ABSTRACT Sandy beaches have different shoreline change rates (i.e., erosion/accretion rates). An erosive process on beaches poses risks for human-occupied areas. One example is Matinhos Beach (state of Paraná - Brazil), which has an average annual erosion rate of around 1.5 m yr-1 This study applied a methodology that combines in situ measurements and numerical modeling to simulate the physical processes in the coastal area of Matinhos during the 2018 Austral winter. Monthly DGPS surveys were carried out in the study area from June to September. The MOHID modeling system was applied to simulate hydrodynamics and sediment transport, considering waves and tidal forcing validated with in situ data. The WAVEWATCH III and SWAN models were applied in a nesting approach to simulate the waves at Matinhos Beach. The GFS was used to assess the wind conditions. The study period showed a dynamic evolution of accretion and erosion between monthly measurements with no clear pattern in most profiles. Significant sand accumulation was observed near the headland. Morphological changes were minor due to the predominance of low energy without significant storm events. The measured morphological changes are in line with the residual littoral drift obtained from the modeling results for the period. The residual current velocities were towards the southwest, with magnitudes ranging from 0.15 m s-1 to 0.2 m s-1. A slight variation in the angle of wave incidence (10°) may change the direction (southwest or northeast) and intensity of the littoral drift. The applied methodology can reduce uncertainty and support effective coastal management. However, the seasonal scales of wave climate cannot be disregarded, nor can the need for coastal oceanographic data. i.e., ie i e (i.e. erosionaccretion rates. . rates) humanoccupied human occupied areas state Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) 15 1 5 1. yr1 yr yr- 201 winter September transport data conditions profiles headland events southwest 015 0 0.1 s1 s s- 02 2 0. s1. 10° 10 (10° northeast management However disregarded i.e. (i.e 20 01 (10 i.e (1 (

Resumen: El modelado de la línea de costa es indicativo de las tendencias a las que está sometido el sistema costero, ya que es la zona de contacto de la transición continente-océano. En este contexto, los arcos de las playas de Restinga de Marambaia y Macumba/Recreio-Barra da Tijuca (SE de Brasil) fueron evaluados en cuanto a la respuesta de la línea de costa a los forzamientos meteoceanográficos en las escalas temporales de largo y medio plazo, así como se mapearon sus grados de vulnerabilidad. En la escala de largo plazo (1986-2018), se utilizaron imágenes satelitales Landsat, datos de reanálisis de olas del modelo WaveWatch3, registros meteorológicos y mediciones del nivel medio del mar. En la escala de mediano plazo (2016-2018), se levantaron once perfiles topográficos, con muestreo de sedimentos, en las playas de Macumba/Recreio-Barra, además del análisis de registros de boyas oceanográficas en aguas profundas y poco profundas. Por último, estas informaciones permitieron la elaboración de un Índice de Vulnerabilidad de la Costa a la erosión y a las inundaciones. En general, el 18% de la línea de costa está erosionada, el 52% está estable y el 30% avanza. En el periodo analizado, se contabilizaron unos 400 eventos de tormentas, que durante los años de La Niña fueron más enérgicos y culminaron en una erosión más severa. El nivel del mar en la región muestra una tendencia al aumento (1,93 mm/año). La combinación de estos resultados y el grado de ocupación urbana de las playas estudiadas muestran una baja vulnerabilidad en el sector occidental de Marambaia, mientras que los sectores centrales y extremo oriental son altamente vulnerables. En Macumba, el sector oeste presenta una baja vulnerabilidad, en contraste con el sector este que es muy vulnerable. En el arco Recreio-Barra, la vulnerabilidad aumenta de oeste a este. Esto indica que la influencia humana desempeña un papel importante en las zonas que son naturalmente propensas a una alta vulnerabilidad, lo que requiere una mayor comprensión de las condiciones naturales asociadas a las intervenciones humanas.

Abstract: The coastline pattern is indicative of the trends to which the coastal system is subjected, since it is the contact interface of the continent-ocean transition. In this context, the Restinga da Marambaia and the Macumba/Recreio-Barra da Tijuca beach arcs (SE Brazil) were evaluated as to shoreline response to meteo-oceanographic forcings at the long and medium term time scales, as well as their vulnerability degrees were mapped. On the long-term scale (1986-2018), Landsat satellite imagery, wave reanalysis data from the WaveWatch3 model, meteorological records, and mean sea level measurements were used. At the medium-term scale (2016-2018), eleven topographic profiles were surveyed, with sediment sampling, at Macumba/Recreio-Barra beaches, in addition to the analysis of oceanographic buoy records in deep and shallow waters. Finally, this information allowed the elaboration of a Coastal Vulnerability Index to erosion and flooding. In general, 18% of the coastline is eroded, 52% is stable, and 30% is advancing. In the analyzed period, about 400 storm events were accounted for, which during the La Niña years were more energetic and culminated in more severe erosion. The sea level in the region shows a tendency to increase (1.93 mm/year). The combination of these results and the degree of urban occupation of the studied beaches show low vulnerability in the western sector of Marambaia, while the central and extreme eastern sectors are highly vulnerable. In Macumba the western sector exhibits low vulnerability, in contrast with the eastern sector that is very vulnerable. In the Recreio-Barra arc, vulnerability increases from west to east. These are indicative that human influence plays an important role in areas that are naturally prone to high vulnerability, requiring a greater understanding of the natural conditions associated with human interventions.

