ABSTRACT. Sidewall openings play an important role in the indoor conditions of livestock buildings. It influences airflow patterns, air velocity distribution at the animal-occupied zones and the illumination level in the naturally ventilated animal building. However, there is a paucity of information on the effects of sidewall opening areas on the performance of broiler chickens. Hence, this study investigated the effect of sidewall opening areas on the indoor condition and the body growth of broilers. Two buildings with different sidewall opening areas were developed with broiler chickens reared in them for 28 days. The results showed that air temperatures and relative humidity of the buildings were influenced by the outdoor temperature. The indoor air temperatures of the building exceeded the recommended thermal conditions (18 to 24ºC) for broiler chickens. Similarly, the temperature-humidity index of the building exceeded 21.0ºC recommended for broilers which could result in heat stress and poor performance of broiler chickens during extremely hot weather periods. It was also found in this study that broiler chickens could not perform optimally though they were fed ad libitum. Therefore, further studies are required to ascertain the impact of sidewall opening areas on broiler performance, behaviour and physiological responses. ABSTRACT patterns animaloccupied occupied However Hence 2 days temperature 18 (1 24ºC ºC Similarly temperaturehumidity 210ºC 21 0ºC periods libitum Therefore responses 1 (

Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Angola. Several outbreaks of ND occurred in small backyard flocks and village chickens with high mortality in the southern provinces of the country, Cunene, Namibe and Huíla, in 2016 and 2018. In those years, 15 virulent ND virus (NDV) strains were isolated and grouped within subgenotype 2 of genotype VII (subgenotype VII.2). We now present a study on the thermostability of the isolates, aiming at the selection of the most thermostable strains that, after being genetically modified to reduce their virulence, can be adapted to the production of vaccines less dependent on cold chain and more adequate to protect native chickens against ND. Heat-inactivation kinetics of haemagglutinin (Ha) activity and infectivity (I) of the isolates were determined by incubating aliquots of virus at 56 °C for different time intervals. The two isolates from Namibe province showed a decrease in infectivity of 2 log10 in ≤ 10 min, therefore belonging to the I-phenotype, but while the NB1 isolate from 2016 maintained the Ha activity up to 30 min and was classified as thermostable virus (I−Ha+), the Ha activity of the 2018 NB2 isolate decreased by 2 log2 in < 30 min, being classified as a thermolabile virus (I−Ha−). Of the 13 NDV isolates from Huíla province, 10 isolates were classified as thermostable, eight with phenotype I+Ha+ and 2 with phenotype I−Ha+. The other three isolates from this province were classified as thermolabile viruses (I−Ha−). CONTRIBUTION: This study will contribute to the control and/or eradication of Newcastle disease virus in Angola. The thermostable viral strains isolated from chickens in the country can be genetically manipulated by reverse genetic technology in order to reduce their virulence and use them as a vaccine in the remote areas of Angola

Abstract Objective: To account for the a backyard project, developed between a group of Mayan women from Canicab, Yucatán, Mexico and a team made up of non-Maya academic participants. Methodology: Within the framework of participatory-action-research and knowledge dialogue, we proposed a productive project that favored sustainability in this rural town, that has been identified as highly marginalized. Results: The group made up of Mayan women opted for a backyard project that made it possible to have healthy food for their own and extended families by raising chickens. and egg production, a choice made based on their community ties and kinship. Limitations: Although we worked with women, the text lacks a gender perspective or feminist positions. Conclusions: We observed that the economy of these women, circulates in two logics, the Mayan cultural practices related to requesting, thanking and sharing, and the capitalist world that converts goods and well-being into money. Decisions made by these women have behind a history related to intercultural situations linked to government extension agents and bank extortionists, which led to Canicab the imposition of Western science, on the one hand, and deception and dispossession, on the other.

