Lung cancer screening is still in an early phase compared to other cancer screening programs, despite its high lethality particularly when diagnosed late. Achieving early diagnosis is crucial to obtain optimal outcomes. Summary: In this review, we will address the current evidence on lung cancer screening through low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and its impact on mortality reduction, existing screening recommendations, patient eligibility criteria, screening frequency and duration, benefits and harms, cost-effectiveness and some insights on lung cancer screening implementation and adoption. Additionally, new non-imaging, noninvasive biomarkers with high diagnostic potential are also briefly highlighted. Key Messages: LDCT screening in a prespecified population based on age and smoking history proved to reduce lung cancer mortality. Optimization of the target population and management of LDCT pitfalls can further improve lung cancer screening efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Novel screening technologies and biomarkers being studied can potentially be game-changers in lung cancer screening and diagnosis.

Abstract Introduction: In the contemporary globalized and interconnected landscape, technical students pursuing successful career paths must possess indispensable employability skills. This paper acknowledges the shifting demands within the job market, where mere technical expertise may no longer suffice. Objective: In response to this imperative, the study suggests the implementation of a Task-Based methodology, wherein students actively engage in genuine, real-world assignments that mimic the professional challenges they are likely to encounter in their future careers. These practical tasks serve as catalysts for developing employability skills. Moreover, this approach incorporates the integration of Intercultural Competence into the educational framework. This adaptation recognizes the growing diversity within workplaces and aims to equip technical students with the competencies needed. Intercultural Competence encompasses cultural awareness, empathy, communication abilities, and proficiency in working harmoniously within multicultural teams. Methods: This research adopts a quantitative approach, where an online questionnaire is distributed via Google Forms to assess the effectiveness of the Task-Based Approach through Intercultural Competence. The study examines a sample size of 500 technical students from selected colleges in Madhya Pradesh. The statistical technique employed for analysis is Linear Regression in the SPSS software, enabling the exploration of correlations and variations among independent and dependent variables. Results: The results show that there is a high correlation between the variables and the significance of the model. Considering the limitations of the study, the benefits of implementing a task-based approach through Intercultural Competence are evident. The challenge may include designing culturally relevant tasks, ensuring that faculty members are adequately trained to facilitate intercultural learning, and assessing students' progress in the areas of technical and transversal competencies. Conclusion: Overall, this study underscores the significance of Task-Based learning and Intercultural Competence in nurturing employability skills among technical students, thereby making a meaningful contribution to their personal and professional advancement.

Resumo Introdução: No panorama contemporâneo globalizado e interligado, os estudantes do ensino técnico que pretendem seguir carreiras de sucesso devem possuir competências indispensáveis para a empregabilidade. Este documento reconhece as mudanças nas exigências do mercado de trabalho, onde a mera especialização técnica pode já não ser suficiente. Objectivo: Em resposta a este imperativo, o estudo sugere a implementação de uma metodologia baseada em tarefas, em que os estudantes se envolvem ativamente em tarefas genuínas do mundo real que imitam os desafios profissionais que provavelmente encontrarão nas suas futuras carreiras. Estas tarefas práticas servem de catalisadores para o desenvolvimento de competências de empregabilidade. Para além disso, esta abordagem incorpora a integração da Competência Intercultural no quadro educativo. Esta adaptação reconhece a crescente diversidade nos locais de trabalho e tem por objetivo dotar os estudantes técnicos das competências necessárias. A Competência Intercultural engloba a consciência cultural, a empatia, as capacidades de comunicação e a proficiência no trabalho harmonioso em equipas multiculturais. Métodos: Esta investigação adopta uma abordagem quantitativa, em que um questionário em linha é distribuído através do Google Forms para avaliar a eficácia da Abordagem Baseada em Tarefas através da Competência Intercultural. O estudo examina uma amostra de 500 estudantes técnicos de faculdades seleccionadas em Madhya Pradesh. A técnica estatística utilizada para a análise é a Regressão Linear no software SPSS, permitindo a exploração de correlações e variações entre variáveis independentes e dependentes. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que há uma alta correlação entre as variáveis, bem como mostram a significância do modelo. Considerando as limitações do estudo, são evidentes os benefícios da implementação de uma abordagem baseada em tarefas através da Competência Intercultural. O desafio pode incluir a conceção de tarefas culturalmente relevantes, a garantia de que os membros do corpo docente são adequadamente formados para facilitar a aprendizagem intercultural e a avaliação do progresso dos alunos nos domínios das competências técnicas e transversais. Conclusão: Em termos gerais, este estudo sublinha a importância da Aprendizagem Baseada em Tarefas e da Competência Intercultural no desenvolvimento de competências de empregabilidade entre os estudantes do ensino técnico, contribuindo assim de forma significativa para o seu progresso pessoal e profissional.

