Abstract The fungus Rhizopus stolonifer causes the rotting of fruits and vegetables, so it is important to search for biological control alternatives. The objective was to perform antagonism and evaluate the antifungal activity of H. coffeata against R. stolonifer. The percentage reduction in mycelial growth (PRCM) and the type of antagonism of R. stolonifer were evaluated when growing it together with the antagonist strains, and the antifungal activity of the H. coffeata culture broth was evaluated. The PRCM was higher for H. coffeata and Daldinia sp.; they presented class 1 antagonism and contact inhibition since the mycelium of H. coffeata rolled up the hyphae of R. stolonifer. The three H. coffeata culture broths affected the growth of R. stolonifer, but it was more evident in the coculture, so through this system molecules can be obtained to be used in the bio-control of R. stolonifer.

Resumen El hongo Rhizopus stolonifer causa pudrición de frutas y verduras, por lo que es importante la búsqueda de alternativas de control biológico. El objetivo fue realizar antagonismo y evaluar la actividad antifúngica de H. coffeata contra R. stolonifer. Se evaluó el porcentaje de reducción del crecimiento micelial (PRCM) y el tipo de antagonismo de R. stolonifer al crecerlo junto con las cepas antagonistas y se evaluó la actividad antifúngica del caldo de cultivo de H. coffeata. El PRCM fue mayor para H. coffeata y Daldinia sp., presentaron antagonismo de clase 1, inhibición por contacto, ya que el micelio de H. coffeata enrolló las hifas de R. stolonifer. Los tres caldos de cultivo de H. coffeata presentaron efecto sobre el crecimiento de R. stolonifer, pero, fue más evidente en el cocultivo, por lo que mediante este sistema se puede obtener moléculas para utilizarse en el bio-control de R. stolonifer.

Resumo Na biotecnologia moderna, o uso de enzimas para obter compostos novos ou modificados com propriedades antibacterianas, antifúngicas e anticancerígenas é crucial. Lactases de cogumelos são biocatalisadores promissores para síntese e modificação de diferentes compostos, por serem enzimas baratas e disponíveis para a preparação de componentes de reação, e vem recebendo a devida atenção recentemente. A purificação da lacase foi realizada a partir do basidiomiceto Lentinus strigosus em vários estágios: Etapa 1 - na cromatografia de troca iônica em TEAE Servacell 23 (400 ml), foram observados dois picos de atividade da lacase distintamente separados, com eluição do transportador a 0,21 e 0,27 M de NaCl. Para reduzir a perda de enzimas, todas as frações com atividade de lacase foram coletadas, concentradas e dessalinizadas em uma célula de ultrafiltração (Amicon, Estados Unidos) com membrana UM-10; Etapa 2 - a preparação resultante com atividade de lacase foi aplicada a uma coluna Q-Sepharose (60 ml). Durante a eluição, foram obtidos dois picos bem separados com atividade de lacase: lacase I (NaCl 0,12 M) e lacase II (NaCl 0,2 M); Etapa 3 - no decurso da purificação adicional de ambas as enzimas, realizada no Recurso Q de transportador de troca aniônica (6 ml), um gradiente quebrado foi usado: 0-10%, 10-20% e 20-100% com NaCl 1M; Etapa 4 - tanto a lacase I como a lacase II, obtidas após o Recurso Q, foram dessalinizadas e concentradas para 1 ml cada e aplicadas a uma coluna de filtração em gel Superdex 75. Como resultado, duas lacases foram obtidas de forma homogênea.

Abstract In advanced biotechnology, the utilization of enzymes to achieve new or modified compounds with antibacterial, fungicidal, and anti-cancer specifications is crucial. Mushroom lactases are a hopeful biocatalyst for the synthesis and modification of different compounds. They are an accessible and inexpensive enzyme for the preparation of reaction objects and have recently received attention. Laccase purification was performed from basidiomycete Lentinus strigosus (LS) in several stages: Stage 1. On ion-exchange chromatography on TEAE Servacell 23 (400 ml), two distinctly separated laccase activity peaks were observed, eluted from the carrier at 0.21 and 0.27 M NaCl. In order to reduce the loss of enzymes, all fractions with laccase activity were collected, concentrated, and desalted using an ultrafiltration cell (Amicon, United States) with a UM-10 membrane. Stage 2. The resulting preparation with laccase activity was applied to a Q-Sepharose column (60 ml). Two well-separated peaks with laccase activity were obtained during the elution: laccase I (0.12 M NaCl) and laccase II (0.2 M NaCl). Stage 3. In the course of further purification of both enzymes, carried out on anion-exchange carrier Resource Q (6 ml), a broken gradient was used: 0 - 10%, 10 - 20%, and 20 - 100% with 1M NaCl. Stage 4. Both laccase I and laccase II, obtained after Resource Q, were desalted, concentrated to 1 ml each, and applied to a Superdex 75 gel filtration column. As a result, two laccases were obtained in a homogeneous form.

