Abstract In this technical note, we present an unprecedented database that solves a major problem in the study of electoral strategies: The lack of data to identify where, when, and how candidates carry out activities during the electoral campaign. The Superior Electoral Court (TSE) has made available the records of income and spending during each candidate’s campaign. Among the many pieces of information contained therein, we collected the bank and branch numbers of the beneficiaries of the transactions indicated by the candidates and cross-referenced them with a list of bank branch addresses in Brazil. From these cross-references, we were able to georeference the spending of candidates for the national legislature for the whole country and thus build a proxy of campaign strategies in the electoral contest. This unprecedented database will allow us to advance our understanding of how electoral campaigns are designed, what strategies are employed, and how the relationship between representatives and citizens takes place, since it will be possible to dissociate campaign efforts from the outcome of the election. note where when TSE (TSE candidate s therein crossreferenced cross referenced Brazil crossreferences, crossreferences references, references cross-references contest designed employed place election

Resumo

Resumen En esta nota técnica, presentamos una base de datos sin precedentes que soluciona un gran problema en el estudio de las estrategias electorales: la falta de datos que permitan identificar dónde, cuándo y cómo los candidatos realizan actividades durante la campaña electoral. El Tribunal Supremo Electoral (TSE) ha puesto a disposición de los ciudadanos los registros de ingresos y gastos durante la campaña de cada candidato. Entre las muchas informaciones que contienen, recogimos los números de banco y de sucursal de los beneficiarios de las transacciones indicadas por los candidatos y los cruzamos con una lista de direcciones de sucursales bancarias en Brasil. A partir de estas referencias cruzadas, pudimos georreferenciar los gastos de los candidatos a las legislativas nacionales para todo el país y construir así un proxy de las estrategias de campaña en la contienda electoral. Esta base de datos sin precedentes nos permitirá avanzar en la comprensión de cómo se construye la campaña electoral, qué estrategias se emplean y también cómo se produce la relación entre representantes y ciudadanos, ya que será posible disociar los esfuerzos de campaña del resultado de las elecciones. técnica electorales dónde electoral TSE (TSE candidato contienen Brasil cruzadas elecciones

Résumé Dans cette note technique, nous introduisons une base de données innovante qui résout une lacune importante dans l’étude des stratégies électorales : l’absence de données permettant d’identifier où, quand et comment les candidats réalisent des activités pendant la campagne électorale. Le Tribunal Supérieur Électoral (TSE) a rendu disponibles les enregistrements des revenus et des dépenses de chaque candidat pendant la campagne. Parmi les nombreuses informations contenues, nous avons collecté le numéro de la banque et de l’agence du bénéficiaire des transactions indiquées par les candidats et les avons croisés avec une liste d’adresses des agences bancaires au Brésil. Grâce à ces croisements, nous avons pu géoréférencer les dépenses des candidats au législatif national pour tout le pays et ainsi construire une proxy des stratégies de campagne dans la compétition électorale. Cette nouvelle base de données nous permettra de mieux comprendre comment se structurent les campagnes électorales, les stratégies adoptées, et la relation entre les représentants et les citoyens, en permettant de dissocier les efforts de campagne des résultats électoraux. technique létude l étude labsence absence didentifier d identifier où électorale TSE (TSE contenues lagence agence dadresses adresses Brésil croisements adoptées citoyens électoraux

Abstract This article analyses the World Bank as an agent of the neoliberalization of global capitalism, with an emphasis on its functions as a lender, adviser and technical advisor to governments, civil society agent, and producer of economic research during the period from 1980 to 2023. Based on primary sources from the institution itself and extensive specialized literature, the article shows how the World Bank’s activities have become increasingly comprehensive, politicized, and intrusive, but with variations in form, content, and intensity in its political agenda and operational practices. It concludes that, in a global environment marked by major economic and political changes, greater contestation of supposedly universal economic recipes, and uncertainties about the future, the World Bank has remained faithful to the neoliberal political paradigm, but it has started to act in a more pragmatic, flexible, discreet way that depends on the circumstances and priorities of the borrowers (especially the larger ones). capitalism lender governments 198 2023 literature Banks s comprehensive politicized intrusive form content practices changes recipes future paradigm pragmatic flexible especially ones. ones . ones) 19 202 1 20 2

