Resumo Achatina fulica é um molusco terrestre conhecido como caramujo gigante africano que está relacionado a problemas ambientais, econômicos, urbanos e de saúde pública. Como medidas de controle para esse molusco, são utilizados sal de cozinha (NaCl) e óxido de cálcio (CaO), e as iscas são compostas de metaldeído. No entanto, essas medidas têm toxicidade ambiental e impactam o solo. Desta forma, produtos naturais foram testados neste molusco para descobrir e desenvolver uma substância para combater esta praga urbana e agrícola. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar estudos envolvendo produtos naturais para controle da população de Achatina fulica. Artigos e trabalhos publicados em livros foram incluídos no presente trabalho. Um total de 1.103 trabalhos foram encontrados durante a pesquisa. Destes, 14 trabalhos atendiam ao objetivo desta revisão e foram incluídos neste artigo. Os testes não possuem padronização metodológica, não possuem concentração máxima para serem considerados ativos ou tempo máximo de exposição. Observou-se uma falta de padronização na metodologia de testes em A. fulica. A realização de testes em outras fases da vida do molusco, bem como testes que analisem outros parâmetros, são essenciais. Apenas um artigo analisado apresentou análise fitoquímica. Também não foram relatados testes de ecotoxicidade. Alguns extratos apresentaram resultados promissores, com destaque para o extrato aquoso de Capsicum frutescens. Mais estudos investigando a atividade molusquicida de produtos naturais sobre A. fulica são necessários. É muito relevante que os novos estudos apresentem uma análise fitoquímica dos extratos testados, bem como estudos de ecotoxicidade.

Abstract Achatina fulica is a terrestrial mollusk known as the giant African snail that is related to environmental, economic, urban, and public health problems. As control measures for this mollusk, cooking salt (NaCl) and calcium oxide (CaO) are used, and baits are composed of metaldehyde. However, these measures have environmental toxicity and impact the soil. In this way, natural products have been tested on this mollusk to discover and develop a substance to combat this urban and agricultural pest. This article aims to evaluate studies involving natural products to control the population of Achatina fulica. Articles and works published in books were included in the present work. A total of 1,103 works were found during the search. Of these, 14 works met the objective of these review and were included in this article. The tests do not possess methodological standardization, do not have a maximum concentration to be considered active, or a maximum exposure time. A lack of standardization in the methodology of tests on A. fulica was observed. The performance of tests on other life stages of the mollusk, as well as tests that analyze other parameters, are essential. Only one article analyzed presented phytochemical analysis. No ecotoxicity tests were reported either. Some extracts showed promising results, highlighting the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens. More studies investigating the molluscicidal activity of natural products on A. fulica are needed. It is very relevant that the new studies present a phytochemical analysis of the tested extracts, as well as ecotoxicity studies.

ABSTRACT Drosophila suzukii is an exotic pest identified in Brazil in 2013 that has the potential to cause quantitative and qualitative losses to small fruit crops. Its wide range of hosts and short life cycle combined with continuous fruit availability make its management challenging. Insecticide application is the main control strategy currently used; however, this control method is highly harmful to human health and the environment. The strategy of using toxic bait contributes to reductions in insecticide application in in terms of total area. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of toxic baits on adult Drosophila suzukii under laboratory conditions. Four bioassays with different treatments were conducted to test different ready-to-use toxic baits, as well as homemade and commercial bait formulations combined with insecticide. Twenty µL of each toxic bait were offered to 5 five-day-old pairs of D. suzukii for 2 hours. Adult mortality was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exposure. All toxic baits caused mortality ranging from 10% to 65%. The toxic bait Droskidrink + 0.15% malathion + 0.3% sugar resulted in 65% adult mortality, denoting potential for evaluating the management of D. suzukii in semi-field and field studies. 201 crops challenging used however environment area Thus conditions readytouse ready use fivedayold five day old D 4 6 8 10 12 24 48 72 9 exposure 65 015 0 15 0.15 03 3 0.3 semifield semi studies 20 1 7 01 0.1 0.

RESUMO Drosophila suzukii é uma praga exótica identificada no Brasil em 2013, que tem potencial para causar danos quantitativos e qualitativos em pequenas fruteiras. Devido à sua ampla gama de hospedeiros, disponibilidade contínua de frutos e ciclo de vida curto, seu manejo é desafiador. A principal estratégia de controle atualmente utilizada é o uso de inseticidas. No entanto, essa estratégia de controle é altamente prejudicial à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. A estratégia de iscas tóxicas reduz a aplicação de inseticidas na área total. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de iscas tóxicas em adultos de Drosophila suzukii em condições de laboratório. Foram realizados quatro bioensaios com diferentes tratamentos, onde foram testadas diferentes formulações de iscas de pronto uso, caseiras e comerciais, e suas combinações com inseticida. 20 µL de cada isca tóxica foram oferecidos a 5 casais de D. suzukii com 5 dias de idade por 2 horas. A mortalidade adulta foi avaliada 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a exposição. Todas as iscas tóxicas causaram mortalidade variando de 10 a 65%. A Droskidrink + 0,3% de açúcar + 0,15 malationa causou 65% de mortalidade de adultos, mostrando-se promissora para futuros estudos de campo e semi-campo para o manejo de D. suzukii. 2013 fruteiras hospedeiros curto desafiador entanto ambiente total Assim laboratório tratamentos comerciais inseticida D 4 6 8 12 24 48 7 9 exposição 1 65 03 0 3 0,3 015 15 0,1 mostrandose mostrando se semicampo semi 201 0, 01

