Abstract This article analyses the role of the Argentinian state concerning the Home Programme and the meaning beneficiaries give to it. Originally conceived as an assistance scheme to overcome problems of access to gas for domestic consumption through the delivery of gas cylinders to households, the programme became a direct monetary transfer. In a context of scarcity and lack of formal employment, the mechanism is insufficient given that female heads of household use the money to cover basic food basket expenses. The inefficiency of the state and the undermining of community and neighbourhood capacities to make problems visible and make demands would mean that the programme does not produce beneficiaries. In conclusion, the state carries out partial benefits that do not cover the needs of vulnerable households; likewise, the "Home Programme" dynamics could fulfil relevant objectives if it examines and adjusts its focus on rights.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el rol del Estado en relación con el Programa Hogar y el sentido que las beneficiarias le otorgan. En un inicio concebido como un esquema de asistencia para suplir los problemas de acceso a gas de consumo doméstico mediante la entrega de bombonas en los hogares, el programa devino en una transferencia monetaria directa. Este mecanismo es insuficiente, dado que, en un contexto de escasez y ausencia de empleo formal, las jefas de hogar emplean el dinero para sufragar gastos de la canasta básica. La ineficiencia del Estado, junto con capacidades comunitarias-barriales menoscabadas para visibilizar problemas y hacer demandas, hace que el programa, en realidad, no produzca beneficiarias. En conclusión, el Estado argentino lleva a cabo prestaciones parciales que no cubren las necesidades de los hogares vulnerables; asimismo, la dinámica del Programa Hogar podría cumplir objetivos relevantes si examinase y ajustase su enfoque de derechos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to determine how beneficiaries of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) perceive the universal health care reform project in terms of the variables of financing and provision of services in the city of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The study was carried out under a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational methodological approach, applying a questionnaire to a stratified sample of 384 IMSS beneficiaries. Although the results highlight the low knowledge of the aspects of the reform project towards the universality of health services, users confirm the need for changes in the current health system and their willingness to make an additional contribution conditioned to the improvement of the service. The conclusions highlight some progress in the migration towards a universal health system, although there is still time to get the reform approved. This work aims to contribute to the existing literature by offering practical reflections that support the design and implementation of public policies in the health sector.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en determinar cómo perciben los derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) el proyecto de reforma de universalización de salud en cuanto a las variables financiamiento y prestación de servicios en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México. El estudio se ejecutó bajo un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional, aplicando un cuestionario a una muestra estratificada de 384 derechohabientes del IMSS. Si bien los resultados destacan el bajo conocimiento de los aspectos del proyecto de reforma hacia la universalidad de los servicios de salud, los usuarios confirman la necesidad de cambios en el sistema de salud actual y su disposición para realizar una aportación adicional condicionada a la mejora del servicio. Las conclusiones resaltan algunos avances en la migración hacia un sistema de salud universal, aunque todavía falta tiempo para lograr la aprobación de la reforma. Este trabajo pretende contribuir a la literatura existente ofreciendo reflexiones prácticas que sustenten el diseño e implementación de políticas públicas del sector salud.

