ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze data of the genus Melocactus (Cactaceae) in the Caatinga biome using a virtual herbarium, determine its reproductive aspects, and establish its geographical distribution. Data were collected from the SpeciesLink platform. Notes on exsiccata labels were analyzed to assess reproductive characteristics. Coordinate information was used to develop a distribution map for the genus in the Caatinga biome. A total of 469 records were found in 35 herbaria in Brazil. Melocactus zehntneri stood out with 208 records, followed by M. ernestii, and M. bahiensis. The data were concentrated in a few herbaria, mainly in the Herbarium of the State University of Feira de Santana, which had 28% of the records. Collections were carried out in June (63 records) and in July (59 records). Regarding the reproductive period, Melocactus was active throughout the year, but more concentrated from June to October. The genus is composed of species that depend on animal pollination and dispersal, according to coloration and visitation data. Melocactus is widely distributed throughout the Caatinga, with a tendency to concentrated in drier areas of the biome, in the states of Bahia, Pernambuco, and Paraiba. Herbaria are valuable tools for ecological investigations; therefore, promoting the digitalization of collections and improving the quality and quantity of annotations on specimens are necessary. The genus Melocactus has several characteristics that make it an essential group for maintaining biodiversity in the Caatinga biome. Cactaceae (Cactaceae herbarium aspects platform 46 3 Brazil 20 M ernestii bahiensis Santana 28 63 (6 59 (5 . period year October dispersal Bahia Pernambuco Paraiba investigations therefore necessary 4 2 6 ( 5

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os dados do gênero Melocactus (Caatinga) na Caatinga em herbário virtual e avaliar seus aspectos reprodutivos e estabelecer a sua distribuição geográfica. Para tanto, foram coletadas informações na plataforma SpeciesLink. As exsicatas foram analisadas quanto às notas em suas etiquetas para a avaliação dos aspectos reprodutivos. A partir das informações das coordenadas, foi elaborado um mapa da distribuição do gênero ao longo da Caatinga. Um total de 469 registros foram encontrados em 35 herbários brasileiros. Melocactus zehntneri se destacou com 208 registros, seguido por M. ernestii, e M. bahiensis. Os dados estiveram concentrados em poucos herbários, com destaque ao HUEFS, que liderou com 28% dos registros. Verificou-se 63 registros nos meses de junho e 59 em julho, referentes à quantidade de coletas realizada por mês. Em período reprodutivo Melocactus foi ativo ao longo do ano inteiro, porém com concentração de junho a outubro. O gênero é composto por espécies que dependem da polinização e da dispersão realizada por animais, de acordo com os dados de coloração e de visitação. Melocactus é amplamente distribuído pela Caatinga, com tendência de concentração em áreas mais secas dentro do bioma, nos estados da Bahia, Pernambuco e Paraíba. Os herbários são ferramentas valiosas para investigações ecológicas, portanto é necessário promover a digitalização dos acervos, bem como melhorar a qualidade e quantidade das anotações sobre os espécimes. O gênero Melocactus apresenta diversas características que o torna um grupo essencial para a manutenção da biodiversidade da Caatinga. (Caatinga geográfica tanto SpeciesLink coordenadas 46 3 brasileiros 20 M ernestii bahiensis HUEFS 28 Verificouse Verificou 6 5 julho mês inteiro outubro animais visitação bioma Bahia Paraíba ecológicas acervos espécimes 4 2

ABSTRACT Convolvuloideae is a group of plants formed by genera with n = 15 and high stability of chromosome numbers. Despite being stable, polyploidy is the main mechanism of karyotype evolution for the group and seems to be related to speciation events. The present work aimed to comparatively analyze the karyotypes of diploid species from Convolvuloideae, with emphasis on Ipomoea, using fluorochrome banding and genome size. New counts were recorded for five species belonging to Camonea and Ipomoea, all with 2n = 30. The basic number x = 15 has been suggested for Convolvuloidae. The first genome size records are presented here for the genera Camonea, Distimake and Stictocardia, as well as for six species of Ipomoea. Genome size ranged from 1C = 0.78 pg in I. bahiensis to 1.38 pg in Distimake dissectus. Two types of heterochromatin bands were identified in Convolvuloideae, CMA+ bands were the predominant type, while DAPI+ bands were less frequent, with four banding variation described. Small genome sizes and stable chromosome numbers possibly represent evolutionarily strategies associated with adaptation and speciation in the clade, while the implications of heterochromatin variation remain unknown. 1 events Ipomoea 30 Convolvuloidae Stictocardia C 078 0 78 0.7 I 138 38 1.3 dissectus CMA type DAPI frequent described clade unknown 3 07 7 0. 13 1.

