Abstract: This research examines the incorporation of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles into polypropylene or cotton fabrics to develop reusable personal protective equipment. Different preparation methods are applied to anchor the nanoparticles and avoid leaching. The composition and preparation of fabrics are verified by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Optical properties are assessed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence. The results show that for a low ratio of CuO to TiO2, the optical properties improve, reducing bandgap energy and the electron-hole pair recombination rate. Photodegradation of methylene blue increases by 22.8% in polypropylene fabrics and up to 350% in cotton fabrics. In conclusion, photoactivity in polypropylene fabrics is 23.7 times higher than in cotton fabrics, since the preparation method controls the loading of active species.

Resumen: Esta investigación examina la incorporación de nanopartículas de CuO y TiO2 sobre telas de polipropileno o algodón para su implementación como equipo de protección personal reusable. Se utilizan diferentes métodos de preparación para garantizar el anclaje de las nanopartículas y evitar su lixiviación. La composición y preparación de los textiles se verifica por microscopía electrónica de barrido y difracción de rayos X. Las propiedades ópticas se evalúan mediante espectroscopia de reflectancia difusa y fotoluminiscencia. Los resultados muestran que para una baja proporción de CuO a TiO2, se mejoran las propiedades ópticas de los textiles, reduciendo la energía de banda prohibida y la tasa de recombinación del par electrón-hueco. La fotodegradación del azul de metileno aumenta un 22.8% en textiles de polipropileno y hasta 350% en textiles de algodón. En conclusión, la fotoactividad en textiles de polipropileno es 23.7 veces mayor respecto al algodón, ya que con el método de preparación se controla el contenido de las especies activas.

Resumo No presente estudo, diferentes níveis de alimentação da dieta formulada com Moringa oleifera foram comparados para analisar o desempenho de crescimento, taxa de conversão alimentar, eficiência de conversão alimentar e microbiologia intestinal de Oreochromis niloticus. O estudo foi composto por quatro grupos de tratamento, incluindo 4%, 8% e 12% de Moringa oleifera e um grupo de controle sem folhas de Moringa. O ensaio experimental foi realizado no laboratório de Zoologia do Instituto de Ciências Aplicadas e Sociais do Paquistão (PIASS), Kasur. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos e salinidade em todos os aquários foram encontrados não significativamente diferentes entre si. Na condição controle T1, o ganho médio de peso foi de 14,89±16,90a gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 11,52±7,444a cm. No entanto, a contagem total viável em azul de metileno de eosina foi de 7,4×107, 5,8×107 em ágar de soja Tryptic e 5,8×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T2, o ganho médio de peso foi de 16,22±16,09b gramas e o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 12,97±7,79b cm. A contagem total viável em azul de metileno de eosina foi 7×107, 5,5×107 em ágar de soja Tryptic e 5,8×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T3, o ganho médio de peso foi de 37,88±27,43c gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi registrado como 16,48±12,56c cm. No entanto, a contagem total viável para o tratamento 3 foi de 6,4×10 em azul de metileno de eosina, 4,8×107 em ágar soja Tryptic e 5,2×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T4, o ganho médio de peso foi de 44,22±31,67d gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 15,25±10,49d cm. A contagem total viável foi de 4,3×107 em Eosin metileno blue, 3,1×107 em Tryptic soy agar e 3,8×107 em Nutrient agar. O efeito da Moringa oleifera no crescimento de Oreochromis niloticus foi significativo e o extrato de Moringa a 12% apresentou ganho máximo de comprimento e peso e conversão alimentar mínima com a menor contagem microbiana no intestino dos peixes.

Abstract In current study, different feeding levels of Moringa oleifera formulated diet was compared to analyze the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency and gut microbiology of Oreochromis niloticus. The study was comprised of four treatment groups including 4%, 8% and 12% Moringa oleifera and one control group which was devoid of Moringa leaves. The experimental trial was conducted at the Zoology laboratory of Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, (PIASS) Kasur. The physicochemical parameters of water such as temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids and salinity in all aquaria were found non-significantly different from each other. In control condition T1, the average weight gain was 14.89±16.90a grams, while average length gain was 11.52±7.444a cm. However, the total viable count on Eosin methylene blue was 7.4×107, 5.8×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.8×107on Nutrient agar. In T2, the average weight gain was 16.22±16.09b grams and average length gain was 12.97±7.79b cm. The total viable count on Eosin methylene blue was 7×107, 5.5×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.8×107on Nutrient agar. In T3, the average weight gain was 37.88±27.43c grams, while the average length gain was recorded as 16.48±12.56c cm. However, the total viable count for treatment 3 was 6.4×10 on Eosin methylene blue, 4.8×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.2×107on Nutrient agar. In T4, the average weight gain was 44.22±31.67d grams, while the average length gain was 15.25±10.49d cm. The total viable count was 4.3×107on Eosin methylene blue, 3.1×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 3.8×107 on Nutrient agar. The effect of Moringa oleifera on the growth of Oreochromis niloticus was found to be significant and 12% Moringa extract showed maximum length and weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio with the least microbial count in fish intestine.