RESUMO O artigo analisa as representações sociais sobre redes personalizadas de mediação em política social de moradores de Villa Itatí, um bairro popular localizado no município de Quilmes, na Grande Buenos Aires. Os significados dos referentes são desmembrados em duas dimensões: seu vínculo com as instâncias estatais de maior burocratização e sua relação com os moradores do bairro. A formação acadêmica tendeu a interpretar esses significados na chave de uma reciprocidade personalizada entre mediadores e beneficiários de políticas públicas. No entanto, defende-se que estes significados inscrevem a componente personalizada da mediação numa modalidade particular de presença estatal, complexa na distinção entre o formal e o informal. Assim, as representações do mediador podem ser compreendidas em termos de uma forma redistributiva com feições informais, que tematiza as mudanças no formato da política social nos últimos anos.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza representaciones sociales sobre entramados personalizados de mediación en política social de habitantes de Villa Itatí, un barrio popular ubicado en el Municipio de Quilmes, en el Gran Buenos Aires. Los sentidos de los referentes son desglosados según dos dimensiones: su vínculo con instancias estatales de mayor burocratización y su relación con los habitantes del barrio. Los antecedentes académicos han tendido a interpretar estas significaciones en la clave de una reciprocidad personalizada entre mediadores y beneficiarios de políticas públicas. Sin embargo, se sostiene que estos sentidos inscriben el componente personalizado de la mediación en una modalidad particular de presencia estatal, compleja en términos de la distinción entre lo formal e informal. Así, las representaciones del mediador pueden ser entendidas en clave de una forma redistributiva con rasgos informales, que tematiza los cambios en el formato de la política social de los últimos años.

ABSTRACT The article analyses social representations on personalized networks of mediation in social policy of inhabitants of Villa Itatí, a popular neighbourhood located in the Municipality of Quilmes, in the Gran Buenos Aires. The meanings of the brokers are considered in terms of two dimensions: their link with state levels of greater bureaucratization and their relationship with the inhabitants of the neighbourhood. The academic background has tended to understand these meanings as a personalized reciprocity between mediators and beneficiaries of public policies. However, it is argued that these meanings inscribe the personalized component of mediation in a particular modality of state presence, complex in terms of the distinction between the formal and informal. Thus, the representations of the mediator can be understood in terms of a redistributive way with informal features, which thematizes the changes in the format of social policy in recent years.

Resumo Neste artigo proponho refletir sobre o estado através das práticas cotidianas de seus atores, sobre os (des)encontros e (des)entendimentos gerados, gerados na gestão das políticas fundiárias para compreender a forma como as mudanças jurídicas e políticas afetam as práticas sociais, e vice-versa. Com base em uma etnografia multissituada e tomando como exemplos as (inter)ações situadas entre burocracias estatais e mulheres beneficiárias de políticas fundiárias em áreas rurais do Uruguai, traço a gestão cotidiana e as experiências vividas relacionadas a políticas. Essa perspectiva mostra os processos de subjetivação que ocorrem nos espaços de encontro e dá entidade às formas como o técnico, o político e o burocrático interagem com as questões afetivas e morais, em processos que (re)produzem as desigualdades de gênero.

Resumen En este artículo propongo reflexionar sobre el estado a través de las prácticas cotidianas de sus actores, sobre los (des)encuentros y (des)entendimientos generados en la gestión de las políticas de tierras para comprender los modos en que los cambios jurídicos y políticos inciden en las prácticas sociales, y viceversa. Basado en una etnografía multisituada y tomando como ejemplos las (inter)acciones situadas entre las burocracias estatales y las mujeres beneficiarias de las políticas de tierra en las zonas rurales de Uruguay, recorro la gestión cotidiana y las experiencias vividas relativas a las políticas. Esta perspectiva muestra los procesos de subjetivación que se producen en espacios de encuentro y otorga entidad a los modos en que lo técnico, lo político y lo burocrático interactúan con cuestiones afectivas y morales, en procesos que (re) producen desigualdades de género.

Abstract In this article I propose to reflect on the state through the daily practices of its actors, on the (dis)encounters and (mis)understandings generated, in the management of land policies to understand the way that legal and political changes affect social practices, and vice versa. Based on a multi-situated ethnography and taking as examples the situated (inter)actions between state bureaucracies and women beneficiaries of land policies in rural areas of Uruguay, I trace the daily management and lived experiences related to policies. This perspective shows the processes of subjectivation that occur in meeting spaces and gives entity to the ways in which the technical, the political and the bureaucratic interact with affective and moral issues, in processes that (re)produce gender inequalities.

