This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set. ecofriendly eco friendly No 53322009 5332 2009 5332/2009 bread flour Brazils Brazil s farming this nearinfrared near infrared (NIR onsite site preprocessed pre processed OFF (OFF LBC, , (LBC) iSPAPLS, iSPAPLS iSPA PLS (iSPA-PLS) capability 8 8% Furthermore process iSPAPLSDA, iSPAPLSDA DA (iSPA-PLS-DA) 94 accuracy set 5332200 533 200 5332/200 (LBC (iSPA-PLS (iSPA-PLS-DA 9 533220 53 20 5332/20 53322 5 2 5332/2 5332/

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric and volumetric dimensions of the lacrimal gland in patients with inactive thyroid eye disease and compare them with the values reported in the literature. Methods: This case series evaluated consecutive patients with inactive thyroid eye disease treated at a tertiary eye hospital from 2015 to 2020. The patients’ baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained. The axial and coronal length, width, and volume of the lacrimal gland were measured on computed tomography scan images, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 21 patients (42 orbits) with inactive thyroid eye disease were evaluated. Their mean age was 49.0 ± 14.6 years, and 12 (57.1%) of them were men. The main complaint was dryness, and the majority of the patients had good vision and mild proptosis. The mean axial length and width of the lacrimal gland were 19.3 ± 3.9 mm and 7.5 ± 2.1 mm, respectively; coronal length and width, 20.4 ± 4.5 mm and 7.5 ± 2.1 mm, respectively; and lacrimal gland volume, 0.825 ± 0.326 mm3. Age, sex, or laterality were not found to be determinants of lacrimal gland enlargement. Conclusion: Patients with thyroid eye disease have enlarged lacrimal gland even in the nonactive phase of the disease multifactorial aspects influence the lacrimal gland in thyroid eye disease, making it difficult to establish a clear correlation with predisposing factors. Further studies are warranted to better understand the association between thyroid eye disease and the lacrimal gland. Purpose literature Methods 201 2020 obtained images analyzed Results 2 42 (4 orbits 490 49 0 49. 146 14 6 14. years 1 57.1% 571 57 (57.1% men dryness proptosis 193 19 3 19. 39 9 3. 75 7 5 7. 2. respectively 204 20 4 20. 45 4. 0825 825 0.82 0326 326 0.32 mm3 Age sex enlargement Conclusion factors 202 ( 57.1 (57.1 082 82 0.8 032 32 0.3 57. (57. 08 8 0. 03 (57 (5

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the outcomes of intravitreal dexamethasone implant used as either an adjuvant or a switching therapy for diabetic macular edema in patients with poor anatomic response after three consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with diabetic macular edema who received three consecutive doses of ranibizumab as initial therapy and demonstrated poor response. A single dose of intravitreal de xamethasone implant was administered to these patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment modalities: the adjuvant therapy group, consisting of patients who continued treatment with ranibizumab injection after receiving intravitreal dexamethasone implant, and the switch therapy group, consisting of patients who were switched from ranibizumab treatment to intravitreal dexamethasone implant as needed. The main outcome measurements were best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of follow-up. Results: In this study that included 64 eyes of 64 patients, the best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness values did not significantly differ between the groups at baseline and at 6 months of follow-up (p>0.05). However, at 12 months, the best corrected visual acuity values in the adjuvant and switch therapy groups were 0.46 and 0.35 LogMAR, respectively (p=0.012), and the central retinal thickness values were 344.8 and 270.9, respectively (p=0.007). Conclusions: In a real-world setting, it seems more reasonable to use intravitreal dexamethasone implant as a switch therapy rather than an adjuvant therapy for diabetic macula edema refractory to ranibizumab despite three consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab. Patients switched to intravitreal dexamethasone implant were found to have better anatomic and visual outcomes at 12 months than those who continued ranibizumab therapy despite their less-than-optimal responses. Purpose Methods modalities group needed 3 9 1 followup. followup follow up. up Results p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 . 0 05 (p>0.05) However 046 46 0.4 035 35 0.3 LogMAR p=0.012, p0012 p=0.012 , 012 (p=0.012) 3448 344 8 344. 2709 270 270.9 p=0.007. p0007 p=0.007 007 (p=0.007) Conclusions realworld real world setting lessthanoptimal less optimal responses p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 04 4 0. 03 p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.012 34 27 270. p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.007 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p=0.0 (p=0.01 2 (p=0.00 p>0 (p>0. p=0. (p=0.0 p> (p>0 p=0 (p=0. (p> p= (p=0 (p (p=