Resumen Objetivo: Dar cuenta de las experiencias proyecto de traspatio, desarrollado entre un grupo de mujeres mayas de Canicab, Yucatán, México y un equipo integrado por participantes académicas no mayas. Metodología: En el marco de la investigación-acción-participativa y del diálogo de saberes, propusimos un proyecto productivo que favoreciera la sustentabilidad en esta localidad rural, identificada como de alta marginación. Resultados: El grupo conformado por las mujeres mayas optó por un proyecto de traspatio que hiciera posible tener alimentos sanos para sus familias propias y extensas mediante la crianza de gallinas y la producción de huevo, elección tomada a partir de sus lazos comunitarios y de parentesco. Limitaciones: Aunque se trabajó con mujeres, el texto carece de perspectiva de género o posicionamientos feministas. Conclusiones: Observamos que lo que producen estas mujeres circula en dos lógicas, las prácticas culturales mayas relacionadas con solicitar, agradecer y compartir, y el mundo capitalista que convierte los bienes y el bienestar en dinero. Las decisiones tomadas por estas mujeres tienen tras de sí una historia relacionada con situaciones interculturales vinculadas con extensionistas gubernamentales y extorsionadores bancarios, que llevaron a Canicab la imposición de la ciencia occidental, por un lado, y el engaño y el despojo, por el otro

RESUMEN Objetivo. identificar el virus de la anemia infecciosa aviar (chicken anemia virus, CAV) en granjas avícolas y aves de traspatio en Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron muestras de sangre y plumas de gallinas ponedoras; en cada granja se eligieron tres aves de seis edades diferentes (1, 15, 30, 60, 90 y 120 días de edad). También se obtuvieron muestras de aves de traspatio ubicadas cerca de las granjas estudiadas. Se realizó ELISA y PCR para el análisis de las muestras. Resultados. Mediante PCR, el 84% de las aves resultaron positivas al CAV en sangre total y el 66% en muestras de plumas. El 60% de las aves de traspatio dieron positivo en sangre y el 40% en folículo de pluma. Mediante ELISA, el 22% de las aves de las granjas avícolas presentó títulos de anticuerpos altos y el 19% moderados. En las aves de traspatio, el 43% presentó títulos de anticuerpos altos y 29% moderados. Además, los resultados de la prueba de RFLP y la secuenciación mostraron que el virus circulante encontrado en este estudio era diferente del de la cepa vacunal Cux-1 utilizada en el país. Conclusiones. El CAV está presente en Colombia en aves comerciales como de traspatio. Según los hallazgos, un alto porcentaje de las aves dieron positivo para la detección viral, aunque el número de aves positivas por anticuerpos fue bajo. Se requiere determinar las características del virus circulante para explicar la respuesta de anticuerpos obtenida.

ABSTRACT Objective. identify the presence of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in poultry farms and backyard chickens from Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and Methods. Blood and feather samples were taken from laying chickens; in each farm, three birds of six different ages (1, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days old) were chosen randomly. Backyard chicken samples were also obtained near the research farms. We used serology and molecular techniques to analyze the samples. Results. By PCR, the 84% of the birds were positive in whole blood and 66% were positive in feather samples. The 60% of backyard chickens tested were positive in blood and 40% in feather follicle. By serology, the 22% of the poultry farm birds presented high antibody titers and 19% moderate antibody titers. In the backyard chickens, 43% of them presented high antibody titers and 29% moderate antibody titers. In addition, results from the RFLP test and sequencing showed that the circulating virus found in this study was different from the Cux-1 vaccine strain used in Colombia. Conclusions. CAV is present in Colombia in both commercial and backyard chickens. According to the findings, a high percentage of the birds tested positive for viral detection, whereas the number of birds that tested positive for antibodies was low. Thus, the characteristics of the circulating virus need to be determined to explain the antibody response observed in this study.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