Contamination of natural resources by dyes present in industrial effluents causes serious impacts to the environment. Research on efficient methods to remove these contaminants has intensified in recent years. A promising method is adsorption, as it uses effective and low-cost adsorbents, such as biomass. In this study, the adsorptive capacity of carbon chemically activated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) obtained from monkfish (Enterolobium contortisiliquum) shells was investigated for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous medium. UV-Visible was used to quantify the dye removed from the experimental batch method. Adsorption tests at different temperatures suggest that the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9967) and the pseudo-second order kinetic model better fit the experimental data. The negative values of ∆Hads and ∆Gads express that the adsorption dynamics is exothermic and spontaneous. The positive value of ∆Sads suggests an increase in disorder at the solid-solution interface during the process. Under these conditions, TCA (monkfish activated charcoal) presented a qe of 525.15 mg g-1, reaching a removal percentage of 82.67%. The treatment carried out to obtain activated carbon allowed the SEM, BET and FT-IR analyses to reveal a porous surface with the presence of micro and mesopores and acid groups on the TCA surface. environment years lowcost low cost adsorbents biomass study H3PO4 HPO H PO (H3PO4 Enterolobium contortisiliquum MB (MB medium UVVisible UV Visible R2 R (R 0.9967 09967 0 9967 pseudosecond pseudo second data Hads Gads spontaneous Sads solidsolution solid solution process conditions charcoal 52515 525 15 525.1 g1, g1 g 1, 1 g-1 8267 82 67 82.67% SEM FTIR FT IR H3PO (H3PO 0.996 0996 996 5251 52 525. g- 826 8 6 82.67 0.99 099 99 5 82.6 0.9 09 9 82. 0.

ABSTRACT: The regional lymphatic connections of the mammary glands in canines are poorly investigated, both in healthy animals and in those with mammary neoplasms. The objective was to establish the occurrence of metastases in the medial iliac lymph nodes (MILN) in bitches with mammary neoplasm, in addition to evaluating the effectiveness of the technique of lymphatic labeling of the MILN, administering methylene blue (MB) dye intrauterinely or intradermally. Thirty-two bitches with tumors in different mammary glands were included in the study. In 13 bitches (GU group), the MILNs were stained with intrauterine MB, followed by unilateral lymphadenectomy, ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and unilateral mastectomy. Nineteen bitches (GI group) underwent OVH, followed by MILN staining with intradermal MB, lymphadenectomy, and unilateral mastectomy. In GU, 11 bitches (84.62%) exhibited MB-stained MILNs, but staining was not observed in two (15.38%). Metastasis to MILNs was observed in three bitches (9.38%) from the GI and two (6.25%) from the GU. Intrauterine and intradermal staining of MILNs in bitches with mammary tumors was efficient, but intradermal administration of MB produced better results. Given metastatic spread to MILNs in approximately 15.63% of patients, we recommend that screening for MILNs should be considered as part of the staging of animals with malignant mammary neoplasms. ABSTRACT investigated neoplasms (MILN neoplasm (MB intradermally Thirtytwo Thirty study 1 GU group, group , lymphadenectomy OVH (OVH mastectomy 84.62% 8462 84 62 (84.62% MBstained 15.38%. 1538 15.38% . 15 38 (15.38%) 9.38% 938 9 (9.38% 6.25% 625 6 25 (6.25% efficient results 1563 63 15.63 patients 84.62 846 8 (84.62 153 15.38 3 (15.38% 9.38 93 (9.38 6.25 2 (6.25 156 15.6 84.6 (84.6 15.3 (15.38 9.3 (9.3 6.2 (6.2 15. 84. (84. (15.3 9. (9. 6. (6. (84 (15. (9 (6 (8 (15 ( (1