Resumen: Introducción : La aprobación por el Parlamento portugués, en diciembre de 2021, de la ley aplicable a la Gestación Subrogada, plantea la reflexión sobre los aspectos prácticos en los que se implementará el esquema y las directrices necesarias para los profesionales de la salud involucrados. Por este motivo, se definieron los siguientes objetivos: analizar un conjunto de recomendaciones para la práctica clínica en el ámbito de la gestación subrogada en países con experiencia en el procedimiento y promover un debate con expertos en el campo de la Reproducción Médicamente Asistida. Material y Métodos : Se realizó un análisis documental de publicaciones y documentos oficiales sobre el tema, que sirvió de base para el estudio de diseño cualitativo basado en focus group con diferentes profesionales -médicos y psicólogos- con experiencia en Reproducción Médicamente Asistida. La discusión se realizó a través de sesiones via Zoom®, celebradas por separado con los dos focus group. Resultados : En la discusión, los expertos realizaron sus apreciaciones y propuestas de mejora respecto a la versión inicial del documento resultante del análisis documental. Conclusión : Se obtuvo una versión consolidada del conjunto de directrices para los profesionales de la salud con las dimensiones para evaluar y dar seguimiento a la madre sustituta y a los beneficiarios en la Gestación Subrogada.

Abstract: Introduction: The approval by the Portuguese Parliament, in December 2021, of the law applicable to Surrogate Pregnancy, raises reflection on the practical aspects in which the scheme will be implemented and the necessary guidelines for health professionals involved. For this reason, the following objectives were defined: to analyze a set of recommendations for clinical practice in surrogacy in countries with experience in the procedure and to promote a discussion with experts in Medically Assisted Reproduction. Material and Methods: A documental analysis of publications and official documents on the theme was conducted. This served as a basis for the qualitative design study based on focus groups with different professionals -physicians, and psychologists- with experience in Medically Assisted Reproduction. The discussion was realized through sessions via Zoom®, held separately with the two focus groups. Results : In the debate, the experts made their appreciation and proposals for improvement concerning the initial version of the document resulting from the document analysis. Conclusion : A consolidated version of the set of guidelines for health professionals was obtained with the dimensions to evaluate and follow up with the surrogate and beneficiaries in Surrogacy.

Resumo: Introdução: A aprovação na Assembleia da República, em dezembro de 2021, da lei aplicável à Gestação de Substituição, suscita a reflexão acerca dos aspetos práticos em que o regime se concretizará e das orientações necessárias para os profissionais de saúde envolvidos. Por esse motivo, foram definidos como objetivos: analisar um conjunto de recomendações para a prática clínica no âmbito da Gestação de Substituição em países com experiência no procedimento e promover uma discussão com peritos na área da Procriação Medicamente Assistida. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise documental das publicações e documentos oficiais sobre o tema que serviu de base para o estudo de desenho qualitativo baseado em grupos focais com diferentes profissionais -médicos e psicólogos- com experiência em Procriação Medicamente Assistida. A discussão foi concretizada através de sessões via Zoom®, realizadas separadamente com os dois grupos focais. Resultados: Na discussão os peritos fizeram as suas apreciações e propostas de melhoria em relação à versão inicial do documento resultante da análise documental. Conclusão: Obteve-se uma versão consolidada do conjunto de orientações para os profissionais de saúde com as dimensões a avaliar e acompanhar junto da gestante e parte beneficiária na Gestação de Substituição.