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction between micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in patients with refractory primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: We included patients with primary open angle glaucoma with at least 12 months of follow-up. We collected and analyzed data on the preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes. The primary outcomes were a reduction of ≥20% of the baseline value (criterion A) and/or intraocular pressure between 6 and 21 mmHg (criterion B). Results: We included 128 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. The preoperative mean intraocular pressure was 25.53 ± 6.40 and 35.02 ± 12.57 mmHg in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The mean intraocular pressure was reduced significantly to 14.33 ± 3.40 and 15.37 ± 5.85 mmHg in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups at the last follow-up, respectively (p=0.110). The mean intraocular pressure reduction at 12 months was 11.20 ± 11.46 and 19.65 ± 13.22 mmHg in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The median preoperative logMAR visual acuity was 0.52 ± 0.69 and 1.75 ± 1.04 in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The mean visual acuity variation was −0.10 ± 0.35 and −0.074 ± 0.16 in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, respectively (p=0.510). Preoperatively, the mean eye drops were 3.44 ± 1.38 and 2.89 ± 0.68 drugs in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p=0.017), but those were 2.06 ± 1.42 and 1.02 ± 1.46 at the end of the study in the “slow cook” and micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The success of criterion A was not significant between both groups. Compared with 11 eyes (17.74%) in the “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation group, 19 eyes (28.78%) in the micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation group showed complete success (p=0.171). For criterion B, 28 (42.42%) and 2 eyes (3.22%) showed complete success after micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Both techniques reduced intraocular pressure effectively. Purpose slow cook openangle Methods 1 followup. followup follow up. up follow-up 20 ≥20 andor or B. B . B) Results 2553 25 53 25.5 640 40 6.4 3502 35 02 35.0 1257 57 12.5 p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 (p<0.001) 1433 14 33 14.3 340 3 3.4 1537 15 37 15.3 585 5 85 5.8 followup, up, p=0.110. p0110 p=0.110 110 (p=0.110) 1120 11.2 1146 46 11.4 1965 65 19.6 1322 13 22 13.2 052 52 0.5 069 69 0.6 175 75 1.7 104 04 1.0 010 10 −0.1 035 0.3 0074 074 −0.07 016 16 0.1 p=0.510. p0510 p=0.510 510 (p=0.510) Preoperatively 344 44 138 38 1.3 289 89 2.8 068 68 p=0.017, p0017 p=0.017 , 017 (p=0.017) 206 06 2.0 142 42 1.4 102 146 17.74% 1774 17 74 (17.74% 28.78% 2878 78 (28.78% p=0.171. p0171 p=0.171 171 (p=0.171) 42.42% 4242 (42.42% 3.22% 322 (3.22% Conclusion effectively ≥2 255 25. 64 4 6. 350 35. 125 12. p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 143 14. 34 3. 153 15. 58 8 5. p011 p=0.11 (p=0.110 112 11. 114 196 19. 132 13. 05 0. 7 1. 01 −0. 03 007 07 −0.0 p051 p=0.51 51 (p=0.510 2. p001 p=0.01 (p=0.017 17.74 177 (17.74 28.78 287 (28.78 p017 p=0.17 (p=0.171 42.42 424 (42.42 3.22 32 (3.22 ≥ p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 p01 p=0.1 (p=0.11 −0 p05 p=0.5 (p=0.51 p=0.0 (p=0.01 17.7 (17.7 28.7 (28.7 (p=0.17 42.4 (42.4 3.2 (3.2 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p=0. (p=0.1 − (p=0.5 (p=0.0 17. (17. 28. (28. 42. (42. (3. p<0 (p<0. p=0 (p=0. (17 (28 (42 (3 p< (p<0 p= (p=0 (1 (2 (4 ( (p< (p= (p

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou avaliar a sedação e alterações fisiológicas promovidas por três doses de midazolam, administradas por via intranasal, em iguanas verdes. Oito iguanas adultas, pesando 850 ± 165 g, receberam, de forma aleatorizada, cinco tratamentos: midazolam 2 mg.kg-1 (IM), midazolam 2 mg.kg-1 intranasal (IN2), midazolam 3 mg.kg-1 intranasal (IN3), midazolam 5 mg.kg-1 intranasal (IN5) e NaCl 0,9% intramuscular (CON). O grau de sedação, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura foram avaliados no momento basal até 360 minutos pós-tratamentos. O tratamento IM promoveu sedação moderada a intensa, entre 10 (9 [8-12]) e 120 minutos (8 [3-9]). As doses de 2 e 3 mg.kg-1 intranasal não promoveram sedação nos animais. A dose de 5 mg.kg-1 de midazolam intranasal, promoveu sedação discreta aos 20 (5 [2-6]), 45 (5 [1-6]) e 90 minutos (5 [1-7]). Houve redução da frequência cardíaca apenas no grupo IM aos 360 minutos (40±15,1 bpm). A frequência respiratória diminuiu apenas no grupo IN5, aos 30 (12 [8-16]) e 90 minutos (12 [8-24]). Não foram observadas alterações na temperatura corporal com nenhum dos tratamentos durante o período de avaliação. O midazolam administrado por via intranasal, na dose de 5 mg.kg-1, mas não nas doses de 2 e 3 mg.kg-1, induziu discreta sedação nas iguanas-verdes. Porém, o efeito foi de menor intensidade e duração em comparação à dose intramuscular de 2 mg.kg-1. Portanto, a administração de midazolam intranasal não é uma opção razoável em comparação à via intramuscular. RESUMO verdes adultas 85 16 g receberam aleatorizada mg.kg1 mgkg1 mgkg mg.kg 1 mg kg mg.kg- IM, , (IM) IN2, IN2 IN (IN2) IN3, IN3 (IN3) IN5 (IN5 09 0 9 0,9 CON. CON . (CON) 36 póstratamentos. póstratamentos pós tratamentos. pós-tratamentos intensa ( 812 8 12 [8-12] 39. 39 [3-9]) animais 26, 26 6 [2-6]) 4 [1-6] 17. 17 7 [1-7]) 40±15,1 40151 40 15 (40±15, bpm. bpm bpm) (1 816 [8-16] 824. 824 24 [8-24]) avaliação mg.kg1, 1, iguanasverdes. iguanasverdes iguanas-verdes Porém mg.kg1. 1. Portanto kg1 (IM (IN2 (IN3 (IN 0, (CON 81 [8-12 [3-9] [2-6] [1-6 [1-7] 40±15, 4015 (40±15 [8-16 82 [8-24] [8-1 [3-9 [2-6 [1- [1-7 40±15 401 (40±1 [8-24 [8- [3- [2- [1 40±1 (40± [8-2 [8 [3 [2 [ 40± (40 (4