RESUMO: As conexões linfáticas regionais das glândulas mamárias em caninos são pouco investigadas, tanto em animais sadios quanto naqueles com neoplasmas mamários. Objetivou-se estabelecer à ocorrência de metástases nos linfonodos ilíacos mediais (MILN) em cadelas com neoplasma mamário, além de avaliar a eficácia da técnica de marcação linfática dos MILN, administrando o corante azul de metileno (MB) por via intrauterina ou intradérmica. Trinta e duas cadelas com neoplasmas malignos em diferentes glândulas mamárias foram incluídas no estudo. Em 13 cadelas (grupo GU), os MILNs foram corados com MB intrauterino, seguido de linfadenectomia unilateral, ovariohisterectomia (OVH) e mastectomia unilateral. Dezenove cães (grupo GI) foram submetidos a OVH, seguido de coloração MILN com MB intradérmico, linfadenectomia e mastectomia unilateral. No GU, 11 cães (84,62%) exibiram MILNs corados com MB, mas a coloração não foi observada em dois (15,38%). Metástases para MILNs foi observada em três cães (9,38%) do GI e em dois do GU (6,25%). A coloração intrauterina e intradérmica de MILNs em cadelas com tumores mamários foi eficiente, mas a administração intradérmica de MB produziu melhores resultados, observando a coloração de 100% dos linfonodos no GI e 84,62% no GU. Dada a disseminação metastática para MILNs em aproximadamente 15,63% dos pacientes, recomendamos que a investigação dos MILNs deve ser considerada como parte do estadiamento de animais com neoplasmas mamários malignos. RESUMO investigadas Objetivouse Objetivou se (MILN mamário (MB estudo 1 grupo , GU) intrauterino unilateral OVH (OVH intradérmico 8462 84 62 (84,62% 15,38%. 1538 15,38% . 15 38 (15,38%) 9,38% 938 9 (9,38% 6,25%. 625 6,25% 6 25 (6,25%) eficiente resultados 100 84,62 1563 63 15,63 pacientes 846 8 (84,62 153 15,38 3 (15,38% 9,38 93 (9,38 6,25 2 (6,25% 10 84,6 156 15,6 (84,6 15,3 (15,38 9,3 (9,3 6,2 (6,25 84, 15, (84, (15,3 9, (9, 6, (6,2 (84 (15, (9 (6, (8 (15 ( (6 (1

RESUMEN La infección causada por el SARS-CoV-2 se convirtió en pandemia y causó millones de muertes e incalculables pérdidas económicas en todo el mundo. En ese contexto se introdujeron terapias para contener la infección hasta que se pudiera vacunar a la población. Las propuestas terapéuticas surgieron mayormente de medicamentos ya establecidos cuyos mecanismos de acción podían interferir con el ciclo de infección del virus o con algunos de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos dependientes del hospedero. Los fármacos monoligandos actuaban sobre un único blanco farmacológico para tratar una enfermedad compleja y multifactorial como la COVID-19, lo cual resultó, quizás, la principal causa del fracaso con las intervenciones no-vacunales. En esta comunicación breve se realizó una reseña de los mecanismos farmacológicos del azul de metileno en la terapia de la COVID-19. La multiplicidad de mecanismos documentados relacionados con el bloqueo de la patogenia viral, su bajo costo, el bajo perfil toxicológico, la farmacocinética privilegiada y la capacidad nacional de producirlo convirtieron a este antiguo medicamento en una opción terapéutica en los protocolos de tratamiento a pacientes graves y críticos.