ABSTRACT: Pythium insidiosum is an important oomycete pathogen of mammals that causes pythiosis, an endemic disease in warm climates that stands out for its unfavorable prognosis, lethality in the affected species, and difficulties in treatment. This study evaluated in vitro anti-P. insidiosum potential of aqueous, hydroethanolic, and ethanolic extracts of indigenous wild mushrooms from southern Brazil. The extracts were prepared from Amanita gemmata, Amanita muscaria, Auricularia auricula, Gymnopilus junonius, Lactarius deliciosus, Laccaria laccata, Psilocybe cubensis, and Russula xerampelina. In vitro susceptibility assays employed the microdilution technique according to the M38-A2 protocol CLSI. The hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts of R. xerampelina showed anti-P. insidiosum activity at minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.87-7.50 mg/mL. The other mushroom species extracts showed no inhibitory effects on growth of P. insidiosum. This is the first study to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of mushrooms on oomycetes, evidencing the antimicrobial potential of R. xerampelina on the pathogen P. insidiosum. So, the present study expands new perspectives, since the secondary metabolites produced by mushrooms can be potential targets for the development of new categories of medicines. However, considering the wide biodiversity of Brazilian mushrooms, we suggested that the search for other basidiomycetes species with anti-P. insidiosum action needs to be expanded. ABSTRACT pythiosis prognosis treatment antiP. antiP anti P anti-P aqueous Brazil gemmata muscaria auricula junonius deliciosus laccata cubensis M38A2 MA M38 A2 M A M38-A CLSI R 1.877.50 187750 1.87 7.50 1 87 7 50 1.87-7.5 mgmL mg mL mg/mL oomycetes So perspectives medicines However expanded M38A M3 877 1.877.5 18775 187 1.8 750 7.5 8 5 1.87-7. 1.877. 1877 18 1. 75 7. 1.87-7 1.877 1.87-

RESUMO: Pythium insidiosum é um importante oomiceto patógeno de mamíferos causador da pitiose, uma doença endêmica em climas quentes e que se destaca pelo prognóstico desfavorável, letalidade nas espécies afetadas e dificuldades no tratamento. Este estudo avaliou in vitro o potencial anti-P. insidiosum dos extratos aquosos, hidroetanólicos e etanólicos de cogumelos silvestres do sul do Brasil. Os extratos foram preparados a partir de Amanita gemmata, Amanita muscaria, Auricularia auricula, Gymnopilus junonius, Lactarius deliciosus, Laccaria laccata, Psilocybe cubensis e Russula xerampelina. Os ensaios de suscetibilidade in vitro empregaram a técnica de microdiluição em caldo de acordo com o protocolo M38-A2, CLSI. Os extratos hidroetanólico e etanólico de R. xerampelina apresentaram atividade anti-P. insidiosum em concentrações inibitórias mínimas que variaram de 1,87-7,50 mg/mL. Os extratos das demais espécies de cogumelos não apresentaram efeitos inibitórios sobre o crescimento de P. insidiosum. Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de cogumelos sobre oomicetos, evidenciando o potencial antimicrobiano de R. xerampelina sobre o patógeno P. insidiosum. Assim, o presente estudo amplia novas perspectivas, uma vez que os metabólitos secundários produzidos pelos cogumelos podem ser alvos potenciais para o desenvolvimento de novas categorias de fármacos. Porém, levando em consideração a ampla biodiversidade de cogumelos brasileiros, sugere-se que a busca por outras espécies de basidiomicetos com atividade anti-P. insidiosum precisa ser ampliada. RESUMO pitiose desfavorável tratamento antiP. antiP anti P anti-P aquosos Brasil gemmata muscaria auricula junonius deliciosus laccata M38A2, M38A2 MA M38 A2, A2 M A M38-A2 CLSI R 1,877,50 187750 1,87 7,50 1 87 7 50 1,87-7,5 mgmL mg mL mg/mL oomicetos Assim perspectivas fármacos Porém brasileiros sugerese sugere ampliada M38A M3 M38-A 877 1,877,5 18775 187 1,8 750 7,5 8 5 1,87-7, 1,877, 1877 18 1, 75 7, 1,87-7 1,877 1,87-