ABSTRACT The significant role of Aedes aegypti as a vector of several arboviruses has intensified studies on vector control tools, including Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits containing Pyriproxyfen (ATSB-PPF). PPF is an insect growth regulator (IGR) that has been used to control immature mosquitoes, but it also has direct effects on female reproduction. This study evaluated the effect of physical exposure of Ae. aegypti females with ATSB-PPF on fecundity and fertility at different times before and after blood meal. Females were confined in cages impregnated with ATSB-PPF at different concentrations (5, 50, and 500 ppm). One group of females was exposed to the baits 24 and 48 hours Before the Blood Meal (BBM), and in the other group, exposure occurred 24 and 48 hours After the Blood Meal (ABM). The number of eggs laid, larvae, and pupation rate were analyzed. Exposure of Ae. aegypti females to ATSB-PPF bait 24 hours after the blood meal was able to reduce the number of eggs laid, especially at the higher concentrations used, but the number of larvae obtained was reduced regardless of the exposure time to ATSB-PPF, i.e., 24 hours before or after the blood meal, or the concentration of PPF used. No changes were observed in the number of pupae from larvae obtained from eggs laid by mosquitoes exposed to ATSB-PPF. Physical exposure of mosquitoes to sugar baits is sufficient to reduce the investigated reproductive parameters of Ae. aegypti. tools ATSBPPF. ATSBPPF ATSB . (ATSB-PPF) IGR (IGR reproduction Ae 5, 5 (5 50 ppm. ppm ppm) 2 4 BBM, BBM , (BBM) ABM. ABM (ABM) analyzed ATSBPPF, PPF, ie i e i.e. PPF. (ATSB-PPF ( (BBM (ABM i.e

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the position of bait nests on the capture of stingless bee species. The experiment was conducted in the rural area of the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, from May 2022 to September 2022. Thirty bait nests were distributed in a randomized block design, with two treatments (A: bait nests set up one meter above the ground, and B: bait nests buried in the ground), with 15 replications per treatment. Of treatment B, two baits were nested by jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), and two were nested by Mandaguari-preta (Scaptotrigona postica). Therefore, the position of the bait nest influenced (p < 0.05) the success in capturing stingless bee species, in which treatment B, with baits buried in the ground, was significantly superior to treatment A, with baits set up one meter above the ground. ABSTRACT species Grande Sul 202 design A (A ground B , ground) 1 Tetragonisca angustula, angustula angustula) Mandaguaripreta Mandaguari preta Scaptotrigona postica. postica . postica) Therefore p 0.05 005 0 05 20 0.0 00 2 0.

Abstract Ysaú leaf cutter ants (Atta sexdens) are social insects made up of a queen, soldiers, workers, gardeners and drones, forming a well-organized nest that is difficult to manage and/or control. In Paraguay, in the last decade, it has become an important invasive pest for both forestry and agricultural crops. The objective of this research was to identify entomopathogenic fungi (HE) in the area of influence of nests, located in commercial silvopastoral plots of Urochloa brizantha MG-5 and Eucalyptus sp. The methodology to isolate HE was the use of insect traps or baits based on queen ants, collected and installed during the nuptial flight season of the ant nests. Soil samples from the silvopastoral plots and grass roots (U. brizantha) were used. They were also isolated from collected dead insects. The data generated on the incidence of fungal insects were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were subjected to Tukey's test. The comparison of the populations of leaf-cutter ants was carried out using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples, whose results showed that there were no significant differences between nests for the fungal ants variable (H=2,463; p>0,05) and for the variable, deceased from other causes (H=3,806; p>0,05). The entomopathogenic fungi identified were Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium sp. isolated from mycorrhizal cutter ants obtained from the area of influence of nests in a silvopastoral system.

Resumen Las hormigas cortadoras Ysaú (Atta sexdens) son insectos sociales compuestas por una reina, soldados, obreras, jardineras y zánganos, formando un nido bien organizado y de difícil manejo y/o control. En Paraguay, en la última década, se ha convertido en una plaga invasora importante tanto para los cultivos forestales como agrícolas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue la de identificar los hongos entomopatógenos (HE) en la zona de influencia de nidos, localizados en parcelas silvopastoril comercial de Urochloa brizantha MG-5 y Eucalyptus sp. La metodología para aislar HE fue el uso insectos trampas o cebos a base de hormigas reinas, colectadas e instalada en época de vuelo nupcial de los nidos de hormigas. Se utilizaron muestras de suelo de las parcelas silvopastoril y raíces de gramíneas (U. brizantha). También se aislaron de insectos muertos colectados. Los datos generados sobre la incidencia de insectos micosados se sometieron a análisis de varianza y las medias se sometieron a la prueba de Tukey. La comparación de las poblaciones de hormigas cortadoras de hojas se realizó mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis para muestras independientes, cuyos resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias significativas entre nidos para la variable hormigas micosados por hongos (H=2,463; p>0,05) y para la variable, muertos por otras causas (H=3,806; p>0,05). Los hongos entomopatógenos identificados fueron Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium sp. aisladas de hormigas cortadoras de micorrizas obtenidas del área de influencia de nidos en un sistema silvopastoril.