BACKGROUND. Medical schemes are required by the Medical Schemes Act No. 131 of 1998 to pay costs associated with the diagnosis, treatment, or care of a specified set of benefits known as Prescribed Minimum Benefits (PMBs). Medical scheme beneficiaries have the right to lodge complaints with the Council for Medical Schemes (CMS) when their claims are denied. OBJECTIVE. To determine and describe the pattern of PMB complaints received by the CMS from January 2014 to December 2018. METHODS. This was a cross-sectional study that utilised the CMS's clinical complaints database. Data for PMBs, complainants, medical scheme types, and reasons for payment denial were extracted. The CMS's lists of chronic conditions, PMBs, and registered schemes were used to confirm PMBs and to categorise schemes as either restricted (i.e. to members of specific organisations only) or open (i.e. to all South Africans). Extracted and coded data were analysed using SAS v.9.4 software. RESULTS. A total of 2 141 complaints were retrieved and 1 124 PMB complaints were included in the study. The median of PMB complaints per year was 225. Most of the complaints (43.6%, n=490/1 124) were lodged by members themselves. Non-communicable diseases constituted most of the PMB conditions that members complained about. Medicine and surgery were the services that were mostly denied full payment by medical schemes. Open medical schemes accounted for many (73.8%, n=830/1 124) of the complaints. CONCLUSION. Chronic conditions are the main diseases that medical scheme members complain about. Member education and clear definitions of PMBs should be prioritised by medical schemes and the CMS.

Resumen Las investigaciones relacionadas con los beneficiarios en la lengua española se enfocan mayoritariamente en el análisis de un único tipo de beneficiario: aquel que funge como potencial receptor de una entidad. Sin embargo, Van Valin y LaPolla (1997), Smith (2005, 2010) y Kitillä y Zúñiga (2010), entre otros, sostienen que el beneficio puede expresarse de distintas formas, dependiendo de cómo se involucra el participante afectado positivamente en la consecución del evento denotado en la oración. En seguimiento de esta idea, el presente trabajo estudia los distintos tipos de beneficiarios que se pueden codificar en español; de manera específica, aquellos que son introducidos por medio de frases encabezadas por las preposiciones por y para. Para su análisis se retoma la taxonomía propuesta por Van Valin y LaPolla (1997), la cual clasifica a los beneficiarios en tres clases: beneficiario recipiente, beneficiario deputativo y beneficiario llano o plano. La muestra recabada para este trabajo registra el uso de los tres tipos. El análisis permite ver que su aparición se encuentra condicionada por diversos factores semánticos y sintácticos, entre ellos: la preposición que lo introduce (o por o para o ambas), la valencia del verbo núcleo de la oración y su clase semántica, así como el rasgo concreto o abstracto asociado a los segundos argumentos de los verbos bivalentes y trivalentes.

Abstract Research on Spanish benefactive constructions examines mostly one type of beneficiary: the one acting as a potential recipient. However, some studies, including Van Valin and LaPolla (1997), Smith (2005, 2010), and Kitillä and Zúñiga (2010), argue that benefaction can be expressed in different ways, depending on the involvement of the positively affected participant in the event described in the sentence. Following this idea, we analyze various types of benefaction in Spanish, particularly those where the beneficiaries are coded in phrases introduced by the prepositions por and para. We employ the taxonomy proposed by Van Valin and LaPolla (1997), which classifies beneficiaries into three types: the recipient, the deputative, and the plain beneficiary. Analysis of our sample shows the presence of all three types. Their use is related to specific semantic and syntactic factors, such as the preposition that introduces them (either por or para or both), the verbal valency of the clause nucleus and its semantic class, and the concrete or abstract attribute of the second arguments of bivalent and trivalent verbs.

ABSTRACT The implementation of Renewable Energy Sources is becoming more and more pertinent in all areas and sectors of society but, fundamentally, in rural communities that are far from the national electrical system, due to the complexity of the lives of those people who lack energy electrical. This precise reality, not only from research carried out by technical sciences but also from a social approach that allows knowing the particularities of each of these systems and their inhabitants. This research is aimed at carrying out a study of the social environment that surrounds rural contexts and the application of micro grids in these to promote local development and eradicate sociocultural and political problems caused by the lack of access to a quality electric service and reliability. As well as, proposing a participatory methodology with social considerations for the design of electric micro grids under the realities of rural populations in Cuba and obtaining an integrating result that meets the expectations and needs of its beneficiaries and is sustainable over time. Other methodologies are also applied to obtain data that correspond to qualitative and quantitative methodologies such as: documentary analysis, structured and semi-structured interviews, surveys and the problem tree.

