Resumen: La investigación determinó el efecto de la mediación de un videojuego educativo en el fortalecimiento de la resolución de problemas de matemáticas. El método cuantitativo con alcance descriptivo fue aplicado. La muestra fue no probabilística con 20 estudiantes de la Institución Educativa San Jorge, en la vereda Las Damas, Municipio de Purificación, Departamento de Tolima. Las variables estudiadas fueron: desempeño en resolución de problemas, mecánicas y percepción del videojuego. La encuesta inicial reflejó que un 90% no poseían habilidades matemáticas básicas y tenían una percepción negativa del área. Entonces, fue diseñada una estrategia educativa con un videojuego denominado Corredor Matemático de Pensamiento Variacional (Comapeva), en tercera persona con Unity 3D, Adobe Ilustrator y Autodesk 3d. Fue protagonizado por Comaco: joven aventurero que superó retos matemáticos. El guion narrativo combinó elementos del constructivismo, Aprendizaje Basado en Retos (ABR) y modelo instruccional ADDIE (Análisis, Diseño, Desarrollo, Implementación y Evaluación). La herramienta fue implementada con el apoyo de los docentes. Con el videojuego el 100% de los estudiantes resolvieron retos con diversas estrategias. Disminuyó un 21% el tiempo de desarrollo de los problemas, y un 33% las solicitudes de apoyo del docente. La concentración, atención, memoria, agilidad mental, interpretación y análisis fueron fortalecidas. El videojuego facilitó la construcción de conocimientos en matemáticas de forma sustancial. En consecuencia, fue innovador, motivador y permitió la trasformación de prácticas educativas según las necesidades de aprendizaje.

Abstract: The research considers the effect of the mediation of an educational video game in strengthening mathematics problem solving. The quantitative method with a descriptive scope was applied. The sample was non-probabilistic with 20 students from the San Jorge Educational Institution, in Las Damas village, Municipality of Purificación, Department of Tolima. The variables studied were problem-solving performance, game mechanics, and videogame perception. The initial survey showed that 90% of the students did not have basic mathematical skills and had a negative perception of the subject area. Therefore, an educational strategy was then designed using a video game called the Variational Thinking Mathematical Corridor (Comapeva). The game was developed in third person using Unity 3D, Adobe Illustrator, and Autodesk 3d. It starred Comaco: a young adventurer who overcame mathematical challenges. The narrative script combined elements of constructivism, Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) and instructional model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation). The tool was implemented with the support of the teachers. With the video game, 100% of the students were able to solve challenges using various strategies. Problem development time decreased by 21%, and teacher support requests decreased by 33%. Concentration, attention, memory, mental agility, interpretation, and analysis skills were all strengthened. The video game facilitated the construction of knowledge in mathematics in a substantial way. Consequently, the video game was found to be innovative and motivating, and it allowed for the transformation of educational practices according to the students' learning needs.

Abstract This article analyses the role of the Argentinian state concerning the Home Programme and the meaning beneficiaries give to it. Originally conceived as an assistance scheme to overcome problems of access to gas for domestic consumption through the delivery of gas cylinders to households, the programme became a direct monetary transfer. In a context of scarcity and lack of formal employment, the mechanism is insufficient given that female heads of household use the money to cover basic food basket expenses. The inefficiency of the state and the undermining of community and neighbourhood capacities to make problems visible and make demands would mean that the programme does not produce beneficiaries. In conclusion, the state carries out partial benefits that do not cover the needs of vulnerable households; likewise, the "Home Programme" dynamics could fulfil relevant objectives if it examines and adjusts its focus on rights.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el rol del Estado en relación con el Programa Hogar y el sentido que las beneficiarias le otorgan. En un inicio concebido como un esquema de asistencia para suplir los problemas de acceso a gas de consumo doméstico mediante la entrega de bombonas en los hogares, el programa devino en una transferencia monetaria directa. Este mecanismo es insuficiente, dado que, en un contexto de escasez y ausencia de empleo formal, las jefas de hogar emplean el dinero para sufragar gastos de la canasta básica. La ineficiencia del Estado, junto con capacidades comunitarias-barriales menoscabadas para visibilizar problemas y hacer demandas, hace que el programa, en realidad, no produzca beneficiarias. En conclusión, el Estado argentino lleva a cabo prestaciones parciales que no cubren las necesidades de los hogares vulnerables; asimismo, la dinámica del Programa Hogar podría cumplir objetivos relevantes si examinase y ajustase su enfoque de derechos.