RESUMO: Numerosas espécies de plantas em todo o mundo, incluindo algumas espécies de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) e Sida (Malvaceae) no Brasil, causam doença de armazenamento lisossomal em herbívoros e são conhecidas por conterem swainsonina e calisteginas como princípios tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração de swainsonina e calisteginas em espécies de Convolvulaceae da região semiárida de Pernambuco. Sete municípios na região do Sertão do Moxotó foram visitados, onde foram coletadas amostras das folhas de nove espécies de Convolvulaceae para avaliação da presença de swainsonina e calisteginas utilizando-se cromatografia líquida com espectrometria de massa. A presença e concentração destes alcaloides nas folhas de plantas da mesma espécie e dentre as espécies foram muito variáveis. Seis novas espécies de Ipomoea e uma espécie de Jacquemontia contendo swainsonina e/ou calisteginas são relatadas neste estudo. Ipomoea subincana continha apenas swainsonina. Ipomoea megapotamica, I. rosea e Jacquemontia corymbulosa continham swainsonina e calisteginas. Ipomoea sericosepala, I. brasiliana, I. nil, I. bahiensis e I. incarnata continham apenas calisteginas. A descoberta de novas espécies de Ipomoea e Jacquemontia contendo alcaloides polihidroxílicos tóxicos reforçam a importância deste grupo de plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equinos na região semiárida de Pernambuco. Pesquisas epidemiológicas devem ser realizadas para investigar a ocorrência de doença de depósito lisossomal associada a essas novas espécies.

ABSTRACT: Numerous plant species worldwide including some Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) and Sida (Malvaceae) species in Brazil cause lysosomal storage disease in herbivores and are known to contain swainsonine and calystegines as the main toxic compounds. The aim of this work was to determine swainsonine and calystegines concentrations in species of Convolvulaceae from the semiarid region of Pernambuco. Seven municipalities in the Moxotó region were visited and nine species were collected and screened for the presence of swainsonine and calystegines using an HPLC-APCI-MS method. The presence and concentration of these alkaloids within the same and in different species were very variable. Seven species are newly reported here containing swainsonine and/or calystegines. Ipomoea subincana contained just swainsonine. Ipomoea megapotamica, I. rosea and Jacquemontia corymbulosa contained swainsonine and calystegines. Ipomoea sericosepala, I. brasiliana, I. nil, I. bahiensis and I. incarnata contained just calystegines. The discovery of six Ipomoea species and one Jacquemontia species containing toxic polyhydroxy alkaloids reinforces the importance of this group of poisonous plants to ruminants and horses in the semiarid region of Pernambuco. Epidemiological surveys should be conducted to investigate the occurrence of lysosomal storage disease associated to these new species.

In South America the scorpions that are of health care importance belong to the Buthidae family and to the Tityus genus. There are six species in Argentina: T. trivittatus Kraepelin, T. confluens Borelli, T. bahiensis (Perty), T. argentinus Borelli, T. paraguayensis Kraepelin and T. uruguayensis Borelli, of which only the first three demostrated to possess toxic poisons capable of causing fatal accidents. T. confluens is the most important species in Jujuy and T. trivittatus has been recently recorded. Also present is T. argentinus, which has not posed a health risk to date. The objectives of the present work were to identify scorpions of the Tityus (Buthidae) genus received at five reference institutions in the province of Jujuy, to identify their distribution, abundance, seasonality and relation with climatic variables in two eco-regions (Valles and Yungas), area of occurrence of findings and accidents, their schedule and epidemiological characteristics of the victims (age, sex, deaths). The period considered was from October 2013 to September 2014. Accidents and findings of scorpions from the institutions of the capital city with area of influence in the valleys region and those of the provincial interior with area of influence in the Yungas region were recorded. 422 specimens of scorpions were analyzed. The species present were Tityus argentinus, T. trivittatus and T. confluens; the latter dominated in Yungas. The highest number of T. trivittatus records was obtained in the city of San Pedro de Jujuy. In the Valles region, T. argentinus was the dominant species. The largest number of accidents and scorpion finds were recorded in the morning and in warm months with maximum abundance values in december. Considering the scope of occurrence, 92% of scorpion findings and accidents predominated intradomiciliarly. The bedroom was the most mentioned place (46%). Among the victims, the female sex predominated (66%). The most affected age group was that of adults (75%), in particular the range 26-35 years. In the pediatric group, the greatest number of accidents occurred in children older than 7 years. No deaths were recorded. The knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of T. confluens plus the entrance and colonization of T. trivittatus make the province of Jujuy an area of greater risk, requiring a strict epidemiological surveillance of scorpionism cases. This is the first study that integrates taxonomic and epidemiological aspects in this province.