Resumo Este artigo analisa o Banco Mundial como agente de neoliberalização do capitalismo global, dando ênfase às suas funções de emprestador, conselheiro e assessor técnico de governos, agente da sociedade civil e produtor de pesquisas econômicas durante o período de 1980 a 2023. Com base em fontes primárias da própria instituição e ampla literatura especializada, o trabalho mostra como a atuação do Banco Mundial se tornou cada vez mais abrangente, politizada e intrusiva, porém com variações de forma, conteúdo e intensidade em sua agenda política e suas práticas operacionais. Conclui que, em um ambiente global marcado por grandes mudanças econômicas e políticas, maior contestação a receitas econômicas supostamente universais e incertezas quanto ao futuro, o Banco Mundial se manteve fiel ao paradigma político neoliberal, porém, passou a atuar de forma mais pragmática, flexível, discreta e dependente das circunstâncias e prioridades dos mutuários (especialmente os de maior volume). emprestador governos 198 2023 especializada abrangente intrusiva operacionais que políticas futuro neoliberal pragmática flexível especialmente volume. volume . volume) 19 202 1 20 2

Resumen Este artículo analiza el Banco Mundial como agente de la neoliberalización del capitalismo global, haciendo hincapié en sus funciones como prestamista, asesor y consejero técnico de los gobiernos, agente de la sociedad civil y productor de investigación económica durante el periodo comprendido entre 1980 y 2023. Basándose en fuentes primarias de la propia institución y en una amplia bibliografía especializada, el artículo muestra cómo las actividades del Banco Mundial se han vuelto cada vez más amplias, politizadas e intrusivas, pero con variaciones de forma, contenido e intensidad en su agenda política y sus prácticas operativas. Concluye que, en un entorno global marcado por grandes cambios económicos y políticos, una mayor contestación de las recetas económicas supuestamente universales y la incertidumbre sobre el futuro, el Banco Mundial se ha mantenido fiel al paradigma político neoliberal, pero ha empezado a actuar de una forma más pragmática, flexible y discreta que depende de las circunstancias y prioridades de los prestatarios (especialmente de los más grandes). prestamista gobiernos 198 2023 especializada amplias intrusivas operativas políticos futuro neoliberal pragmática especialmente grandes. . grandes) 19 202 1 20 2

Résumé Cet article analyse la Banque Mondiale comme un acteur de la néo-libéralisation du capitalisme mondial, mettant l’accent sur ses fonctions de prêteur, conseiller et conseiller technique des gouvernements, agent de la société civile et producteur de recherches économiques pendant la période 1980-2023. En s’appuyant sur des sources primaires de l’institution elle-même et d’une vaste littérature spécialisée, l’étude montre comment l’action de la Banque Mondiale est devenue de plus en plus complète, politisée et intrusive, bien que présentant des variations dans la forme, le contenu et l’intensité de votre agenda politique et de vos pratiques opérationnelles. Larticle conclut que, dans un context mondial marqué par de grands changements économiques et politiques, une plus grande contestation des revenus économiques supposés universels et des incertitudes quant à l’avenir, la Banque mondiale est restée fidèle au paradigme politique néolibéral, cependant, elle a adopté une approche plus pragmatique, flexible, discrète et dépendante des circonstances et des priorités des emprunteurs (notamment ceux de grande envergure). néolibéralisation néo libéralisation laccent l accent prêteur gouvernements 19802023. 19802023 1980 2023. 2023 1980-2023 sappuyant s appuyant linstitution institution ellemême même dune d spécialisée létude étude laction action complète intrusive forme lintensité intensité opérationnelles politiques lavenir, lavenir avenir, avenir l’avenir néolibéral cependant pragmatique flexible notamment envergure. envergure . envergure) 1980202 198 202 1980-202 198020 19 20 1980-20 19802 1 2 1980-2 1980-

Summary: The soil seed bank is key to plant succession. However, agricultural activities have had a great impact on the vegetation and its composition. The aim was to determine the soil seed bank in different grazing agroecosystems in the central part of Veracruz state, Mexico. Richness, abundance, diversity, equity, dominance and similarity of the species were quantified and compared among four agroecosystems (silvopastoral, pasture-trees, traditional grazing, and Acahual or secondary vegetation) in Veracruz, Mexico during the year 2017. Samples were collected. of soil at two depths (0-5, > 5-10 cm). A statistical difference was found in the seed bank (P < 0.05) in silvopastoral at both depths, 0-5 (H’ = 2.13) and 5-10 (H’ = 1.86). Equity and dominance were higher for this agroecosystem (0.86) and for Acahual (0.58) with statistical differences (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found at sites between depths (P > 0.05). Similarity was greater than 50% at all sites and increased with soil depth. The evidence suggests that the greatest diversity of the seed bank was in silvopastoral from 0 to 5 cm deep. The seed bank has potential for the restoration of vegetation, mainly herbaceous, and can promote the development of shrubs and trees, despite the management of cattle ranching sites.