RESUMEN La implementación de Fuentes Renovables de Energía es cada vez más pertinente en todos los sectores de la sociedad y, fundamentalmente, en comunidades rurales alejadas del sistema eléctrico. Esta realidad precisa de un enfoque social que permita conocer las particularidades de cada asentamiento y sus pobladores. La presente investigación está orientada a estudiar el ámbito social y la aplicación de micro redes para fomentar el desarrollo local y erradicar los problemas socioculturales y políticos que acarrea la falta de acceso a un servicio eléctrico de calidad. Igualmente, se propone una metodología social participativa para el diseño de micro redes eléctricas rurales y la obtención de un resultado integrador y sostenible en el tiempo que satisfaga las expectativas y necesidades de sus beneficiarios. Se aplican, además, otras metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas para la obtención de datos como son: el análisis documental, la entrevista estructurada y semiestructurada, las encuestas y el árbol de problemas.

Abstract: The underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a prevalent international phenomenon particularly pronounced in Latin America. Affirmative action policies in higher education have shown positive results immediately upon entry. Still, their impact on women’s academic performance, retention, and integration within predominantly male institutional cultures remains to be explored. This article presents empirical evidence of a pioneering program to admit women to an undergraduate engineering course in Chile implemented for seven years at a highly prestigious state higher education institution. Group interviews and statistical analyzes of academic records were conducted. The results show no significant differences between the program's female students and their male peers in terms of persistence to graduation. Regarding academic performance, the observed differences are not significant when controlling for entry grade. Moreover, the beneficiaries improve their performance as they progress in their studies. This phenomenon impacts the development of subjective identities associated with a high evaluation of effort. Finally, the implications of these findings for formulating and implementing affirmative action policies in STEM higher education programs are discussed.

Resumen: La baja representación de mujeres en carreras de Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas (STEM, por su sigla en inglés) es un fenómeno internacional con fuerte presencia en Latinoamérica. Las políticas de acción afirmativa en educación superior han tenido resultados favorables inmediatos para el ingreso, pero queda por dilucidar su impacto en los logros académicos, la permanencia y la inclusión de mujeres en culturas institucionales altamente masculinizadas. Este artículo presenta evidencia empírica de un plan pionero de ingreso de mujeres a un programa de pregrado de Ingeniería en Chile, implementado desde 2014 en una institución de educación superior estatal de alto prestigio. Se aplicaron entrevistas grupales y análisis estadísticos de registros académicos. Los resultados muestran que no hay diferencias significativas en cuanto a la persistencia en el pregrado entre las estudiantes del programa y sus pares. Respecto del rendimiento académico, las diferencias observadas no son significativas al controlar por puntaje de ingreso; es más, las beneficiarias mejoran su rendimiento al avanzar en sus estudios. Este fenómeno tiene efectos en la formación de identidades subjetivas relacionadas con una alta valoración del esfuerzo. Finalmente, se discute sobre las implicancias de estos hallazgos para el desarrollo e implementación de políticas de acción afirmativa en carreras STEM en instituciones de educación superior.

Resumo Este artigo discute o RBI como política que promove a reciprocidade na sociedade, olhando para os dados disponíveis sobre experiências sociais de transferências monetárias, em particular experiências de rendimento mínimo garantido e de rendimento básico. Os resultados destas experiências mostram que com a atribuição do rendimento incondicional os indivíduos não deixam de investir o seu tempo num emprego mas antes diversificam as suas atividades, investindo no cuidado prestado a familiares ou em atividades na comunidade. As experiências indicam também que, contrariamente a propostas de rendimento mínimo condicional (ex. rendimento social de inserção), o rendimento básico promove a redução do estigma social. Estes resultados permitem-nos expandir a nossa ideia de contribuição produtiva para além do emprego, e discutir o papel do RBI como um mecanismo que, ao invés de violar a norma de reciprocidade, funciona como política essencial para a sua promoção numa sociedade mais justa.