Resumo: O comportamento da linha de costa é um indicativo das tendências à que o sistema costeiro está submetido, pois é a interface de contato da transição continente-oceano. Neste sentido, a Restinga da Marambaia e os arcos praiais Macumba/Recreio-Barra da Tijuca (SE do Brasil) foram avaliados quanto à resposta da linha de costa às forçantes meteo-oceanográficas nas escalas temporais de longo e médio prazo, bem como foram mapeados seus graus de vulnerabilidade. Na escala de longo prazo (1986-2018), foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Landsat, dados de reanálise de ondas do modelo WaveWatch3, registros meteorológicos e medições do nível médio do mar. Na escala de médio prazo (2016-2018), foram levantados onze perfis topográficos, com coleta de amostras de sedimentos, nas praias Macumba/Recreio-Barra, além da análise dos registros de boias oceanográficas em águas profundas e rasas. Por fim, estas informações permitiram elaborar um Índice de Vulnerabilidade Costeira à erosão e inundação. De modo geral, 18% da linha de costa encontra-se sob erosão, 52% encontra-se estável e 30% está avançando. No período analisado, foram contabilizados cerca de 400 eventos de tempestade, que durante os anos de La Niña foram mais energéticos e culminaram em uma erosão mais severa. O nível do mar na região apresenta tendência de aumento (1,93 mm/ano). O reflexo destes resultados, somado aos graus de ocupação urbana nas praias estudadas, exibem baixa vulnerabilidade no setor oeste da Marambaia, enquanto que os setores central e extremo leste configuram-se como altamente vulneráveis. Na Macumba o setor oeste exibe baixa vulnerabilidade, em contraste com o setor leste que é muito vulnerável. No arco Recreio-Barra nota-se o aumento da vulnerabilidade de oeste para leste. Estes resultados indicam que a influência antrópica tem um papel importante em áreas que são naturalmente propensas à alta vulnerabilidade, exigindo uma maior compreensão das condições naturais associadas às intervenções antrópicas.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender las causas de la erosión costera a través de la caracterización del ambiente de playa, determinando perfiles de playa y análisis hidrodinámico como principales métodos para comprender los procesos costeros. El foco espacial de esta investigación es un punto ubicado en la playa urbana de Areia Preta, costa este de la ciudad de Natal, capital del Estado de Rio Grande do Norte. La metodología científica aplicada consistió en estudio bibliográfico, caracterización ambiental, levantamiento topográfico transversal a la playa en los compartimientos backshore, foreshore y foreshore, utilizando la metodología Birkemeier “Stádia” (1981) y recogida de datos hidrodinámicos respaldados en la metodología de Mueher (2011), además de registros fotográficos costeros Preta Natal Norte bibliográfico ambiental backshore Stádia “Stádia 1981 (1981 2011, 2011 , (2011) 198 (198 201 (2011 19 (19 20 (201 1 (1 2 (20 ( (2

Abstract The objective of this work to understand the causes of coastal erosion through characterization of environment, determining beach profiles and hydrodynamic analysis, with the main methods for understanding coastal process. The spatial clipping of this research comprises a point, located on the urban beach Areia Preta, zone east of the city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte eastern coast of the state. A methodology consisted of bibliographic survey, environmental characterization, topographic survey transverse to the beach in the compartments of the postbeach foreshore and ante-beach through the methodology of “Stadia” Birkemeier (1918) and data collection method hydrodynamics based on the methodology of the Mueher (2011), and addition to records photographs. environment analysis process point Preta Natal state antebeach ante Stadia “Stadia 1918 (1918 2011, 2011 , (2011) photographs 191 (191 201 (2011 19 (19 20 (201 1 (1 2 (20 ( (2

Resumo O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi compreender as causas da erosão costeira através da caracterização do ambiente praial, determinando perfis praiais e análise hidrodinâmica, com os principais métodos para compreender os processos costeiros. O recorte espacial dessa pesquisa compreende um ponto, localizado na praia urbana de Areia Preta, zona leste da cidade do Natal, capital do Rio Grande do Norte, litoral oriental do estado. A metodologia consistiu de levantamento bibliográfico, caracterização ambiental, levantamento topográfico transversal à praia nos compartimentos do pós-praia, estirâncio e antepraia, através da Métodologia da “Stádia” Birkemeier (1981) e coleta de dados hidrodinâmicos baseado na metodologia de Mueher (2011), além de registros fotográficos. praial hidrodinâmica costeiros ponto Preta Natal Norte estado bibliográfico ambiental póspraia, póspraia pós praia, pós-praia antepraia Stádia “Stádia 1981 (1981 2011, 2011 , (2011) fotográficos 198 (198 201 (2011 19 (19 20 (201 1 (1 2 (20 ( (2

Resumo O turismo costeiro cresceu de forma acelerada e tem vindo a afetar negativamente a sustentabilidade ambiental, social e cultural. O Algarve é o principal turístico destino de sol e praia em Portugal, tendo um grande número de praias. Devido aos impactos negativos do turismo e às alterações climáticas, torna-se necessário avaliar e implementar ferramentas de gestão do turismo costeiro. A maioria das áreas de praia tem o duplo desígnio de conservação dos recursos naturais e de oferta de oportunidades para atividades de turismo e de lazer. Este artigo tem como objetivos identificar o perfil dos utilizadores da praia na época baixa e segmentá-los de acordo com as suas prioridades para a gestão sustentável da praia. Foram escolhidas quatro praias de diferentes tipos: uma urbana, uma rural, uma remota e uma praia de empreendimento turístico. Foi aplicada uma análise de clusters aos dados recolhidos através de um inquérito por questionário aplicado a 200 turistas por entrevista pessoal. O inquérito visava medir a opinião dos utilizadores da praia sobre o ambiente e os serviços da praia, bem como sobre a importância de 25 atributos de qualidade da praia. A análise de clusters permitiu identificar três segmentos: amantes do conforto e da comida, ambientalistas jovens e ativos, e minimalistas sustentáveis. Os resultados fornecem informações valiosas não só para investigadores, mas também para gestores de praia, os quais podem ajustar as suas tarefas de gestão para satisfazerem os segmentos de mercado e suas preferências, atendendo a políticas ambientais emergentes.

Abstract Recently coastal tourism has increased rapidly and has negatively affected environmental, social and cultural sustainability. The Algarve is the main sun-and-sea tourism destination in Portugal, with a large number of beautiful beaches. Due to negative tourism impacts and climate change, coastal tourism management tools need to be assessed and implemented. Most beach areas have the dual mandate of conserving coastal natural resources and providing opportunities for recreation and tourism. This paper aims to identify off-peak season beach users' profiles and to segment them according to their priorities for sustainable beach management in the face of climate change and seasonality balance. Four beaches with different types were chosen in the municipality of Albufeira as case studies: an urban, a rural, a resort and a remote beach. A cluster analysis was applied to data collected through a survey applied to 200 tourists through face-to-face interviews. The survey aimed to measure beach visitors' opinion about beach environment and services, as well as about the importance of 25 quality beach attributes. The cluster analyses generated three segments of beach users with the following profiles: comfort and food lovers, young and active environmentalists and sustainable minimalists. The results provide valuable information and insights for both academics and beach managers, who can adjust their management tasks to suit market segments and their preferences, fulfilling emerging environmental policies.