Resumen Introducción: En el mundo globalizado e interconectado de hoy en día, los estudiantes de enseñanza técnica que quieran seguir una carrera profesional de éxito deben poseer competencias esenciales para la empleabilidad. Este documento reconoce las exigencias cambiantes del mercado laboral, en el que la mera especialización técnica puede que ya no sea suficiente. Objetivo: En respuesta a este imperativo, el estudio sugiere implantar una metodología basada en tareas, en la que los estudiantes participen activamente en auténticas tareas del mundo real que imiten los retos profesionales a los que probablemente se enfrentarán en sus futuras carreras. Estas tareas prácticas sirven de catalizador para el desarrollo de competencias de empleabilidad. Además, este enfoque incorpora la integración de la competencia intercultural en el marco educativo. Esta adaptación reconoce la creciente diversidad en el lugar de trabajo y pretende dotar a los estudiantes técnicos de las competencias necesarias. La competencia intercultural engloba la conciencia cultural, la empatía, las habilidades comunicativas y la destreza para trabajar en armonía en equipos multiculturales. Métodos: Esta investigación adopta un enfoque cuantitativo, en el que se distribuye un cuestionario en línea a través de Google Forms para evaluar la eficacia del Enfoque Basado en Tareas a través de la Competencia Intercultural. El estudio examina una muestra de 500 estudiantes técnicos de colegios seleccionados en Madhya Pradesh. La técnica estadística utilizada para el análisis es la Regresión Lineal en el software SPSS, que permite explorar las correlaciones y variaciones entre las variables independientes y dependientes. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que existe una alta correlación entre las variables, además de demostrar la significatividad del modelo.Teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones del estudio, los beneficios de aplicar un enfoque basado en tareas a través de la Competencia Intercultural son evidentes. El reto puede incluir el diseño de tareas culturalmente relevantes, asegurar que los miembros del profesorado están adecuadamente formados para facilitar el aprendizaje intercultural y evaluar el progreso de los estudiantes en las áreas de competencias técnicas y transversales. Conclusión: En general, este estudio subraya la importancia del Aprendizaje Basado en Tareas y la Competencia Intercultural en el desarrollo de las habilidades de empleabilidad entre los estudiantes de educación técnica, contribuyendo así significativamente a su progreso personal y profesional.

Abstract Introduction. Canavalia ensiformis, widely used as green manure, has proven benefits from mycorrhizal inoculation. The effectiveness of the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants used in Cuba depend on the edaphic condition in which the crop develops, however there are no experimental results on eutric chromic cambisol soils from Jibacoa. Objective. Evaluate in this soil the response of canavalia to the application of 3 mycorrhizal inoculants. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the Jibacoa Agro-Forestry Experimental Station, Villa Clara province, Cuba. In a completely randomized design, 3 inoculants formulated with the strains INCAM-2/Funneliformis mosseae, INCAM-4/Glomus cubense and INCAM-11/Rizhophagus irregularis and a control without inoculation were studied. At the time that the canavalia flowered, the following were evaluated: the number of effective nodules; the height; the dry mass of the root, stem, leaves, total and the efficiency index was determined. Results. Canavalia presented a positive and differentiated response to mycorrhizal inoculation. The inoculation with INCAM-2 significantly increased the number of effective nodules (21.9%) with values higher than the control treatment and the inoculation with INCAM-4, it also caused the greatest height with increases of 66.1%, higher (p<0.05) to those found with the other inoculants. INCAM-2 always caused higher values of dry mass (p<0.01) in any of the organs and total in relation to the control treatment, however, they did not differ (p<0.01) from those obtained with the other inoculants, which did not always differ from the control treatment. The response based on total dry mass was ordered as follows: INCAM-2 with 71.90% > INCAM-11 with 50.17% > INCAM-4 with 38.29%. Conclusions. Canavalia presented a positive response to mycorrhizal inoculation in the eutric chromic cambisol soil with increases in its nodulation, growth and dry mass production. The INCAM-2 inoculant was always the most effective.