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the sedation and the physiological effects produced by three doses of intranasal midazolam in green iguanas. Eight adult iguanas weighing 850 ± 165 grams, received each of five treatments: intramuscular midazolam 2 mg.kg-1 (IM), intranasally administered midazolam at doses of 2 mg.kg-1 (IN2), 3 mg.kg-1 (IN3) and 5 mg.kg-1 (IN5), and intramuscular saline (CON). The degree of sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were assessed from the baseline to 360 minutes post-administrations. The IM treatment induced mild to deep sedation from 10 (9 [8-12]) to 120 minutes (8 [3-9]). Sedation was not achieved in groups IN2 and IN3. When compared to the baseline, mild sedation was achieved in IN5 at 20 (5 [2-6]), 45 (5 [1-6]) and 90 minutes (5 [1-7]). There was a reduction in heart rate only in the IM group at 360 minutes (40 ± 15.1 bpm). Respiratory rate decreased to the baseline only in IN5, at 30 (12 [8-16] mpm) and 90 minutes (12 [8-24] mpm). No changes in body temperature were observed with any of the treatments during the evaluation period. Intranasally administered midazolam at a dose of 5 mg.kg-1, but not at 2 and 3 mg.kg-1, induced mild sedation in green iguanas. However, the effect exhibited a lower intensity and duration compared to the intramuscular dose of 2 mg.kg-1. Therefore, the administration of intranasal midazolam is not a reasonable option compared to the intramuscular route. ABSTRACT 85 16 grams mg.kg1 mgkg1 mgkg mg.kg 1 mg kg mg.kg- IM, , (IM) IN2, IN (IN2) IN3 (IN3 (IN5) CON. CON . (CON) 36 postadministrations. postadministrations post administrations. administrations post-administrations 9 ( 812 8 12 [8-12] 39. 39 [3-9]) 26, 26 6 [2-6]) 4 [1-6] 17. 17 7 [1-7]) 40 (4 151 15 15. bpm. bpm bpm) (1 816 [8-16 mpm 824 24 [8-24 mpm. period mg.kg1, 1, However mg.kg1. 1. Therefore route kg1 (IM (IN2 (IN (IN5 (CON 81 [8-12 [3-9] [2-6] [1-6 [1-7] [8-1 82 [8-2 [3-9 [2-6 [1- [1-7 [8- [3- [2- [1 [8 [3 [2 [

Resumen Marco contextual: El contexto de la enseñanza clínica y la experiencia de la pandemia de COVID-19 son factores potencialmente estresantes y/o ansiógenos para los estudiantes de enfermería. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del programa “Aprender a Relajarse” para reducir el estrés y la ansiedad en estudiantes de enfermería. Metodología: Estudio longitudinal preexperimental con una muestra de siete estudiantes a los que se les hizo un seguimiento en la clínica de ansiedad. Diseño y aplicación del programa “Aprender a Relajarse”, basado en técnicas de respiración diafragmática y relajación muscular progresiva, con ocho sesiones a lo largo de cinco semanas. Evaluación inicial, final y de seguimiento mediante la Escala de Percepción del Estrés y el Cuestionario de Autoevaluación de la Ansiedad de Zung. Resultados: Reducción de los niveles de estrés entre la evaluación inicial y la final (p = 0,069) y disminución significativa entre la evaluación inicial y el follow-up (p = 0,033). Disminución significativa de la ansiedad entre la evaluación inicial y la final (p = 0,033) y entre la evaluación inicial y el follow-up (p = 0,006). Conclusión: Programa mostró un efecto positivo sobre la gestión del estrés, el autocontrol de la ansiedad y los síntomas asociados, lo que lo convierte en un recurso terapéutico útil para la intervención con estudiantes de enfermería.