ABSTRACT Infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 became pandemic and caused millions of deaths and incalculable economic losses worldwide. In this context, therapies were introduced to contain the infection until the population could be vaccinated. Therapeutic proposals emerged from already established drugs whose mechanisms of action could interfere with the virus infection cycle or with some of the host-dependent pathophysiological mechanisms. Monoligand drugs acted on a single drug target to treat a complex and multifactorial disease like COVID-19, which was the main cause of failure with non-vaccine interventions. In this brief communication, a review of the pharmacological mechanisms of methylene blue in the therapy of COVID-19 was performed. The multiplicity of documented mechanisms related to the blockade of viral pathogenesis, its low cost, low toxicological profile, privileged pharmacokinetics and national capacity to produce it made this drug a therapeutic option in the treatment protocols of severe and critical patients.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se describe la preparación de cinco carbones activados a partir de un residuo vegetal, la semilla de chirimoya (Annona cherimola). Todos los carbones fueron activados químicamente con H3PO4, tres de ellos se calcinaron a 673 K (CarChiQ, CarChiQC y CarChiQE) y los otros dos a 873 K (CarChiQC600 y CarChiQE600) por tres horas. Los carbones fueron caracterizados por adsorción de nitrógeno, número de azul de metileno, densidad aparente, microscopía electrónica de barrido y espectroscopía infrarroja. Además, se determinó el punto de carga cero que indicó el carácter ácido de todos los carbones. Se siguió la cinética de adsorción con el colorante azul de metileno, lo que permitió establecer el tiempo de contacto entre las soluciones de colorante y los carbones. La cinética de adsorción para los carbones se ajustó al modelo de pseudo segundo orden. Se estudió la adsorción de soluciones acuosas de colorantes textiles de tipo ácido y básico con una concentración inicial de 300 mg/dm3. Los colorantes básicos se adsorbieron en CarChiQ entre 82 y 99.9 %, en CarChiQE entre 65 y 92 % y en CarChiQC, CarChiQC600 y CarChiQE600 prácticamente se adsorbieron 100 %. El colorante ácido se adsorbió en menor proporción sobre los carbones, con excepción de CarChiQC600 y CarChiQE600 con adsorción total. Se trató un agua residual conteniendo colorantes textiles, la calidad de ésta mejoró después del tratamiento de adsorción, reduciéndose la demanda química de oxígeno hasta 76 % y el color hasta 98 %.

ABSTRACT This work describes the preparation of five activated carbons from a vegetable waste: custard apple seeds (Annona cherimola). All carbons were chemically activated with phosphoric acid. Three of them were calcinated at 673 K (CarChiQ, CarChiQE, and CarChiQC) and the other two (CarChiQE600 and CarChiQC600) at 873 K for three hours. The carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, methylene blue number, bulk density, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the point of zero charge indicated the acid character of the carbons. To establish the contact time between the solutions of dye and the carbons, the adsorption kinetics of methylene blue dye was followed. The adsorption kinetics for all the carbons fit the pseudo second order model. The adsorption of aqueous solutions containing anionic and cationic dyes with an initial concentration of 300 mg/dm3 was studied. It was found that, using CarChiQ, basic dyes were adsorbed in percentages ranging between 82 and 99.9 %; with CarChiQE, between 65 and 92 %; and using CarChiQC, CarChiQE600, and CarChiQC600, the adsorption almost reached 100 %. The acid dye was adsorbed in a smaller proportion, but in CarChiQE600 and CarChiQC600, its adsorption was total. A wastewater containing textile dyes was treated, and its quality was improved after the adsorption treatment. The chemical oxygen demand was reduced up to 76 % and its color until 98 %.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and adsorptive characterization of Fe tailing collected in the district of Brumadinho; and verify its effect on Raphanus sativus germination. The material was collected on the surface layer (0-20 cm) and disintegrated for pH, redox potential – Eh, electrical conductivity – EC, OM, cation exchange capacity – CEC, specific surface area – SSA and functional groups characterization. Adsorption studies were conducted using methylene blue (MB). The results of the adsorption studies were analyzed using kinetic models (Elovich, pseudo-first order – PFO and pseudo-second order – PSO) and isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir and Sips). The tailing has an acidic pH (5.60), negative ΔpH (-0.30) and low CEC (1.85 cmolc g-1). A high MB adsorption efficiency (96%) was verified. The Elovich model (0.9248<R2<0.9858) best represented the chemical kinetics, and the Freundlich model best describes the MB adsorption process in the tailing (R2 = 0.9609). The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was equal to 15.08 mg g-1. The presence of Fe tailing positively influenced the germination of R. sativus seeds (73.8%), but stem and root growth were inferior when compared to seedlings cultivated in compost substrate. It is concluded that the material has favorable cationic adsorption capacity, which can benefit soil fertilization. However, R. sativus development was minor in Fe tailing substrate, probably due to low CEC, OM and nutrient availability. Brumadinho 020 0 20 (0-2 cm Eh EC MB. . (MB) Elovich, (Elovich pseudofirst pseudo first pseudosecond second PSO Freundlich, (Freundlich Sips. Sips Sips) 5.60, 560 5.60 , 5 60 (5.60) 0.30 030 30 (-0.30 1.85 185 1 85 (1.8 g1. g1 g g-1) 96% 96 (96% verified 0.9248<R2<0.9858 09248R209858 R 9248 R2 9858 (0.9248<R2<0.9858 kinetics (R 0.9609. 09609 0.9609 9609 0.9609) qm (qm 1508 15 08 15.0 1. g-1 73.8%, 738 73.8% 73 8 (73.8%) substrate fertilization However availability 02 2 (0- (MB 56 5.6 6 (5.60 0.3 03 3 (-0.3 1.8 18 (1. 9 (96 0.9248<R2<0.985 09248R20985 924 985 (0.9248<R2<0.985 0960 0.960 960 150 15. g- 73.8 7 (73.8% (0 5. (5.6 0. (-0. (1 (9 0.9248<R2<0.98 09248R2098 92 98 (0.9248<R2<0.98 096 0.96 73. (73.8 ( (5. (-0 0.9248<R2<0.9 09248R209 (0.9248<R2<0.9 09 0.9 (73. (5 (- 0.9248<R2<0. 09248R20 (0.9248<R2<0. (73 0.9248<R2<0 09248R2 (0.9248<R2<0 (7 0.9248<R2< 09248R (0.9248<R2< 0.9248<R2 (0.9248<R2 0.9248<R (0.9248<R