ABSTRACT Sports management includes the planning, organization, direction, execution and control of direct and indirect actions related to sport as a sociocultural and economic manifestation; requires prior analysis of the particularities that make up a specific management area; and based on this, development strategies are designed. Therefore, the objective was set to carry out a theoretical and methodological foundation on sports management in the Republic of Ecuador. The analysis-synthesis method was used to address the basic ideas related to the field of action of the research, describing that the sports system is structured in organizations that aim to satisfy the needs of sports practice and population physical activity. according to different functions that include support and regulation, and are related to social responsibility, quality of life, value formation and social integration. Strategic management allows sports organizations to design, apply and control strategies, aimed at achieving goals and competing within a constantly changing environment. Each entity is developed, in particular, with its components and contents, where its orientation towards the current trends that regulate the management of sport is recommended.

RESUMO A gestão desportiva inclui o planejamento, organização, direção, execução e controle das ações diretas e indiretas relacionadas ao esporte como manifestação sociocultural e econômica; exige análise prévia das particularidades que compõem uma determinada área de gestão; e com base nisso, são desenhadas estratégias de desenvolvimento. Portanto, objetivou-se realizar uma fundamentação teórica e metodológica sobre a gestão esportiva na República do Equador. O método de análise-síntese foi utilizado para abordar as ideias básicas relacionadas ao campo de atuação da pesquisa, descrevendo que o sistema esportivo está estruturado em organizações que visam satisfazer as necessidades da prática esportiva e da atividade física da população de acordo com as diferentes funções que desempenham. incluem apoio e regulação e estão relacionados com responsabilidade social, qualidade de vida, formação de valores e integração social. A gestão estratégica permite às organizações desportivas desenhar, aplicar e controlar estratégias, visando atingir objetivos e competir num ambiente em constante mudança. Cada entidade desenvolve-se, em particular, com as suas componentes e conteúdos, onde se recomenda a sua orientação para as tendências atuais que regulam a gestão desportiva.

RESUMEN La gestión deportiva incluye la planeación, organización, dirección, ejecución y control de acciones directas e indirectas, relacionadas con el deporte como manifestación sociocultural y económica; requiere del análisis previo de las particularidades que conforman un área específica de gestión; y en función de ello, se diseñan estrategias desarrolladoras. Por ello, se planteó como objetivo realizar una fundamentación teórica y metodológica sobre la gestión deportiva, en la República de Ecuador. Se utilizó el método de análisis-síntesis, para abordar las ideas básicas relacionadas con el campo de acción de la investigación, al describir que el sistema deportivo se estructura en organizaciones que pretenden satisfacer las necesidades de la práctica deportiva y de la actividad física poblacional, según diferentes funciones que incluyen apoyo y regulación, y se relacionan con la responsabilidad social, la calidad de vida, la formación de valores y la integración social. La gestión estratégica permite a las organizaciones deportivas diseñar, aplicar y controlar estrategias, orientadas al logro de metas y competir dentro de un entorno en constante cambio. Cada entidad se desarrolla, en particular, con sus componentes y contenidos, donde se recomienda su orientación hacia las tendencias actuales que norman la gestión del deporte.

ABSTRACT The training processes, complex due to their very social nature, start from the contexts in which they develop and the psycho-pedagogical, sociological, cultural and physiological characteristics of those who intervene as personal components. The Ecuadorian educational field, aware of the above, has demonstrated in recent years the development of strategies aimed at meeting basic inclusion standards, recognized by international organizations and materialized in pedagogical and curricular actions at all educational levels. The proposed research was aimed at perfecting the evaluation scale for the inclusion, in the Physical Education subject, of students with special educational needs associated with a disability, in Ecuador. Analysis-synthesis and modeling methods were used; in addition, documentary analysis and a survey of teachers in the area to delve into the phenomenological characteristics of the research object. Descriptive statistics facilitated the processing of information and the determination of regularities, which supported the proposal of the system of actions, for the improvement of the inclusive evaluation scale for Physical Education.