Abstract This article explores the idea that a UBI might be a superior mechanism in promoting reciprocity in society, looking at available data from social experiments with cash transfers. The results of these experiments show that when people receive an unconditional grant, they don’t usually stop working. Instead, they tend to diversify their time-use, opting to invest in caring for family members or in community activities. Experiences also shows that unlike conditional cash transfers, basic income is less stigmatizing to beneficiaries. These results and their interpretation allow us to expand our idea of productive contribution beyond paid employment. It also allows us to discuss the role of basic income as an essential policy for promoting reciprocity in a fairer society, instead of a mechanism that violates the norm of reciprocity.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Abstract We of the modern world tell stories about being modern, becoming modern. We ask where modernity is going. Two metaphorical complexes dominate these stories: We favour metaphors of life and growth; modernity has a life of its own. Or we prefer metaphors of motion and direction; modernity is a journey that takes many paths. The two complexes coexist uneasily even as they feed on each other; together they mark the modern conceit that modernity has left tradition behind. Those whom modern society has victimized, uprooted or abandoned may resist both complexes, often seeking to retrieve the metaphors of a lost, broken, misremembered or invented past. Most beneficiaries of modernity favour the metaphorical complex of life and growth—or merely take it for granted. Scholars with a critical attitude toward modernity often favour many paths and thus the metaphorical complex of motion and direction—without realizing it. Seven metaphors reveal these tendencies: boundary, break, juncture, limit, rupture, stage, transition. They also hint at a third, distinctively modern metaphorical complex. In our stories about modernity, we deploy plural versions of spatial metaphors sequenced in time: frames, boxes, compartments, or containers, and mark the sequence with metaphorical signposts: age, stage, wave, or period. going growth own direction other behind victimized lost broken past growthor granted directionwithout without tendencies boundary break juncture limit rupture stage transition third time frames boxes compartments containers signposts age wave period

Resumo Nós, do mundo moderno, contamos histórias sobre ser moderno, tornar-se moderno. Perguntamos para onde a modernidade está indo. Dois complexos metafóricos dominam essas histórias: Preferimos metáforas de vida e crescimento; a modernidade tem vida própria. Ou preferimos metáforas de movimento e direção; a modernidade é uma jornada que toma muitos caminhos. Os dois complexos coexistem desconfortavelmente, mesmo quando se alimentam um do outro; juntos, eles marcam o conceito moderno de que a modernidade deixou a tradição para trás. Aqueles que a sociedade moderna vitimou, desenraizou ou abandonou podem resistir a ambos os complexos, muitas vezes buscando recuperar as metáforas de um passado perdido, quebrado, mal lembrado ou inventado. A maioria dos beneficiários da modernidade favorece o complexo metafórico da vida e do crescimento - ou simplesmente o toma como garantido. Os acadêmicos com uma atitude crítica em relação à modernidade geralmente favorecem muitos caminhos e, portanto, o complexo metafórico de movimento e direção - sem perceber. Sete metáforas revelam essas tendências: fronteira, quebra, junção, limite, ruptura, estágio, transição. Elas também sugerem um terceiro complexo metafórico distintamente moderno. Em nossas histórias sobre a modernidade, empregamos versões plurais de metáforas espaciais sequenciadas no tempo: molduras, caixas, compartimentos ou contêineres, e marcamos a sequência com sinais metafóricos: idade, estágio, onda ou período. Nós tornarse tornar indo própria desconfortavelmente outro juntos trás vitimou perdido quebrado inventado garantido portanto perceber tendências fronteira quebra junção limite ruptura estágio transição tempo molduras caixas contêineres idade período

