Resumen En este artículo se aproximan algunas elaboraciones al proceso en desarrollo histórico del escenario monetario y bancario de la Provincia de Antioquia a finales del siglo XIX. Se hace tránsito por los lugares de la escasez monetaria, la emisión de moneda y las complicadas redes de capitalistas individuales, que marcarían la senda de la política monetaria y bancaria. En esta exposición, en sumo grado abstracta, la comprensión de la moneda y la banca en el caso que se convoca, más allá del carácter funcional, ayuda a detenerse en las tendencias como constitutivos de los vínculos sociales. Esto remite inmediatamente a la relación entre la emisión de billetes privados y el billete fiscal. Esto no surge súbitamente, sino que corresponde a un proceso de transformación histórica de la producción social.

Abstract This article approaches some elaborations on the historical development process of the monetary and banking scenario of the Province of Antioquia at the end of the 19th century. It goes through the places of monetary scarcity, currency issuance, and the complicated networks of individual capitalists, which would mark the path of monetary and banking policy. In this highly abstract exposition, understanding currency and banking in the case in question, beyond its functional character, helps to focus on tendencies as constitutive of social bonds. This immediately refers to the relationship between the issuance of private banknotes and the fiscal banknote. This does not arise suddenly but corresponds to a process of historical transformation of social production. JEL: N26, N20, E51.

Abstract: In 1816, José Antonio Moldes had been elected congressman for the Constituent Congress held in the city of San Miguel de Tucuman to organize the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata. He was unable to take up the position because another congressman with different political views had filed an accusation against him. A legal case was brought against him, he was dismissed from his post and subsequently imprisoned. This article seeks to examine how political differences were resolved within the revolutionary bloc in the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata between 1816 and 1820. To this end, we will examine what happened in other American spaces, to link what happened in Rio de la Plata to other revolutionary processes. We will also explore what happened in that political community in previous years to attempt to determine whether, after 1816, political coexistence deteriorated and the ways these political tensions were resolved became more violent.

Resumen: En 1816, José Antonio Moldes había sido elegido diputado para el Congreso Constituyente convocado en la ciudad de San Miguel de Tucumán, que tenía como objetivo organizar las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, pero no pudo asumir su banca porque otro diputado de una tendencia política diferente formuló una acusación en su contra, se le inició una causa judicial, fue separado de su banca y luego encarcelado. Este artículo, por lo tanto, buscará indagar en cómo se procesaron las diferencias políticas al interior del bloque revolucionario en las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata entre 1816 y 1820, y para eso tendremos en cuenta lo ocurrido en otros espacios americanos, para poner en relación al Río de la Plata con lo ocurrido en otros procesos revolucionarios, pero también lo sucedido en esa comunidad política en los años previos, para tratar de dilucidar si a partir de 1816 la convivencia política se deterioró y las formas en que se dirimieron esas tensiones políticas se volvieron más violentas.

Resumo O desenvolvimento de projetos de desenvolvimento agrícola é de grande importância atualmente, pois atende às prioridades nacionais. Isso exige a diversificação e a eficiência dos produtos financeiros para cobrir as necessidades de investimento e de capital de giro desses projetos. Entretanto, mesmo quando existem fundos para a promoção da atividade agrícola, há limitações em sua gestão, o que limita a implementação de ideias de projetos de desenvolvimento nos setores estatais e não estatais. Em vista desse problema, o principal objetivo deste artigo é elaborar um procedimento para a gestão da Banca de Fomento Agrícola que contribua para a implementação de projetos associados à produção agrícola. O principal método de pesquisa utilizado foi o de indução-dedução, que é aplicado ao projeto do procedimento proposto e à formulação de ações para facilitar sua implementação. O procedimento proposto representa uma ferramenta de apoio na gestão do Fundo de Desenvolvimento Agrícola das instituições financeiras em nível municipal e tem um conjunto de sugestões que facilitarão sua aplicação, que são variáveis de acordo com os critérios dos atores que o implementam.