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a caracterização físico-química e adsortiva do rejeito de Fe coletado no distrito de Brumadinho; e verificar seu efeito na germinação de Raphanus sativus. O material foi coletado na camada superficial (0–20 cm) e desintegrado para determinação de pH, potencial redox (Eh), condutividade elétrica (EC), matéria orgânica (MO), capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC), área superficial específica (SSA) e de grupos funcionais. Estudos de adsorção foram conduzidos utilizando azul de metileno (MB). Os resultados dos estudos de adsorção foram analisados utilizando modelos cinéticos (Elovich, pseudoprimeira ordem – PFO e pseudossegunda ordem – PSO) e modelos isotérmicos (Freundlich, Langmuir e Sips). O rejeito apresenta pH ácido (5,60), ΔpH negativo (-0,30) e baixa CEC (1,85 cmolc g-1). Foi verificada alta eficiência de adsorção de MB (96%). O modelo de Elovich (0,9248 < R2 < 0,9858) representou melhor a cinética química e o modelo de Freundlich descreveu melhor o processo de adsorção de MB no rejeito (R2 = 0,9609). A capacidade máxima de adsorção (qm) foi igual a 15,08 mg g-1. A presença de rejeito de Fe influenciou positivamente a germinação de sementes de R. sativus (73,8%), mas o crescimento do caule e da raiz foi inferior quando comparado às mudas cultivadas em substrato composto. Conclui-se que o material tem capacidade de adsorção catiônica favorável, o que pode beneficiar a fertilização do solo. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de R. sativus foi menor no substrato de rejeito de Fe, provavelmente devido à baixa CTC, MO e disponibilidade de nutrientes. físicoquímica físico Brumadinho 0–20 020 0 20 (0–2 cm Eh, Eh , (Eh) EC, EC (EC) MO, (MO) CEC, (CEC) SSA (SSA funcionais MB. . (MB) Elovich, (Elovich PSO Freundlich, (Freundlich Sips. Sips Sips) 5,60, 560 5,60 5 60 (5,60) 0,30 030 30 (-0,30 1,85 185 1 85 (1,8 g1. g1 g g-1) 96%. 96 96% (96%) 0,9248 09248 9248 (0,924 R 0,9858 09858 9858 (R 0,9609. 09609 0,9609 9609 0,9609) qm (qm 1508 15 08 15,0 1. g-1 73,8%, 738 73,8% 73 8 (73,8%) composto Concluise Conclui se favorável solo entanto CTC nutrientes 0–2 02 2 (0– (Eh (EC (MO (CEC (MB 56 5,6 6 (5,60 0,3 03 3 (-0,3 1,8 18 (1, 9 (96% 0,924 0924 924 (0,92 0,985 0985 985 0960 0,960 960 150 15, g- 73,8 7 (73,8% 0– (0 5, (5,6 0, (-0, 1, (1 (96 0,92 092 92 (0,9 0,98 098 98 096 0,96 73, (73,8 ( (5, (-0 (9 0,9 09 (0, (73, (5 (- (73 (7

Abstract Inefficient treated wastewaters are a critical factor for public health due to can be a dissemination vehicle for pathogens such as enteric viruses; nevertheless, the enteric viral circulation has been poorly studied in our region. This work aims to study the presence of five enteric virus, in parallel with operative parameters, in affluents and effluents of five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) located in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica in 2013. The viral pathogens studied were enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus A, and norovirus GI and GII (determined by end point PCR technique); since basic control parameters analyzed were biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, settable solids, fats and oils, blue methylene active substances, and fecal coliforms. All wastewater treatment plants showed acceptable removal of physicochemical parameters, but with microbial parameters, its efficiency was low; all enteric viruses were detected year-round at effluents and influents of the WWTP, with a predominance during the dry season. The most frequently detected virus was rotavirus, followed by norovirus G1. In conclusion, the studied wastewater treatment plants are efficient to remove physicochemical parameters; the year circulation of enteric virus in Costa Rica was demonstrated, and finally, a wastewater treatment plant improvement it is necessary to achieved treated waters safety discharges.