Resumen: El banco de semillas del suelo es clave para la sucesión vegetal. Sin embargo, las actividades agrícolas han tenido un gran impacto en la vegetación y su composición. El objetivo fue determinar el banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes agroecosistemas de pastoreo en la parte central del estado de Veracruz, México. Se cuantificó y comparó la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, equidad, dominancia y similitud de las especies entre cuatro agroecosistemas (silvopastoril, pastos-árboles, pastoreo tradicional, y Acahual o vegetación secundaria) en Veracruz, México durante el año 2017. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a dos profundidades (0-5, > 5-10 cm). Se encontró diferencia estadística del banco de semillas (P < 0.05) en silvopastoril en ambas profundidades, 0-5 (H’= 2.13) y 5-10 (H´ = 1.86). La equidad y la dominancia fueron mayores para este agroecosistema (0.86) y para Acahual (0.58) con diferencias estadísticas (P < 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en sitios entre profundidades (P > 0.05). La similitud fue mayor al 50% en todos los sitios y aumentó con la profundidad del suelo. La evidencia sugiere que la mayor diversidad del banco de semillas estuvo en silvopastoril de 0 a 5 cm de profundidad. El banco de semillas tiene potencial para la restauración de la vegetación, principalmente herbácea y puede promover el desarrollo de arbustos y árboles, a pesar del manejo de sitios para la ganadería.

Resumo Os dispositivos estatais para o governo das águas no Brasil vêm sendo fortemente influenciados pelo discurso do desenvolvimento, tendo como principal instituição multilateral promotora o Banco Mundial, cujas diretrizes convergem para o afastamento das instituições estatais do papel de provedoras dos serviços de água e promovem a perda do controle sobre as águas por populações locais. Neste artigo, analiso a trajetória das políticas governamentais para a gestão das águas no Brasil a partir da instituição da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) à luz da literatura antropológica sobre grandes projetos de desenvolvimento, administração pública e o campo autodenominado de antropologia da água, observando o processo de criação e implementação de dispositivos institucionais que abrem caminho para a transformação da água em uma commodity. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de observação participante em avaliação oficial da PNRH e análise de relatórios de projetos do Banco Mundial. desenvolvimento Mundial locais artigo (PNRH commodity

Abstract State devices for water governance in Brazil have been strongly influenced by the development discourse, with the World Bank as the main multilateral institution that promotes it, whose guidelines converge towards the removal of state institutions from the role of providers of water services and promote the loss control over water by local populations. In this article, I analyze the trajectory of government policies for water management in Brazil from the institution of the National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) under the light of anthropological literature on large development projects, public administration and the self-declared field of anthropology of water, observing the process of creation and implementation of institutional devices that pave the way for the transformation of water into a commodity. The research was carried out through participant observation in an official evaluation of the NWRP and analysis of project reports from the World Bank. discourse it populations article (NWRP projects selfdeclared self declared commodity

Abstract: This article analyzes the statements, expressed through their documents, on teacher professionalization of three international organizations: the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture; the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture-Unesco and the Inter American Development Bank. The purpose was to identify their explicit and implicit stances on this issue, in the understanding that their discourses, policies and practices of teacher professionalization are part of the processes of production of the social in general and particularly of the educational field. A content analysis of the selected documents was carried out from a critical point of view to the discourse. The results show that a hybrid position on professionalization prevails, although mostly characterized by a teacher-school managerial approach. The conclusions invite us to consider hybridism as a predominant feature of policy-oriented documents addressed to multiple audiences and contexts.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza los discursos, a través de sus documentos, sobre profesionalización docente de tres organismos internacionales: Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura; Oficina Regional de Educación para América Latina y el Caribe-Unesco y Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. El objetivo fue identificar sus posiciones explícitas e implícitas en esta temática, entendiendo que sus discursos, políticas y prácticas de profesionalización docente forman parte de los procesos de producción de lo social en general y del campo educativo en particular. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los documentos seleccionados desde una aproximación crítica al discurso. Los resultados muestran que predomina una posición híbrida respecto de la profesionalización, aunque mayormente caracterizada por la gestión del profesorado-escuela. Las conclusiones invitan a pensar sobre el hibridismo como rasgo predominante de los documentos orientados a la política y dirigidos a múltiples audiencias y contextos.