Resumo Enquadramento: O contexto de ensino clínico e a vivência da pandemia COVID-19 são potencialmente stressores e/ou ansiogénicos em estudantes de enfermagem. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do programa “Aprender a Relaxar” na redução do stresse e ansiedade em estudantes de enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo pré-experimental, longitudinal, com amostra de sete estudantes seguidos na consulta de ansiedade. Concebido e implementado Programa “Aprender a Relaxar” baseado nas técnicas de respiração diafragmática e relaxamento muscular progressivo, com oito sessões, em cinco semanas. Avaliação inicial, final e follow-up utilizada Escala de Perceção de Stresse e Questionário de Autoavaliação de Ansiedade de Zung. Resultados: Redução dos níveis de stresse entre avaliação inicial e avaliação final (p = 0,069) e diminuição significativa entre avaliação inicial e follow-up (p = 0,033). Diminuição significativa da ansiedade entre avaliação inicial e avaliação final (p = 0,033) e entre avaliação inicial e follow-up (p = 0,006). Conclusão: Programa demonstrou efeito positivo na gestão do stresse, autocontrolo da ansiedade e sintomatologia associada, sendo um recurso terapêutico útil na intervenção com estudantes de enfermagem.

Abstract Background: Clinical placements and the COVID-19 pandemic are experiences that cause stress and anxiety in nursing students. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the ‘‘Learning to Relax’’ (Aprender a relaxar) program in reducing stress and anxiety in nursing students. Methodology: A pre-experimental, longitudinal study was conducted with seven students who sought an anxiety consultation. The ‘‘Learning to Relax’’ program was designed based on diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscle relaxation techniques and implemented in eight sessions during five weeks. The evaluation was conducted at baseline, endline, and follow-up using the Perceived Stress Scale and the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. Results: Stress levels were lower between baseline and endline (p = 0.069) and significantly lower between baseline and follow-up (p = 0.033). There was a significant decrease in anxiety between baseline and endline (p = 0.033) and between baseline and follow-up (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Program had a positive impact on managing stress, anxiety, and associated symptoms. It is therefore a therapeutic resource for interventions with nursing students.

ABSTRACT Introduction: We aim to compare the safety and effectiveness of the KangDuo (KD)-Surgical Robot-01 (KD-SR-01) system and the da Vinci (DV) system for robot-assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RARNU). Materials and Methods: This multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted between March 2022 and September 2023. Group 1 included 29 patients undergoing KD-RARNU. Group 2 included 29 patients undergoing DV-RARNU. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics, perioperative data, and follow-up outcomes were collected prospectively and compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in patient baseline demographic and preoperative characteristics between the two groups. The success rates in both groups were 100% without conversion to open or laparoscopic surgery or positive surgical margins. No significant difference was observed in docking time [242 (120-951) s vs 253 (62-498) s, P = 0.780], console time [137 (55-290) min vs 105 (62-220) min, P = 0.114], operative time [207 (121-460) min vs 185 (96-305) min, P = 0.091], EBL [50 (10-600) mL vs 50 (10-700) mL, P = 0.507], National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index scores, and postoperative serum creatinine levels between the two groups. None of the patients showed evidence of distant metastasis, local recurrence, or equipment-related adverse events during the four-week follow-up. One (3.4%) patient in Group 2 experienced postoperative enterovaginal and enterovesical fistulas (Clavien-Dindo grade III). Conclusions: The KD-SR-01 system is safe and effective for RARNU compared to the DV Si or Xi system. Further randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are required. Introduction KDSurgical KD Surgical Robot01 Robot 01 Robot-0 KDSR01 KDSR SR (KD-SR-01 (DV robotassisted robot assisted RARNU. . (RARNU) Methods 202 2023 KDRARNU. KDRARNU KD-RARNU DVRARNU. DVRARNU DV-RARNU data followup follow up Results 100 margins 242 [24 120951 120 951 (120-951 25 62498 62 498 (62-498 0.780, 0780 0.780 , 0 780 0.780] 137 [13 55290 55 290 (55-290 10 62220 220 (62-220 0.114, 0114 0.114 114 0.114] 207 [20 121460 121 460 (121-460 18 96305 96 305 (96-305 0.091, 0091 0.091 091 0.091] [5 10600 600 (10-600 5 10700 700 (10-700 0.507, 0507 0.507 507 0.507] scores metastasis recurrence equipmentrelated equipment related fourweek four week followup. up. 3.4% 34 3 4 (3.4% ClavienDindo Clavien Dindo III. III III) Conclusions KD-SR-0 required Robot0 Robot- KDSR0 (KD-SR-0 (RARNU 20 24 [2 12095 12 95 (120-95 6249 6 49 (62-49 078 0.78 78 13 [1 5529 (55-29 6222 22 (62-22 011 0.11 11 12146 46 (121-46 9630 9 30 (96-30 009 0.09 09 [ 1060 60 (10-60 1070 70 (10-70 050 0.50 3.4 (3.4 KD-SR- (KD-SR- 1209 (120-9 624 (62-4 07 0.7 7 552 (55-2 622 (62-2 0.1 1214 (121-4 963 (96-3 00 0.0 106 (10-6 107 (10-7 05 0.5 3. (3. KD-SR (KD-SR (120- (62- 0. (55- (121- (96- (10- (3 (120 (62 (55 (121 (96 (10 ( (12 (6 (5 (9 (1