RESUMO Os processos de formação, complexos pela sua natureza muito social, partem dos contextos em que se desenvolvem e das características psicopedagógicas, sociológicas, culturais e fisiológicas de quem intervém como componentes pessoais do processo. O contexto educacional equatoriano, consciente do exposto, tem evidenciado, nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de estratégias que visam atender aos padrões básicos de inclusão reconhecidos pelos organismos internacionais e materializados em ações pedagógicas e curriculares em todos os níveis educacionais. A pesquisa proposta teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar a escala de avaliação para a inclusão, na disciplina de Educação Física, de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais associadas à deficiência, a partir de uma visão holística, no contexto equatoriano. Métodos de análise-síntese e modelagem foram utilizados para o estudo teórico prático do processo avaliativo em Educação Física. Além disso, a análise documental e um levantamento de professores da área, para a análise das características fenomenológicas do objeto de pesquisa, que subsidiaram a proposta do sistema de ações para o aprimoramento da escala de avaliação inclusiva para a Educação Física.

RESUMEN Los procesos formativos, complejos por su propia naturaleza social, parten de los contextos en que se desarrollan y de las características psicopedagógicas, sociológicas, culturales y fisiológicas de los que intervienen como componentes personales. El ámbito educativo ecuatoriano, consciente de lo anterior, evidenció en los últimos años el desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a cumplir estándares básicos de inclusión, reconocidos por organismos internacionales y materializados en acciones pedagógicas y curriculares en todos los niveles formativos. La investigación propuesta estuvo dirigida a perfeccionar la escala evaluativa para la inclusión, en la asignatura Educación física, de los estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales asociados a una discapacidad, en Ecuador. Se utilizaron los métodos de análisis-síntesis y modelación; además, el análisis documental y una encuesta a docentes del área para profundizar en las características fenomenológicas del objeto de investigación. La estadística descriptiva facilitó el procesamiento de la información y la determinación de regularidades, lo que sustentó la propuesta del sistema de acciones, para el perfeccionamiento de la escala evaluativa inclusiva para la Educación Física.

ABSTRACT Free time and its adequate use through recreation constitute a problem that has been given great attention in recent years by some institutions and authors from different parts of the world, which acquires greater significance when it is approached in the context of educational centers, due to its evident relation with the integral formation and quality of life of these schoolchildren. Within the educational centers, the schools of the sports education and training system deserve special attention, where the demands become more complex when academic education is harmoniously combined with sports practice and training. That is why the objective of this article focuses on assessing the importance of the use of Recreation in an educational and creative free time, from the context of the Basic Sports Formation, in terms of the integral formation of student-athletes. Starting from the analysis of published works related to the subject, the article makes an assessment in the context of the reality of student-athletes in these educational-sports centers. The need to deepen in the study of this population, their particularities and needs to provide them with an adequate use of their free time through varied recreational activities that contribute to their recreational satisfaction, integral formation and improvement of their quality of life is glimpsed.

RESUMO O tempo livre e seu aproveitamento adequado por meio da recreação é um tema que tem recebido grande atenção nos últimos anos por inúmeras instituições e pesquisadores de diversas partes do mundo; que adquire maior significado quando abordado no contexto educacional, devido à sua evidente relação com a formação integral e qualidade de vida dos estudantes. Dentre os centros educacionais, merecem especial atenção as escolas do sistema de educação e treinamento esportivo, onde as demandas tornam-se mais complexas quando a academia, a prática e o treinamento esportivo se combinam harmoniosamente. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste artigo centrou-se em avaliar a importância da utilização da recreação nos tempos livres educativos e criativos, a partir do contexto das Escolas de Iniciação Esportiva, a partir da formação integral dos alunos atletas. O ponto de partida foi a análise de trabalhos publicados que abordavam o tema em centros de ensino esportivo, para fazer uma avaliação. Como resultados, viu-se a necessidade de se aprofundar nas particularidades e necessidades de promover o uso adequado do tempo livre, com atividades recreativas variadas que contribuam para a satisfação recreativa, a formação integral e a melhoria da qualidade de vida.