RESUMO Introdução Desde sua estréia nas Olimpíadas de Atlanta em 1996, o vôlei de praia cresceu internacionalmente. Uma abrangente coleta de dados de diferentes países e níveis de competição fornecerá um banco de dados que pode ser utilizado para caracaterizar os jogadores de volêi de praia e definir referências para as etapas do treinamento. Objetivo O propósito desse estudo consiste em descrever e comparar os perfis antropométricos de jogadores e jogadoras espanhóis de vôlei de praia, de diferentes níveis de competição, em relação ao rendimento esportivo. Métodos A amostra compreendeu 150 jogadores participantes do Campeonato Espanhol de Vôlei de Praia de 2011 (categorias Sub-19, Sub-21 e Sênior). Ao usar o ranking fornecido pela Real Federação Espanhola de Voleibol, os jogadores foram distribuídos através de níveis de rendimento (nível 1: jogadores entre o primeiro e quarto colocado; nível 2: entre o quinto e nono colocado e nível 3: a partir do décimo até o décimo-sétimo colocado). O estudo incluiu um grupo de 18 jogadores do nível 1 (M1), 39 do nível 2 (M2) e 22 do nível 3 (M3) e 18 jogadoras do nível 1 feminino (F1) , 41 do nível 2 (F2) e 12 do nível 3 (F3). Resultados A amostra masculina de alto nível (M1) apresentou uma idade média significativamente menor (19,33 anos) do que os jogadores da elite internacional (30 anos). A estatura e o peso corporal dos jogadores espanhóis de nível mais alto, em ambos os sexos, apresentaram valores inferiores aos apresentados pelos jogadores da elite internacional. Conclusão A altura e o componente de gordura são responsáveis pelas diferenças entre os jogadores de vôlei de praia de alto nível e nível inferior, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres. Além disso, quanto mais alto o nível de rendimento, maior a estatura e menor o componente de gordura. Considerando-se os dados observados no estudo, o processo de seleção de talentos no vôlei de praia espanhol deve priorizar a seleção de indivíduos mais altos do que atualmente. Nível de evidência lll; Estudos terapêuticos-Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction Since its debut at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, beach volleyball has grown on the international sports scene. An extensive collection of data from several countries and levels of competition will provide a database that can be used to characterize beach volleyball players and define references for training stages. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the anthropometric profiles of Spanish male and female beach volleyball players at different levels of competition in relation to sports performance. Methods The sample comprised 150 players participating in the 2011 Spanish Beach Volleyball Championships (Under 19, Under 21, and Senior categories). Using the ranking provided by the Royal Spanish Volleyball Federation, the subjects were distributed by performance level (level 1: players ranked first to fourth; level 2: players ranked fifth to ninth; and level 3: players ranked tenth to seventeenth). The study comprised a group of male players, with 18 level 1 ( M1 ), 39 level 2 ( M2 ), and 22 level 3 players ( M3 ), and a group of female players, with 18 level 1 ( F1 ), 41 level 2 ( F2 ), and 12 level 3 players ( F3 ). Results The top level male sample ( M1 ) had a significantly lower average age (19.33 years) than the men’s international elite players (30 years). The top Spanish players of both genders had much lower values for height and body weight than the international elite players. Conclusions Height and fat component are responsible for the differences between top and lower level beach volleyball players, for both men and women. Moreover, as the level of performance increases, players are taller and have a lower fat component. In view of the data observed in this study, the talent selection process in Spanish beach volleyball should aim to select taller individuals than at present. Level of evidence III; Therapeutic studies-Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción Desde su estreno en las Olimpíadas de Atlanta en 1996, el Vóleibol de Playa creció internacionalmente. Una amplia colecta de datos de diferentes países y niveles de competición proveerá un banco de datos que puede ser utilizado para caracterizar a los jugadores de vóleibol de playa y definir referencias para las etapas del entrenamiento. Objetivo El propósito de este estudio consiste en describir y comparar los perfiles antropométricos de jugadores y jugadoras españoles de Vóleibol de Playa, de diferentes niveles de competición, con relación al rendimiento deportivo. Métodos La muestra comprendió a 150 jugadores participantes del Campeonato Español de Vóleibol de Playa de 2011 (categorías Sub-19, Sub-21 y Sénior). Al usar el ranking suministrado por la Real Federación Española de Vóleibol, los jugadores fueron distribuidos a través de niveles de rendimiento (nivel 1: jugadores entre el primero y el cuarto colocado; nivel 2: entre el quinto y el noveno colocado; y nivel 3: a partir del décimo hasta el décimo-séptimo colocado). El estudio incluyó a un grupo de 18 jugadores de nivel 1 (M1), 39 del nivel 2 (M2) y 22 del nivel 3 (M3) y 18 jugadoras del nivel 1 femenino (F1), 41 del nivel 2 (F2), y 12 del nivel 3 (F3). Resultados La muestra masculina de mayor nivel (M1) presentó una edad promedio significativamente menor (19,33 años) que los jugadores de la élite internacional (30 años). La estatura y el peso corporal de los jugadores españoles de nivel más alto, en ambos sexos, presentaron valores inferiores a los presentados por los jugadores de la élite internacional. Conclusión La altura y el componente de grasa son responsables por las diferencias entre los jugadores de vóleibol de playa de alto nivel y nivel inferior, tanto para hombres como para mujeres. Además, cuanto más alto el nivel de rendimiento, mayor la estatura y menor el componente de grasa. Considerándose los datos observados en el estudio, el proceso de selección de talentos en el Vóleibol de Playa español debe priorizar la selección de individuos más altos que los que hay actualmente. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudios terapéuticos-Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Abstract The aridity and geographic isolation of the region currently occupied by the State of Baja California Sur have determined its status as a sparsely populated region for most of its history, which has allowed the ecosystems therein to remain pristine or little impacted. Nevertheless, the State has not been immune to the global trend of vigorous population growth in coastal regions. This trend became evident in La Paz city since the 1990s (population as of 1995: 158,800; as of 2015: 253,021 inhabitants), caused by a tourism-driven economy that has led to accelerated, unplanned urban sprawling (urban area as of 1995: 44.7 km2; as of 2017: 85.7 km2). The objective of this study was to identify and analyze anthropic effects on the geomorphology and morphodynamics of the coastal zone, starting with the geomorphological reconstruction of the likely original conditions, followed by an analysis of the population growth and economic activities leading to urban expansion, to finally elucidating their effects on and the evolutionary response of the coastal zone. We used linear regression methods for analyzing geomorphological and morphodynamic changes from historical documents, particularly those that are, or can be, georeferenced such as maps, aerial photographs, and satellite images. This allows utilizing both methods over long-term, large (kilometer) spatial scales. Linear regression methods used all the shoreline location data points available to identify changes over time and estimate evolutionary rates. One distinctive advantage of linear regressions is the possibility of using coastlines as delineated from aerial photographs or historical maps, since beach profiles encompassing long-term, large (kilometer) spatial scales are usually not available. The study area comprises two distinct geomorphological units - the alluvial plain and the coastal zone - subject to increasing anthropic activity as evidenced by urban expansion over time. This affects the geomorphological environment, causing major changes in the physical environment, such as fragmentation in parcels and streets, deforestation, and land leveling, as well as the diversion and filling of streambeds. The direct effects of anthropogenic activities on the coastal zone lead to the alteration and partial or total loss of coastal ecosystems such as coastal plains, marshes, mangrove swamps, beaches, and dunes, caused by the construction of tourism infrastructure including hotels, marinas, docks, golf courses, and buildings ranging from residential areas to car junkyards. At the same time, the effects of human activities on the alluvial plain indirectly impact the coastal zone through the reduction of the effective runoff area caused by unabated urban expansion. This, in turn, impairs the sedimentary balance that gave rise to alluvial coastal environments, in which the intensity of the dynamic agents (such as wind, tides, and waves) acting on the coastal zone remained constant. These agents have been acting with the same intensity but, in the absence of sedimentary material, conditions have changed sufficiently to affect the morphodynamics of the coastal fringe of the La Paz lagoon. The evolutionary trend of the La Paz lagoon shows that it has experienced an erosive process at a rate of 0.00227 km2 over 44 years (from 1973 to 2017, or 0.3 m/ year). Paradoxically, the poor or nil urban growth planning is not only causing the loss of the resources that support tourism activities, but is also exacerbating the vulnerability to flooding events in L a Paz city and surrounding suburbs. Therefore, it is crucial to properly weigh the benefits of continuing building hotels, marinas, golf courses, residential areas, and other types of infrastructure, versus those of conserving marshes, mangrove swamps, beaches, and dunes, whose proper use and management would contribute to the sustainable economic and environmental development of the region.