Resumen Las aguas residuales inadecuadamente tratadas son un factor de riesgo para la salud pública dado que son un vehículo de diseminación de microorganismos patógenos como virus entéricos. Sin embargo, la circulación de patógenos virales en esta matriz ha sido poco estudiada en la región. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la presencia de cinco virus enteropatógenos y parámetros operativos básicos, en afluentes y efluentes de cinco plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) con sistemas de lodos activados, ubicadas en el Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica durante el 2013. Los patógenos virales estudiados fueron: enterovirus, virus de hepatitis A, rotavirus A, norovirus G1 y norovirus G2 (determinados por PCR punto final); mientras que los parámetros de control de rendimiento analizados incluyeron disponibilidad bioquímica de oxígeno, disponibilidad química de oxígeno, sólidos suspendidos, sólidos sedimentables, grasas y aceites, sustancias activas al azul de metileno y coliformes fecales. A nivel fisicoquímico todas las plantas mostraron un rendimiento aceptable, caso contrario a los parámetros microbiológicos, todos los virus investigados fueron detectados en aguas tratadas y no tratadas durante todo el año, siendo más frecuentes durante la época seca. El virus más frecuente fue rotavirus, seguido por norovirus G1. En conclusión, este estudio describe que durante el periodo estudiado las PTAR fueron eficientes en la remoción de parámetros fisicoquímicos, y que la circulación de virus entéricos es común en las PTAR estudiadas. Por ello, es necesaria la inclusión de procesos de desinfección adicionales para una descarga segura de las aguas tratadas.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the technical reproducibility of a block of the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) of the hip aided or not by ultrasound in cadavers. Materials and Methods The present is a randomized, descriptive, and comparative anatomical study on 40 hips from 2 cadaver groups. We compared the PENG block technique with the method with no ultrasound guidance. After injecting a methylene blue dye, we verified the dispersion and topographical staining of the anterior hip capsule through dissection. In addition, we evaluated the injection orifice in both techniques. Results In the comparative analysis of the techniques, there were no puncture failures, damage to noble structures in the orifice path, or differences in the results. Only 1 hip from each group (5%) presented inadequate dye dispersion within the anterior capsule, and in 95% of the cases submitted to either technique, there was adequate dye dispersion at the target region. Conclusion Hip PENG block with no ultrasound guidance is feasible, safe, effective, and highly reliable compared to its conventional counterpart. The present is a pioneer study that can help patients with hip pain from various causes in need of relief. (PENG cadavers randomized descriptive 4 groups dissection addition techniques failures path results 5% 5 (5% 95 region feasible safe effective counterpart relief (5 9 (

Resumo Objetivo Propor e avaliar a reprodutibilidade técnica do bloqueio do grupo de nervos pericapsulares (pericapsular nerve group, PENG, em inglês) do quadril sem o auxílio da ultrassonografia, em cadáveres, de forma comparativa à realização do bloqueio guiado pela ultrassonografia em outro grupo de cadáveres. Materiais e Métodos Estudo anatômico randomizado, descritivo e comparativo, realizado em 40 quadris divididos em 2 grupos amostrais de cadáveres. Fez-se uma comparação da técnica do bloqueio do PENG à técnica não guiada por ultrassonografia injetando-se corante azul de metileno, seguida de dissecção para verificação da dispersão e da coloração topográfica da cápsula anterior do quadril, além de avaliação do pertuito das injeções entre as técnicas. Resultados Na análise comparativa das técnicas, não houve falha na punção, lesão de estruturas nobres no pertuito, ou diferença nos resultados. Não houve adequada dispersão do corante pela cápsula anterior somente em 1 quadril de cada grupo (5%), e em 95% dos casos submetidos a qualquer uma das técnicas observou-se dispersão adequada do corante pela região alvo. Conclusão O bloqueio do PENG do quadril sem auxílio de ultrassonografia é factível, seguro, eficaz, e com alta confiabilidade quando comparado à sua realização guiada pelo aparelho de imagem. Este estudo é pioneiro, e pode ajudar muito os pacientes que têm dor no quadril por diversas causas e necessitam alívio. pericapsular group inglês cadáveres randomizado comparativo 4 Fezse Fez se injetandose injetando metileno punção resultados 5%, 5 5% , (5%) 95 observouse observou alvo factível seguro eficaz imagem pioneiro alívio (5% 9 (5 (