RESUMEN El tiempo libre y su adecuada utilización por medio de la recreación constituye una temática a la que se le ha conferido gran atención en los últimos años, por numerosas instituciones e investigadores de diferentes partes del mundo; lo que adquiere mayor significación cuando se aborda en el contexto educativo, por su evidente relación con la formación integral y la calidad de vida de los estudiantes. Entre los centros educativos, merecen singular atención las escuelas del sistema de enseñanza y formación deportiva, donde se complejizan las exigencias al combinarse de forma armónica la academia, la práctica y la formación deportiva. Es por ello, que el objetivo del presente artículo se centró en valorar la importancia de la utilización de la recreación en el tiempo libre educativo y creativo, desde el contexto de las Escuelas de Iniciación Deportiva, en función de la formación integral de los estudiantes-atletas. Se partió del análisis de trabajos publicados que abordaron la temática en los centros de enseñanza deportiva, para efectuar una valoración. Como resultados, se vislumbró la necesidad de profundizar en las particularidades y necesidades para propiciar un aprovechamiento adecuado del tiempo libre, con actividades recreativas variadas que contribuyan a la satisfacción recreativa, la formación integral y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida.

School-related Gender-based Violence (SRGBV) is a sub-set of gender-based violence (GBV) that occurs in primary and secondary school settings. SRGBV is a daunting reality, a crime against humanity, and therefore a human rights issue. Responsive SRGBV programmes need to be dynamic, and determined by the needs of communities and learners. If the Department of Basic Education (DBE) wants to remain relevant in supporting communities into becoming safe spaces for all, it needs to promote safe community models with adequate flexibility. Although school-based occupational therapists are a human resource of the DBE, traditionally occupational therapists have not been involved in addressing SRGBV in school settings in South Africa. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This opinion paper elaborates on the context within which school-based occupational therapists can reframe SRGBV as an occupational injustice, and develop life skills interventions that address SRGBV. Recommendations for action are made using existing frameworks such as the Participatory Occupational Justice Framework, and the INSPIRE framework of the United Nations. It encourages school-based occupational therapists to become activists that promote occupational justice, and are leaders in the prevention of and intervention for SRGBV.

Resumen El panorama educativo actual exige que los docentes desarrollen competencias digitales articulando la tecnología con la pedagogía para satisfacer las necesidades de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones sobre las competencias digitales de los docentes y el rendimiento académico en educación básica, fundamentado en una revisión sistemática de literatura. Se utilizaron los principales motores de búsqueda como: Scielo, Dialnet y Redalyc, para la elección de 20 publicaciones referentes a las palabras claves relacionadas con la competencia digital docente, rendimiento académico y educación básica. Notoriamente, los resultados mostraron una mayor producción científica en el año 2022 (45%), provenientes de la base de datos Dialnet (40%) y especialmente de Perú (60%). Se resalta las diferencias de competencia digital de algunos docentes latinos; desde bajas habilidades cognitivas hasta altas capacidades digitales y una adecuada aplicación de los recursos técnicos (Colombia y Venezuela).

Abstract The current educational landscape requires teachers to develop digital competencies by articulating technology with pedagogy to meet the learning needs of students. The objective of the learning needs of students. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the publications on teachers’ digital competencies and academic performance in basic education, based on a systematic literature review. The main search engines were used, such as: Scielo, Dialnet and Redalyc, to choose 20 publications referring to the keywords related to teaching digital competence, academic performance and basic education. Noticeably, the results showed greater scientific production in 2022 (45%), coming from the Dialnet database (40%) and especially from Peru (60%). The differences in digital competence of some Latino teachers are highlighted; from low cognitive skills to high digital capabilities and an adequate application of technical resources (Colombia and Venezuela).