Abstract The fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus) affects several Ecuadorian crops with export potential. Currently, a costly imported bait is used to monitor and control this pest. The aim of this research is to formulate baits for the fruit fly that could replace the commercial bait. Soy cake, palm kernel cake, bovine blood and whey were used as raw material. Each material was irradiated with a dose of 20 kGy with a Cobalt-60 source as a pretreatment. Then, the protein was extracted and hydrolyzed with a 0.025 AU bromelain solution at pH 7;0 and 50°C, for 30 min. The baits were formulated with hydrolyzed protein, molasses, water, and borax, and they were placed in McPhail traps. The field evaluation was carried out in cherimoya (Annona cherimola) and guava (Psidium guajava) orchards. The hydrolysis degrees that were reached in the enzymatic process had values between 19.16 and 26.64%. According to an SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, the hydrolysates had peptides with molecular weights between 5 and 20 kDa. The bait made with palm kernel cake hydrolyzed protein and the commercial bait were statistically equal in the number of captured flies, whereas the bait made with whey protein had a higher FTD index (flies caught per trap, per day). The formulated baits could be an inexpensive alternative to the commercial bait for monitoring fruit flies in Ecuador.

Resumen La mosca de la fruta (Anastrepha fraterculus) afecta a varios cultivos ecuatorianos con potencial de exportación. En la actualidad, para el monitoreo de esta plaga, se emplea un cebo importado que tiene un alto costo. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo formular cebos atrayentes de mosca de la fruta que puedan reemplazar al cebo comercial. Como materia prima se empleó torta de soya, torta de palmiste, sangre bovina y suero; cada material fue irradiado con una dosis de 20 kGy, en una fuente de cobalto-60 como pretratamiento. Luego, la proteína se extrajo y se hidrolizó con una solución de bromelina de 0,025 UA , a pH 7;0 y 50°C durante 30 min. Los cebos fueron formulados con proteína hidrolizada, melaza, agua y bórax y se colocaron en trampas McPhail. La evaluación en campo se llevó a cabo en cultivos de chirimoya (Annona cherimola) y guayaba (Psidium guajava). En el proceso enzimático se alcanzaron grados de hidrólisis entre 19,16 y 26,64%. Por electroforesis SDS-PAGE se determinó que los hidrolizados proteicos contenían péptidos con pesos moleculares entre 5 y 20 kDa. Se encontró que el cebo de proteína hidrolizada de palmiste y el cebo comercial fueron estadísticamente iguales en la cantidad de moscas atrapadas, mientras que el de suero presentó un mayor índice MTD (moscas capturadas por trampa, por día). Los cebos formulados podrían ser una alternativa más económica que el cebo importado para el monitoreo de la mosca de la fruta en el Ecuador.

Abstract Aim The largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides was introduced in more than 50 countries for the purpose of sport fishing. In Brazil, records date from 1922, and nowadays many populations are known to occur in the southern region. Here we investigated the reproductive biology of this species in a small reservoir in southern Brazil, to understand the role of the reproductive strategy in the invasion process and assist in its management. We conclude with suggestions for the management in local scale, as this species can bring relevant problems to the public supply through trophic cascade and other negative effects. Methods Samples were performed with different methods, between May 2011 and April 2012. All fishes were measured, and the reproductive season was determined through the relative frequency of reproductive stages and the gonadosomatic index. Sex ratio was calculated monthly and for each total length (TL) class and compared with the estimates presented in the literature. Total length at maturity (L50, length at which 50% of the individuals were mature) was estimated for females, males and the entire study population. Results A total of 565 individuals of M. salmoides were analyzed. Overall sex-ratio did not differ significantly. The monthly distribution of the gonadosomatic index for females and males showed higher values between August (late winter) and November 2011 (austral spring). ��-Binomial modelling of sex-ratio data of native (n=1) and introduced populations (n=7) showed a lower proportion of females in its native range. All individuals > 21.5 cm TL were mature (L95), and L50 was calculated at 18.7 cm TL. After the reproductive period, an increase in the abundance of young individuals (≤ 7.0 cm TL) was registered, corresponding to 50% of all individuals collected. The relative frequency of mature individuals and the variation in the gonadosomatic index indicate a prolonged spawning period during the austral spring, coinciding with the increase in temperature. Conclusions Results suggested that some changes in life history traits, such as the early sexual maturation and the long reproductive period, coupled with a remarkable adaptability, may have facilitated the establishment of M. salmoides populations in this reservoir. The illegal and intentional stocking by anglers plays a central role in the introduction and dispersal of M. salmoides in Brazil. We encourage studies on the sanitary quality of this fish for human consumption, so that massive campaigns of education the population to encourage capture and consumption are implemented by the competent authorities as a control measure in local scale, combined with targeted samplings with artificial baits during the reproductive period, identification, and removal of nests and fingerlings using electric fishing or trap nets during the recruitment period. 5 Brazil 1922 region scale effects methods 201 2012 measured (TL literature L50, L (L50 56 M analyzed sexratio sex significantly late winter spring. spring . spring) ��Binomial Binomial �� n=1 n1 n 1 (n=1 n=7 n7 7 (n=7 range 215 21 21. L95, L95 , (L95) L5 187 18 18. ≤ ( 70 0 7. registered collected temperature traits adaptability identification 192 20 (L5 � n= (n= 2 L9 (L95 19 (L (n (L9