RESUMO Objetivo. A colistina é um antibiótico de último recurso para o tratamento de infecções graves por bactérias Gram-negativas. Entretanto, o uso indevido da colistina, principalmente como promotor de crescimento animal, tem contribuído para o aumento da resistência a antimicrobianos, principalmente por transferência horizontal do gene mcr-1 mediada por plasmídeos. Este estudo avaliou a prevalência de resistência fenotípica e molecular à colistina em Escherichia coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae no Equador em humanos hígidos e em galinhas e porcos por eles criados. Métodos. Entre abril e agosto de 2020, foram coletadas amostras de fezes de habitantes de duas regiões litorâneas e amazônicas do Equador e de galinhas e porcos por eles criados. Bactérias Gram-negativas foram isoladas e identificadas por meio de técnicas convencionais. A resistência fenotípica foi determinada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo, e o gene mcr-1 foi detectado por reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional. Resultados. Foram obtidas 438 amostras fecais de 137 humanos, 147 suínos e 154 galinhas. A prevalência de isolados de E. coli foi de 86,3% (378/438), e de K. pneumoniae, 37,4% (164/438). Em geral, o gene mcr-1 foi encontrado em 90% (340/378) dos isolados de E. coli, com maiores prevalências encontradas em isolados de regiões litorâneas (96,5%, 191/198), humanos (95,6%, 111/116) e galinhas (91,8%, 123/134); para K. pneumoniae, o gene foi encontrado em 19,5% (32/164) dos isolados, com igual distribuição entre regiões e hospedeiros. Somente quatro isolados, dois de E. coli e dois de K. pneumoniae, demonstraram resistência fenotípica: o gene mcr-1 estava presente em ambas as cepas de E. coli, mas ausente nas de K. pneumoniae. Conclusões. Apesar da baixa prevalência de resistência fenotípica à colistina, a alta prevalência do gene mcr-1 em E. coli é preocupante. É preciso fiscalizar a proibição ao uso agropecuário de colistina no Equador e implementar o monitoramento contínuo da situação.

ABSTRACT Objective. Colistin is an antibiotic of last resort for treating serious Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, the misuse of colistin, especially as an animal growth promoter, has contributed to increasing antimicrobial resistance, mediated mainly through plasmid transfer of the mcr-1 gene. This study assessed the prevalence of phenotypic and molecular colistin resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ecuador in healthy humans and their chickens and pigs. Methods. Fecal samples were collected from humans and their chickens and pigs in two rural coastal and Amazon regions between April and August 2020. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using conventional techniques. Phenotypic resistance was determined using the broth microdilution technique, and the mcr-1 gene was detected using conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results. A total of 438 fecal samples were obtained from 137 humans, 147 pigs and 154 chickens. The prevalence of E. coli isolates was 86.3% (378/438) and K. pneumoniae, 37.4% (164/438). Overall, the mcr-1 gene was found in 90% (340/378) of E. coli isolates, with higher prevalences found in isolates from coastal regions (96.5%, 191/198), humans (95.6%, 111/116) and chickens (91.8%, 123/134); for K. pneumoniae, the gene was found in 19.5% (32/164) of isolates, with equal distribution between regions and hosts. Only four isolates, two E. coli and two K. pneumoniae, showed phenotypic resistance: mcr-1 was present in both E. coli strains but absent in the K. pneumoniae strains. Conclusions. Despite a low prevalence of phenotypic resistance to colistin, the high prevalence of the mcr-1 gene in E. coli is of concern. Ecuador’s ban on using colistin in animal husbandry must be enforced, and continual monitoring of the situation should be implemented.

Marek's disease (MD) is an infectious, lymphoproliferative disorder caused by the alpha herpesvirus genus, Mardivirus, serotype 1 (Gallid Herpesvirus 2, or GaHV-2). There is no current information on Marek's disease virus (MDV) pathotypes and serotypes circulating in backyard poultry in Pakistan. This study aimed to characterize GaHV-2 in the backyard poultry of Rawalpindi division based on glycoprotein C and to investigate the correlation of a viral oncogene (meq) with the histological, lymphoproliferative infiltration in the visceral organs of naturally-infected birds. The study was performed from May 2019 to April 2020 in the Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal, and Attock districts of the Rawalpindi division. An overall 13.96% prevalence of MDV infection based on gross morphology and 18.43% using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was recorded. The Pakistani GaHV-2 isolates could be divided into two clades, based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gC gene, closely related to the US virulent isolates and mildly virulent vaccine strain, CVI988, respectively. Of total PCR-positive cases, 25 (75.76%) samples revealed gross tumours. Median histopathological scores of lymphoproliferative infiltrations in the spleen and liver tissues were recorded as moderate (++), whereas in the heart and gonads, mild (+) changes were observed. The mean viral load quantified using real-time PCR of 14.72 copies of meq gene/ß-actin revealed a strong (R² = 0.88) correlation with histopathology scores of spleen tissues. Differences in the meq gene/ß-actin ratio were observed between non-tumorous and tumorous birds, which is indicative of pathological changes in individuals of the present study.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and avian reovirus (ARV) cause significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in Manjacaze district, Southern Mozambique, to determine the seroprevalence of IBV and ARV. A total of 467 serum samples from adult unvaccinated backyard chickens were screened using commercial and competitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay kits. Our results showed anti-IBV and anti-ARV antibodies in all surveyed households and villages. The overall seroprevalence was 89.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.2-97.4) and 95.7% (95% CI: 88.0-99.2) for IBV and ARV, respectively. The risk of becoming exposed to IBV was lower in Chidenguele village compared with the other three villages (p > 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed for becoming exposed to ARV between villages (p < 0.05). The backyard chickens tested in this study had no previous history of vaccination, outbreaks or typical clinical signs of IB and AR diseases. Therefore, the presence of antibodies to IBV and ARV was considered clear evidence that the birds have been naturally exposed to those two infectious agents, and the infection was of subclinical type. It is concluded that IBV and ARV are widespread in backyard chickens in the studied area. These obtained data are essential for design and implementation of chicken health development programmes. CONTRIBUTION: The epidemiology of IBV and ARV of backyard chicken in Mozambique is unknown. This study determined the seroprevalence of IBV and ARV in backyard chicken health. The obtained data are essential for design and implementation of chicken health development programmes