Abstract The development of projects to promote agricultural activity is of great importance today, as it responds to national priorities. To this end, it is necessary to diversify and make financial products more efficient in order to cover the investment and working capital needs of such projects. However, even when there are funds for the promotion of agricultural activity, there are limitations in their management, which limits the implementation of development project ideas in the state and non-state sectors. In view of this problem, the main objective of this article is to design a procedure for the management of the Agricultural Development Bank that will contribute to the implementation of projects associated with agricultural production. The main research method used was the induction-deduction, which is applied for the design of the proposed procedure and the formulation of actions to facilitate its implementation. The proposed procedure represents a support tool in the management of the Agricultural Development Fund from the financial institutions at the municipal level and has a set of suggestions that will facilitate its application, which are variable according to the criteria of the actors who implement it.

Resumen El desarrollo de proyectos de fomento de la actividad agrícola reviste gran importancia en la actualidad, ya que responde a prioridades nacionales. Para ello, se hacen necesarias la diversificación y eficiencia de los productos financieros en función de cubrir las necesidades de inversión y capital de trabajo de dichos proyectos. Sin embargo, aun cuando existen fondos para el fomento de la actividad agrícola, se evidencian limitaciones en su gestión, lo que limita la ejecución de las ideas de proyectos de desarrollo en los sectores estatal y no estatal. En función de esta problemática, el artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental diseñar un procedimiento para la gestión de la Banca de Fomento Agrícola que contribuya a la implementación de proyectos asociados a las producciones agrícolas. El principal método de investigación utilizado fue el de inducción-deducción, el que se aplica para el diseño del procedimiento propuesto y la formulación de las acciones para facilitar su implementación. La propuesta de procedimiento representa una herramienta de apoyo en la gestión del Fondo de Fomento Agrícola desde las instituciones financieras a escala municipal y cuenta con un conjunto de sugerencias que facilitarán su aplicación, los cuales son variables de acuerdo con el criterio de los actores que lo implementan.

ABSTRACT The article proposes an indicative analysis to identify and problematize the readings that inspired Catharina Moura in the production of the text “Women’s rights”. Initially, it was presented at a congress in 1913 in the city of Parahyba do Norte (PB), Brazil, and, later, with modifications, submitted to the board of Congregation of Law School of Recife in 1921, referring to the 1912 award, entitled “Documents related to the school award of 1912”. Womens Women s rights. rights . rights” Initially 191 PB, PB , (PB) Brazil later modifications 1921 Documents 1912. 1912” 19 (PB 192 1

RESUMO O artigo propõe uma análise indiciária para identificar e problematizar as leituras que inspiraram Catharina Moura na produção do texto “Os direitos da mulher”, inicialmente apresentado em conferência no ano de 1913 na cidade da Parahyba do Norte (PB) e, posteriormente, com modificações, submetido à banca de congregação da Faculdade de Direito do Recife em 1921, referente ao prêmio de 1912, intitulado “Documentos relativos ao prêmio escolar de 1912”. Os mulher, mulher , mulher” 191 PB (PB posteriormente modificações 1921 1912 Documentos 1912. . 1912” 19 192 1

Abstract In the search for alternatives to overcome the challenge imposed by drug resistance development in cancer treatment, the modulation of autophagy has emerged as a promising alternative that has achieved good results in clinical trials. Nevertheless, most of these studies have overlooked a novel and selective type of autophagy: chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Following its discovery, research into CMA’s contribution to tumor progression has accelerated rapidly. Therefore, we now understand that stress conditions are the primary signal responsible for modulating CMA in cancer cells. In turn, the degradation of proteins by CMA can offer important advantages for tumorigenesis, since tumor suppressor proteins are CMA targets. Such mutual interaction between the tumor microenvironment and CMA also plays a crucial part in establishing therapy resistance, making this discussion the focus of the present review. Thus, we highlight how suppression of LAMP2A can enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to several drugs, just as downregulation of CMA activity can lead to resistance in certain cases. Given this panorama, it is important to identify selective modulators of CMA to enhance the therapeutic response. treatment trials Nevertheless chaperonemediated chaperone mediated CMA. . (CMA) discovery CMAs s rapidly Therefore turn tumorigenesis targets review Thus LAMPA LAMP A drugs cases panorama response (CMA