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC), laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC), and open radical cystectomy (ORC) in bladder cancer. Methods: A literature search for network meta-analysis was conducted using international databases up to February 29, 2024. Outcomes of interest included baseline characteristics, perioperative outcomes and oncological outcomes. Results: Forty articles were finally selected for inclusion in the network meta-analysis. Both LRC and RARC were associated with longer operative time, smaller amount of estimated blood loss, lower transfusion rate, shorter time to regular diet, fewer incidences of complications, and fewer positive surgical margin compared to ORC. LRC had a shorter time to flatus than ORC, while no difference between RARC and ORC was observed. Considering lymph node yield, there were no differences among LRC, RARC and ORC. In addition, there were statistically significant lower transfusion rates (OR=-0.15, 95% CI=-0.47 to 0.17), fewer overall complication rates (OR=-0.39, 95% CI=-0.79 to 0.00), fewer minor complication rates (OR=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.48 to 0.02), fewer major complication rates (OR=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.68 to 0.21), fewer positive surgical margin rates (OR=0.22, 95% CI=-0.27 to 0.68) in RARC group compared with LRC group. Conclusion: LRC and RARC could be considered as a feasible and safe alternative to ORC for bladder cancer. Notably, compared with LRC, RARC may benefit from significantly lower transfusion rates, fewer complications and lower positive surgical margin rates. These data thus showed that RARC might improve the management of patients with muscle invasive or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Objectives robotassisted robot assisted RARC, , (RARC) (LRC) (ORC cancer Methods metaanalysis meta analysis 29 2024 characteristics Results metaanalysis. analysis. loss rate diet observed yield addition OR=0.15, OR015 OR OR= 0.15, 0 15 (OR=-0.15 95 CI=0.47 CI047 CI CI= 0.47 47 CI=-0.4 0.17, 017 0.17 17 0.17) OR=0.39, OR039 0.39, 39 (OR=-0.39 CI=0.79 CI079 0.79 79 CI=-0.7 0.00, 000 0.00 00 0.00) OR=0.23, OR023 0.23, 23 (OR=-0.23 CI=0.48 CI048 0.48 48 0.02, 002 0.02 02 0.02) CI=0.68 CI068 0.68 68 CI=-0.6 0.21, 021 0.21 21 0.21) OR=0.22, OR022 22 (OR=0.22 CI=0.27 CI027 0.27 27 CI=-0.2 068 Conclusion Notably highrisk high risk nonmuscle non (RARC (LRC 2 202 OR=0.15 OR01 015 0.15 1 (OR=-0.1 9 CI=0.4 CI04 047 0.4 4 CI=-0. 01 0.1 OR=0.39 OR03 039 0.39 3 (OR=-0.3 CI=0.7 CI07 079 0.7 7 0.0 OR=0.23 OR02 023 0.23 (OR=-0.2 048 CI=0.6 CI06 0.6 6 0.2 OR=0.22 (OR=0.2 CI=0.2 CI02 027 06 20 OR=0.1 OR0 (OR=-0. CI=0. CI0 04 0. CI=-0 OR=0.3 03 0.3 07 OR=0.2 (OR=0. OR=0. (OR=-0 CI=0 CI=- (OR=0 OR=0 (OR=- (OR= (OR

ABSTRACT One of the consequences of climate change is sea level change in coastal systems, which function as a baseline, where a variety of coastal processes operate at different time and space scales. The objective of the present research is to calculate the historic and current rate of sea level rise, from Limon tide gauge station’s data. Two methods were utilized for this purpose: Simple linear regression analysis and time series decomposition; with the first method, a rate of 2.32 mm/yr of sea level change was obtained for the time period 1952 to 1968; with the second one, a rate result of 3.41 mm/yr which is consequent with the existing publications. In the current period (2009 - 2021) a rate of 4.18 mm/yr was obtained with the first method and 4.28 mm/yr with the second method. The results gathered confirm the existence of an upward trend in sea level rise in the studied region. This situation should be considered when studying the transformation taking place in the coast, such as the coastal erosion identified in some of the Costa Rican Caribbean zone.