Resumo Objetivo O black-bass Micropterus salmoides foi introduzido em mais de 50 países para fins de pesca esportiva. No Brasil, os primeiros registros datam de 1922 e atualmente muitas populações são conhecidas na região sul. Neste trabalho investigamos a biologia reprodutiva desta espécie em um pequeno reservatório no sul do Brasil, para entender o papel da estratégia reprodutiva no processo de invasão e auxiliar no manejo. Concluímos com sugestões para o manejo em escala local, pois esta espécie pode trazer problemas relevantes ao abastecimento público através da cascata trófica e outros efeitos negativos. Métodos As amostragens foram realizadas com diferentes métodos, entre maio de 2011 e abril de 2012. Todos os peixes foram medidos, e a época reprodutiva foi determinada através da frequência relativa dos estádios reprodutivos e do índice gonadossomático. A razão sexual foi calculada mensalmente para cada classe de comprimento total (CT) e comparada com as estimativas apresentadas na literatura. O comprimento total de primeira maturidade (L50, comprimento em que 50% dos indivíduos estavam maduros) foi estimado para fêmeas, machos e toda a população de estudo. Resultados Um total de 565 indivíduos de M. salmoides foi analisado. A razão geral entre os sexos não foi significativa. A distribuição mensal do índice gonadossomático para fêmeas e machos apresentou maiores valores entre agosto (final do inverno) e novembro de 2011 (primavera austral). A modelagem ��-binomial dos dados de proporção sexual de populações nativas (n=1) e introduzidas (n=7) mostrou uma menor proporção de fêmeas em sua área nativa. Todos os indivíduos > 21,5 cm CT eram maduros (L95), e o L50 calculado foi de 18,7 cm TL. Após o período reprodutivo, foi registrado um aumento na abundância de indivíduos jovens (≤ 7,0 cm CP), correspondendo a 50% de todos os indivíduos coletados. A frequência relativa de indivíduos maduros e a variação do índice gonadossomático indicam um período prolongado de desova durante a primavera austral, coincidindo com o aumento da temperatura. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que algumas mudanças nas características de vida, como a maturação sexual precoce e o longo período reprodutivo, aliadas a uma notável adaptabilidade, podem ter facilitado o estabelecimento de populações de M. salmoides neste reservatório. A estocagem ilegal e intencional por pescadores tem papel central na introdução e dispersão de M. salmoides no Brasil. Incentivamos estudos sobre a qualidade sanitária desse pescado para consumo humano, para que campanhas massivas de educação da população para incentivar a captura e consumo sejam implementadas pelos órgãos competentes como medida de controle em escala local, combinada com amostragens direcionadas com iscas artificiais durante o período reprodutivo, identificação e retirada de ninhos e alevinos por meio de pesca elétrica ou rede-armadilha durante o período de recrutamento. blackbass black bass 5 esportiva Brasil 192 local negativos métodos 201 2012 medidos (CT literatura L50, L (L50 estudo 56 M analisado significativa final inverno austral. austral . austral) ��binomial binomial �� n=1 n1 n 1 (n=1 n=7 n7 7 (n=7 nativa 215 21 21, L95, L95 , (L95) L5 187 18 18, TL reprodutivo ≤ ( 70 0 7, CP, CP CP) coletados temperatura vida adaptabilidade humano redearmadilha rede armadilha recrutamento 19 20 (L5 � n= (n= 2 L9 (L95 (L (n (L9

ABSTRACT The present work aimed to study the factors that influence the assemblages of arboreal and epigeic ants in fragments of the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest in the Rio de Janeiro State. The sampling of the ant assemblages was carried out in three forest fragments located in the municipality of Paraiba do Sul and four in the municipality of Três Rios. The sampling has carried out in each forest remnant with 20 baits (sardine and honey) allocated on the ground and brushed on the trunk of 20 trees, and the ants being collected manually. Environmental variables were obtained to verify its association with the ant species richness and diversity and with the number of guilds per forest remnant. In total, 55 ant species were collected, belonging to 20 genera. The variable that most influenced the richness and diversity of epigenic ant species was the level of isolation of forest fragments, which significantly explained about 68% of the richness variation and about 80% of the diversity variation. The mathematical model with the variables level of isolation of the forest fragments, litter leaf depth, circumference of the tree trunk at breast height (CBH), luminosity and forest fragment area, explained more than 99% of the epigenic ant species richness variation (R²= 99.94%; F= 339.06; P= 0.04). The arboreal ant species richness was significantly influenced by CBH (R²= 67.98%; F= 10.62; P= 0.02), and the arboreal ant diversity was affected by CBH and the size of forest (R²= 81.90%; F= 9.05; P= 0.03). Seven ant guilds were observed, and the number of guilds was influenced by litter leaf depth and luminosity (R²= 77.87%; F= 7.04; P= 0.05). The myrmecofauna of the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest is affected by the landscape and vegetation characteristics related to the successional stage of the forest and with environmental heterogeneity. State Rios 2 sardine honey trees manually total 5 genera 68 80 CBH, , (CBH) area 99 R²= R² R (R² 99.94% 9994 94 F 339.06 33906 339 06 P 0.04. 004 0.04 . 0 04 0.04) 67.98% 6798 67 98 10.62 1062 10 62 0.02, 002 0.02 02 0.02) 81.90% 8190 81 90 9.05 905 9 05 0.03. 003 0.03 03 0.03) observed 77.87% 7787 77 87 7.04 704 7 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) heterogeneity 6 8 (CBH (R 99.94 999 339.0 3390 33 00 0.0 67.98 679 10.6 106 1 81.90 819 9.0 77.87 778 7.0 70 99.9 339. 3 0. 67.9 10. 81.9 9. 77.8 7. 99. 67. 81. 77.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os fatores que influenciam as assembleias de formigas arborícolas e epigéicas em fragmentos da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A amostragem das assembleias de formigas foi realizada em três fragmentos florestais no Município de Paraíba do Sul e quatro no Município de Três Rios. Em cada remanescente florestal, 20 iscas de sardinha e mel foram alocadas sobre o solo e a mesma quantidade foi pincelada sobre o tronco de árvores, com as formigas sendo coletadas manualmente. Foram obtidas variáveis ambientais para verificar a sua associação com a riqueza e a diversidade de espécies de formigas e com o número de guildas nos remanescentes florestais. Foram coletadas 55 espécies de formigas, pertencentes a 20 gêneros. A variável que mais influenciou a riqueza e a diversidade de espécies de formigas epigéicas foi o nível de isolamento dos fragmentos florestais, explicando significativamente cerca de 68% da variação da riqueza e aproximadamente 80% da variação da diversidade. O modelo matemático com as variáveis nível de isolamento dos fragmentos, profundidade de serapilheira, circunferência do tronco de árvores a altura do peito (CAP), luminosidade e área do fragmento, explicou mais de 99% da variação da riqueza de espécies de formigas epigéicas (R²= 99,94%; F= 339,06; P= 0,04). A riqueza de formigas arborícolas foi influenciada pela CAP (R²= 67,98%; F= 10,62; P= 0,02) e a diversidade de formigas arborícolas foi afetada pela CAP e pelo tamanho dos remanescentes florestais (R²= 81,90%; F= 9,05; P= 0,03). Foram observadas sete guildas de formigas, sendo a riqueza de guildas influenciada pela profundidade de serapilheira e pela luminosidade (R²= 77,87%; F= 7,04; P= 0,05). A mirmecofauna da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual é afetada pelas características da paisagem e da vegetação, relacionadas com o estágio sucessional da floresta e a heterogeneidade ambiental. Janeiro Rios florestal 2 manualmente 5 gêneros 68 80 CAP, , (CAP) fragmento 99 R²= R² R (R² 99,94% 9994 94 F 339,06 33906 339 06 P 0,04. 004 0,04 . 0 04 0,04) 67,98% 6798 67 98 10,62 1062 10 62 0,02 002 02 81,90% 8190 81 90 9,05 905 9 05 0,03. 003 0,03 03 0,03) 77,87% 7787 77 87 7,04 704 7 0,05. 005 0,05 0,05) vegetação ambiental 6 8 (CAP (R 99,94 999 339,0 3390 33 00 0,0 67,98 679 10,6 106 1 81,90 819 9,0 77,87 778 7,0 70 99,9 339, 3 0, 67,9 10, 81,9 9, 77,8 7, 99, 67, 81, 77,