Resumen Antecedentes: En la reforestación se recomiendan plantas nativas y en fuentes de la regeneración natural. Altos porcentajes de germinación bajo diferentes condiciones de luz y patrones fenológicos amplios incrementan la adaptación en ambientes heterogéneos. Se sugieren especies que tengan una dependencia a la inoculación con hongos micorrizógenos. Preguntas: ¿Solanum pubigerum está ampliamente distribuida en bosques templados del centro de México?, ¿en qué condiciones lumínicas germina?, ¿está en fuentes de la regeneración natural?, ¿la micorriza beneficia su germinación/crecimiento? Especie de estudio / descripción de los datos /Modelo matemático: Solanum pubigerum/distribución en bosques del centro de México, porcentajes de germinación y viabilidad, fenología reproductiva, dependencia micorrícica/Kruskal-Wallis, sincronía, correlaciones de Spearman, ANdeVA. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Bosque de Abies religiosa, Ciudad de México. Agosto 2019 - julio 2020. Métodos: Las semillas de S. pubigerum fueron expuestas a diferentes calidades de luz, su viabilidad fue monitoreada por dos años, así como su presencia en la regeneración natural. Se registró su fenología reproductiva, se inocularon plántulas con hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares para evaluar su crecimiento. Resultados: La mayor germinación ocurrió en luz blanca, la viabilidad se mantuvo en altos porcentajes después de dos años. S. pubigerum está en el banco de semillas en ambas épocas, fue menos abundante en la lluvia de semillas en la época seca, con un patrón de floración-fructificación amplio. La inoculación micorrícica incrementó su germinación y crecimiento. Conclusiones: Solanum pubigerum se recomienda para reforestar bosques del centro de México por sus germinación y respuesta a la micorrización.

Abstract Background: Plant species used for reforestation purposes are idoneous if native, and also if they are present in regeneration sources. High germination percentages under different light conditions and a broad phenological pattern enhance adaptability to environmental heterogeneity. Preference for species responsive to mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended. Questions: Is Solanum pubigerum a widespread species in temperate forests of central Mexico?, under which light conditions germination will be the highest?, how abundant is it in natural regeneration sources?, does inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi benefit its germination and growth? Studied species / data description / Mathematical model: Solanum pubigerum/distribution in central Mexico forests, germination and viability percentages, reproductive phenology, growth dependence on AM fungi/ Kruskal-Wallis test, synchrony, Spearman correlations, ANOVA. Study site and dates: Abies religiosa forest, Mexico City. August 2019 - July 2020. Methods: Seeds of S. pubigerum were exposed to different light qualities, their viability was monitored for two years. Its presence in natural regeneration sources was registered. Reproductive phenology was recorded, and seedlings were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to assess their growth. Results: Highest seed germination occurred under white light conditions, with sustained viability after two years. The species was found in the seed bank across seasons, less abundantly in seed rain during the dry season. It exhibited extensive flowering and fruiting patterns. Mycorrhiza inoculation significantly boosted seed germination and growth. Conclusions: Solanum pubigerum is suitable for reforestation in central Mexico forests due to its high germination percentages and mycorrhizal responsiveness.

Die inflasiekoers en die produksiegaping speel 'n belangrike rol in die monetêrebeleidstand-punt. Alhoewel die publiek inflasie redelik goed verstaan, is die produksiegaping 'n relatief onbekende begrip. Definisies van potensiële produksie kan dubbelsinnig wees, aangesien die term dikwels gebruik word om verwante, maar logies afsonderlike, konsepte te beskryf. Die produksiegaping word ook nie direk waargeneem nie en word afgelei uit beramings van potensiële produksie, wat self nie waarneembaar of meetbaar is nie en dus beraam moet word. Hierdie beramings kan egter sensitief wees vir verskillende metodologiese paradigmas en databeskikbaarheid. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om by te dra tot 'n beter begrip van en groter deursigtigheid in plaaslike monetêre beleid deur die rol van die produksiegaping in Suid-Afrikaanse monetêre beleid te verduidelik. Eerstens word die idees onderliggend aan die konsep van die produksiegaping bespreek, waarna 'n werksdefinisie van die produksiegaping in die konteks van monetêre beleid voorgestel word. Verskeie metodologieë en empiriese tegnieke waarvolgens potensiële produksie en die produksiegaping beraam kan word, word bespreek, insluitende eenveranderlike statistiese tegnieke, strukturele modelle en semistrukturele benaderings. Die artikel verduidelik voorts hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB) die plaaslike produksiegaping beraam en hoe hierdie beraamde produksiegaping op die monetêrebeleidstand-punt inwerk. Ten slotte word die SARB se monetêrebeleidstandpunt beskou met betrekking tot die inflasiekoers en produksiegapingsberamings oor die afgelope twee dekades ten einde die reaksie van die plaaslike monetêre beleid op groot ekonomiese skokke soos die wêreldwye finansiële krisis en COVID-19 te illustreer, en ten einde die beramings se sensitiwiteit vir datahersienings uit te lig.