En Sudamérica los escorpiones que revisten importancia sanitaria pertenecen a la familia Buthidae y al género Tityus. En Argentina existen seis especies: T. trivittatus Kraepelin, T. confluens Borelli, T. bahiensis (Perty), T. argentinus Borelli, T. paraguayensis Kraepelin y T. uruguayensis Borelli, de las cuales sólo las tres primeras demostraron poseer venenos tóxicos capaces de ocasionar accidentes fatales. En Jujuy la especie más importante fue T. confluens y recientemente se registró T. trivittatus. También está presente T. argentinus, que hasta el momento, no reviste riesgo sanitario. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron identificar los escorpiones del género Tityus (Buthidae), obtenidos en cinco instituciones de referencia de la provincia de Jujuy, conocer su distribución, abundancia, estacionalidad y relación con variables climáticas en dos eco-regiones (Valles y Yungas); ámbito de ocurrencia de hallazgos y accidentes, horario de los mismos y características epidemiológicas de los accidentados (edad, sexo, óbitos). El periodo considerado fue octubre 2013 a septiembre 2014. Se registraron los accidentes y hallazgos de escorpiones de las instituciones de la ciudad capital con área de influencia en la región Valles y aquellas del interior provincial con área de influencia en la región Yungas. Se analizaron 422 ejemplares de escorpiones. Las especies presentes fueron Tityus argentinus, T. trivittatus y T. confluens; esta última dominó en Yungas. El mayor número de registros de T. trivittatus se obtuvo en la ciudad de San Pedro de Jujuy. En la región Valles, T. argentinus fue la especie dominante. La mayor cantidad de accidentes y hallazgos de escorpiones se registró por la mañana y en los meses cálidos con valores máximos de abundancia en diciembre. Si se considera el ámbito de ocurrencia predominaron los accidentes y hallazgos intradomiciliarios (92%); el dormitorio fue el lugar más mencionado (46%). Entre los accidentados predominó el sexo femenino (66%). La franja etaria más afectada fue la de los adultos (75%), en particular el rango 26-35 años; en la franja pediátrica el mayor número de accidentes se produjo en niños mayores de 7 años. No se registraron óbitos. El conocimiento de la distribución espacial y temporal de T. confluens sumada al ingreso y colonización de T. trivittatus convierten a la provincia de Jujuy en un área de mayor riesgo, siendo necesaria una estricta vigilancia epidemiológica de los casos de escorpionismo. Este es el primer estudio que integra aspectos taxonómicos y epidemiológicos en esta provincia.

A natural chromosomal race of Tityus babiensis (Scorpiones Buthidae) is described in the present paper. Five males and seven females received from St. Joaquim, State of S. Paulo, gave the following interesting results: All the spermatogonia of the five males were provided with 9 chromosomes of different sizes. All primary spermatocytes showed at metaphase one independent bivalent of normal shape and a complex group formed by 7 chromosomes which have exchanged parts. Some of the chromosomes associated in the complex group, to Judge by their behavior, were composed of fragments of three different chromosomes, being thus paired with three other members of the compound group. The manner in which all the 7 components of the group have paired with each other showed to be very constant. They gave always origin to a double-cross configuration, the longst branch of which being formed by a long chromosome paired with two components of the group and with a third chromosome that did not belong to the group. The chromosomes of the independent bivalent separate regularly, going to different poles. From the 7 elements of the compound group, 4 go to one pole and 3 to the opposite one. Consequently, secondary spermatocytes with 4 and 5 chromosomes are produced. The females, so far as it can be inferred from the study of the follicular cells of the ovariuterus, have 10 chromosomes. These females are, therefore, considered as being monogametic, that is, as producing eggs with 5 chromosomes. A sex-determining mechanism arose in this manner, the spermatozoa with 5 chromosomes giving origin to females and those with 4 to males. The fact that the sex chromosome is one of the elements taking part in the formation of the group, seems highly interesting to the author. Tetraploid cysts have been occasionally found in the testis. In one individual the chromosomes of the tetraploid primary spermatocytes behaved as expected, forming a group of 14 elements, and two independent pairs or a tetravalent group In another individual, the chromosomes of the tetraploid cells have formed two independent groups of 7, and two independent pairs, as if both chromosomal sets were by their turn entirely independent frcm one another. This fact is certainly not devoid of special interest. The males as well as the females studied in this paper differed in nothing from the typical members of the species. The unique differential character of the new race is found in the umber and behavior of its chromosomes. It is highly remarkable that the occurrences which have transformed the 6 chromosomes normally present in the species into a new set of 9 elements, 7 of which have been profoun- dly altered in their structure, do not show any influence on the morphology of the organism. This fact, together with those found in the salivary-chromosomes races of Drosophila and Sciara. compromises strongly the genetical concept of position effects.