Resumen En este artículo, nuestro objetivo fue identificar las principales implicaciones del estrés laboral para la salud de los trabajadores y para la funcionalidad de una organización bancaria ubicada en Minas Gerais durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Desarrollamos un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, a través de una encuesta a 306 profesionales bancarios. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Como resultado, se destaca la construcción de un modelo estructural, en el cual es posible verificar las implicaciones y efectos entre las dimensiones individual, social y funcional. Este estudio contribuyó a la discusión de variables asociadas al estrés ocupacional, considerando el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, marcado por adversidades y hasta ahora con pocos estudios relacionados con profesionales del sector financiero, especialmente bancarios. Las relaciones entre las dimensiones sirvieron de base para identificar las manifestaciones de estrés ocupacional en los individuos y sus impactos en la funcionalidad de la organización, considerando el escenario de la pandemia. artículo COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 cuantitativo 30 bancarios estructurales resultado estructural individual funcional contribuyo COVID19, 19, financiero COVID1 1 COVID-1 3 COVID-

Abstract This article aimed to identify the main implications of occupational stress for workers’ health and for the functionality of a banking organization located in Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a quantitative study through a survey of 306 banking professionals. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. As a result, the construction of a structural model stands out, making it possible to verify the implications and effects between the individual, social, and functional dimensions. This study contributed to the discussion of variables associated with occupational stress, considering the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, marked by adversities and so far with few studies related to professionals in the financial sector, especially banking. Considering the pandemic scenario, the relationships between the dimensions served as the basis for identifying the manifestations of occupational stress in individuals and their impacts on the organization’s functionality. workers Gerais Brazil COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 30 modeling result out individual social sector scenario organizations s COVID1 1 COVID- 3

Resumo Neste artigo o objetivo foi identificar as principais implicações do estresse ocupacional na saúde do trabalhador e na funcionalidade de uma organização bancária localizada em Minas Gerais durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Desenvolvemos um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, por meio de um levantamento (survey) com 306 profissionais bancários. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Como resultados, destaca-se a construção de um modelo estrutural no qual é possível verificar implicações e efeitos entre as dimensões individual, social e funcional. Este estudo contribuiu para a discussão das variáveis associadas ao estresse ocupacional, considerando o contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, marcado por adversidades e, até então, com poucos estudos centrados nos profissionais do setor financeiro, especialmente bancários. As relações entre as dimensões serviram de base para identificar as manifestações de estresse ocupacional dos indivíduos e os seus impactos na funcionalidade da organização, considerando o cenário da pandemia. implicacoes implicac es saude sau organizacao organizac bancaria banca ria COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 quantitativa survey (survey 30 bancarios rios bancários Equacoes Equac Estruturais resultados destacase destaca se construcao construc possivel possi vel dimensoes dimenso individual funcional discussao discussa variaveis varia veis COVID19, 19, ate entao enta então financeiro relacoes relac manifestacoes manifestac individuos indivi duos cenario cena rio COVID1 1 COVID-1 3 COVID-

ABSTRACT The sectorial trajectory of banking in the Province of Malleco (Southern Chile) between 1887 and 1913 is studied, seeking to contribute to regional economic and financial history studies. It is argued that there was a diversification at the beginning of the 20th century, going from focusing on cereal production in the 19th century to expanding its operations in commerce and industry in the 20th, which meant development of the specialized financial sector. An exhaustive review of notarial archives, population and production censuses, ministerial reports, press, and literature was used.

RESUMEN Se estudia la trayectoria sectorial de la banca en la Provincia de Malleco (sur de Chile) entre 1887 y 1913, buscando hacer una contribución a los estudios de historia económica y financiera regional. Se sostiene que hubo una diversificación a inicios del siglo XX, pasando de enfocarse en la producción de cereales en el siglo XIX, a expandir sus operaciones en el comercio y la industria en el XX, lo que significó un desarrollo del sector financiero especializado. Se recurrió a una exhaustiva revisión de archivos notariales, censos de población y productivos, memorias ministeriales, prensa y literatura.

Resumo Um professor convida dois amigos, que foram seus orientadores de mestrado e doutorado, para uma atividade incomum: compor uma banca com a finalidade de ajudá-lo a compreender como as duas pesquisas desenvolvidas sob a orientação de cada um deles, de campos diferentes da Educação Matemática, poderiam se aproximar teórico e metodologicamente. Apesar de improvável, os amigos topam o encontro e os três realizam a banca à beira mar. Conversam sobre pesquisa em Etnomatemática, Cartografia, etnografia, conceitos freireanos, tais como opressor-oprimido, educação libertadora; Educação Inclusiva, diversidade e diferença; rizomas, sistemas arborescentes, máquinas de guerra nômade, aparelhos de estado, poder disciplinar, normalização, ética foucaultiana, dentre outras coisas. doutorado incomum ajudálo ajudá lo deles Matemática metodologicamente improvável mar Etnomatemática Cartografia etnografia freireanos opressoroprimido, opressoroprimido opressor oprimido, oprimido opressor-oprimido libertadora Inclusiva diferença rizomas arborescentes nômade estado disciplinar normalização foucaultiana coisas