Abstract Amidst the crisis of ideologies and traditional conceptions about the state, liberal communitarianism develops an original political approach. Its central proposition is that a good society requires a balance between State, community, and market, rejecting both the minimal state and state-centrism. The present text seeks to answer the question: what elements are central to liberal communitarian theory in approaching the role of the State and its relations with the community and the market in contemporary societies? According to the exposition, the aspects that distinguish the communitarian formulation are: (i) the empirical analysis of the State has as its ethical-political reference the concept of the good society; (ii) democracy requires a responsive State, sensitive to the voice of communities; (iii) conversely to the politics of neutrality, the State is committed to a limited set of core values; (iv) the State fulfills fundamental functions, but, either strong or weak, its functions are always limited; (v) the fulfillment of collective needs and the common good requires a balance between State, community and market; (vi) to ensure peace in international relations requires the perspective of basic security, with the global political community as a horizon. The communitarian theory, which presents itself politically as a third way, brings relevant contributions to understanding current State dilemmas and examining future perspectives. The research technique is bibliographic. approach statecentrism. statecentrism centrism. centrism state-centrism question societies exposition i (i ethicalpolitical ethical ii (ii communities iii (iii neutrality values iv (iv but weak v (v vi (vi security horizon way perspectives bibliographic

Resumo Em meio à crise das ideologias e concepções tradicionais sobre o Estado, o comunitarismo liberal desenvolve uma abordagem política original. Sua proposta central é que uma boa sociedade requer um equilíbrio entre Estado, comunidade e mercado, rejeitando tanto o Estado mínimo quanto o estado-centrismo. No trabalho do sociólogo Amitai Etzioni, encontra-se a formulação política mais sistemática do pensamento comunitário. O presente texto busca responder a questão: que elementos são centrais na teoria comunitarista liberal na abordagem do papel do Estado e suas relações com a comunidade e o mercado nas sociedades contemporâneas? Segundo se expõe, os aspectos que distinguem a formulação comunitarista são: (i) a análise empírica do Estado tem como referência ético-política o conceito de boa sociedade; (ii) a democracia requer um Estado responsivo, sensível à voz das comunidades; (iii) ao contrário da política de neutralidade, o Estado está comprometido com um conjunto limitado de valores nucleares; (iv) o Estado cumpre funções fundamentais, mas, seja forte ou fraco, suas funções são sempre limitadas; (v) a satisfação das necessidades coletivas e do bem comum requer um equilíbrio entre Estado, comunidade e mercado; (vi) garantir a paz nas relações internacionais demanda a perspectiva da segurança básica, tendo a comunidade política global como horizonte. A teoria comunitarista, que se apresenta politicamente como uma terceira via, traz contribuições relevantes para compreender os dilemas atuais do Estado e examinar as perspectivas futuras. A técnica de pesquisa é bibliográfica. original estadocentrismo. estadocentrismo estado centrismo. centrismo estado-centrismo Etzioni encontrase encontra comunitário questão contemporâneas expõe i (i éticopolítica ético ii (ii responsivo comunidades iii (iii neutralidade nucleares iv (iv fundamentais mas fraco limitadas v (v vi (vi básica horizonte via futuras bibliográfica

ABSTRACT: Within the framework of an inclusive paradigm, the need for co-teaching arises in order to meet the policies and educational needs of students in a regular classroom. However, these policies present difficulties in their transfer to teaching practices. This article aims to describe what are the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of co-teaching between the special education teacher and the basic education teacher in Chilean public schools. To do this, a quali-quanti mixed investigation is proposed, of a sequential explanatory type. The results indicate that the main facilitators are attitudinal aspects, collaborative work and support from management teams. Regarding the barriers, time, training and lack of personnel arise. It is concluded that the time provided by the legislation to do co-teaching would be insufficient, however, when an establishment has a leader with a focus on the pedagogical that accompanies co-teaching, that time can be managed in a way that optimizes and encourages its implementation in school.