Resumen La ciudad de La Paz no ha sido ajena a las tendencias de crecimiento poblacional que se han dado en las regiones costeras. Crecimiento que se hace evidente a partir de la década de los años noventa del siglo pasado, motivado por una economía basada en la actividad turística, y que se refleja en el acelerado y desordenado incremento de su área urbana. En este contexto se plantea como objetivo analizar el efecto antrópico en la franja y borde costero de la laguna de La Paz, empleando para ello las metodologías de cambios geomorfológicos y morfodinámicos. En el área de estudio se reconocen dos unidades geomorfológicas: llanura aluvial y franja costera, ambas sometidas a una creciente actividad antrópica, lo que genera importantes cambios inherentes al urbanismo. El efecto en la franja costera se refleja con la alteración y pérdida parcial o total de ecosistemas costeros, debido a la construcción de infraestructura turística. Al mismo tiempo, en la llanura aluvial el incremento progresivo del área urbana ha reducido el área de escurrimiento efectivo y aporte sedimentario, modificando el balance que dio origen a los ambientes costeros, ocasionando que las condiciones por falta de material cambien lo suficiente como para reflejarse en la erosión de su línea de costa, que, en una extensión perimetral de 7.1 km en el periodo de 1973 al 2017, registra una tasa de retroceso de -0.00227 km2 en 44 años (0.3 m/año).

SUMMARY: The aim was to compare anthropometric profiles, body composition, and somatotypes of female volleyball players grouped according to player status (National League Divisions) and function. The study assessed 62 volleyball players and 12 beach volleyball players (mean age, 23.58, s = 7.74 years). Anthropometric measures included height, body mass, body circumferences and diameters, adipose skinfold thickness. Data processing using a dietetic software package provided body mass index, fat mass percentage, arm muscular area, thigh muscular area, and somatotype. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 22. Division B volleyball players were taller than those in Division C (169.19, s = 6.68 cm vs. 165.40, s = 6.19 cm; P <0.05), but showed lower arm muscular area (34.77, s = 3.57 cm2 vs. 40.06, s = 7.27 cm2; p <0.05) and mesomorphy (3.40, s = 1.21 vs. 4.84, s = 2.10; P <0.05). For player functions, blockers were the tallest (172.38, s = 4.18 cm; P <0.05) and showed the highest ectomorphy (3.08, s = 1.02; P <0.05), setters showed the highest fat mass percentage (26.38 %, s = 2.99 %: P <0.05), and ‘liberos’ showed a more compact mesomorphy (5.46, s = 2.13) and low ectomorphy (1.58, s = 0.90). The anthropometric data showed few significant differences between the volleyball Divisions, suggesting that promotion up the Divisions is due to technical ability rather than physical qualities. The anthropometric profiles of the players varied according to their functions within their volleyball team.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los perfiles antropométricos, la composición corporal y los somatotipos de jugadoras de voleibol agrupadas según el estado de jugador (División de la Liga Nacional) y la función. El estudio evaluó 62 jugadoras de voleibol y 12 jugadoras de voleibol de playa (edad media, 23,58, s = 7,74 años). Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron altura, masa corporal, circunferencias y diámetros corporales, y grosor del pliegue cutáneo adiposo. Los datos se analizaron mediante un software proporcionando el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de masa grasa, el área muscular del brazo, el área muscular del muslo y el somatotipo. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS Statistics versión 22. Las jugadoras de voleibol de la División B eran más altas que las de la División C (169,19, s = 6,68 cm vs. 165,40, s = 6,19 cm; P <0,05), pero mostraron una zona muscular del brazo inferior (34,77, s = 3,57 cm2 vs. 40,06, s = 7,27 cm2; p <0,05) y mesomorfia (3,40, s = 1,21 vs. 4,84, s = 2,10; P <0,05). Para las funciones del jugador, las bloqueadoras fueron las más altas (172,38, s = 4,18 cm; p <0,05) y mostraron la ectomorfia más alta (3,08, s = 1,02; p <0,05), las colocadoras mostraron el mayor porcentaje de masa grasa (26,38 %, s = 2,99 %: p <0,05), y los “liberos” mostraron una mesomorfia más compacta (5,46, s = 2,13) y ectomorfia baja (1,58, s = 0,90). Los datos antropométricos mostraron pocas diferencias significativas entre las divisiones de voleibol, lo que sugiere que la promoción de las divisiones se debe a la capacidad técnica más que a las cualidades físicas. Los perfiles antropométricos de las jugadoras variaron según sus funciones dentro de su equipo de voleibol.