ABSTRACT Ant communities can be evaluated in areas with different land uses in order to know the factors that affect species richness, diversity and composition. This study aimed to evaluate the myrmecofauna in cultivated areas and in a remnant of native forest. The myrmecofauna was collected in an agroforestry, an area cultivated with fruit trees (fruit growing), in a pasture and in the Legal Reserve of the Experimental Farm of the Una University Center, municipality of Bom Despacho, State of Minas Gerais. For the sampling of ants, 15 soil traps and the same number of tree traps were used in each area, all containing sardine and honey baits. A total of 45 ant species were collected, belonging to 16 genera. The greatest species richness occurred in the Legal Reserve (29), followed by agroforestry (23), pasture (19) and fruit growing (17). The species accumulation curves indicated that the total species richness was significantly higher in the Legal Reserve than in the other areas. The average species richness of ants collected on the soil was significantly higher in the Legal Reserve and agroforestry area (ANCOVA; F = 5.069; p < 0.01), but litter leaf did not significantly influence species richness (ANCOVA; F = 1.086; p = 0.30). There was no significant difference in the mean richness of ants on trees in the different areas evaluated (ANCOVA; F = 2.014; p = 0.12), not being influenced by height (ANCOVA; F = 0.626; p = 0.43) or trunk circumference (ANCOVA; F = 0.776; p = 0.38) of the trees. The Legal Reserve had the highest Shannon Diversity Index (2,999), followed by agroforestry (2,736), pasture (2,698) and fruit growing (2,349). There was an influence of the land use on the composition of ant species collected on soil and plants. The results show that environmental attributes linked to the heterogeneity of the environment, such as the number of plant species, provided differences in the richness, diversity and composition of ant fauna. The increased structural complexity of the environment can provide the presence of greater ant species richness and diversity. forest growing, , growing) Center Despacho Gerais 1 baits 4 genera 29, 29 (29) 23, 23 (23) 19 (19 17. 17 . (17) ANCOVA (ANCOVA 5.069 5069 5 069 0.01, 001 0.01 0 01 0.01) 1.086 1086 086 0.30. 030 0.30 30 0.30) 2.014 2014 2 014 0.12, 012 0.12 12 0.12) 0.626 0626 626 0.43 043 43 0.776 0776 776 0.38 038 38 2,999, 2999 2,999 999 (2,999) 2,736, 2736 2,736 736 (2,736) 2,698 2698 698 (2,698 2,349. 2349 2,349 349 (2,349) plants fauna (29 (23 (1 (17 5.06 506 06 00 0.0 1.08 108 08 03 0.3 3 2.01 201 0.1 0.62 062 62 0.4 04 0.77 077 77 299 2,99 99 (2,999 273 2,73 73 (2,736 2,69 269 69 (2,69 234 2,34 34 (2,349 (2 ( 5.0 50 0. 1.0 10 2.0 20 0.6 6 0.7 07 7 2,9 9 (2,99 27 2,7 (2,73 2,6 26 (2,6 2,3 (2,34 5. 1. 2. 2, (2,9 (2,7 (2, (2,3