ABSTRACT Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the environment represents a danger to people's health. Conventional methods for monitoring H2S require absorbent solutions, which usually contains harmful substances such as cadmium sulphate (CdSO4). Constant exposure to cadmium sulphate may cause health damage. In the present work, Ulvan polysaccharides were evaluated as additives in the preparation of absorbent solutions for H2S(g) capture. The resultant Ulvan-based solution featured low content of harmful substances such as cadmium sulphate, sodium hydroxide, and arabinogalactan. The parameters used to validate the performance of the prepared Ulvan-based absorbent solutions included linearity, precision, selectivity, working range, detection limit, quantification limit, robustness, and uncertainty. The relative standard deviation of repeatability (%RSD) was compared to the Horwitz's %RSD. It was found that %RSD was less than Horwitz's %RSD. This showed that measurements were accurate. The linearity of the calibration curve made with the Ulvan-based solutions featured a coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.995. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LDQ) values of H2S(g) were 0.13 µg/m3 and 0.26 µg/m3, respectively. Finally, the groups evaluated at different color reaction times were robust. This showed that the determination of H2S(g) content using the Ulvan-based absorbent solution could be performed under normal conditions without affecting the reproducibility of the results. The modified and optimized method with Ulvan polysaccharides complied with the required acceptance parameters proposed. These results showed that Ulvan represents a potential alternative for applications related to detecting polluting gases such as H2S(g).

RESUMEN La presencia de ácido sulfhídrico (H2S) en el medio ambiente representa un peligro para la salud de las personas. Los métodos convencionales para la detección de H2S requieren del uso de soluciones captadoras, las cuales contienen sulfato de cadmio (CdSO4), hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) y arabinogalactano, que a su vez puede provocar daños en la salud por una constante exposición. En el presente trabajo se validó el uso de polisacáridos Ulvan, como aditivo reemplazante en la preparación de la solución absorbente del contaminante gaseoso ácido sulfhídrico (H2S) según la metodología COVENIN 3571:2000 Calidad de aire. Determinación de la concentración sulfuro de hidrogeno (H2S(g)) en la atmosfera. Los resultados obtenidos en la validación del método modificado (porque se modificó la solución absorbente) fueron analizados a través de parámetros como linealidad, precisión, veracidad, selectividad, rango de trabajo, límite de detección, límite de cuantificación, robustez e incertidumbre. Se determinó que los datos obtenidos fueron precisos debido a que el % de desviación estándar relativa (RSD) de repetibilidad fue menor al %RSD de Horwitz. Además, a partir de la curva de calibración, se comprobó la linealidad satisfactoria del método modificado con polisacáridos Ulvan debido a que el coeficiente de determinación (R2) fue superior a 0.995. Los valores límite de detección (LOD) y cuantificación (LDQ) de H2S fueron de 0.47 µg/m3 y 1.88 µg/m3, respectivamente. Finalmente, las evaluaciones a distintos tiempos de desarrollo del color azul de metileno fueron robustos, y se pueden trabajar en condiciones normales sin afectar la reproducibilidad de los resultados. El método modificado y optimizado con la presencia de polisacáridos Ulvan fue validado cumpliendo con los parámetros requeridos de aceptación propuestos. De esta manera, se concluyó que el Ulvan representan una potencial alternativa para aplicaciones en la detección de gases contaminantes como el H2S(g).

Abstract Hemoglobin M is a rare hereditary disorder that causes ethemoglobinemia and therefore cyanosis. The clinical manifestations of this condition differs considerably, so it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in a newborn with cyanosis, with no other apparent cause. The case of a 5 hours old newborn is presented below, with generalized cyanosis from birth with oxygen saturations between 60-70%, in whom, upon ruling out pathologies such as perinatal hypoxia, pulmonary disease, heart disease and sepsis, a high level of methemoglobin is documented, reported in 21,6%; the diagnosis of methemoglobinemia was established. The treatment administered was two doses of methylene blue with no response. For this reason, hemoglobin electrophoresis was performed, which was compatible with Hemoglobin M (Iwate or Kankakee), confirming its congenital cause.