Resumen Los matorrales ocupan grandes extensiones en el Noreste de México, pero en ellos pocas especies de macrohongos han sido citadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer su diversidad asociada a matorrales. Los resultados demostraron una diversidad de 218 taxa de hongos pertenecientes a 145 géneros y 62 familias. En los estados de Nuevo León y Tamaulipas se distribuyeron 186 especies, 23 solo en Tamaulipas y nueve únicamente en Nuevo León. De ellos, 34 son nuevos registros para el Noreste de México. Los basidiomicetos son los más diversos con 187 especies, 125 géneros y 50 familias, le siguen los ascomicetos con 23 especies, 13 géneros y siete familias. Los mixomicetos (antes considerados hongos) son menos abundantes, con ocho especies, siete géneros y cinco familias. En cuanto a los géneros con mayor riqueza: Xylaria está representado por 14 taxones, Amanita con 10, Lactarius y Lentinus con seis, Ganoderma, Phellinus y Geastrum por cuatro, Boletus con tres y el resto menos de tres. Con respecto a la comestibilidad de los taxones, se registraron 175 no comestibles, 18 comestibles y 25 tóxicas. En relación al hábito de crecimiento, 62 son micorrícicos, 117 saprobios, 31 parásitos y ocho fagotróficos. La distribución altitudinal de 94 taxa se ubicó entre 100 y 500 m, 124 especies en un intervalo de 500 a 700 m. Los hongos micorrícicos y parásitos se asociaron a 41 especies de plantas.

Abstract Thornscrubs cover large areas in Northeast Mexico and few species of macrofungi have been reported. The objective of this study was to know the diversity of macrofungi associated with thornscrubs. The results showed a diversity of 218 fungal taxa, belonging to 145 genera and 62 families. 186 species are distributed in both states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, 23 only in Tamaulipas and nine only in Nuevo León. 34 of these species are new records for Northeast Mexico. Basidiomycetes are the most diverse with 187 species, 125 genera and 50 families, followed by Ascomycetes with 23 species, 13 genera and seven families. The Myxomycetes (formerly considered as fungi) were less abundant with eight species, seven genera and five families. As for the genera with the greatest richness, Xylaria had fourteen taxa it was followed by Amanita ten, Lactarius and Lentinus six, Ganoderma, Phellinus and Geastrum four, Boletus three, and the rest less than three. Regarding the edibility of the taxa, 175 were not edible, 18 edible and 25 toxic species were recorded. In relation to growth habit, 62 are mycorrhizal, 117 are saprotrophic, 31 are parasitic and eight are phagotrophic. The altitudinal distribution showed that 94 taxa were recorded between 100 and 500 m of altitude and 104 species grow between 500-700 m. Mycorrhizal and parasitic fungi are associated with 41 plant species.

Abstract The fungal diversity in Colima, Mexico has been sparsely studied with only 80 species of non-lichenized macroscopic fungi species and two slime molds reported. Most of the records are from the last century and have focused on the temperate zones of the state. A study of the macroscopic fungi and slime molds diversity in Colima, México is presented, with new records. Samplings were carried-out in 8 localities across 6 municipalities, including urban zones. We add 38 new records of which, 5 correspond to Ascomycota, 21 to Basidiomycota, 12 slime molds. The most well-represented genera in the samplings were Geastrum (5 species) and Didymium (3 species). Geastrum chamelense and Itajahya galericulata constitute the second and the third national records, respectively. The number of records is raised to 106 macroscopic fungal species and 14 slime molds species, with a total of 120 taxa. It is suggested to conduct more extensive sampling in unexplored areas, with an emphasis on the less-studied fungal groups such as ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, such as ramarioid, gasteroid and jelly fungi, as well as cultures in humid chambers for slime molds.