RESUMEN: En el marco de un paradigma inclusivo, surge la necesidad de realizar codocencia con motivo de atender a las políticas educativas y a las necesidades del alumnado dentro de un aula regular. Sin embargo, estas políticas presentan dificultades en su transferencia hacia las prácticas docentes. Este artículo tiene por objetivo describir cuáles son los facilitadores y barreras para la implementación de la codocencia entre el/la profesor/a de educación especial y el/la profesor/a de educación básica en escuelas públicas chilenas. Para ello se plantea una investigación mixta cuali-cuanti, de tipo secuencial explicativa. Los resultados indican que los principales facilitadores son los aspectos actitudinales, trabajo colaborativo y apoyo de los equipos directivos con énfasis en un liderazgo pedagógico e inclusivo. Respecto de las barreras, surgen el tiempo, las capacitaciones y la falta de personal. Se concluye que el tiempo brindado por la legislación para hacer codocencia sería insuficiente, sin embargo, cuando un establecimiento cuenta con un líder con foco en lo pedagógico e inclusivo que acompaña la codocencia, ese tiempo es posible gestionarlo de manera que optimice y propicie su implementación en la escuela.

Resumen Los cafetales (Coffea arabica) de la región de la Montaña de Guerrero mantienen las características de un bosque, además contribuyen a la generación de recursos económicos que ayudan a un gran número de familias a mitigar parte de sus necesidades básicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la estructura y los usos de las especies de sombra de los cafetales en dos comunidades Me’phaa de la Montaña de Guerrero. Se muestrearon 12 parcelas en Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec y La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec; se utilizó el método de punto-centro-cuadrado; a los árboles se les midió la distancia, altura, cobertura de copa y diámetro normal. Se estimó la diversidad alfa basada en la riqueza de especies (S), el Índice de Simpson, Shannon-Wiener y el número efectivo de especies (N0, N1 y N2), la similitud se calculó con el Coeficiente Jaccard (I J ) y se determinó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Para reconocer los usos de los árboles se aplicaron entrevistas (50 en TC y 10 en LC) estructuradas a los cafeticultores. Se registraron 35 especies, 16 en Tres Cruces y 22 en La Ciénega, de las cuales 83.3 % fueron nativas, por lo que se clasifica como manejo tradicional. Alnus acuminata en LC y Myrsine juergensenii en TC fueron las de mayor IVI. Los cafeticultores señalaron a 24 especies en TC y 14 en LC que proporcionan sombra, generan materia orgánica, frutos, flores y combustibles; las especies más empleadas son Clethra mexicana y A. acuminata.

Abstract The coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations of the Montaña de Guerrero region preserve the characteristics of a forest and also contribute to the generation of economic resources that help a large number of families to meet some of their basic needs. The objective of this work was to identify the structure and uses of shade species in coffee plantations in two Me'phaa communities in the Montaña de Guerrero region. Twelve plots in Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec and La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec, were sampled using the point-center-square method; trees were measured for distance, height, crown cover and normal diameter. The alpha diversity was estimated based on species richness (S), Simpson's Index, Shannon-Wiener’s Index, and the effective number of species (N0, N1 and N2); similarity was calculated with the Jaccard index (J I ), and the Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined. In order to identify the uses of the trees, structured interviews (50 in TC and 10 in LC) were carried out with coffee growers. Thirty-five species were recorded -16 in Tres Cruces and 22 in La Ciénega-, of which 83.3 % were native; therefore, the region is classified as under traditional management. Alnus acuminata in LC and Myrsine juergensenii in TC had the highest IVI. Coffee growers reported 24 species in TC and 14 in LC that provide shade, generate organic matter, fruits, flowers, and fuel. The most commonly used species are Clethra mexicana and A. acuminata.