The inflation rate and the output gap are two of the main determinants of the monetary policy stance. However, while inflation is relatively well understood by the public, the output gap is not. The output gap is not directly observed and is derived from estimates of potential output. Potential output is also not observable or measurable, and therefore needs to be estimated. Such estimates can, however, be sensitive to different methodological paradigms and the availability of data, while definitions of potential output may be ambiguous, because the term is often used to describe related, but logically distinct, concepts. With the aim of contributing to a better understanding of and greater transparency in domestic monetary policy, this paper describes the role of the output gap in South African monetary policy by broadly examining the following three questions: (i) What exactly is the output gap?; (ii) How is it measured? and (iii) Why is it important? To begin with, the idea underlying the concept of the output gap is explained and a tentative working definition of the output gap in the context of monetary policy is provided. Various methodologies and empirical techniques of estimating potential output and the output gap are then discussed, including univariate statistical techniques, structural models and semi-structural approaches. This is followed by an explanation of how the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) estimates the domestic output gap, and how the estimated output gap feeds into the monetary policy stance. Finally, the SARB's monetary policy stance is viewed in relation to the inflation rate and output gap estimates over the last two decades to illustrate the domestic monetary policy response to notable economic events such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 shock, and to highlight the sensitivity of the estimates to data revision. This paper shows that both actual and potential economic growth have declined over the last decade, even without taking into account the COVID-19 shock. This is consistent with the South African empirical literature, and points to a worrying and persistent stagnation in domestic economic activity. After strong economic activity during the early 2000s, the economy started slowing down in 2008. This may be ascribed to a number of factors, including the introduction of load-shedding in 2007, changes in the global economic landscape following the globalfinancial crisis, dwindling infrastructure investment after the 2010 FIFA World Cup tournament, and uncertainty about domestic economic policy. COVID-19 brought about a massive economic shock in 2020. Lockdown regulations saw capital and labour withdrawn from economic use, which caused real GDP and potential output to contract by 6,2% and 2,7%, respectively, for the year. The output gap, which has mainly remained in negative territory since 2009, fell to -7,9% in the second quarter of 2020. In response to the crisis, the SARB drastically lowered the policy rate and applied several other financial market interventions, but even this extensive range of stimuli failed to prevent an economic collapse. Moreover, the output gap has remained negative despite a minor rebound of the economy in 2021 and 2022, which indicated that economic activity remained on its weakpre-COVID-19 trajectory. Inflation has stabilised markedly since 2010. This may be partly due to weak domestic economic activity that does not exert significant domestic inflationary pressures. In fact, many of the notable inflationary episodes of the last 25years were largely caused by external factors, such as the rand depreciation shock and the global financial crisis. This benign domestic inflationary environment has arguably made it easier for the SARB to achieve its inflation target. Such consistency has contributed to an increase in the SARB's credibility, which, in turn, has led to inflation expectations that are lower and better anchored.

Managing school finances by school governing bodies (SGBs) in South African secondary schools has proven to be a challenge that has several negative consequences for education, infrastructure, and other resources. The purpose of this article was to assess the efficiency of financial management systems (FMSs) in selected schools in the Amathole West education district. A case study design and qualitative approach were employed in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select SGB members from 2 schools in the district. The research participants were interviewed using face-to-face and telephonic interviews. We found that while there is understanding and alignment of financial systems by SGBs, insufficient or limited financial resources, inconsistencies in dealing with financial management matters, and government deposit allocation delays, SGBs' level of education and bank operations pose challenges and lead to the misalignment of school operations. Based on the study, we suggest that SGBs adopt strategies to enhance the financial management of schools, namely monitoring and evaluation, the appointment of qualified SGB members, increased training, a stipend system for SGBs and timeous deposit of funds to schools.

Adoption of automation has become the norm in the South African banking industry, owing to competition. Conventional banking institutions are uncertain of the possible adverse effects of integrating automation into banking processes to serve more customers with fewer resources. This study sought to investigate and model the extent to which the integration of automation could be the exogenous factor of the nine endogenous factors identified in this study. The five most prominent banking institutions in South Africa, were used as a case study. The study used a quantitative approach, and 223 bank employees were selected to contribute to the questionnaire survey, and the primary data were analysed using the structural equation modelling (SEM) technique to test the proposed hypotheses. The secondary information was extracted from the banks' annual integrated reports and fact sheets to generate additional insights into the primary data findings. The findings revealed that service delivery automation is a significant and direct predictor of productivity, efficiency, flexibility, operations costs, and the generation of new job opportunities (positive effects). Similarly, the adoption of bank automation was found to be significantly related to the generation of job losses, the changing nature of work, unbalanced demand for required skills, and inequality in wages of employees, which are described as adverse effects.