RESUMEN Entre las consecuencias del cambio climático en los sistemas costeros está el cambio del nivel del mar, el cual funciona como una línea base sobre la cual opera una variedad de procesos costeros, a diferentes escalas de tiempo y espacio. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo calcular la tasa histórica y actual de ascenso del nivel del mar a partir de datos de la estación mareográfica Limón. Para esto se utilizaron dos métodos: el análisis de regresión lineal simple y una descomposición de series temporales. Como resultado se obtuvo una tasa de cambio del nivel del mar para el período 1952 a 1968 de 2.32 mm/año con el primer método y 3.41 mm/año para el segundo método, que es consecuente con las publicaciones existentes. En el caso del período actual (2009 a 2021) se obtuvo una tasa de 4.18 mm/año para el primer método y 4.28 mm/año con el segundo método. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que existe una tendencia al aumento del nivel del mar en la región estudiada, situación que debe ser considerada al estudiar las transformaciones que están ocurriendo en la costa, como lo son la erosión costera identificada en algunas zonas del Caribe costarricense.

Resumen Durante la valoración preanestésica de la paciente obstétrica, es fundamental evaluar la condición cardiovascular basal de la paciente, identificar riesgos potenciales y facilitar modificaciones conductuales para desarrollar una estrategia de manejo individualizada, dirigida a minimizar las complicaciones. La ecografía cardíaca a la cabecera del paciente (POCUS) es un instrumento valioso para evaluar la morfología y la función del corazón antes de un procedimiento quirúrgico. El POCUS cardiaco no está diseñado para sustituir a la ecocardiografía transtorácica formal, que corresponde al área de anestesiología cardiovascular y a la cardiología. Sin embargo, cuando se usa en conjunto con la anamnesis, el examen físico, el electrocardiograma y los resultados de exámenes de laboratorio previos, el POCUS cardiaco es un complemento valioso dentro del arsenal diagnóstico de los anestesiólogos. Permite la visualización directa del corazón y de los grandes vasos, con beneficios adicionales de velocidad, disponibilidad y bajo riesgo para la paciente. El objetivo del presente manuscrito es explorar y describir las ventajas del POCUS cardiaco durante el periodo preanestésico en pacientes obstétricas y su valor potencial para los anestesiólogos, a través de la identificación de condiciones eventualmente peligrosas que pudieran requerir un manejo preoperatorio individualizado.

Abstract During the preanesthetic assessment of the obstetric patient, it is critical to assess the patient's cardiovascular baseline condition, identify any potential risks, and facilitate behavioral modification to develop an individualized management strategy aimed at minimizing complications. Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a valuable instrument for assessing the morphology and function of the heart prior to surgery. Cardiac POCUS is not designed to replace comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, which is the realm of cardiovascular anesthesiology and cardiology. However, when used in conjunction with anamnesis, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and previous laboratory results, cardiac POCUS is a valuable adjunct in the diagnostic toolbox of anesthesiologists. It allows for direct visualization of the heart and great vessels, with added benefits of speed, availability, and low risk for the patient. The purpose of this manuscript is to explore and describe the advantages of cardiac POCUS in the preanesthetic period of obstetric patients and its potential value for anesthesiologists through the identification of potentially hazardous conditions that may require individualized preoperative management.

Abstract Nowadays, organizations have the responsibility to commit themselves to actions that favor environmental conservation. The present study sought to explore an accompaniment for the management of the environmental component in the activities developed by an organization located in Armenia, Quindío-Colombia. Inter-institutional meetings were held in which a recognition, dialogue and workshop were conducted with the collaborators. A previously validated checklist was used. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was made of the results obtained. It was found that 40 % of the components lacked actions for environmental conservation. Thus, the accompaniment showed that the collaborators committed themselves to use solid waste, save water and energy. The monitoring resulted in three strategic actions for the water, soil and energy components. The organization showed great interest in the process and an intersectoral link was established. The study proposes a baseline for the management of the environmental component of the study area; it resulted in an accompaniment and representative participation with significant progress towards the conservation of the environment within the organization.

Resumen Actualmente, las organizaciones se encargan de comprometerse con acciones que favorezcan la conservación del medioambiente. El presente estudio explora un acompañamiento para la gestión del componente ambiental en las actividades desarrolladas de una organización ubicada en Armenia, Quindío-Colombia. Se realizaron reuniones interinstitucionales en las que se realizó un reconocimiento, diálogo y taller con los colaboradores. Se utilizó una lista de verificación previamente validada. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos. Se encontró que el 40 % de los componentes carecen de acciones para la conservación del medioambiente. De tal manera, el acompañamiento arrojó que los colaboradores se comprometieron a aprovechar los residuos sólidos, ahorrar agua y energía. El acompañamiento derivó en tres acciones estratégicas para los componentes de agua, suelo y energía. La organización demostró un gran interés en el proceso y se logró establecer un vínculo intersectorial. El estudio plantea una línea base de gestión del componente ambiental del área de estudio; derivó en un acompañamiento y participación representativa con avances significativos hacia la conservación del medioambiente dentro de la organización.