Abstract 165 profiles of seventy-one beaches along the Gulf of Cadiz (SW, Spain) were studied to improve the formulation of the beach profile in tidal seas. Maritime climate, degree of energy exposure and size of the sand grains were taken into account to study the two sections of the biparabolic profile. The objective of the study was the determination of more accurate formulations of the design parameters for the equilibrium profile that involves tidal seas. These formulations were modelled and validated based on existing profiles to quantify the error existing between the real profile and the modelling. This comparative analysis was extended by considering the formulations proposed by other authors. The best results were obtained with the proposal presented herein.

Resumen El turismo de sol y playa se sigue expandiendo en todo el mundo, principalmente debido a la atracción por servicios ecosistémicos relevantes, como la belleza escénica y las actividades recreativas que un lugar ofrece; de la misma manera, este sector es uno de los que más aporta a la economía de muchos países del mundo. Es por eso, que existe una gran cantidad de investigaciones dedicadas a identificar los perfiles y las motivaciones del turista en las diferentes localidades, ya que dicha información es esencial para producir estimaciones integrales del beneficio económico de este tipo de turismo en un área específica. El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar el perfil y las motivaciones de los turistas que llegan al balneario de Salinas de la provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. El tipo de investigación es exploratoria. Los resultados revelaron que el turista que llega al balneario, en su mayoría son mujeres que vienen de las provincias más populosas del país tales como Guayas y Pichincha, con alto perfil académico profesional, las cuales visitan el balneario principalmente los fines de semana y prefieren quedarse en un hotel. Entre las principales motivaciones para visitar el balneario, se encuentran la playa, especialmente por el avistamiento de ballenas y la variedad gastronómica. Esto sugiere que las estrategias para fortalecer el turismo en Salinas deben diseñarse y desarrollarse para promover actividades de sol, playa y la gastronomía como una de las principales atracciones turísticas de la ciudad. Una buena gestión basada en iniciativas como la creación de rutas culinarias podría ser una alternativa para implementar estrategias dirigidas al desarrollo social y económico local.

Abstract Sun and Sea tourism continues expanding throughout the world, mainly due to the attraction of relevant eco-systemic services, such as the scenic beauty and the recreational activities that a place offers. In the same way, this sector is one of the most important sectors that contribute to the economy of many countries in the world. That is why there is a large amount of research related to the identification of tourist profiles and motivations of them in choosing different locations, is important because such information is essential to produce comprehensive estimates of the economic benefit of this type of tourism in a specific area. The objective of this research is to examine the profile and motivations of tourists who arrive at Salinas city in Ecuador. The type of research is exploratory. The results revealed that the tourists that visit Salinas, are mostly women who come from the largest provinces in the country such as Guayas and Pichincha, with university studies, which visit the place mainly on weekends and prefer to stay in a hotel. Among the main motivations to visit Salinas, are the beach, especially for the whale watching and the gastronomic variety. This suggests that strategies to strengthen tourism in Salinas should be designed and developed to promote sun and beach activities and gastronomy as one of the main tourist attractions of the city. Good management based on initiatives such as the creation of culinary routes could be an alternative to implement strategies aimed at local social and economic development.

Abstract Based on measurements and sampling carried out quarterly along 18 profiles of the Las Glorias beach from August 2015 to May 2016 and with the wave data provided by the Mexican Institute of Transport (IMT), on the one hand, the changes in the profile of the beach and its relationship with the wave regime impacting it are analyzed and, on the other hand, a database is provided that includes the analysis of swell, sediment and morphology data for future studies on its morph dynamics. The results revealed that the distribution of sediments on the beach is spatially and temporally very homogeneous and that the inter-annual cycle of change of the beach profile responds to the seasonal wave regime.

Resumen Con base en mediciones y muestreos realizados trimestralmente a lo largo de 18 perfiles de la playa Las Glorias a partir de agosto de 2015 hasta mayo de 2016 y con los datos de oleaje proporcionados por el Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (IMT), por un lado, se analiza los cambios del perfil de la playa y su relación con el régimen de oleaje que incide sobre ella y, por otro lado, se proporciona una base de datos que incluye el análisis de datos de oleaje, sedimento y morfología de la playa para futuros estudios sobre su morfodinámica. Los resultados revelaron que la distribución de sedimentos en la playa es espacial y temporalmente muy homogénea y que el ciclo interanual de cambio del perfil de playa responde al régimen estacional del oleaje.

Abstract Background La Escobilla is a sandy beach and the main nesting site of the Olive Ridley turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, (golfina in Spanish), from the southern Mexican coast. Studies related to the habitat of these organisms suggest conservation strategies that lead us to examine the physical parameters that affect the arribazones [i.e., coastal abundance of fish, off-shore shoals, and, by extension, abundance of turtles]. Goals The aim of this study was to investigate the textural characteristics of coastal sediments and morphology of the beach in order to determine their possible relation with the nesting of this species. Methods Sediment samples were collected along 15 km of infra-, meso-, an supra-beach, topographic surveys of beach profiles were made, and some sedimentological parameters were obtained, i.e., Mzϕ (size grain) and αϕ (sediment classification). Results Meso-beach and supra-beach areas with a gentle slope (from 2° to 4°), grain size medium sands (1ϕ to 2ϕ), and the opening of the sandbar at the mouth of the Cozoaltepec River during rainy season appear to favor nesting. Conclusions Areas with major nesting sites are located at a distance of 2.3 km to the east of the Cozoaltepec River, where apparently the morphology of the beach is more adequate because its slope is not so high and the beach is wide enough for nesting. We also know that the largest observed turtle arribazones occurin this area.