A fauna escorpionica do Brasil é constituida de 37 especies e uma variedade, pertencentes a 4 familias e 10 generos. São as seguintes: FAM. BUTHIDAE. 1. Genero Ananteris - Com a especie A. balzani. 2 Genero Isometrus - Com a especie I. maculatus. 3. Genero Tityus - com as especies: T. microcystis, T. magnimanus, T. metuendus, T. cambridgei, T. duckei, T. paraensis, T. mattogrossensis, T. paraguavensis, T. pusillus, I. silvestris, T. intermedius, T. stigmurus, T. baiensis, T. costatus, T. trivittatus, T. dorsomaculatus, T. serrulatus. 4. Genero Rhopalurus - Com as especies: R. agamemnon, R. debilis, R. stenocuirus, R. melleipalpus, R. barythemar, R. rochai, R. acromelas, R. borelli, R. laticauda. FAM. SCORPIONIDAE. 5. Genero Diplocentrus - Com a especie: D. gundlachi. FAM. CHACTIDAE. 6. Genero Broteas. Com as especies: B. gervaisii. 7. Genero Broteochacatas - Com as especies B. parvulus e B. delicatus. FAM. BOTHRIURIDAE 8. Genero Bothriurus - Com as especies: B. bonariensis, B.signatus a var asper de B. bonariensis. 9. Genero Thestylus - Com a especie T. glasioui. 10. Genero Urophonius - Com a especie U. brachycentrus. De um modo eschematico, pode-se dizer que a fam. Bothriuridae está limitada ao sul do paiz e as fam. Chactldae e Scorpionidae limitadas ao norte (bacia amazonica). A fam. Buthidae se distribue do seguinte modo: o gen. Ananteris é limitado a Matto Grossoo gen. Isometrus é cosmopolita, o gen. Rhopalurus predomina no nordeste brazileiro e o genero Tityus é representado em todo o paiz, ao norte pelos grupos Cambridgei (bacia amazonica) e pusillus (bacia amazonica e Estado do Matto Grosso), no centro e sul pelo grupo stigmurus. No Estado de Minas predominam as especies T. bahiensis e T. serrulatus, aquella em Ouro-Preto, e esta em Bello Horizonte, Santa Barbara, Itabira. etc. Das especies referidas, 6 foram descriptas pelo auctor em collaboração ccm ADOLPHO LUTZ. São as seguintes: T serrulatus, T. dorsomaculatus, T. microcystis, T. intermedius, R. acromelas e R. melleipalpus.

The fauna of Brazil comprises 37 species and one variety of scorpions, belonging to 4 families and 10 genera. They are the following: FAM. BUTHIDAE 1. Genus Anateris with the species A. balzani. 2. Genus Isometrus with the species I maculatus. 3. Genus Tityus with the species: T. microcystis, T. magnimanus, T. metuendus, T. cambridgei, T. duckei, T. paraensis, T. mattogrossensis, T. paraguayensis, T. pusillus, T. silvestris, T. intermedius, T. stigmurus, T. bahiensis, T. costatus, T. trivittatus, T. dorsomaculatus, T. serrulatus. 4. Genus Rhopalurus with the species: R. agamemnon, R. debilis, R. stenochirus, R. melleipalpus, R. barythenar, R. rochai, R. acromelas, R. borellii, R. laticauda. FAM. SCORPIONIDAE. 5. Genus Dipiocentrus with the species D. gundlachi. FAM. CHACTIDAE. 6. Genus Broteas with the species B. paraensis and B. gervaisii. 7. Genus Broteochactas with the species B. parvutus and B. delicatus. FAM. BOTHRIURIDAE 8. Genus Bothriurus with the species: B. bonariensis, B. signatus and the variety B. bonariensis var asper. 9. Genus Thestylus with the species T. glasioui. 10. Genus Urophonius with the species U. brachycentrus. One may say in general terms that the fam. Bothriuridae is limited to the south of the country and the fam. Chactidae and Scorpionidae to the north (Amazon's Basin). The fam. Buthidae is distributed in the following way: the genus Ananteris is limited to Matto Grosso, the genus Isometrus is cosmopolitan, the genus Rhopalurus is dominant in the North-wester region of Brazil whits the Genus Tytius is represented in the whole country, in the North by the groups cambridgei (Amazons Basin) and pusillus (Amazons Basin and State of Mato Grosso, in the centre and South by the group stigmurus. Inthe state of Minas Geraes the dominant species are T. bahiensis and T. serrulatus the former in Ouro Preto the latter in Bello Horizonte, Santa Barbara, Itabira. Of the above mentioned species six were described by the author in collaboration with ADOLPHO LUTZ. These are the following: T. serrulatus, T. dorsomaculatus, T. microscystis, T. intermedius, R. acromelas and R. melleipalpus.