ABSTRACT Foundation: aging is a fact that affects the entire world population, and considerably, the most developed countries, in which life expectancy has been increasing as reflected in the United Nations report. Objective: to describe the social context and functional capacity in gerontos of clinic # 8 of Health Area I of the Cienfuegos municipality during the year 2022. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. A 30 % sample was randomly selected for a total of 131 elderly people. A structured interview was carried out, which included the general variables: age, sex, level of education, occupation, personal pathological history, support collaboration and to complete the social assessment, the Family Functioning Questionnaire was applied. Results: the age group of 60 to 65 years had the most prevalence, 45.5 % studied until they completed primary school, followed by those who completed secondary school with 29.0 %. Retirees were represented at 38.9 %, the main non-communicable diseases that prevailed were: high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, 40.4 % lived alone, 19.8 % had a caregiver, 14.5 % did not receive support and 9.9 % of the elderly who were in a probable state of social need. Conclusions: a well-nourished, loved, supported older adult, with all basic needs satisfied, as well as all associated diseases typical of this stage of life compensated, will have a better quality of life in any society.

RESUMEN Fundamento: el envejecimiento es un hecho que afecta a toda la población mundial, y de manera considerable, a los países más desarrollados, en los que la esperanza de vida ha ido aumentando tal y como se refleja en el informe de Naciones Unidas. Objetivo: describir el contexto social y capacidad funcional en gerontos del consultorio # 8 del Área de Salud I del municipio Cienfuegos durante el año 2022. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se seleccionó aleatoriamente una muestra del 30 % para un total de 131 ancianos. Se realizó una entrevista estructurada, que recogió las variables generales: edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, ocupación, antecedentes patológicos personales, la colaboración de apoyo y para completar la valoración social se aplicó el Cuestionario de Funcionamiento Familiar. Resultados: el grupo de edad de 60 a 65 años tuvo más prevalencia, el 45,5 % estudió hasta la primaria terminada, seguidos de los de secundaria terminada con el 29,0 %. Los jubilados estuvieron representados en un 38,9 %, las principales enfermedades no transmisibles que prevalecieron fueron: la hipertensión arterial, la cardiopatía isquémica y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, el 40,4 % vivía solo, el 19,8 % tenía cuidador, el 14,5 % no recibían apoyo y el 9,9 % de los ancianos que se encontraban en probable estado de necesidad social. Conclusiones: un adulto mayor bien nutrido, querido, apoyado, con todas las necesidades básicas satisfechas, así como todas las enfermedades asociadas propias de esta etapa de la vida compensadas, tendrá en cualquier sociedad una mejor calidad de vida.

Resumo Com a propagação da pandemia do COVID-19, a pobreza acrescentou no mundo inteiro causando também desigualdade, e os países em desenvolvimento como Equador foram os mais afeitados. Considerando essa problemática, esse trabalho tem o objetivo de fazer uma análise dos efeitos causados pelo COVID-19 sob a pobreza multidimensional de Equador. Para isso, fizeram-se cálculos do índice da pobreza multidimensional que determinaram a contribuição absoluta de cada indicador de privação sob o índice. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que Equador teve um incremento de 1.11 pontos no índice de pobreza multidimensional entre 2019 e 2020, principalmente por causa do aumento do desemprego e emprego não adequado e, para isso, a proposta é acrescentar a articulação e integração das instituições governamentais e da sociedade civil para garantir a cobertura completa da assistência social, além de fortalecer os níveis de proteção social existentes em Equador. JEL: I32 Medição e análise da pobreza.

Resumen Con la propagación de la pandemia causada por el COVID-19, la pobreza aumentó en todo el mundo y con ello la desigualdad, siendo los países en vías de desarrollo, como el Ecuador, los que se vieron más afectados. En función de esta problemática, este trabajo se desarrolló con el objetivo de analizar los efectos causados por el COVID-19 en la pobreza multidimensional de Ecuador, para lo cual se calculó el índice de pobreza multidimensional y se determinó la contribución absoluta de cada indicador de privación sobre el índice. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que Ecuador tuvo un incremento de 1,11 puntos en el índice de pobreza multidimensional entre 2019 y 2020, principalmente generado por el aumento del desempleo y el empleo inadecuado, por lo que se propone ahondar esfuerzos en la articulación e integración de las instituciones gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil para garantizar la plena cobertura de la asistencia social, así como fortalecer los pisos de protección social existentes en Ecuador. JEL: I32 Medición y análisis de la pobreza.