Abstract A professor invites two friends, who were his master's and doctoral advisors, to an unusual activity: to form a committee with the purpose of helping him understand how the two research projects developed under their guidance, which are from different fields of Mathematics Education, could approach each other theoretically and methodologically. Despite being unlikely, the friends agreed, and the three of them held the committee by the seaside. They discussed research in Ethnomathematics, Cartography, ethnography, Freirean concepts such as oppressor-oppressed, liberating education; Inclusive Education, diversity and difference, rhizomes, arboreal systems, nomadic war machines, apparatuses of the state, disciplinary power, normalization, Foucauldian ethics, among other things. masters master s advisors activity guidance Education methodologically unlikely agreed seaside Ethnomathematics Cartography ethnography oppressoroppressed, oppressoroppressed oppressor oppressed, oppressed oppressor-oppressed education difference rhizomes systems machines state power normalization ethics things

Resumen La prevención de lavado de dinero es un tema que ha tomado importancia en los últimos años en el sector financiero, debido a que dicho sector resulta vulnerable a ser utilizado para perpetrar este delito. En este trabajo, se analiza la mejor decisión por parte de las instituciones de banca múltiple respecto a bloquear o no bloquear las tarjetas de crédito ante posibles escenarios de lavado de dinero por parte de sus tarjetahabientes. Con base en un análisis de información incompleta, se deducen instrumentos para que la institución decida bloquear o no una cuenta que presente operaciones inusuales; con la finalidad de evitar pérdidas financieras y un daño en su reputación por relacionarse con tarjetahabientes que lavan dinero. El factor diferenciador de este trabajo consiste en la construcción de señales mediante vectores de pesos asignados a los factores de lavado de dinero, que pueden servir como indicadores o agravantes ante posibles operaciones inusuales de los tarjetahabientes.

Abstract In recent years, the prevention of money laundering has gained importance in the financial sector because this sector is being used to perpetrate this crime. This paper analyzes the best decision by banking institutions regarding the blocking or not of credit cards in the face of possible money laundering scenarios by their cardholders. Based on an analysis of incomplete information, we deduce instruments that help the institution decide to block or not, an account that presents unusual operations; to avoid financial losses and damage to their reputation from being involved with cardholders who launder money. The differentiating factor of this work consists in the construction of signals through vectors of weights assigned to the money laundering factors, which can serve as indicators or aggravating factors in possible unusual operations by cardholders.

Resumen: En este trabajo analizamos cómo dos obras audiovisuales contemporáneas, que, mediante distintas puestas de cámara, dan capacidad de agencia a materiales no humanos presentes en el territorio norpatagónico argentino. Para ello trabajaremos desde la perspectiva filosófica de los nuevos materialismos, que ponen en crisis la epistemología moderna basada en un binarismo entre lo humano y lo no humano, entre lo que se considera vivo y lo inerte. En cambio, nos proponen considerar a los materiales no humanos como seres vivos como “actantes” -en términos de Bruno Latour (2012)- con quienes se puede conversar. En este contexto, Jens Andermann (2018) propone pensar el fin del paisaje, porque considera que este concepto presupone una “objetivación del mundo, espiritualización del sujeto observador” (Andermann, 2018, p. 426). Si la división entre el sujeto/objeto, actividad/pasividad entran en crisis, también lo hace el paisaje, tal como se lo ha entendido desde la cultura occidental. En los audiovisuales que analizaremos cobran especial protagonismo ciertos rasgos del territorio: en la obra híbrida Los muertos dos de Manque la Banca (2016) se registran los espacios al borde del paisaje turístico de la ciudad de Bariloche (Argentina), con sus escombros y sus desechos. Y en el documental Puyehue de Bruno Stecconi y Victoria Sayago (2011), las protagonistas son las cenizas provocadas por la explosión del volcán Puyehue, que generó un desastre socio-natural en la región de la norpatagonia argentina en el año 2011.