RESUMO: A ocorrência e a frequência de alterações hepáticas em aves, incluindo frangos de corte (FC), galinhas poedeiras (GP) e aves de subsistência (AS) foram investigadas. O estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo (2006-2021) foi realizado com um total de 300 casos de alterações hepáticas. Aves industriais (FC e GP) foram frequentemente acometidas (88%) e as alterações não infecciosas foram as mais comumente diagnosticadas (69%). Quanto à etiologia ou condição, as alterações hepáticas foram classificadas da seguinte forma: alterações degenerativas (42%), bacterianas (28%), metabólicas (15%), tóxicas (8%), virais (3%), neoplásicas (2%), bem como doenças por protozoários (1,5%) e distúrbios circulatórios (0,5%). Em relação ao tipo de ave, alterações degenerativas, tóxicas e hepatites virais foram mais frequentes nos FC. Distúrbios circulatórios e metabólicos, assim como hepatites bacterianas, foram diagnosticados com maior frequência nas GP. Neoplasias e hepatite por protozoário ocorreram com maior frequência em AS. O exame macroscópico associado à histopatologia possibilitou o diagnóstico da alteração hepática em 59% dos casos. Considerando a hepatite bacteriana em aves comerciais, o diagnóstico etiológico é de grande importância, em vista do risco para a saúde pública, apesar da óbvia importância devido às perdas de produtividade e condenação no processamento.

ABSTRACT: The occurrence and the frequency of hepatic changes in chickens, including broiler (BC), layer (LC) and backyard chickens (BYC) were investigated. The retrospective and prospective study (2006-2021) was conducted with a total of 300 cases of liver disorders. Industrial poultry (BC and LC) were frequently affected (88%) and noninfectious changes were the most diagnosed (69%). Considering etiology or conditions, the hepatic changes were classified as follows: degenerative changes (42%), bacterial (28%), metabolic (15%), toxic (8%), viral (3%), neoplastic (2%), protozoal diseases (1.5%) and circulatory disorders (0.5%). Regarding the type of bird, degenerative, toxic changes and viral hepatitis were more frequent in BC. Circulatory and metabolic disorders, as well as bacterial hepatitis, were more frequently diagnosed in LC. Neoplastic and protozoal hepatitis occurred more frequently in BYC. The macroscopic examination in association with histopathology enabled the diagnosis of the hepatic changes in 59% of the cases. Considering bacterial hepatitis in commercial poultry, the etiological diagnosis is highly important, in view of the risk for public health, despite the obvious importance due to the productivity losses and condemnation at processing.