Resumen La diversidad fúngica de Colima, México ha sido escasamente estudiada con solo 80 especies de hongos macroscópicos no liquenizados y 2 especies de mixomicetos reportadas. La mayoría de los registros corresponden al siglo pasado y se han enfocado en las zonas templadas del estado. Se presenta un estudio de la diversidad de hongos macroscópicos y mixomicetos en Colima, México, con registros nuevos. Se llevaron a cabo muestreos en 8 localidades de 6 municipios, incluyendo zonas urbanas. Se adicionan 38 registros nuevos, de los cuales 5 pertenecen a Ascomycota, 21 a Basidiomycota y 12 a mixomicetos. Los géneros mejor representados en los muestreos fueron Geastrum (5 especies) y Didymium (3 especies). Geastrum chamelense e Itajahya galericulata corresponden al segundo y tercer registro nacional, respectivamente. Se aumenta a 106 el número de registros de especies de hongos y a 14 el de mixomicetos, dando un total de 120 taxones. Se sugiere realizar muestreos más extensos en zonas no exploradas, con énfasis en los grupos de hongos menos estudiados, tales como ascomicetos y basidiomicetos como hongos ramarioides, gasteroides y gelatinosos, así como cultivos en cámara húmeda para mixomicetos.

Abstract The alteration of forests due to anthropogenic activities and natural phenomena has led to the development of adaptive features so that organisms can tolerate it or use it to their benefit. In this study, saprotrophic fungi from a disturbed Juniperus deppeana forest were isolated and identified for in vitro propagation. Thirty-one specimens were collected and propagated on malt extract agar (EMA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), Kraft lignin agar (A-L) and mineral medium (MM). Taxonomic identification was performed on the basis of macro- and micromorphological characters of the basidiomata, and was complemented by phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences. Only 7 strains grew under in vitro conditions; they grew best in EMA and PDA media. Room temperature (~22 °C) and preservation at 4 °C were the best conditions to maintain the viability of the strains. After 6 months, strains preserved in glycerol (15%) at 4° and -20 °C were not viable. The isolated fungi belong to the genera Agrocybe, Byssomerulius, Coniophora and Gymnopus. Given the environmental conditions where the strains were isolated, they represent new research prospects for obtaining biomolecules of biotechnological interest.

Resumen La alteración de los bosques por actividades antropogénicas y fenómenos naturales ha llevado al desarrollo de características adaptativas para que los organismos puedan tolerarlos o usarlos en su beneficio. En este trabajo se aislaron e identificaron hongos saprótrofos de un bosque de Juniperus deppeana perturbado para su propagación in vitro. Se recolectaron 31 especímenes; se propagaron en extracto de malta agar (EMA), papa dextrosa agar (PDA), agar lignina Kraft (A-L) y medio mineral (MM). La identificación taxonómica se realizó a partir de caracteres macro y micromorfológicos de los basidiomas, y fue complementada con un análisis filogenético de secuencias ITS. Solo 7 de las cepas crecieron en condiciones in vitro; los medios EMA y PDA fueron donde mejor se desarrollaron. La temperatura ambiente (~22 °C) y la preservación a 4 °C fueron las mejores condiciones para mantener la viabilidad de las cepas. Después de 6 meses, las cepas preservadas en glicerol (15%) a 4° y -20 °C no fueron viables. Los hongos aislados pertenecen a los géneros Agrocybe, Byssomerulius, Coniophora y Gymnopus. Dada las condiciones ambientales donde las cepas fueron aisladas, éstas representan nuevos prospectos de investigación para la obtención de biomoléculas de interés biotecnológico.

Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate the α-amylases production by basidiomycetes in submerged cultivation (SmC), using wheat milling by-products as substrate. Enzymatic activity was evaluated to select the best strain, the ideal concentration, the by-product and the influence of supplementation in the culture medium. The best producer was chosen among three strains, Ganoderma applanatum (MR-56), Schizophyllum commune (MR-01), and Ganoderma stipitatum (MR-72). All of them were cultivated under the same conditions. MR-56 was selected for an initial screening activity of 5.10±0.31 U/mL in 192h. The Ganoderma applanatum strain was cultured in a medium with various starch concentrations to determine which concentration resulted in the highest α-amylase activity. After 120h of cultivation, activity in the medium containing 4.5% (w/v) had increased from 0.40±0.03 U/mL to 20.70±0.9 U/mL. Subsequently, the wheat milling by-products [Glue Flour (GF), Clean-Out Flour (CF4) Flour, and Low-grade Flour (LGF)] were evaluated in aqueous suspension with and without nutritional supplementation. It was shown that GF and LGF are potential starch sources which do not require nutritional supplementation, exhibiting increases in α-amylase activity of 31.79 U/mL and 30.98 U/mL, respectively. This is the first report involving the application of Ganoderma applanatum in SmC for α-amylase production using synthetic and wheat milling by-products. The results also demonstrated that wheat milling by-products may also be used without supplementation for cell growth and enzyme production, contributing to the development of more sustainable forms of enzyme production through the innovative use of edible organisms with medicinal properties. αamylases α amylases SmC, , (SmC) byproducts products substrate byproduct product strains MR56, MR56 MR 56 (MR-56) MR01, MR01 01 (MR-01) MR72. MR72 72 . (MR-72) conditions MR-5 510031 5 10 0 31 5.10±0.3 UmL U mL 192h h αamylase amylase 45 4 4.5 w/v wv w v (w/v 040003 40 03 0.40±0.0 207009 20 70 9 20.70±0. Subsequently Glue GF, (GF) CleanOut Clean Out CF4 CF (CF4 Lowgrade Low grade (LGF) 3179 79 31.7 3098 30 98 30.9 respectively byproducts. products. properties (SmC MR5 (MR-56 MR0 (MR-01 MR7 7 (MR-72 MR- 51003 1 3 5.10±0. 4. 04000 0.40±0. 20700 2 20.70±0 (GF (CF (LGF 317 31. 309 30. (MR-5 (MR-0 (MR-7 5100 5.10±0 0400 0.40±0 2070 20.70± (MR- 510 5.10± 040 0.40± 207 20.70 (MR 51 5.10 04 0.40 20.7 5.1 0.4 20. 5. 0.

Resumen La comunidad microbiana de un suelo está condicionada por las condiciones del suelo y por el tipo de manejo que se hace del mismo. En este estudio se han analizado, mediante análisis de ácidos grasos fosfolípidos (PLFAs), las comunidades microbianas de varios suelos agrícolas, de la zona pedoclimática lusitana, bajo dos tipos de sistemas: convencional y orgánico. Los suelos orgánicos presentaron una mayor cantidad de PLFAs totales y asociados a bacterias y a hongos arbusculares micorrízicos. Observamos que las cantidades de estos ácidos grasos estaban relacionados con la cantidad de materia orgánica y de nitrógeno total del suelo. Por otro lado, en los suelos convencionales encontramos una mayor cantidad de ácidos grasos relacionados con ascomicetos y basidiomicetos y una mayor proporción hongos/bacterias. Esto está directamente correlacionado con una mayor proporción de macro-agregados (> 2 cm) e inversamente correlacionado con la cantidad de nitrógeno.

Abstract The microbial community of a soil is determined by the soil properties and by the type of soil management. In this study, the microbial communities of several agricultural soils in the Lusitanian pedoclimatic zone, under two management systems (conventional and organic), were characterized by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis. Organic soils showed a higher amount of total PLFAs and PLFAs associated with bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We observed that the amounts of these fatty acids were related to the amount of soil organic matter and total nitrogen. On the other hand, in conventional soils we found a higher amount of fatty acids related to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes and a higher fungi/bacteria ratio. This is directly correlated with a higher proportion of macro-aggregates (> 2 cm) and inversely correlated with the amount of nitrogen.

ABSTRACT A preliminary inventory of macrofungi associated with Salix babylonica in south central Chile is presented. Sporomas of twelve basidiomycetes and one ascomycete were recorded during the 2021 season, functionally dividing into four ectomycorrhizal symbionts and nine wood decomposers. Pholiota conissans and Xerocomellus ripariellus, specialists in alluvial forests, are first records for Chile, along with Cortinarius saniosus and Junghuhnia nitida. Compatibility of endemic lignicolous Anthracophyllum discolor, Clitocybe pleurotus and Pluteus brunneoolivaceus with wood of allochthonous S. babylonica could also be shown.