Abstract: In this paper we are interested in observing how two contemporary audiovisual works converse with materials present in the Argentinean north Patagonian territory. To do so, we will work from the philosophical perspective of the new materialisms, who put in crisis the modern epistemology based on a binarism between the human and the non-human, between what is considered living and the inert. Instead, they propose to consider non-human materials as living beings, as actants -in Bruno Latour's (2012) terms- with whom we can converse. In this sense, Jens Andermann (2018) proposes to think the end of landscape, since this concept presupposes an "objectification of the world, spiritualization of the observing subject" (Andermann, 2018, p. 426). If the division between subject/object, activity/passivity enters in crisis, so does the landscape, as it has been understood from Western culture. In the audiovisuals we will analyze, certain material features of the territory gain special prominence: in the hybrid work Los muertos dos (2016) by Manque la Banca, the spaces on the edge of the tourist landscape of the city of Bariloche (Argentina), with its debris and waste, are recorded. And in the documentary Puyehue (2011) by Bruno Stecconi and Victoria Sayago, the protagonists are the ashes caused by the explosion of the Puyehue volcano, which generated a socio-natural disaster in the region of northern Argentina in 2011.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación es caracterizar el panorama actual sobre la percepción del uso de la banca móvil por parte de los consumidores colombianos. Para ello, se realizó un análisis bibliométrico en la base de datos Scopus utilizando los softwares R Core Team 2021-Bibliometrix y VOSviewer, complementado con una revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando el protocolo PRISMA. Los resultados del análisis bibliométrico mostraron que existe un crecimiento sustancial de la producción científica relacionada con el tema abordado, siendo los países más productivos: India, seguido de Estados Unidos y China. Los autores más representativos son Tommi Laukkanen, Aijaz A Shaikh y Heikki Karjaluoto. De la revisión sistemática de la literatura, se observa que el uso de la banca móvil está motivado principalmente por la facilidad de uso, la confianza y la utilidad que perciben los usuarios; también es importante destacar que existe una alta probabilidad de uso en la población que tiene acceso y uso constante de internet, así como en las personas con mayores ingresos y educación universitaria.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present research is to characterise the current landscape on the perception of the use of mobile banking by Colombian consumers. To this end, a bibliometric analysis was carried out in the Scopus database using the R Core Team 2021-Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software, complemented by a systematic review of the literature using the PRISMA protocol. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that there is a substantial growth in scientific production related to the topic addressed, with the most productive countries being: India, followed by the United States and China. The most representative authors are Tommi Laukkanen, Aijaz A Shaikh, and Heikki Karjaluoto. From the systematic review of the literature, it is observed that the use of mobile banking is mainly motivated by the ease of use, trust, and usefulness that users perceive; it is also important to note that there is a high probability of use in the population that has constant access and use of the internet, as well as in people with higher incomes and university education.

RESUMEN Este trabajo pretende demostrar que la actual crisis bancaria que se ha presentado en Estados Unidos no es un evento aislado ni coyuntural, sino que es el más reciente acontecimiento de una continua serie de ciclos de fragilidad financiera ocasionada por el manejo conservador de la política monetaria de la Reserva Federal desde 1965. Para esto realizamos un análisis teórico y descriptivo crítico que muestra el impacto de la Reserva Federal sobre la valoración cíclica de los portafolios en Estados Unidos y también el efecto adverso en la dinámica macroeconómica de América Latina desde 1980. La conclusión es que la fragilidad financiera creciente de los balances de los agentes durante el auge provoca que las medidas de control inflacionario mediante la tasa de interés tengan un efecto incluso permanente en la economía.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the current banking crisis in the United States is not an isolated or conjunctural event, but rather the most recent event in a continuous series of cycles of financial fragility caused by the conservative management of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy since 1965. For this purpose, a critical theoretical and descriptive analysis is carried out, showing the impact of the Federal Reserve on the cyclical valuation of portfolios in the United States and also the adverse effect on the macroeconomic dynamics of Latin America since 1980. The conclusion is that the increasing financial fragility of agents’ balance sheets during the boom causes inflationary control measures through the interest rate to have an adverse permanent effect on the economy.