As gevolg van mededinging, het die aanneming van outomatisering die norm in die Suid-Afrikaanse bankbedryf geword. Konvensionele bankinstellings is onseker oor die moontlike nadelige gevolge van die integrasie van outomatisering in bankprosesse om meer kliënte met minder hulpbronne te bedien. Hierdie studie poog om die mate waarin die integrasie van outomatisering die eksogene faktor van die nege endogene faktore wat in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer is, te ondersoek en te modelleer. Die vyf mees prominente bankinstellings in Suid-Afrika, is as gevallestudie gebruik. Die studie het 'n kwantitatiewe benadering gebruik, en 223 bankwerknemers is gekies om by te dra tot die vraelysopname, en die primêre data is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die strukturele vergelyking modellering (SEM) tegniek om die voorgestelde hipoteses te toets. Die sekondêre inligting is uit die banke se jaarlikse geïntegreerde verslae en feiteblaaie onttrek om bykomende insigte in die primêre databevindinge te genereer. Die bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat dienslewering outomatisering 'n beduidende en direkte voorspeller is van produktiwiteit, doeltreffendheid, buigsaamheid, bedryfskoste en die generering van nuwe werksgeleenthede (positiewe effekte). Net so is gevind dat die aanvaarding van bankoutomatisering beduidend verband hou met die generering van werkverliese, die veranderende aard van werk, ongebalanseerde vraag na vereiste vaardighede en ongelykheid in lone van werknemers, wat as nadelige gevolge beskryf word.

This article applies a network lens to transactional data in order to improve a food banking network's supply chain design and planning. This study draws on data from FoodForward South Africa. This food bank has compiled a rich dataset of connections between supply chain partners (e.g., donors), the flow of stock (volume of food), and their beneficiary organisations. Our analysis showed an increase in the system's 'moving parts' (increased handling of donations), resulting in a significant imbalance between supply and demand. Additionally, in 2022, the organisation's warehouses received a larger number of smaller-volume donations from a wider variety of suppliers, placing an extra burden on the network.

Hierdie artikel pas 'n netwerklens op transaksionele data toe om 'n voedselbanknetwerk se voorsieningskettingontwerp en -beplanning te verbeter. Hierdie studie is gebaseer op data van FoodForward South Africa, 'n voedselbank wat 'n ryk datastel van verbindings tussen voorsieningskettingvennote (skenkers), die vloei van voorraad (voedsel volume) en hul begunstigde organisasies saamgestel het. Ons ontleding het 'n toename in die stelsel se 'bewegende dele' (verhoogde hantering van skenkings) getoon, wat gelei het tot 'n meer beduidende wanbalans tussen vraag en aanbod. Boonop het pakhuise in 2022 'n groter aantal kleiner-volume skenkings van 'n groter verskeidenheid verskaffers ontvang, wat 'n ekstra las op die netwerk geplaas het.

Resumen La efectividad de las políticas implementadas durante la pandemia del COVID-19 es relevante, tanto para evaluar el impacto ocasionado, como para derivar lecciones de política en el caso de que este tipo de fenómenos se repitan. El objetivo de este documento es determinar la relación entre la actividad humana y los contagios de COVID-19 reportados. Para medir la actividad humana se genera una métrica de luminosidad nocturna empleando imágenes satelitales. Mediante un análisis de cointegración se demuestra que existe de una relación de equilibrio a largo plazo y, empleando pruebas de causalidad, que es factible predecir los contagios por COVID-19 a partir de los cambios en la luminosidad. Con modelos econométricos para series de tiempo se demuestra que los contagios por COVID-19 responden a los cambios de luminosidad con alta significancia estadística y hasta con dos semanas de retraso, esto implica que la intensidad de la actividad que sucedía en el momento presente habría sido útil para planificar los recursos que serían necesarios dos semanas posteriores.

Abstract The effectiveness of the policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic is relevant both for assessing the impact caused and for deriving policy lessons in case such phenomena recur. The main objective here is to determine the relationship between human activity and reported COVID-19 cases. To measure human activity, a metric of nighttime lights is generated using satellite images. Conducting cointegration tests we found a long-term equilibrium relationship between the two variables, and through causality tests we confirmed that it is feasible to predict COVID-19 infections from changes in nighttime lights. Using econometric models for time series, it is shown that COVID-19 infections respond to changes in nighttime lights with high statistical significance and with a lag of up to two weeks, implying that the intensity of human activity that was happening now would have been useful for planning the resources that would be necessary two weeks later.

RESUMO A pesquisa foca nas fusões bancárias, explorando como podem surgir benefícios não considerados tradicionalmente ao aplicar o método do Fluxo de Caixa Descontado em instituições financeiras. Utilizou-se dados de fontes como Banco Central (Bacen), IF.Data, Banco do Brasil, Caixa Econômica Federal, Ipeadata, B3 e Infomoney. Analisaram-se os dados usando o Modelo de Dividendos Descontados e Modelagem Financeira Simples. Projetou-se a Demonstração do Resultado do Exercício e o Balanço Patrimonial dos bancos, ajustados pela taxa de inflação meta do Bacen. Calcularam-se os dividendos projetados para os próximos dez anos, determinou-se o Valor Patrimonial dos bancos individualmente e combinados, simulação que considerou três cenários: pessimista, realista e otimista. Os resultados destacaram variáveis críticas, como crescimento individual e combinado, Retorno sobre o Patrimônio e Taxa de Reinvestimento, mostrando que uma fusão pode gerar valor em todos os cenários analisados. bancárias financeiras Utilizouse Utilizou se Bacen, Bacen , (Bacen) IFData IF Data IF.Data Brasil Federal Ipeadata B Infomoney Analisaramse Analisaram Simples Projetouse Projetou Calcularamse Calcularam anos determinouse determinou combinados pessimista otimista críticas combinado Reinvestimento analisados (Bacen