RESUMO Fungos basidiomicetos decompositores de madeira produzem substâncias com atividade biológica promissora para o controle alternativo de doenças de plantas. A produção dessas substâncias é influenciada pela condição climática e substrato utilizado para cultivo do fungo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se desenvolver um substrato com serragem de Eucalyptus sp. para verificar a influência na produção de biomassa e cinabarina por Pycnoporus sanguineus. A serragem foi utilizada em duas granulometrias, inferior a 500 micra (G1) e entre 500 a 841 micra (G2). Quatro isolados de P. sanguineus foram repicados em placas contendo o meio de cultivo caldo de batata e ágar adicionados com zero, 1%, 5%, 10% e 15% de serragem para cada granulometria. O maior diâmetro final da colônia e velocidade de crescimento micelial foi observado no substrato com granulometria G1, sendo o isolado Ps14 com as maiores médias. A concentração de serragem, para essas variáveis, não influenciou na granulometria G1 e proporcionou maiores valores na granulometria G2. Massa fresca do micélio e produção de cinabarina apresentaram os maiores valores em G2, sendo dos isolados Ps13 e Ps08 as maiores médias, já em G1, Ps14 apresentou o melhor desempenho nas variáveis analisadas. A serragem de Eucalyptus sp., nas concentrações de 10% e 15% é uma alternativa para cultivo in vitro de P. sanguineus, e a granulometria influencia na velocidade de crescimento, produção de massa fresca e teor de cinabarina.

ABSTRACT Basidiomycete fungi that decompose wood produce substances with promising biological activity for the alternative control of plant diseases. The production of these substances can change according to the climatic conditions and the substrate used for fungal cultivation. The objective of this study was to develop a substrate with sawdust from Eucalyptus sp. and to verify its influence on biomass and cinnabarin production by Pycnoporus sanguineus. Sawdust was used in two particle sizes: less than 500 microns (G1) and between 500–841 microns (G2). Four isolates of P. sanguineus were plated on Petri dishes containing potato broth and agar media added with 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15% sawdust for each particle size. The largest final diameter of the colony and speed of mycelial growth were observed in the substrate with G1 particle size, with the Ps14 isolate showing the highest averages. For these variables, the sawdust concentration did not influence G1 granulometry and provided the highest values in G2 granulometry. Fresh mycelium mass and cinnabarin production showed the highest values in G2, with the isolated Ps13 and Ps08 showing the highest averages, whereas in G1, Ps14 had the best performance for the analyzed variables. These results indicate that sawdust from Eucalyptus sp., at concentrations of 10% and 15%, is an alternative for the in vitro cultivation of P. sanguineus, and that particle size influences the growth speed, fresh mass production, and cinnabarin content.

RESUMEN Ganoderma lucidum es un hongo medicinal con gran demanda en el mercado mundial, reconocido por poseer numerosos compuestos bioactivos con potencial antioxidante, principalmente por sus polifenoles, triterpenos y polisacáridos. En el presente estudio se determinó el contenido de polifenoles totales mediante el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y la evaluación de grupos funcionales estructurales mediante espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) en extractos etanólicos y acuosos del cuerpo fructífero de G. lucidum obtenidos del cultivo en sustrato lignocelulósico de aserrín de Pandala talaumanariñensis y paja de Avena sativa. El contenido de polifenoles totales fue mayor en los extractos acuosos (32,44 ± 0,7023 mg EAG/g) lo que indicaría que otros compuestos bioactivos de G. lucidum con actividad antioxidante podrían ser arrastrados en el agua caliente, enriqueciendo el extracto. Los espectros IR de G. lucidum presentaron bandas de absorción en el rango de 3372,59 a 670,27 cm-1, las cuales resultaron comparables con información espectral IR de productos comerciales del género Ganoderma. Los resultados encontrados muestran un interesante potencial de G. lucidum como fuente de antioxidantes naturales que pueden usarse en la industria alimentaria y medicinal, dado su contenido de polifenoles totales.

ABSTRACT Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus that has a worldwide demand due to its numerous bioactive components such as polyphenols, triterpenes, and polysaccharides, which have antioxidant potentials. This study assessed the total polyphenol content through the Folin-Ciocalteu method and analyzed structural functional groups using Fourier-transmform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ethanolic and aqueous solutions were extracted from fruiting bodies of G. lucidum growing in lignocellulosic substrates of sawdust and straw obtained from Pandala talaumanariñensis and Avena sativa, respectively. The total polyphenol content was higher in the aqueous solutions (32,44 ± 0,7023 mg GAE/g), which would indicate that other bioactive compounds of G. lucidum can be extracted with hot water, enriching this solution. The IR spectra of G. lucidum showed absorption bands between the 3372,59 to 670,27 cm-1 range, which were similar to IR spectral information of the genus Ganoderma. These results demonstrate an interesting potential of G. lucidum as a source of natural antioxidants that can be used for the food and medicinal industry, given its total polyphenol content.