Resumen El sector industrial desempeña un papel importante para la economía de México. El 32% del PIB proviene de empresas insertadas en el sector industrial, lo que genera un impacto positivo, pues en dichas organizaciones se crean nuevos empleos, nuevos ingresos, que ayudan al crecimiento económico. No obstante, las empresas del giro industrial necesitan adquirir recursos para poder desarrollarse, y una de las maneras de lograrlo es por medio del crédito bancario; en ese sentido, se torna una situación compleja debido al constreñimiento crediticio existente, derivada de una serie de sucesos en el sistema financiero y en el bancario, como la diversificación de mercados - banca múltiple - y las endebles regulaciones. Este artículo investiga las determinantes para que un crédito bancario otorgado sea destinado al sector industrial en México. Los datos cuantitativos corresponden al periodo 2008-2018; no obstante, la base del ENAFIN contiene datos del 2010 al 2018, generando una limitante para hacer más robusta la investigación. Los análisis de regresión empleados - PROBIT y TOBIT -, arrojan un pronóstico que cuando mejora la economía, se incrementa la probabilidad (94%) de que un crédito bancario aprobado sea otorgado a una empresa del sector industrial; por otra parte, un incremento de los montos de los créditos bancarios otorgados a otros rubros y una subida en el número de solicitudes de crédito hacen que disminuya la probabilidad (24% y 15%, respectivamente). Con base en estos resultados, se deriva la urgencia de las implicaciones políticas que ayuden a mejorar el vínculo del crédito bancario con las empresas del sector industrial.

Abstract The industrial sector plays an important role for the Mexican economy. 32% of GDP comes from companies inserted in the industrial sector, which generates a positive impact, since new jobs and new income are created in these organizations, which help economic growth. However, the companies of the industrial turn need to acquire resources to be able to develop, and one of the ways to achieve it is through bank credit; In this sense, it becomes a complex situation due to the existing credit constraint, derived from a series of events in the financial and banking system, such as the diversification of markets - multiple banking - and weak regulations. This article investigates the determinants for a bank loan granted to be destined to the industrial sector in Mexico. The quantitative data correspond to the period 2008-2018; However, the ENAFIN database contains data from 2010 to 2018, generating a limitation to make the research more robust. The regression analyzes used - PROBIT and TOBIT - show a forecast that when the economy improves, the probability (94%) that an approved bank loan will be granted to a company in the industrial sector increases; on the other hand, an increase in the amounts of bank loans granted to other items and a rise in the number of credit applications make the probability decrease (24% and 15%, respectively). Based on these results, the urgency of the political implications that help improve the link of bank credit with companies in the industrial sector is derived.

Resumen Este artículo da luz sobre un tema olvidado en economía: la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia. Consideramos que los bancos centrales son instituciones de poder y, como tales, ni ellos ni sus políticas son neutrales, pues hay ganadores y perdedores inevitables. Explicamos por qué y cómo la sociedad debe regular y controlar su poder. Nos centramos en el carácter distributivo del ingreso de la política monetaria para demostrar esta afirmación, y mostramos que ha llegado la hora de construir un nuevo marco de banca central que mejore la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales conforme al espíritu de un sistema democrático, que se base en nuevas reglas, nuevos tipos de organización interna y una ética de la responsabilidad de nuevo tipo. JEL: B55, E02, E12, E52, E58

Resumo Este artigo lança luz sobre uma questão negligenciada na economia, ou seja, a responsabilidade social dos bancos centrais em uma democracia. Consideramos que os bancos centrais são instituições de poder e, como tal, nem eles nem suas políticas são neutras, na medida em que há inevitáveis vencedores e perdedores. Explicamos por que e como a sociedade deve regular e controlar seu poder. Concentramo-nos no caráter distributivo da política monetária para demonstrar esta afirmação, e mostrar que chegou o momento de construir uma nova estrutura para o banco central que aumente a responsabilidade social dos bancos centrais no espírito de um sistema democrático, e que se se baseie em novas regras, novos tipos de organização interna e uma ética de responsabilidade de novo tipo. JEL: B55, E02, E12, E52, E58

Abstract This paper sheds light on an overlooked issue in economics, namely the social responsibility of central banks in a democracy. We consider central banks as institutions of power, and, as such, neither are they nor their policies neutral, in the sense that there are inevitable winners and losers. We explain why and how their power should be regulated and controlled by society. Specifically, we focus on the income distributive nature of monetary policy to demonstrate this assertion. From this, we explain that the time is ripe to build a new framework for central banking aiming at improving central banks' social responsibility consistent with the spirit of a democratic system, and resting on new rules, new types of inner organization and, more broadly, an ethics of responsibility of a new kind. JEL: B55, E02, E12, E52, E58