RESUMO Salmonelose é uma doença causada por bactérias do gênero Salmonella, com importância para saúde pública e animal. Dentre os sorotipos hospedeiro-específicos, destaca-se o Gallinarum, que possui os biovares Gallinarum e Pullorum adaptados às aves e amplamente difundidos pelo mundo. Os dados sobre a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em criações avícolas alternativas no Brasil são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em galinhas coloniais encaminhadas para necropsia ao LRD/FV/UFPel. Foram realizadas análises histopatológicas, microbiológicas e moleculares das colônias bacterianas isoladas de 12 amostras de órgãos de galinhas domésticas dos municípios de Pelotas e Piratini, no Rio Grande do Sul. Na análise microbiológica, foram isoladas bactérias do gênero Salmonella sorotipo Gallinarum das 12 amostras, sendo 10/12 bioquimicamente compatíveis com biovar Gallinarum e 2/12 com biovar Pullorum. Na análise molecular PCR 11/12, 91,7% foram identificadas genotipicamente como Salmonella spp. O presente estudo demonstrou uma elevada frequência de isolamento de Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum em aves sintomáticas criadas em regime extensivo. Além disso, os dados epidemiológicos das aves analisadas demonstram que a infecção por Salmonella Gallinarum nesses casos está associada ao contato com aves silvestres e falhas de manejo sanitário.

Abstract The population of creole chickens in small-scale farms is remarkably diverse and part of the poultry genetic reservoir in Mexico. Furthermore, this population represents a vital protein source for rural families. The genetic variability of creole chicken populations in the central region of Oaxaca was determined in blood samples collected from 109 creole chickens belonging to 17 populations and 30 Plymouth Rock chickens (control group). Ten microsatellite markers were used to detect a total of 109 alleles, with an average of 10.9 ± 3.1 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.575 (San Lucas) to 0.750 (San Antonio 2); the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.625 (Control) to 0.733 (Huixtepec 2). Overall, it was observed an increase in the number of heterozygotes, evidenced by a global-level inbreeding (FIT) of 0.042; the FST population differentiation index was moderate (0.059), and the inbreeding of individuals within populations (FIS) was negative (-0.017), which indicates an excess of heterozygotes at that level. Cluster analysis grouped the Nazareno, ITVO, San Lucas, and San Antonio populations, indicating that these creole chicken populations are isolated and genetically differentiated in some characteristics. This information is important to design future conservation, selection, and multiplication programs for this species at the backyard level in the central region of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Resumen Las poblaciones de gallinas criollas en explotaciones en pequeña escala poseen una gran diversidad y son parte del reservorio genético avícola en México; además, constituyen una importante fuente de proteína para las familias del medio rural. Con el propósito de conocer la variabilidad genética de poblaciones de gallinas criollas en la región central de Oaxaca, se tomaron muestras de sangre de 109 gallinas criollas, provenientes de 17 poblaciones y de 30 gallinas Plymouth Rock como testigos. Se usaron 10 marcadores de tipo microsatélites, con los que se detectó un total de 109 alelos, con 10.9 ± 3.1 alelos por locus en promedio. La heterocigosidad observada (Ho) varió de 0.575 (San Lucas) a 0.750 (San Antonino 2) y la esperada (He) de 0.625 (Testigo) a 0.733 (Huixtepec 2). A nivel general se encontró un incremento en el número de heterocigotos evidenciado por un nivel de endogamia global (FIT) de 0.042; el índice FST de diferenciación entre poblaciones fue moderado (0.059) y la endogamia de individuos dentro de poblaciones (FIS) resultó negativa (-0.017), lo que indica un exceso de heterocigotos a ese nivel. El análisis de conglomerados agrupó a las poblaciones de Nazareno, ITVO, San Lucas y San Antonio, evidenciando que son poblaciones de gallinas criollas aisladas y diferenciadas genéticamente en algunas características. Esta información es importante para diseñar futuros programas de conservación, selección y multiplicación de esta especie a nivel de traspatio en la región central de Oaxaca, México.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the association of enteroparasitosis in school-age children in the Santa María de Chicmo district (Apurímac, Peru) with the nutritional status, characteristics of the house, and raising of backyard animals. Stool samples were taken from 493 children aged 6-16 years, of both sexes, and their homes were visited to determine their characteristics. The prevalence of enteroparasites was 82.4%, where the highest prevalence corresponded to Entamoeba coli (59.6%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (51.1%) and Taenia sp with 33.3%. Other parasites presented prevalence less than 12%. The raising of pigs and chickens was associated with Taenia sp and E. vermicularis, respectively. Defecating in the open field, housing on the edge of crops and on the edge of ditches were associated with E. vermicularis, H. nana and A. lumbricoides. Nutritional status was not associated with parasitosis in school children. It is concluded that the characteristics of the houses and the raising of backyard animals present characteristics that favour the presentation of intestinal parasitism in children in the Santa María de Chicmo district.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación de la enteroparasitosis en niños en edad escolar del distrito de Santa María de Chicmo (Apurímac, Perú) con el estado nutricional, características de la vivienda y crianza de animales de traspatio. Se tomaron muestras coprológicas a 493 niños de 6-16 años, de ambos sexos y se visitaron sus viviendas para determinar sus características. La prevalencia de enteroparásitos fue de 82.4%, donde la mayor prevalencia correspondió a Entamoeba coli (59.6%), seguida de Ascaris lumbricoides (51.1%) y Taenia sp con 33.3%. Otros parásitos presentaron prevalencias menores a 12%. La crianza de porcinos y pollos estuvo asociada a Taenia sp y E. vermicularis, respectivamente. Defecar a campo abierto, vivienda al borde de cultivos y al borde de acequias estuvieron asociados a E. vermicularis, H. nana y A. lumbricoides. El estado nutricional no estuvo asociado a la parasitosis en los escolares. Se concluye que las características de las viviendas y la crianza de animales de traspatio presentan características que favorecen la presentación de parasitismo intestinal en los niños del distrito de Santa María de Chicmo.