Resumen Antecedentes La Escobilla es una playa arenosa que constituye el principal sitio de anidación de la tortuga golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea) en la costa mexicana. Los estudios relacionados con el hábitat de estos organismos permiten establecer estrategias de conservación dentro de las cuales es necesario conocer los parámetros físicos que afectan las arribazones. Objetivos Este estudio determinó las características texturales de los sedimentos litorales y la morfología de la playa con el fin de evaluar sus posibles relaciones con las anidaciones de esta especie. Métodos Se colectaron muestras de sedimento en las zonas de infraplaya, mesoplaya y supraplaya a lo largo de 15 km de playa; se realizaron levantamientos topográficos de perfiles de playa, y se obtuvieron los parámetros texturales de Mzϕ (tamaño gráfico promedio) y αϕ (clasificación gráfica inclusiva). Resultados Las zonas de mesoplaya y de supraplaya con pendiente suave del orden de 2° a 4°, tamaño de grano de arenas medias (1ϕ a 2ϕ) y la apertura de la barra arenosa por la desembocadura del río Cozoaltepec en época de lluvias parecen favorecer las anidaciones. Conclusiones Las zonas con mayores sitios de anidación se encuentran a una distancia de 2.3 km hacia el este del río Cozoaltepec, donde aparentemente la morfología de la playa es más adecuada, ya que su pendiente no es demasiado alta y la playa es suficientemente amplia para las anidaciones. Además, en esa localidad se presentó el mayor número de arribazones de las tortugas.

RESUMO As descargas de água doce permanentes em praias arenosas, conhecidas como sangradouros, promovem alterações em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais sobre as características ambientais, e consequentemente sobre as populações macrobentônicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações da abundância, distribuição e estrutura populacional do isópode Tholozodium rhombofrontalis (Giambiagi, 1922) em um sangradouro permanente. Coletas sazonais foram realizadas na praia de Barrancos, cidade de Pontal do Paraná, estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil, em três locais: sangradouro (dentro do sangradouro), intermediário (a 30 m de distância do sangradouro) e distante (a 150 m de distância do sangradouro), durante as quatro estações dos anos de 2012 e 2013. A praia foi morfodinamicamente caracterizada como intermediária, composta de sedimentos finos e bem selecionados. No local sangradouro os perfis topográficos foram suaves e extensos, e o lençol freático raso e doce. Em contrapartida, no local distante os perfis foram íngremes e curtos, e o lençol freático profundo e salino. O local intermediário apresentou características similares ao do sangradouro. Houve uma variabilidade espacial e temporal na abundância e distribuição do isópode, estando as maiores abundâncias nos locais sangradouro e intermediário, com picos nas estações primavera e verão. Tais variações foram relacionadas à presença de águas salobras e altos valores de clorofila a. A proporção de juvenis foi a maior dentre todas as classes, e manteve-se regular temporalmente, indicando um recrutamento contínuo. As proporções de fêmeas mantiveram-se similares temporalmente confirmando a estabilidade da população. A proporção de machos foi baixa em todos os locais e durante todas as coletas, contudo, a baixa representatividade desta classe não afetou negativamente o estabelecimento da população. As fêmeas ovígeras estiveram presentes em todos os locais e em todas as coletas, com as maiores proporções no inverno, apontando uma possível preferência por uma estação mais fria para a reprodução. A presença de um sangradouro permanente proporcionou a esta praia condições de salinidade estuarina, o que possivelmente favoreceu o estabelecimento da população.

ABSTRACT The permanent freshwater discharges in sandy beaches, known as washouts, promotes changes in different spatial and temporal scales on the environmental characteristics, and consequently on macrobenthic populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of abundance, distribution and population structure of the isopod Tholozodium rhombofrontalis (Giambiagi, 1922) in a permanent washout. Seasonal samplings were realized in the Barrancos beach, Pontal do Paraná city, state of Paraná, southern Brazil, in three sites: on the washout (inside washout), intermediate (30 meters away from the washout), and distant (150 meters away from the washout), during four seasons of the years 2012 and 2013. The beach was morphodynamically characterized as an intermediate beach, composed of fine and well sorted sediments. At the washout site the topographic profiles were smoother and longer, and the water table shallowed and fresh. In contrast, in the distant site the profiles were steeper and shorter, and the water table deeper and saline. The intermediate site presented characteristics similar to that of the washout. There was a spatial and temporal variability in the abundance and distribution of the isopod, being the greater abundances in the intermediate and washout sites, with peaks in the spring and summer seasons. These variations were related to the presence of brackish water and high values of chlorophyll a. The juveniles proportion were the higher of all classes, and remained temporally regular, indicating a continuous recruitment. The proportions of females remained similar temporally confirming the population stability. The proportion of males was low at all sites and during all samplings; however, the low representativeness of this class did not negatively affect the establishment of the population. The ovigerous females were present in all sites and in all samplings, with highest proportions in the winter, pointing to a possible preference for a colder season for reproduction. The presence of a permanent washout provided to this beach conditions of estuarine salinities, which possibly favored the establishment of the population.

Resumo Manchas formadas por densas acumulações de diatomáceas na zona de arrebentação ("diatomáceas de surf") são comuns em praias arenosas com estados morfodinâmicos dissipativos ou intermediários. Seu aparecimento está correlacionado com fatores ambientais, como a passagem de frentes frias, quando ventos em direção a praia promovem maior hidrodinâmica, gerando ressuspensão de estoques bênticos das diatomáceas, acumulando-as na zona de arrebentação interna. No estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil, duas praias são conhecidas por terem frequente ocorrência de acumulações da diatomácea de zona de arrebentação Asterionellopsis glacialis lato sensu: Praia do Rincão (28 ° 50 'S) e Praia de Navegantes (26 ° 52' S). A alta biomassa desta alga e sua importância central na estrutura trófica dos ecossistemas costeiros sugerem estudos sobre suas potenciais aplicações. No presente estudo, cepas de A. glacialis foram isoladas, cultivadas sob diferentes condições e avaliadas quanto a aspectos ecofisiológicos (taxas de crescimento, atividades biológicas de exsudatos e biomassa) e bioquímicos (conteúdo lipídico e perfil de ácidos graxos). As células de A. glacialis em cultura mostraram deformações, as quais foram melhoradas, usando agitação e meios de cultura ricos em silício e fósforo. O exsudato das cepas não mostrou efeito alelopático nem antimicrobiano, embora estudos anteriores tenham indicado essa atividade. O conteúdo lipídico apresentou variação dependendo da cepa e do meio de cultura utilizado. Os valores variaram entre 9% e 13,6%, em massa seca. Em todas as cepas foram identificados ácidos graxos saturados e poli-insaturados. Algumas hipóteses foram propostas para explicar a variação considerável nos níveis de lipídeos, nos perfis de ácidos graxos e as características ecofisiológicas das cepas. Além disso, sugerimos que o conteúdo e a composição de ácidos graxos pode ter consequências importantes na ecologia das praias arenosas onde A. glacialis ocorre como o principal produtor primário.