Resumen Introducción. Canavalia ensiformis ampliamente utilizada como abono verde, presenta beneficios comprobados por la inoculación micorrízica. La efectividad de los inoculantes micorrízicos arbusculares utilizados en Cuba dependen de la condición edáfica en que se desarrolla el cultivo; sin embargo, hay pocos resultados experimentales en suelos Cambisol éutrico crómico de Jibacoa. Objetivo. Evaluar en este suelo la respuesta de la canavalia a la aplicación de 3 inoculantes micorrizicos. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agro-Forestal de Jibacoa, provincia Villa Clara, Cuba. En un diseño completamente aleatorizado se estudiaron 3 inoculantes formulados con las cepas INCAM-2/Funneliformis mosseae, INCAM-4/Glomus cubense e INCAM-11/Rizhophagus irregularis y un control sin inocular. En el momento que floreció la canavalia se evaluó: la cantidad de nódulos efectivos; la altura; la masa seca de la raíz, del tallo, de las hojas, la total y se determinó el índice de eficiencia. Resultados. La canavalia presentó una respuesta positiva y diferenciada a la inoculación micorrízica. La inoculación con INCAM-2 incrementó significativamente la cantidad de nódulos efectivos (21,9%) con valores superiores al tratamiento control y a la inoculación con INCAM-4, además originó la mayor altura con aumentos del 66,1%, superiores (p<0,05) a las encontradas con los otros inoculantes. INCAM-2 siempre provocó valores superiores de masa seca (p<0,01) en cualquiera de los órganos y la total en relación con el tratamiento control, no obstante, no se diferenciaron (p<0,01) a los obtenidos con los otros inoculantes, los cuales no siempre se diferenciaron del tratamiento control. La respuesta se ordenó de acuerdo con la masa seca total como sigue: INCAM-2 con 71,90% > INCAM-11 con 50,17% > INCAM-4 con 38,29%. Conclusiones. La canavalia presentó una respuesta positiva a la inoculación micorrízica en el suelo Cambisol éutrico crómico con incrementos en su nodulación, crecimiento y producción de masa seca. El inoculante INCAM-2 siempre resultó el más efectivo.

Ecological infrastructure (natural ecosystems that provide important services and save on built infrastructure costs) can have an important role in securing water supply, particularly in water-scarce areas, but this importance is not reflected in investment decisions, partly due to a lack of evidence. In South Africa, one of the main threats to water supply is the proliferation of woody invasive alien plants which significantly reduce stream flow and water yields. We used existing spatial data and estimates of the impact of woody invasive plants on flows and water yields and on restoration costs to analyse the viability of investing in ecological infrastructure at the scale of major water supply areas. The analysis involved comparison of the costs and effects on water yields of catchment restoration with those of planned built infrastructure interventions designed to meet increasing water demands in the medium to long term. The cost-effectiveness analysis used the unit reference value as a measure of comparison, which is based on the discounted flows of costs and water supplied over a defined time. Restoration could supply 24% of the combined yield of planned built infrastructure interventions by 2050, and is not only cost-effective but has the added advantage of a range of co-benefits delivered by improving ecosystem health. This finding suggests that investing in ecological infrastructure should be considered ahead of new built-infrastructure projects. SIGNIFICANCE: • Clearing invasive alien plants from South Africa's main water catchment areas could increase water yields by 997 million m³ by 2050 relative to a business-as-usual approach, equivalent to a quarter of the yield gains through implementation of built infrastructure interventions planned over the same period. • Invasive alien plant clearing would be more cost-effective than built infrastructure interventions in all water supply systems, except one, the Orange River System. • These findings add to the growing body of literature that advocates for ecological infrastructure investments to secure hydrological ecosystem services.