SUMMARY Raising backyard birds is a common practice in Brazil, mainly in the countryside or suburban areas. However, the level of respiratory pathogens in these animals is unknown. We sampled two hundred chickens from 19 backyard flocks near commercial poultry farms and performed ELISA to Infectious Bronchitis Virus, avian Metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. We evaluated the association between the predictive ability of ELISA and Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)by comparing results from eight flocks positive to Mycoplasma gallisepticum on ELISA. Besides, we assessed essential biosecurity measures in the properties (multiple species birds, rodent control, hygienic conditions, and water quality for the bird`s consumption). We could access the vaccination program only on four properties; in three of them, the birds were supposedly vaccinated for IBV. Overall the properties had a poor score for the biosecurity measures, and the seroprevalence in backyard poultry flocks for IBV, a MPV, MS, and MG were respectively 87.5% (14/16), 89.5% (17/19), 100 (19/19) and MG 84.21% (16/19). We found low specificity and predictive value between ELISA and HI in MG analysis and a positive correlation between the presence of clinical symptoms and mean MG titers. Backyard chicken are pathogens’ reservoirs and pose a risk for the commercial poultry farms in the region, and further efforts of the governmental entities and private sector of poultry production should consider these information to avoid future economic losses.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar morfométrica y faneróptica de la gallina Criolla de traspatio de la subregión Sabana, departamento de Sucre (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 520 animales adultos criollos (350 gallinas y 170 gallos), en el periodo 2017-2018, ubicados en 10 localidades de la subregión Sabanas del departamento de Sucre Colombia. Se recolectó la información en un formato de encuesta integrado por variables cuantitativas y cualitativas. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis descriptivos univariado para muestras independiente. Además, se empleó la técnica de análisis de varianza. Las comparaciones entre machos y hembras se realizaron mediante una prueba de t. Los análisis fueron realizados usando paquete estadístico R. Resultados. Los descriptores analizados mostraron superioridad de los gallos sobre las gallinas (p<0.05). El análisis de varianza en la población de hembras con respecto al peso, determino que existen diferencias significativas (p<0.05). Las características morfológicas y fanerópticas estudiadas, describen un ave de metatarso amarillo, con color de plumaje que combinan tonalidades marrones, negras, gris y blanco, la morfología y distribución de las plumas en la mayoría de las aves es de característica normal (lisa típica), con distribución uniforme a lo largo del cuerpo, aunque se pueden encontrar ejemplares con patrones de plumaje diferente. Conclusiones. Se pudo observar una amplia variación entre animales procedentes de las 10 localidades estudiadas. Se evidencia una diferenciación tipológica con relación al peso y al tamano del tarso, en los animales evaluados, lo que puede ser utilizado como criterio de selección.

ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize morphometric and phaneroptics of the Creole backyard hens from the savanna subregion department of Sucre (Colombia). Materials and methods. 520 adult Creole animals (350 chickens and 170 roosters) were evaluated, in the period 2017-2018, located in 10 localities of the savanna sub-region of the department of Sucre Colombia. The information was collected in a survey format composed of quantitative and qualitative variables. The data obtained were subjected to univariate descriptive analysis, for independent samples. In addition, the analysis of variance technique was used. Comparisons between males and females were made by means of a t-test. The analyses were performed using the statistical package R. Results. The descriptors analyzed showed the superiority of the roosters over the hens (p<0.05). The analysis of variance in the population of females with respect to weight determined that there are significant differences (p<0.05). The morphological and phaneroptic characteristics studied describe a yellow metatarsal bird, with plumage color that combines brown, black, gray and white tones, the morphology and distribution of feathers in most birds is normal characteristic (smooth typical), with a uniform distribution to a length of the body, although specimens with different plumage patterns can be found. Conclusions. A wide variation could be observed among animals from the 10 localities studied. There is evidence of a typological differentiation in relation to the weight and size of the tarsus in the animals evaluated, which can be used as a selection criterion.

The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of coccidia in chickens from a Mexican municipality. Samples from 97 birds were collected in 17 locations and data regarding number of chickens per location, feeding type, cause of death, seasonal concentration of deaths, and parasitic control of the 40 units visited. The presence of Eimeria sp oocysts was detected in 65 samples with a prevalence of 67.01%, with low, medium and high infestation levels (46, 10 and 9 cases). There was correlation between females versus parasite control (p≤0.05), levels of oocysts vs cause of death (p≤0.05), and male vs period of death (p≤0.05). Odds ratio indicates that females were more susceptible than the males to get coccidia (1.87, p=0.1883). It can be concluded that the prevalence of coccidia in chickens of backyard units in Salamanca is high, and that it is related to the control of parasites, time of the year, and sex of the birds. In addition, females were more susceptible to infestation compared to males.

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de coccidios en pollos de un municipio mexicano. Se tomaron muestras de 97 aves en 17 localidades y se recabaron datos para conocer la cantidad de aves por unidad, el tipo de alimentación, la causa de muerte, la época de mayor mortalidad y la realización de controles antiparasitarios en las 40 unidades visitadas. Se confirmó la presencia de ooquistes de Eimeria sp en 65 muestras, con prevalencia del 67,01% y niveles de infestación bajos, medios y altos (46, 10 y 9 casos). Hubo correlación entre hembras versus control de parásitos (p≤0,05), nivel de infestación versus causa de muerte (p≤0,05) y machos versus época de muerte (p≤0,05). El odds ratio indicó que las hembras son más susceptibles que los machos a contraer coccidios (1,87, p=0,1883). Se concluye que la prevalencia del protozoario en aves de unidades de traspatios en Salamanca es alta y está relacionada con el control parasitario, la época del año y el sexo de las aves. Además, comparadas con los machos, las hembras fueron más susceptibles a contraer coccidios.

Meat and eggs produced by chickens represent an important economic resource in many economies. In future, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by chickens will increase due to greater food demand. This study analyses the GHG emissions of chickens and identifies sustainable policy strategies for production intensification and GHG reduction. It advances beyond previous studies by combining GHG reduction and improving meat and egg production rather than reporting mitigation options only, and can thus provide low-emission pathways. The contemporaneous intensification of chicken production and GHG emission reduction are feasible for broiler, layer and backyard chickens in Moldova. For farmers, this important goal can be achieved by using feeds of good quality and high digestibility. An efficient utilization of feeds for backyard chickens (by a dietary replacement of 10% dry matter (DM) intake of fresh grass with 10% DM intake of barley) had the effect of reducing the total emissions to 78179, 79682 and 81238 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent/year (t CO2-eq/year), increasing meat production to 2376, 2422 and 2469 t carcass weight/year and increasing egg production (in shell) to 47846, 48793, and 49741 t eggs/year with an increase of chickens of 2%, 6% and 10% per year, respectively. Policymakers can do a great deal to support the abatement of chicken emissions by developing long-term strategies, and regulations that are aimed towards mitigation targets and technologies. To effectively maximize emission reduction and increase production, however, policymakers must overcome the existing national barriers.