Abstract Patches formed by dense accumulations of diatoms in the surf zone (surf diatoms) are common on sandy beaches with intermediate to dissipative morphodynamic states. Their appearances are correlated with environmental factors such as the passage of cold fronts when onshore winds increase beach hydrodynamics, resuspending epibenthic stocks and accumulating them through the inner surf zone. In Santa Catarina state, Southern Brazil, two beaches are known to have frequent occurrence of accumulations of the surf diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis sensu lato: Rincão Beach (28°50' S) and Navegantes Beach (26°52' S). The high biomass of this alga and its central importance in the trophic structure of the coastal ecosystems suggest studies about its potential applications. In the present study, strains of A. glacialis were isolated, cultured under different conditions and evaluated for ecophysiological aspects: growth rate under different conditions, potential biological activities of exudates, biomass and lipid content, and fatty acid profile. A. glacialis cells in culture showed deformation, which were ameliorated by using agitation and silicon and phosphorus enriched culture media. Exudates of the strains showed no allelopathic effects, although previous studies have indicated activity. Lipid content showed variation depending on the strain and culture media. Values ranged from 9% to 13.6% by dry weight. In all strains saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified. Some hypotheses were proposed to explain the variation of the lipid contents, fatty acid profiles and physiological features between strains of the same species. We believe that the fatty acids profile of this primary producer has important consequences in the sandy beach ecology.

Excessive anthropic occupation reduces the coastal extension and causes significant impacts on the ecosystem. Urban evolution in coastal areas has reached a point of no return. For this reason, the knowledge about whether a particular type of infrastructure or vegetation on a frontal dune could cause greater or lesser impact on the beach is extremely useful for urban planning. The study area was Pehuen Co (Fig. 1), a town located in the southwest of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). The aim of this work is to analyze the evolution of beach profiles backed with different foredune cover in order to understand the erosion/accretion processes that may be related to the various dynamic conditions. This will provide useful information to decision makers for urban planning and sustainable management projects orientated for short, medium and long terms. Pehuen Co is a dissipative beach with east-west coastal orientation within a region with alternating wet and dry periods. Normally, rains are concentrated in spring-summer, decreasing in autumn and becoming minimal in winter. The prevailing winds are from N and NW, with greater intensity in the spring and summer, mainly December and January. The study area coincides with the smaller beach of the downtown sector (Fig. 2). To the west, the foredune has been heavily eroded and has a steep front, whereas to the east there are vegetated, large dunes. The dominant vegetation is Tamarix gallica and Carpobrotus edulis, which are not observed in the walkways to the beach or where there are infrastructures over the foredunes. Beach profiles in different geomorphological situations were analyzed in order to describe their behavior. Three different sectors separated 50 m from each other were selected: ZC1 next to a restaurant on top of the frontal dune, ZC2 on the vegetated dune, and ZC3 on a walkway to the beach (Fig. 2). Monthly beach profiles were carried out from July 2007 to June 2010. The profiles were made using a modified version of the method proposed by Emery (1961), already developed in Bustos et al. (2013). The analysis of the beach profiles was performed seasonally (summer, autumn, winter and spring). Additionally, others were surveyed after strong storms. The profiles were digitalized and the volumes for the sediment budget and the Annual Variation Rate (AVR) were calculated. The volume was calculated considering a constant beach width equal to 1 m and a length defined by the shorter profile. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to complete the analysis of the seasonal beach profiles. The study for all sectors demonstrated that during winter periods they all present concave profiles (Fig. 3), while during the summer periods were characterized by significant berms (Table 1). The profiles at ZC1 and ZC2 behaved rather similarly, whereas those at ZC3 were still more concave than the others. ZC3 during the winter of 2009 presented a 1.5 m microcliff on the dune front. Also, during the summer profiles showed areas of accumulation, mainly with the formation of berms and bars (Fig. 3). The sedimentary balance reflected the behavior of the profiles, with volume increment in the summer periods and reduction in winter (Fig. 4). ZC1 presented a negative balance with an erosional trend. ZC3 profiles had the highest losses, with up to 60 m³ of erosion in the winter of 2008. The TVA for both profiles were negative, for ZC1 it was -12.9 m³/ yr, and for ZC3 of -20.3 m³/yr. In contrast, ZC2 had a positive TVA (9.9 m³/yr). Its largest gain occurred in Autumn 2009 (65.6 m³) (Fig. 4). ZC3 showed more concave profiles than the rest and represents the place with higher sediment loss, especially during rainfall. The entrances to the beach are constructed perpendicularly to the coast and without vegetation protection. For this reason, they are easily eroded, mainly by rainwater runoff. Monthly characteristics and trends in the behavior of the beach profiles were obtained by applying a PCA. The average profile of ZC1 presented a stable line with a slight concave tendency. Sediment loss was mainly observed in summer, winter and autumn; accretion occurred in spring (Fig. 5). The ZC2 profile showed a slightly concave shape, similar to ZC1, while small erosion cycles were observed every three months. The average profile showed losses in winter, spring and autumn, whereas it only gained sediment in summer (Fig. 6). The average profile in ZC3 is more concave than ZC1 and ZC2. The temporal components showed an erosion trend, with cycles of approximately six months of accretion-erosion. During autumn, winter and spring the sediment of the average profile decreased while increased in the summer (Fig. 7). In order to evaluate the damages and response of the beach profiles to erosive events, the impact of a wind storm that occurred between 22 and 23 July is presented as an example. This event on the beaches of Pehuen Co was originated due to an extensive frontal storm. The winds associated with the front prevailed from the south with a maximum intensity of 63.7 km h-1. The total length of the event was approximately 33 h. The waves on the beach, favored by the strong wind, reached 5 m in height (based on SMN map data). Beach profiles were made before and after the event to estimate volumetric differences. The effects on the beach and buildings were analyzed by field recognition after the event. Based on the profile data, we observed an erosive behavior with the profile becoming concave. ZC1 had a total volume loss of 3.17 m³, specifically on the backshore. The rest of the beach remained basically constant. The erosion caused damage to the infrastructures over the dune. In September (2009) the profile had recovered 2.38 m³ with respect to the pre-storm profile. The ZC2 had a behavior similar to ZC1 in terms of sediment loss and gain. A volume of -9.16 m³ was lost. In September, a sediment recovery from the pre-storm profile of 9.04 m³ was observed (Fig. 8). ZC3 had significant erosion in the dune area, with an escarpment of 1.6 m high. In this zone of the backshore, a volume loss of 6.51 m³ was recorded between the pre- and post-storm profiles. In September, this profile did not recover as in the other two sites (ZC1 and ZC2). The escarpment began to diminish in height on December, four months after the storm occurred (Fig. 8). The ability to differentiate the behavior of the beach according to the coverage of its frontal dune is fundamental for land-use planning. Therefore, to find solutions applicable in the short and medium term is important to the natural balance, economic and social growth of these cities. It is concluded that in an erosive zone such as the central area of Pehuen Co, the frontal dune cover is decisive for coastal dynamics. The impact and recovery of the beach after storm events were better developed in places with vegetation cover over the dunes. In turn, the beach profiles in areas with perpendicular entrances to the beach had strong erosion processes and slow recovery. We recommend to modify the entrances to the beach and reduce their number as much as possible. Therefore, risk maps are needed in order to generate better planning for coastal urban development.