Resumo Atualmente, as organizações têm a responsabilidade de se comprometerem com acções que favoreçam a conservação do ambiente. O presente estudo procurou explorar um acompanhamento para a gestão da componente ambiental nas actividades de uma organização situada em Armenia, Quindío-Colômbia. Foram realizadas reuniões interinstitucionais em que se procedeu a um reconhecimento, diálogo e workshop com os colaboradores. Foi utilizada uma lista de controlo previamente validada. Posteriormente, procedeu-se a uma análise descritiva dos resultados obtidos. Verificou-se que 40 % dos componentes careciam de acções para a conservação do ambiente. Desta forma, o acompanhamento mostrou que os colaboradores se comprometeram a utilizar os resíduos sólidos, a poupar água e energia. O acompanhamento resultou em três acções estratégicas para as componentes água, solo e energia. A organização mostrou grande interesse no processo e foi estabelecida uma ligação intersectorial. O estudo fornece uma base de referência para a gestão da componente ambiental da área de estudo; resultou num apoio e numa participação representativa com progressos significativos para a conservação do ambiente na organização.

Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

ABSTRACT Inadequate grassland management has resulted in the degradation of extensive areas, loss of productivity and sustainability of many of them, reflecting a common reality among livestock farmers in Colombia. Therefore, at the Paysandú Agricultural Station of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, located in the Santa Elena township of the city of Medellín, a study was carried out to determine a soil quality index (SQI) by evaluating the physical and chemical indicators that were most related to the deterioration and dry matter production of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). A minimum data set (MDS) was established for the most sensitive indicators, selected by principal component analysis (PCA), and a nonlinear scoring function was used to obtain the SQI. Statistical differences were found between all the treatments in relation to dry matter production (P<0.05: 1.91x10-32). The most sensitive indicators were bulk density BD > total porosity TP > macropores MAC > micropores MIC > penetration resistance PR > effective cation exchange capacity ECEC > pH. As a result, the following formula was obtained: SQI = (0.225×BD) + (0.224×TP) + (0.220×MAC) + (0.218×MIC) + (0.113×PR) + (0.0879×ECEC) + (0.0877×pH). This index should be tested in kikuyu grass-dominated pastures located in the Colombian high tropics. The baseline is critical at values > 0.58 Mg m-3 for BD and > 2.25 MPa for PR. In addition, the optimum pH range for kikuyu grass development was between 5.4 and 6.4.

RESUMEN El manejo inadecuado de los pastizales ha provocado la degradación de extensas áreas, la pérdida de productividad y sostenibilidad de muchas de ellas, reflejando una realidad común entre los ganaderos de Colombia. Por ello, en la Estación Agraria Paysandú de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ubicada en el corregimiento de Santa Elena de la ciudad de Medellín, se realizó una investigación para determinar un índice de calidad del suelo (SQI) mediante la evaluación de los indicadores físicos y químicos más relacionados con el deterioro y producción de materia seca del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus). Se estableció un conjunto mínimo de datos (MDS) para los indicadores más sensibles, elegidos mediante el análisis de componentes principales PCA, y se utilizó una función de puntuación no lineal para obtener el SQI. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre todos los tratamientos y la producción de materia seca (P<0,05: 1,91x10-32). Los indicadores más sensibles fueron: densidad aparente DR > porosidad total TP > macroporos MAC > microporos MIC > resistencia a la penetración PR > capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva ECEC > pH. Como resultado, se obtuvo el siguiente SQI = (0,225×BD) + (0,224×TP) + (0,220×MAC) + (0,218×MIC) + (0,113×PR) + (0,0879×ECEC) + (0,0877×pH). Se sugiere probar el índice en praderas dominadas por pasto kikuyo ubicadas en el trópico alto colombiano. La línea de base es crítica a valores > 0,58 Mg m-3 para BD y > 2,25 MPa para PR. Además, el intervalo de pH óptimo para el desarrollo del pasto kikuyo se situó entre 5,4 y 6,4.

Abstract Introduction: Acoustic communication is essential in anuran communities, particularly for reproduction. However, the acoustic space is limited, and bioacoustic interferences, such as competition for mating and resources, impact the effectiveness of communication. The tropical dry forest in Colombia hosts resilient anuran species that have endured significant reduction, fragmentation, and transformation over the past decades. The scarce research on this topic underscores the importance of acoustically characterizing anuran assemblages to understand species coexistence, monitor changes in the community, and evaluate the impact of both invasive species and human activity on the ecosystem. Objective: To acoustically characterize an anuran assemblage in the Cauca River Valley. Methods: From September to November 2022 (rainy season), acoustic recordings were obtained using passive and active acoustic sensors from an anuran community in the geographical Cauca River Valley, on the western flank of the Central Cordillera in Colombia. Anuran advertisement calls were analyzed in three dimensions: spectral parameters, temporal patterns, and acoustic activity. Results: Five anuran species were recorded, exhibiting high overlap in activity but significant structural differences in their calls. The species were predominantly nocturnal, except for one from the dendrobatid family. Conclusions: Each species presents a distinct acoustic niche, avoiding overlap in acoustic signals. These findings establish a baseline for assessing future changes in the assemblage.