RESUMO Comunidades de formigas podem ser avaliadas em áreas com diferentes usos do solo visando conhecer os fatores que afetam a riqueza, a diversidade e a composição de espécies. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência de atributos ambientais sobre a mirmecofauna em áreas cultivadas, abordando também um remanescente de floresta nativa. A mirmecofauna foi coletada em uma agrofloresta, uma área cultivada com espécies frutíferas (fruticultura), em uma pastagem e na Reserva Legal da Fazendinha Experimental do Centro Universitário Una, município de Bom Despacho, estado de Minas Gerais. Para a amostragem das formigas, foram utilizadas em cada área 15 armadilhas de solo e o mesmo número de armadilhas arbóreas, todas contendo iscas de sardinha e mel. Foram coletadas 45 espécies de formigas, pertencentes a 16 gêneros. A maior riqueza de espécies ocorreu na Reserva Legal (29), seguida da agrofloresta (23), da pastagem (19) e da fruticultura (17). As curvas de acumulação de espécies indicaram que a riqueza total de espécies foi significativamente maior na Reserva Legal que nas demais áreas. A riqueza média de espécies de formigas coletadas sobre o solo foi significativamente maior na área de Reserva Legal e agrofloresta (ANCOVA; F = 5,069; p < 0,01), mas a profundidade de serapilheira não influenciou significativamente a riqueza de espécies (ANCOVA; F = 1,086; p= 0,30). Não houve diferença significativa na riqueza média de formigas sobre árvores nas diferentes áreas avaliadas (ANCOVA; F = 2,014; p = 0,12), não sendo influenciada pela altura (ANCOVA; F = 0,626; p = 0,43) ou CAP (ANCOVA; F = 0,776; p = 0,38) das árvores. A Reserva Legal apresentou o maior Índice de Diversidade de Shannon (2,999), seguida da agrofloresta (2.736), pastagem (2.698) e fruticultura (2.349). Houve influência do tipo de uso do solo na composição de espécies de formigas coletadas sobre o solo e plantas. Os resultados evidenciam que atributos ambientais ligados a heterogeneidade do ambiente, como o número de espécies vegetais, proporcionaram diferenças na riqueza, diversidade e na composição da fauna de formigas. O aumento da complexidade estrutural do ambiente pode proporcionar a presença de maior riqueza e diversidade de espécies de formigas. cultivadas nativa fruticultura, , (fruticultura) Una Despacho Gerais 1 arbóreas mel 4 gêneros 29, 29 (29) 23, 23 (23) 19 (19 17. 17 . (17) ANCOVA (ANCOVA 5,069 5069 5 069 0,01, 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) 1,086 1086 086 0,30. 030 0,30 30 0,30) 2,014 2014 2 014 0,12, 012 0,12 12 0,12) 0,626 0626 626 0,43 043 43 0,776 0776 776 0,38 038 38 2,999, 2999 2,999 999 (2,999) 2.736, 2736 2.736 736 (2.736) 2.698 2698 698 (2.698 2.349. 2349 2.349 349 (2.349) plantas vegetais (fruticultura (29 (23 (1 (17 5,06 506 06 00 0,0 1,08 108 08 03 0,3 3 2,01 201 0,1 0,62 062 62 0,4 04 0,77 077 77 299 2,99 99 (2,999 273 2.73 73 (2.736 2.69 269 69 (2.69 234 2.34 34 (2.349 (2 ( 5,0 50 0, 1,0 10 2,0 20 0,6 6 0,7 07 7 2,9 9 (2,99 27 2.7 (2.73 2.6 26 (2.6 2.3 (2.34 5, 1, 2, (2,9 2. (2.7 (2. (2.3 (2,

Abstract Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is an insect of major economic importance in the mango orchards of the submedium of the São Francisco River Valley, the main area of mango production and exportation in Brazil. To provide alternatives for the management of C. capitata, toxic baits based on alpha-cypermethrin (Gelsura®) and spinosad (Success® 0.02 CB) were evaluated in three commercial mango experiments during two consecutive harvests: 2016/2017 (experiment 1 - area 1) and 2017/2018 (experiment 2 -area 2 and experiment 3 - area 3). According to the results, there was a large reduction in the infestation of C. capitata after five sequential applications of the alpha-cypermethrin (6 g.ha-1) and spinosad (0.38 g.ha-1) toxic baits performed at seven-day intervals during mango fruit ripening in all experiments and years (harvest) evaluated. Compared with the untreated plots, the plots with alpha-cypermethrin and spinosad applications showed a significant reduction in the damage induced (fallen fruits and/or on trees) by C. capitata. The management of C. capitata in mango orchards can include the use of the toxic bait based on alpha-cypermethrin, which represents an alternative to rotate with spinosad toxic bait in the São Francisco River Valley. Wiedemann, Wiedemann (Wiedemann 1824 Valley Brazil C alphacypermethrin alpha cypermethrin Gelsura® Gelsura (Gelsura® Success® Success (Success 002 0 02 0.0 CB harvests 20162017 2016 2017 2016/201 20172018 2018 2017/201 3. . 3) results 6 ( g.ha1 gha1 gha g.ha g ha g.ha-1 0.38 038 38 (0.3 sevenday seven day harvest (harvest fallen andor or trees alphacypermethrin, cypermethrin, 182 (Gelsura 00 0. 2016201 201 2016/20 2017201 2017/20 ha1 g.ha- 0.3 03 (0. 18 201620 20 2016/2 201720 2017/2 (0 20162 2016/ 20172 2017/

Tephritid fruit flies, including Ceratitis ditissima, often invade citrus orchards. These flies cause economic losses to farmers and can prevent farmers from exporting their fruits to foreign markets. To detect the presence of fruit flies in citrus orchards, traps are baited with synthetic lures, which are often expensive for smallholder farmers. Farmers in developing or financially less-endowed countries have to import such synthetic baits, raising the cost of pest monitoring and control. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of palm wine and three other food-based mixtures for trapping C. ditissima and the proportion of non-target flies they trap. Transparent deli cup traps were baited with four different food-based baits, namely palm wine, sugarcane spirit-wine mixture, apple cider vinegar and yeast-sugar mixture. The traps were placed within a citrus orchard on fruit-bearing trees. The content of each trap was collected after one week and evaluated. This was repeated for eight consecutive weeks. Traps baited with palm wine captured more C. ditissima than those with the other baits. Furthermore, the proportion of non-target insects, Bactrocera dorsalis and Drosophila spp., in palm wine-baited traps was less than the other baited traps. This study indicates that palm wine, a cheap beverage across Africa, Asia and South America, could be used to monitor the presence of C. ditissima in citrus orchards. Smallholder farmers who cannot afford expensive synthetic baits could make use of palm wine to monitor fruit flies in their farms.