RESUMEN Los hongos del Género Ganoderma son reconocidos mundialmente por sus propiedades medicinales y su mercado nacional e internacional crece continuamente. Con el objetivo de indagar acerca del potencial comercial de nuestra diversidad fúngica, se determinaron los contenidos de compuestos bio-activos, conocidos como Ácidos Ganodéricos (A.G.), a partir de tres fuentes del hongo. De los cuerpos fructíferos de dos variedades de Ganoderma sp y Ganoderma lucidum (silvestre y comercial). La variedad silvestre fue recolectada en el municipio de Quimbaya Quindío, la comercial, certificada, se cultivó sobre residuos agroindustriales de plátano y el sustrato agotado fue obtenido después de la recolección de la variedad comercial. Las tres muestras obtenidas por triplicado, fueron secadas y sometidas a extracción con fluidos supercríticos y por ultrasonido. La concentración de A.G. se determinó por Cromatografía Líquida (HPLC), por el método de normalización de áreas, usando como estándar el Acido Ganodérico A. Los mayores rendimientos de extracción fueron obtenidos por el método de ultrasonido, independientemente de la muestra analizada. El mayor contenido de A.G., fue encontrado en la cepa silvestre (266 µg/g), aproximadamente 30% más que en la variedad comercial, aunque considerablemente menor a estudios internacionales. Es posible concluir que la variedad silvestre tendría potencial para convertirse en una fuente comercial de A.G.

ABSTRACT Ganoderma genus are recognized worldwide for their medicinal properties and their national and international market is continuously growing. In order to investigate the commercial potential of our fungal diversity, the contents of bioactive compounds, known as Ganodic Acids (A.G.), were determined from three sources of fungus. Of the fruiting bodies of two varieties of Ganoderma sp and Ganoderma lucidum (wild and commercial). The wild variety was collected in the municipality of Quimbaya Quindío, the commercial, certified, was developed on agro-industrial plantain waste and the spent substrate were obtained after the harvesting of the commercial variety. The three samples obtained in triplicate, were dried and subjected to extraction with supercritical fluids and ultrasound. The concentration of A.G. was determined by Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), by the method of normalization of areas, using as standard Ganoderic Acid A. The method of extraction by ultrasound was the most efficient in all cases. The highest content of A.G., was found in the wild strain (266 μg/g), approximately 30% more than in the commercial variety, although considerably less than international studies. It is possible to conclude that the wild variety would have the potential to become a commercial source of A.G.

RESUMO Os fungos do gênero Ganoderma são reconhecidos mundialmente por suas propriedades medicinais e seu mercado nacional e internacional está crescendo continuamente. A fim de investigar o potencial comercial da nossa biodiversidade fúngica, o conteúdo de compostos bioativos, conhecidos como Ácidos Ganódericos (A.G.), foi determinado a partir de três fontes de fungos. Dos corpos frutíferos de duas variedades de Ganoderma sp e Ganoderma lucidum (silvestre e comercial). A variedade silvestre foi coletada no município de Quimbaya Quindío, a comercial, certificada, foi desenvolvida sobre resíduos de bananeira agroindustrial e do substrato gasto obtido após a colheita da variedade comercial. As três amostras obtidas em triplicata, foram secas e submetidas à extração com fluidos supercríticos e ultra-som. A concentração de A.G. foi determinado por Cromatografia Líquida (HPLC), pelo método de normalização de áreas, utilizando como padrão o Ácido Ganodérico A. O método de extração por ultrassom foi o mais eficiente em todos os casos. O maior teor de A.G., foi encontrado na estirpe selvagem (266 μg/g), aproximadamente 30% mais do que na variedade comercial, embora consideravelmente menos do que os estudos internacionais. É possível concluir que a variedade silvestre teria o potencial de se tornar uma fonte comercial de A.G.