The research focuses on bank mergers, exploring how benefits not traditionally considered can arise when applying the Discounted Cash Flow method in financial institutions. Data from sources such as the Central Bank (Bacen), IF.Data, Banco do Brasil, Caixa Econômica Federal, Ipeadata, B3 and Infomoney were used. The data were analyzed using the Discounted Dividend Model and Simple Financial Modeling. We projected the Income Statement and Balance Sheet of the banks, adjusted by the Bacen target inflation rate. We calculated the dividends projected for the next ten years, and determined the “Equity Value” of the banks individually and combined, a simulation that considered three scenarios: pessimistic, realistic and optimistic. The results highlighted critical variables, such as individual and combined growth, Return on Equity and Reinvestment Rate, showing that a merger can generate value in all scenarios analyzed. mergers institutions Bacen, , (Bacen) IFData IF IF.Data Brasil Federal Ipeadata B used Modeling rate years Value pessimistic optimistic variables growth Rate (Bacen

La investigación se centra en las fusiones bancarias, explorando cómo pueden surgir beneficios no considerados tradicionalmente al aplicar el método de Flujo de Caja Descontado en entidades financieras. Se utilizaron datos de fuentes como Banco Central (Bacen), IF.Data, Banco do Brasil, Caixa Econômica Federal, Ipeadata, B3 e Infomoney. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el modelo de dividendos descontados y el modelo financiero simple. Diseñamos el Estado de Resultados del Año y el Balance General de los bancos, ajustados por la tasa de inflación objetivo del Bacen. Se calcularon los dividendos proyectados para los próximos diez años, se determinó el Valor Patrimonial de los bancos individualmente y en conjunto, simulación que consideró tres escenarios: pesimista, realista y optimista. Los resultados resaltaron variables críticas, como el crecimiento individual y combinado, el retorno sobre el capital y la tasa de reinversión, mostrando que una fusión puede generar valor en todos los escenarios analizados. bancarias financieras Bacen, Bacen , (Bacen) IFData IF Data IF.Data Brasil Federal Ipeadata B Infomoney simple años conjunto pesimista optimista críticas combinado reinversión analizados (Bacen

ABSTRACT The object of this article is the psychic suffering of military police officers in Brazil and its purpose is to investigate whether the national academic production relates psychic suffering to the conditions and organization of the military police work. As methodology, an integrative literature review was used, with a search in the following databases: Portal BVS, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science and Digital Bank of Theses and Dissertations. Thirty-two documents, published between the years 1999 and 2019, were selected for analysis. An increase in academic production on the theme was observed in the last decade. Most of the texts analyzed relate psychic suffering to military police work, which corroborates the initial assumption, and detail the organizational aspects that favor the emergence of psychic suffering in these workers, such as the workload, the division of tasks, the pressures of disciplinary mechanisms, the rigidity in hierarchical relationships and in the organization of work. It is concluded that the national academic production relates the conditions and organization of work with the psychic suffering experienced by military police officers. It is necessary to promote the awareness of policemen and management, regardless of the hierarchical stratum, about the importance of mental health care and the understanding of the institutional impacts of mental suffering.

RESUMEN El objeto de este artículo es el sufrimiento psíquico de los policías militares en Brasil y pretende investigar si la producción académica nacional relaciona el sufrimiento psíquico a las condiciones y organización del trabajo policial militar. Como metodología, se utilizó una revisión bibliográfica integradora, con búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: Portal BVS, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science y Banco Digital de Teses y Dissertações. Fueron seleccionados para análisis 32 documentos, publicados entre los años 1999 y 2019. Se observó un aumento en la producción académica sobre el tema en la última década. La mayoría de los textos analizados relaciona el sufrimiento psíquico con el trabajo policial militar, lo que corrobora la hipótesis inicial, y detalla los aspectos organizacionales que favorecen el surgimiento del sufrimiento psíquico en estos trabajadores, como la carga de trabajo, la división de tareas, las presiones de los mecanismos disciplinarios, la rigidez en las relaciones jerárquicas y en la organización del trabajo. Se concluye que la producción académica nacional relaciona las condiciones y la organización del trabajo con el sufrimiento psíquico experimentado por los policías militares. Es necesario promover la concienciación de policías y gestores, independientemente del estrato jerárquico, sobre la importancia de la atención a la salud mental y la comprensión de los impactos institucionales del sufrimiento psíquico.