Resumen Introducción: La comunicación acústica es esencial en las comunidades de anuros, especialmente para la reproducción. No obstante, el espacio acústico es limitado y las interferencias bioacústicas, como la competencia por apareamiento y recursos, afectan la eficacia de la comunicación. El bosque seco tropical en Colombia alberga especies de anuros que han sido resilientes a la gran reducción, fragmentación y transformación de este en las últimas décadas. La investigación escasa en este tema subraya la importancia de la caracterización acústica de los ensamblajes de anuros, para comprender la coexistencia de especies, monitorear cambios en la comunidad y evaluar el impacto tanto de especies invasoras como de la actividad humana en el ecosistema. Objetivo: Caracterizar acústicamente un ensamblaje de anuros del valle del río Cauca. Métodos: De septiembre a noviembre de 2022 (temporada lluviosa), se tomaron registros acústicos con sensores acústicos pasivos y activos de una comunidad de anuros del valle geográfico del río Cauca, en el flanco occidental de la cordillera central de Colombia. Se analizaron los cantos de anuncio en tres dimensiones: parámetros espectrales, temporales y patrones de actividad acústica. Resultados: Se registraron cinco especies de anuros, sus cantos presentaron un alto solapamiento en actividad, pero grandes diferencias estructurales, las especies tuvieron actividad nocturna a excepción de una de la familia Dendrobatidae. Conclusiones: Cada especie presenta un nicho acústico particular que evita el traslape en las señales acústicas, y estos resultados proporcionan una línea base para evaluar futuros cambios en el ensamblaje.

Abstract Introduction: Terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea) play important roles in the ecological processes of the soil in tropical ecosystems and are employed as indicators of environmental impact. Despite their importance, studies on the ecology of this suborder in the Neotropics are scarce. Objective: To assess spatial changes in alpha and beta diversity of Oniscidea in the supralittoral zone across Archipiélagos Coralinos (ARCO), Magdalena (MAG), and Morrosquillo (MOR) ecoregions in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: We conducted Direct Intuitive Searches of specimens and measured soil temperature and moisture in 19 transects with logs, leaf litter, coral remains, and decomposing plant material. Results: A total of 1 970 individuals representing 17 species were collected, with Tylidae, Halophilosciidae, and Ligiidae being the most abundant families. Alpha diversity orders were higher in ARCO than MAG and MOR ecoregions. MAG and MOR differed in observed richness. The structure of the assemblage varied in dominant species and abundances. In ARCO, the indicator species were Tylos niveus, Littorophiloscia denticulata, Halophiloscia trichoniscoides, and Ligia baudiniana; in MOR, it was Tylos marcuzzii, and in MAG, it was Littorophiloscia tropicalis. High beta diversity (> 60 %), with significant differences in the assemblage structure among ecoregions, was confirmed by the NMDS, which distinctly separated each group. CCA analysis revealed a negative relationship between most species with soil temperature and moisture, with a positive relationship observed with T. marcuzzii. Conclusions: This is the first effort to describe spatial changes in the diversity of oniscideans in the supralittoral zone of the Neotropical region, providing a baseline for future studies. This information could be instrumental in identifying priority areas for conservation efforts.

Resumen Introducción: Los isópodos terrestres (Oniscidea) juegan un papel importante en los procesos ecológicos del suelo en ecosistemas tropicales y han sido empleados como indicadores de impacto ambiental. A pesar de su importancia, los estudios sobre la ecología de este suborden en el Neotrópico son escasos. Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios espaciales en la diversidad alfa y beta de Oniscidea en la zona supralitoral en las ecorregiones Archipiélagos Coralinos (ARCO), Magdalena (MAG) y Morrosquillo (MOR) en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: Realizamos Búsquedas Intuitivas Directas de especímenes y medimos la temperatura y la humedad del suelo en 19 transectos con troncos, hojarasca, restos de coral y material vegetal en descomposición. Resultados: Recolectamos un total de 1 970 individuos representando 17 especies, siendo Tylidae, Halophilosciidae y Ligiidae las familias más abundantes. Los órdenes de diversidad alfa fueron mayores en ARCO, en comparación con las ecorregiones MAG y MOR. MAG y MOR difirieron en la riqueza observada. La estructura del ensamblaje varió en especies dominantes y sus abundancias. En ARCO las especies indicadoras fueron Tylos niveus, Littorophiloscia denticulata, Halophiloscia trichoniscoides y Ligia baudiniana; en MOR fue Tylos marcuzzii y en MAG fue Littorophiloscia tropicalis. El NMDS confirmó una alta diversidad beta (> 60%), con diferencias en la estructura del ensamblaje entre ecorregiones, que separó claramente cada grupo. El ACC reveló una relación negativa entre la mayoría de las especies con la temperatura y humedad del suelo, observándose una relación positiva con T. marcuzzii. Conclusiones: Este es el primer esfuerzo por describir los cambios espaciales en la diversidad de oniscídeos en la zona supralitoral de la región Neotropical, proporcionando una línea base para futuros estudios. Esta información podría ser fundamental para identificar áreas prioritarias para los esfuerzos de conservación.