Resumen Introducción: Tradicionalmente, los estudios de escarabajos coprófagos en los bosques secos tropicales (BST) del Caribe colombiano han aplicado metodologías diseñadas para zonas húmedas y andinas del país, lo cual podría estar incidiendo en el rendimiento y la eficiencia del muestreo. Objetivo: Con el fin de aportar a esta discusión, se analizó cómo la cantidad de cebo y el tiempo de operación de la trampa de caída inciden en la efectividad de captura de escarabajos coprófagos en un fragmento de BST en La Reserva Campesina la Flecha, San Jacinto, Colombia. Métodos: Para la captura de los escarabajos, se utilizó trampas de caída, cebadas con tres cantidades diferentes de atrayente: pequeño (34.6 g), mediano (53.8 g) y grande (114.9 g), las cuales permanecieron activas en campo durante 48 h. Cuatro muestreos fueron realizados entre marzo y septiembre de 2015, abarcando por igual la época seca y de lluvia. Resultados: Se registró un total de 4 563 individuos, agrupados en 10 géneros y 27 especies de escarabajos coprófagos. Los mayores valores de riqueza, abundancia y biomasa se presentaron en el cebo grande, a las 48 h, durante la época de lluvias. Sin embargo, el tiempo de operación de la trampa no tuvo efecto en la estimación de la riqueza, abundancia y biomasa de escarabajos independientemente de los tamaños de cebo. Los tres órdenes de la diversidad ( 0 D, 1 D y 2 D), presentaron valores similares entre las cantidades de cebo durante la época de lluvia, pero en la época seca, los cebos de mayor tamaño presentaron los valores de diversidad más altos. Por su parte con el cebo de mayor tamaño se capturó significativamente más riqueza, abundancia y biomasa de escarabajos de cuerpo pequeño y grande siendo esta situación más notaria durante la época seca. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo evidencian que para el estudio de los ensamblajes de escarabajos en el BST la utilización de un cebo de mayor tamaño contribuye a una mejor estimación de riqueza, abundancia, diversidad y biomasa, sobre todo durante la época seca, cuando las condiciones ambientales propician que los cebos pierdan su atractividad con mayor rapidez.

Abstract Introduction: Typically, research on dung beetles in the Tropical Dry Forests (TDF) of Colombian Caribbean region, have applied methodologies designed for wet or Andean areas of the country, which could be influencing the performance and efficiency of sampling. Objective: In order to contribute to this discussion, we analyzed how the bait amount and pitfall trap operating time influence the collection effectiveness of dung beetles in a TDF fragment at Reserva Campesina La Flecha, San Jacinto, Colombia. Methods: For the collection of beetles, we utilized pitfall traps baited with three different amounts of attractants: small (34.6 g), medium (53.8 g), and large (114.9 g), which remained active in the field for 48 h., 4 samplings between March and September 2015 were carried out, covering both, dry and rainy seasons. Results: A total of 4 563 individuals were recorded, grouped into 10 genera and 27 species of dung beetles. The highest values of richness, abundance and biomass were registered in the large bait, at 48 h, during the rainy season. However, the trap operating time had no effect on the estimation of beetles’ richness, abundance, and biomass, regardless of bait sizes. The three diversity orders ( 0 D, 1 D y 2 D) showed similar values between the bait amounts during rainy season, but in the dry season, the largest baits displayed the highest diversity values. On the other hand, with the largest bait, significantly more richness, abundance, and biomass of small and large body beetles were registered, especially during the dry season. Conclusions: The results of this research show that, for the study of beetles’ assemblages in the BST, the use of a larger bait contributes to a better estimate of richness, abundance, diversity and biomass, especially during the dry season, when environmental conditions promote a more rapidly loss of baits attractiveness.

RESUMEN Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) es un biondicador de la contaminación del suelo y susceptible a la acción de xenobióticos como la de los fitosanitarios. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto letal y subletal de tres cebos granulados en base a Metaldehído y/o Carbaryl sobre E. fetida. Se realizaron tres bioensayos bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado con 4 repeticiones y en condiciones controladas (20±2ºC y 14L:10O). La unidad experimental fue un recipiente de plástico de 11,5 cm de diámetro y 11 cm de altura, provisto de una tapa perforada, donde se colocaron 750 g de suelo mezclado con las dosis de cada cebo y 10 individuos adultos clitelados de 200 a 400 mg. Los tratamientos fueron: 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 y 200 g de Metaldehído ha-1 (4% de ingrediente activo (i.a.)); 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 y 400 g de Carbaryl ha-1 (8% de i.a.) y 0, 40+80, 80+160, 120+240, 160+320 y 200+400 g Metaldehído+ Carbaryl ha-1 (4%+8% de i.a.). En los tres bioensayos se obtuvo el 100% de sobrevivencia de los individuos. Con respecto a la biomasa de E. fetida no se detectaron cambios con la aplicación de los cebos a los 7, 14, 21 y 28 días después de la aplicación (DDA) (p > 0,05). Por otro lado, no hubo diferencias en el número de cocones y de juveniles a los 56 DDA con todos los cebos (p> 0,05). Se concluye que los cebos en base a Metaldehído y/o Carbaryl no causaron efectos adversos sobre la sobrevivencia, la biomasa y los parámetros reproductivos de E. fetida.