RESUMEN Pleurotus sp. es un género de basidiomicetos ampliamente distribuido a nivel mundial, con especies que revisten importancia, no solo desde el punto de vista comercial por su valor nutricional, sino también por sus propiedades medicinales. Sin embargo, aún son insuficientes los estudios micoquímicos y se desconoce su relación con las propiedades antioxidantes de bioproductos obtenidos de estas setas durante diferentes estados de crecimiento. En el presente trabajo, se determinó el contenido de proteínas, carbohidratos, azúcares reductores, fenoles totales y flavonoides, así como la actividad antioxidante in vitro (ensayos de captación de radicales DPPH y estimación del poder reductor) de extractos acuosos de Pleurotus ostreatus en dos estados de crecimiento (primordios y cuerpos fructíferos maduros) durante la fermentación sólida. El contenido de proteínas, azúcares reductores y flavonoides fue superior en el extracto acuoso de cuerpos fructíferos maduros, mientras que los carbohidratos y fenoles totales fueron mayores en el extracto de primordios. Los valores de EC50 en los ensayos de DPPH y los de poder reductor fueron de 1,72 mg/mL y 3,27 mg/mL para el extracto de primordios y de 0,44 mg/mL y 0,48 mg/mL para el de cuerpos fructíferos maduros, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren que las propiedades antioxidantes de extractos acuosos de Pleurotus ostreatus (primordios y cuerpos fructíferos maduros) reflejan las variaciones en la concentración de moléculas bioactivas, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades fisiológicas de las fases de crecimiento. Ello podría resultar de utilidad para el diseño de protocolos de obtención de bioproductos de Pleurotus ostreatus con aplicaciones potenciales como antioxidantes en las industrias alimentaria y farmacéutica.

ABSTRACT Pleurotus sp. is a genus of Basidiomycetes widely distributed worldwide, with species that are important not only from the commercial point of view for its nutritional value, but also for their medicinal properties. However, mycochemical studies and the relationship with the antioxidant properties of bioproducts obtained from these mushrooms during different growth stages are still insufficient. In this work, the content of proteins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, total phenols and flavonoids was determined, as well as the in vitro antioxidant activity (tests of scavenging DPPH and reducing power estimation) of aqueous extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus in different growth stages (primordia and mature fruiting bodies) during the solid fermentation. The content of proteins, reducing sugars and flavonoids was higher in the aqueous extract ofmature fruiting bodies, while carbohydrates and total phenols were increased in the extract ofprimordia. The EC50 values in the DPPH and reducing power assays were 1.72 mg/mL and 3.27 mg/mL for primordia extract and 0.44 mg/mL and 0.48 mg/mL in the case of mature fruiting bodies extract, respectively. The results suggest that the antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus aqueous extracts (primordia and mature fruiting bodies), reflected the variations in the concentration of bioactive molecules, taking into account the physiological characteristics of the growth phases. This could be useful in designing protocols for obtaining bioproducts from Pleurotus ostreatus with potential applications as antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Abstract: The biological decomposition of lignocellulosic materials caused by basidiomycetes plays an essential role in the carbon cycle. Brown rot fungi represent important agents in the biodegradation of wood products and standing coniferous trees in natural ecosystems. The initial moisture content of the wood is an important factor in the degradation process. In this work, the effects of initial moisture content of Eucalyptus grandis sapwood on decay by two brown rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Laetiporus sulphureus were studied over a 10-month period. The fungal activity was evaluated, through wood weight loss, moisture content, anatomical changes (scan electronic and fluorescence microscopy) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Weight loss increased through the 10-month test for both fungi, Laetiporus sulphureus producing higher mass losses. Colonization of the wood by both fungi started below the fiber saturation range. It was observed that the initial moisture content of the wood influenced the rate of deterioration: the wet samples showed higher weight loss compared to the dry samples. Changes in the chemical composition and structure of cell walls were detected. The initial moisture content of the substrate affected the development of the fungi, slowing their growth.

Abstract: Fungi cultured from air-seasoning blackgum and red oak timbers were assessed for their ability to cause wood decay using two hardwoods and one softwood species in an AWPA E10 soil block test. Weight losses were greatest for bigleaf maple and tended to be much lower on southern pine. Almost a quarter of the 35 taxa tested caused less than 5 % weight loss, suggesting they posed a relatively low decay risk, even under ideal laboratory conditions; despite all fungi tested having the ability to depolymerize wood. Three of the four fungi causing the largest weight losses were brown-rot fungi, although brown-rot fungi represented an only small proportion of the total isolates from the original hardwood timbers. These results illustrate the wide array of decay capabilities of fungi colonizing air-seasoning red oak and blackgum timbers, and the potential of many isolates to negatively affect wood properties through biodeterioration.