RESUMO O objeto deste artigo é o sofrimento psíquico de policiais militares no Brasil e tem por finalidade investigar se a produção acadêmica nacional relaciona o sofrimento psíquico às condições e à organização do trabalho policial militar. Como metodologia, utilizou-se a revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca nas bases de dados: Portal BVS, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science e Banco Digital de Teses e Dissertações. Foram selecionados para análise 32 documentos, publicados entre os anos de 1999 e 2019. Observou-se aumento na produção acadêmica sobre o tema na última década. A maior parte dos textos analisados relaciona o sofrimento psíquico ao trabalho policial militar, o que corrobora o pressuposto inicial, e detalha os aspectos organizacionais que favorecem o surgimento do sofrimento psíquico nesses trabalhadores, tais como a carga de trabalho, a divisão das tarefas, as pressões dos mecanismos disciplinares, a rigidez nas relações hierárquicas e na organização do trabalho. Conclui-se que a produção acadêmica nacional relaciona as condições e a organização do trabalho com o sofrimento psíquico vivenciado por policiais militares. É necessário que se promova a sensibilização de policiais e da gestão, independente do estrato hierárquico, acerca da importância da atenção à saúde mental e da compreensão dos impactos institucionais face ao sofrimento psíquico.

Resumen El objetivo del artículo es realizar un análisis comparado de mediano plazo que permita conocer la evolución y fuentes de la competitividad de México y sus principales socios comerciales: Estados Unidos, China y Canadá, que ocupan el primer, segundo y tercer o cuarto sitio, respectivamente. En el análisis se incluye a Brasil en su condición de primera economía de América Latina. Nuestro país recibe los beneficios del elevado superávit de intercambio con socios del “Tratado México, Estados Unidos y Canadá”; estos beneficios contrastan por el abultado déficit con China y otras economías asiáticas. Una de las claves de esta problemática radica en la competitividad y el modelo de industrialización del país. Al respecto, se presenta una investigación documental acorde al enfoque sistémico-neoinstitucional que retoma los estudios del Foro Económico Mundial de Davos (FEM) y el Banco Mundial (BM). Los resultados revelan una divergencia entre las evaluaciones del FEM que apuntan a una evolución favorable de la competitividad global de México y el BM que detecta un deterioro de las condiciones para hacer negocios vinculada a la normatividad institucional regulatoria. En el análisis se jerarquizan las ventajas competitivas de México y las debilidades o fallas que las obstaculizan en el periodo 2011-2019.

Abstract This article aims to carry out a medium-term comparative analysis that allows us to know the evolution and sources of competitiveness of Mexico and its main trading partners: The United States, China, and Canada, which occupy the first, second, and third place, respectively. The analysis includes Brazil as the leading economy in Latin America. Our country benefits from the high trade surplus with partners of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. These benefits contrast with the large deficit with China and other Asian economies. One of the keys to this problem links the country’s competitiveness and industrialization model. In this regard, documentary research is presented according to the systemic-neo-institutional approach that takes up the World Economic Forum of Davos and the World Bank studies. The results reveal a divergence between the WEF’s assessments, which point to a favorable evolution of Mexico’s global competitiveness, and the World Bank, which detects a deterioration in the conditions for doing business with allies to institutional regulatory norms. The analysis ranks Mexico’s competitive advantages and the weaknesses or failures that balk them in the 2011-2019 period.

Abstract In this work, the productivity and efficiency of the manufacturing industry in Mexico were estimated, using non-homogeneous double logarithmic production function (NHPF) and yearly data from 1993 to 2020. Money as an input in the production function was considered as a theoretical argument. During the period analyzed, the average output elasticities of labor and bank credit indicate a productivity of 1.5 and 0.05 (respectively), while the average returns to scale of the manufacturing sector set their efficiency at 1.55. The credit deficiency suggests a need for efficient financing allocation mechanisms for the sector.

Resumen En este trabajo se estimó la productividad y eficiencia de la industria manufacturera en México, mediante una función de producción doble logarítmica no homogénea (NHPF) y datos anuales de 1993 a 2020. El dinero, como insumo en la función de producción, se consideró como argumento teórico. Durante el periodo analizado, las elasticidades de salida promedio del trabajo y del crédito bancario indican una productividad de 1.5 y 0.05, respectivamente, mientras que los retornos a escala promedio del sector manufacturero ubican su eficiencia en 1.55. La deficiencia crediticia sugiere la necesidad de mecanismos eficientes de asignación de financiamiento para el sector.