Los asentamientos urbanos ocasionan una degradación de las playas haciéndolas más vulnerables a los efectos de eventos naturales (olas, mareas, vientos). Por este motivo, conocer el impacto del tipo de infraestructura o vegetación en médanos frontales puede ocasionar en la playa resulta de suma utilidad para la planificación urbana. En la localidad de Pehuen Co, al sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), se analizó la evolución de un sector específico de la playa con diferentes coberturas del médano frontal para comprender su comportamiento general (erosión y/o acreción). Para ello, se realizaron perfiles de playa mensuales y luego de tormentas fuertes, desde julio de 2007 a junio de 2010. Se eligieron tres sectores diferentes, separados 50 m entre sí, para realizar los perfiles: 1) al lado de una edificación construida sobre el médano frontal, 2) sobre el pie del médano vegetado, y 3) sobre una bajada peatonal hacia la playa. Sobre los resultados se aplicó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y se calcularon los volúmenes sedimentarios. Con el fin de completar el análisis se creó una matriz de doble entrada que permitió observar los desplazamientos y comportamientos de las geoformas en cada perfil. Finalmente, para evaluar los daños y respuesta en los perfiles de playa ante eventos erosivos se evaluó el impacto de uno de los temporales de viento más fuertes del período. Se concluyó que la cobertura del médano frontal es decisiva para la dinámica litoral. El impacto y la recuperación de la playa luego de eventos de tormenta fueron mejores donde había coberturas con vegetación. A su vez, los perfiles de playa en zonas con bajadas a la playa perpendiculares a la misma tuvieron fuertes procesos erosivos y lenta recuperación de sedimentos. Las diferentes respuestas de la playa según las condiciones que posee el médano frontal serán de ayuda a quienes deben tomar decisiones al momento de planificar la urbanización y emprendimientos a corto, medio y largo plazo sobre la franja costera.

Resumo A orla de Capão da Canoa, RS, intercala áreas de alta densidade ocupacional com áreas não urbanizadas que preservam suas características naturais. Neste trabalho, buscou-se analisar o índice de vulnerabilidade das dunas frontais, a partir de levantamentos de campo realizados no inverno e verão, utilizando-se uma lista de parâmetros. A partir da taxação destes, atribuiu-se um índice de vulnerabilidade para cada perfil. Os valores mais altos coincidiram com as áreas mais urbanizadas do município, devido à posição da urbanização que reduz a largura dos cordões de dunas frontais. A superioridade dos valores do índice de vulnerabilidade de inverno ao de verão altera o consenso sobre a interferência humana como principal vetor de vulnerabilidade. Os fatores que mais contribuíram para a degradação das dunas frontais foram: a condição de praia, no inverno, e a pressão de uso, no verão, indicando a alta fragilidade de alguns perfis ao longo da orla.

Abstract The shoreline of Capão da Canoa, RS, alternates densely populated areas with non urban empty spaces that still have their natural features preserved. This paperwork aimed to evaluate the foredunes vulnerability, by field evaluation along the shoreline in wintertime and summertime, using a field checklist. After rating some parameters, a Vulnerability Index was established for each profile. The highest values matched the most densely populated areas in that municipality, due to the position of the urban area that often shortens the width of the foredune ridges. The superiority of the wintertime vulnerability index when compared to summertime, changes the consensus about the human interference as the main vector of vulnerability. The major factors contributing to foredune degradation were: beach condition during winter time and use pressure, during summertime, indicating the high vulnerability associated with some profiles along the shoreline.

Resumen El litoral de Capão da Canoa, RS, alterna zonas densamente pobladas con espacios de vacíos urbanos que preservan sus características naturales. El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar el grado de vulnerabilidad de lo cordón dunar, por la evaluación de campo en invierno y el verano, utilizando una lista de verificación de campo. A partir de la obtención de los parámetros, un índice de vulnerabilidad se estableció para cada perfil. Los valores más elevados corresponden las zonas más densamente pobladas en ese municipio, tanto en invierno como en verano, debido la posición de la zona urbana, que a menudo reduce el ancho de lo cordón dunar. Los principales factores que contribuyen a la degradación de dunas litorales fueron: las condiciones de la playa durante el invierno y los usos humanos, durante el verano, lo que indica la alta vulnerabilidad asociada con algunos perfiles a lo largo del litoral.