Abstract With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, poverty and inequality increased all over the world, and developing countries such as Ecuador were most affected ones. Considering this issue, this work was performed with the objective of analyzing the effects of COVID-19 on multi-dimensional poverty in Ecuador. For this purpose, the multi-dimensional poverty index was calculated, determining the absolute contribution of every poverty indicator on the index. The results obtained proved that Ecuador did have an increase of 1.11 points in the multi-dimensional poverty index between 2019 and 2020, mainly caused by the increase in unemployment and the lack of adequate employment. As such, it was proposed to make greater efforts in articulating and integrating government and civilian institutions to ensure full coverage of social assistance, as well as strengthening the social protection levels that exist in Ecuador. JEL: I32 Poverty measurement and analysis.

RESUMEN El estudio explora la implementación de estrategias pedagógicas inclusivas en la educación básica para fomentar un aprendizaje significativo. Con una metodología mixta, se analizan las percepciones de docentes y estudiantes y el impacto de estas estrategias en el rendimiento y participación de los alumnos. Los resultados asocian la aplicación de métodos inclusivos a una mayor comprensión y retención del conocimiento, promoviendo la igualdad y la diversidad. El artículo destaca la importancia de adaptar las prácticas educativas para satisfacer las necesidades de los estudiantes, subrayando el papel de los docentes en la creación de un ambiente de aprendizaje inclusivo y efectivo.

ABSTRACT This study explores the implementation of inclusive pedagogical strategies in basic education to promote meaningful learning. Using a mixed-methodology approach, it examines the perceptions of teachers and students and the impact of these strategies on student performance and participation. The results associate the application of inclusive methods with increased understanding and knowledge retention, promoting equality and diversity. The article highlights the importance of adapting educational practices to meet the needs of students, underscoring the role of teachers in creating an inclusive and effective learning environment.

Abstract This paper reviews the different approaches and policies that are most used in the literature to measure the level of poverty with tools of fuzzy logic. These policies are based on the integrated measurement method (IM), which combines poverty line methods and unmet basic needs. Moreover, we present the most recent studies on the measurement of the level of poverty in different sectors and populations, as well as the more relevant conclusions of the work.

Resumen En este trabajo se revisan los diversos enfoques y políticas más utilizados en la literatura para medir el nivel de pobreza mediante las herramientas de la lógica difusa. Estas políticas se basan en el método de medición integrado (MI), el cual combina los métodos de la línea de pobreza y las necesidades básicas insatisfechas. También se presentan los estudios más recientes sobre la medición del nivel de pobreza en diferentes sectores y poblaciones. Finalmente, se plantean las conclusiones más relevantes del trabajo realizado.

In the majority of South African schools, maintaining discipline remains a challenge - a situation which commands the attention of departmental officials both locally and internationally. When negative disciplinary approaches were prohibited in schools in this country, positive disciplinary measures were recommended in the form of a code of conduct for learners. In the study reported on here we examined the challenges that teachers face in using a code of conduct to maintain positive discipline among the learner cohort. The study was guided by positive discipline and democratic theories. These theories imply that discipline must be taught to learners so that they are equipped to behave appropriately and obey the school/classroom rules. Data were gathered from a total of 16 educators in 2 sampled schools in Pinetown, Durban, through semi-structured interviews, observation and document review. The findings reveal that a variety of challenges impeded the use of a learners' code of conduct, including a failure to review the document on a regular basis. The content of those codes was not widely communicated either, which meant that they remained ineffective in addressing each school's specific needs with regard to correcting misbehaviour. Based on the findings, we recommend that the Department of Basic Education raise awareness around democratic governance in schools to enhance positive discipline by means of up-to-date, enforced codes of conduct. Schools also need to encourage parents to be actively involved in their children's schooling, as a means of supporting teachers.