Resume Cet article dresse une radiographie du système de troisième cycle des universités fédérales en ce qui concerne l’adoption de politiques d’action affirmative par le biais de décisions de leurs conseils supérieurs. À cet effet, des informations ont été recueillies auprès des programmes de troisième cycle brésiliens, à partir des données de la Plateforme Sucupira (quatriennal 2017-2020) et des résolutions des conseils supérieurs des 69 universités fédérales du pays. Sur l’ensemble des universités fédérales du pays, 33 ont déjà adopté des politiques d’action affirmative. Nous présentons des résultats concernant le public bénéficiaire, les types d’appels à candidatures, le type de validation de l’autodéclaration des bénéficiaires, l’existence de politiques de soutien, etc. Cette recherche, qui dialogue avec les résultats d’autres enquêtes, peut servir de référence pour les universités qui étudient l’adoption de telles politiques, en plus d’inciter les établissements d’enseignement supérieur à surveiller et à étendre leurs politiques d’action affirmative. ladoption l adoption daction d action effet brésiliens quatriennal 20172020 2017 2020 2017-2020 6 pays lensemble ensemble 3 bénéficiaire dappels appels candidatures lautodéclaration autodéclaration bénéficiaires lexistence existence soutien etc recherche dautres autres enquêtes dinciter inciter denseignement enseignement 2017202 201 202 2017-202 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

Resumen Este artículo hace una radiografía del sistema de posgrado de las universidades federales en lo relacionado a la adopción de políticas de acción afirmativa por medio de las decisiones de sus consejos superiores. Para tal fin, se hizo un levantamiento de información de los programas de posgrado brasileros, a partir de datos de la Plataforma Sucupira (para el cuatrienio 2017-2020) y de las resoluciones de los consejos superiores de las 69 universidades federales del país. Del universo de las universidades federales del país, 33 adoptaron políticas de acción afirmativa. Presentamos resultados en relación con el público beneficiario, tipos de convocatorias, tipo de validación de la autodeclaración de los/las beneficiarios/as, existencia de políticas de permanencia etc. Esta investigación, que dialoga con los resultados de otras investigaciones, puede servir de parámetro para universidades que están estudiando la adopción de tales políticas, además de tener la virtud de instar a las instituciones de educación superior a monitorear y expandir sus políticas de acción afirmativa. fin brasileros 20172020 2017 2020 2017-2020 6 país 3 beneficiario convocatorias loslas beneficiariosas beneficiarios as beneficiarios/as etc investigación investigaciones 2017202 201 202 2017-202 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

Abstract This article peforms an x-ray image of the adoption of affirmative action policies in graduate education by Brazilian federal universities through the decisions of their boards of trustees. To this end, we surveyed Brazilian graduate programs by examining data from the Sucupira Platform (2017-2020) and the resolutions of the boards of trustees of the country’s 69 federal universities. Of all federal universities in the country, 33 already adopt affirmative action policies. Our results relate to beneficiaries’ profile, patterns of application calls, models and processes for cross-checking self-declaration statements, retention policies, etc. This study, allied to others, can be used as a parameter for the adoption of affirmative action by new universities and also as an urge for the evaluation and expansion of such policies in institutions where they already exist. xray x ray end 20172020 2017 2020 (2017-2020 countrys country s 6 3 beneficiaries profile calls crosschecking cross checking selfdeclaration self declaration statements etc study others exist 2017202 201 202 (2017-202 201720 20 (2017-20 20172 2 (2017-2 (2017- (2017 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo faz uma radiografia do sistema de pós-graduação das universidades federais no que diz respeito à adoção de políticas de ação afirmativa por meio de decisões de seus conselhos superiores. Para tanto, foram levantadas informações dos programas de pós-graduação brasileiros, a partir de dados da Plataforma Sucupira (quadriênio 2017-2020) e das resoluções dos conselhos superiores das 69 universidades federais do país. Do universo das universidades federais do país, 33 já adotam políticas de ação afirmativa. Apresentamos achados em relação ao público beneficiário, tipos de editais, tipo de validação da autodeclaração dos/as beneficiários/as, existência de políticas de permanência etc. Esta pesquisa, que dialoga com resultados de outras investigações, pode servir de parâmetro para universidades que estão estudando a adoção de tais políticas, além de ter a virtude de instar as instituições de ensino superior a monitorarem e expandirem suas políticas de ação afirmativa. pósgraduação pós graduação tanto brasileiros quadriênio 20172020 2017 2020 2017-2020 6 país 3 beneficiário editais dosas beneficiáriosas beneficiários beneficiários/as etc pesquisa investigações 2017202 201 202 2017-202 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