ABSTRACT Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) is a biondicator of soil contamination and susceptible to the action of xenobiotics such as phytosanitary. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sublethal effect of three granulated baits based on Metaldehyde and / or Carbaryl on E. fetida. Three bioassays were carried out under a completely randomized design with 4 repetitions and under controlled conditions (20 ± 2ºC and 14L: 10O). The experimental unit was a plastic container 11.5 cm in diameter and 11 cm in height, provided with a perforated lid, where 750 g of soil mixed with the doses of each bait and 10 clitellated adult individuals from 200 to 400 mg were placed. The treatments were: 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 g of Metaldehyde ha-1 (4% active ingredient (a.i.)); 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g of Carbaryl ha-1 (8% of a.i.) and 0, 40 + 80, 80 + 160, 120 + 240, 160 + 320 and 200 + 400 g Metaldehyde + Carbaryl ha-1 (4% + 8% of a.i.). In the three bioassays, 100% survival of the individuals was obtained. Regarding the biomass of E. fetida, no changes were detected with the application of the baits at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA) (p> 0.05). On the other hand, there were no differences in the number of cocoons and juveniles at 56 DAA with all baits (p> 0.05). It is concluded that the baits based on Metaldehyde and / or Carbaryl did not cause adverse effects on survival, biomass and reproductive parameters of E. fetida.

RESUMEN Objetivo: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de Xenopsylla cheopis en roedores de la especie Rattus rattus. Métodos: Para la obtención de la muestra se usaron trampas Tomahawk y Sherman que contuvieron cebos previamente preparados con avena y vainilla, las trampas fueron colocadas en tres zonas: zona intradomiciliar, peridomiciliar y en área descampada. La obtención de ectoparásitos se realizó mediante la técnica del peine fino. Con una pinza entomológica se colectaron las pulgas en un vial de 2ml, conteniendo alcohol al 70 %. Resultados: Se evaluó su prevalencia en roedores Rattus rattus, siendo el índice de prevalencia más alto el registrado en la localidad de Banco en agosto 2016 (4.08) y el menor índice fue 1.3 registrado en la localidad de la Ramada en noviembre 2015. Se capturaron 169 roedores Rattus rattus, de los cuales se pudo colectar 399 pulgas, 299 pertenecían a la especie Xenopsylla cheopis. Conclusión: se encontró que la prevalencia de Xenopsylla cheopis en roedores Rattus rattus en las localidades del Sauce, el Banco, Kerguer, el Algarrobo y la Ramada del distrito de Salas, en el periodo Julio - noviembre 2015 y agosto 2016 fue elevada.

ABSTRACT Objective: The study of the prevalence of Xenopsylla cheopis in rodents of the Rattus rattus species.The objective of the present investigation is to establish the prevalence of Xenopsylla cheopis in rodents of the Rattus rattus species. Methods: To obtain the sample, Tomahawk and Sherman traps were used that contained baits previously prepared with oatmeal and vanilla, the traps were placed in three areas: intra-home area, peridomyciliary area and in the open area. Ectoparasites were obtained using the fine comb technique. With an entomological clamp, fleas were collected in a 2ml vial, containing 70% alcohol. Results: Its prevalence in Rattus rattus rodents were evaluated, with the highest prevalence rate being the one registered in the locality of Banco in August 2016 (4.08) and the lowest index was 1.3 registered in the locality of the Ramada in November 2015. They were captured 169 rodents Rattus rattus, of which 399 fleas could be collected, 299 belonged to the Xenopsylla cheopis species. Conclusion: it was found that the prevalence of Xenopsylla cheopis in Rattus rattus rodents in the locations of Sauce, Banco, Kerguer, Algarrobo, and Ramada in the Salas district, in the period July - November 2015 and August 2016 was high.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains endemic in large parts of southern Africa because of its persistence in wildlife and domestic dog vectors. The black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) is primarily the wildlife vector responsible for rabies outbreaks in northern parts of South Africa. Two trials were carried out to investigate antibody responses to the oral rabies vaccine Raboral V-RG® in black-backed jackals under captive and free-ranging conditions. In captive jackals 10/12 (83%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 52% - 98%), seroconverted after single oral vaccination. Nine captive jackals had protective antibody titres (> 0.5 IU/mL) at 4 weeks (median: 2.1 IU/mL; inter quartile range [IQR]: 0.6-5.7) and 10 jackals had at 12 weeks (median: 3.5 IU/mL; IQR: 1.5-8.3) and three maintained antibody titres for up to 48 weeks (median: 3.4 IU/mL; IQR: 2.0-6.3). Four sites were baited with Raboral V-RG® vaccine for wild jackals, using fishmeal polymer and chicken heads. Baits were distributed by hand or from vehicle at three sites in north-eastern South Africa, with an average baiting density of 4.4 baits/km² and at one site in central South Africa, at 0.12 baits/km². This resulted in protective antibody titres in 3/11 jackals (27%; 95% Cl: 6-61) trapped between 3 and 12 months after baiting in north-eastern South Africa, compared with 4/7 jackals (57%; 95% Cl: 18-90) trapped after 3-18 months in central South Africa. This study shows the potential utility of oral rabies vaccination for the control of wildlife-associated rabies in north-eastern and central South Africa, but extensive studies with wider distribution of bait are needed to assess its potential impact on rabies control in wild jackals.