Abstract This study evaluates the impact of technical assistance and rural extension provided by the Dom Hélder Câmara Project (PDHC II) in the Brazilian semiarid region, which aimed to reduce the poverty levels and inequalities in the region, qualifying family farmers to develop sustainable production and encouraging the replication of good agricultural practices. Using the propensity score matching method, 16 different indicators of the assisted families and the control group were analyzed, involving monetary and nonmonetary incomes. The results indicate that the program was successful in benefiting poor or extremely poor families in this region, providing technical assistance and rural extension and, for a fraction of them, access to the Rural Funding Program. In addition, PDHC II achieved its objectives of providing an increase in agricultural production and in the income of the beneficiaries, with an even more prominent impact among those who received remittances from funding program. It can be concluded that technical assistance and rural extension were effective, benefiting poor family farmers in the Brazilian semiarid region and having a larger impact when associated with productive funding resources. practices method 1 analyzed incomes them Program addition beneficiaries effective resources

Resumo Este estudo avalia o impacto da assistência técnica e extensão rural prestadas pelo Projeto Dom Hélder Câmara (PDHC II) no semiárido brasileiro, que teve como objetivos a redução dos níveis de pobreza e das desigualdades na região, qualificando os agricultores familiares para desenvolverem uma produção sustentável e estimulando a replicação de boas práticas agropecuárias. Utilizando o método “propensity score matching” foram analisados 16 diferentes indicadores das famílias atendidas e do grupo de controle, envolvendo rendas monetárias e não monetárias. Os resultados apontam que o programa logrou êxito em beneficiar famílias pobres ou extremamente pobres dessa região, levando assistência técnica e extensão rural e, para uma fração deles, o acesso ao Programa Fomento Rural. Além disso, o PDHC II atingiu seus objetivos de propiciar um incremento na produção agrícola e nos rendimentos dos beneficiários, com um impacto ainda mais proeminente entre aqueles que receberam os recursos de fomento produtivo. Pode-se concluir que a assistência técnica e extensão rural foram eficazes, beneficiando agricultores familiares pobres do semiárido brasileiro, tendo maior impacto quando associada aos recursos de fomento produtivo. brasileiro região agropecuárias propensity matching 1 controle deles Rural disso beneficiários produtivo Podese Pode se eficazes

Abstract: The article aimed to describe the execution of the National School Meal Program (PNAE) during the covid-19 pandemic based on studies published from 2020 to 2023 through an integrative review. During the pandemic, PNAE was relevant, guaranteeing the Food and Nutritional Security (SAN) of student beneficiaries and pointing to the need for greater investment by the Brazilian federal government. Abstract (PNAE covid19 covid 19 covid-1 202 review relevant SAN (SAN government covid1 1 covid- 20 2

Resumo: O artigo objetivou descrever a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) durante a pandemia da covid-19 com base em estudos publicados no período de 2020 a 2023 através de uma revisão integrativa. Naquele momento, a PNAE foi relevante, assumindo a garantia da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) dos alunos beneficiários e apontou para a necessidade de um maior investimento por parte do governo federal brasileiro. Resumo (PNAE covid19 covid 19 covid-1 202 integrativa momento relevante SAN (SAN brasileiro covid1 1 covid- 20 2