Resumen La hemoglobina M es un desorden hereditario infrecuente, causante de metahemoglobinemia y, por ende, cianosis. Las manifestaciones clínicas de esta enfermedad son amplias y variadas, por lo que se debe considerar como diagnóstico diferencial en un recién nacido con cianosis sin otra causa aparente. A continuación, se presenta el caso de un recién nacido de 5 horas de vida con cianosis generalizada desde el nacimiento y con saturaciones de oxígeno de entre 60-70%, en el que se descartaron patologías como hipoxia perinatal, patología pulmonar o cardíaca y sepsis y se documentó un nivel de metahemoglobina elevado, reportado en 21,6%, con lo cual se estableció el diagnóstico de metahemoglobinemia. El tratamiento administrado fueron dos dosis de azul de metileno, pero no hubo respuesta clínica. Por este motivo, se realizó electroforesis de hemoglobina, la cual fue compatible con hemoglobina M (Iwate o Kankakee), lo que se confirma su causa congénita de metahemoglobinemia.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se llevó a cabo el diseño de una serie de experimentos que tienen como objetivo brindar a los docentes de cursos de química analítica, herramientas que les permitan demostrar de manera práctica la importancia de la selección de la longitud de onda de análisis en las mediciones de absorbancia en la disciplina de la espectroscopía de ultravioleta visible. Inicialmente, se plantearon una serie de experimentos basados en la absorción de radiación por parte de soluciones de azul de metileno y azul de bromotimol (con pH regulado a 3,7) a diferentes concentraciones. Para ello, se hizo pasar un haz de color rojo (665 nm) y violeta (405 nm) sobre una serie de soluciones de azul de metileno y azul de bromotimol a estudiar y se observó de forma cualitativa la atenuación de la intensidad (o potencia) del haz de radiación después de salir de la celda, teniendo en cuenta que, a mayor atenuación o disminución de la intensidad de la radiación, mayor sería la absorbancia por parte de la muestra. Seguidamente, se propuso un experimento en el laboratorio basado en la realización de curvas de calibración de azul de metileno y azul de bromotimol (regulado a pH de 3,7) a diferentes longitudes de onda (665 y 425 nm), con el fin de proveerle información cuantitativa al estudiante sobre la importancia de la selección de la longitud de onda en aplicaciones de la espectroscopía de absorción ultravioleta visible. Finalmente, los experimentos más representativos del presente trabajo fueron enmarcados en una serie de experimentos cortos de fácil realización, los cuales permiten facilitar la adquisición de conceptos mediante la interacción directa con los fenómenos a estudiar.

Abstract In the present work, the design of a series of experiments was carried out with the objective of providing teachers of analytical chemistry courses with tools that allow them to demonstrate in a practical way the importance of the analysis wavelength in the measurements of absorbance in the, discipline of visible ultraviolet spectroscopy. Initially, a series of experiments based on the absorption of radiation by methylene blue and bromothymol blue (with pH regulated at 3.7) at different concentrations are proposed. To do this, the red (665 nm) and violet (405 nm) colored beam was passed over the solution to be studied and the attenuation of the intensity (or power) of the radiation beam was observed qualitatively after leaving the solution cell, considering that the greater the attenuation or decrease in the intensity of the radiation, the greater the absorbance of the sample. Finally, an experiment is proposed in the laboratory based on the realization of calibration curves of methylene blue and bromothymol blue (regulated at pH 3.7) at different wavelengths (665 and 425 nm), to provide quantitative information to the student about the importance of the selection of the wavelength in applications of visible ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate and measure the microleakage inhibiting quality of provisional restorations manufactured using computer-aided manufacturing, 3D printing, and chairside molded provisional restorative materials. Fifteen provisional restorations each from 3D printed, milled, and chairside molded were manufactured. All restorations were cemented onto sintered zirconia abutment dies and adhered with zinc-oxide non-eugenol temporary cement. Artificial aging was conducted by thermocycling for 800 cycles to simulate 1 month of clinical use. All specimens were submerged in 2% (w/w) methylene blue for 24 hours at 37°C, sectioned, and analyzed digitally for the distance of dye penetration through image analysis. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc. Significant differences in dye penetration depth were observed between all groups except milled vs chairside molded. Light microscopy revealed differences in mean cement thickness for 3D printed, milled, and chairside molded of 83.6 µm (1σ = 31.9 µm), 149.1 µm (1σ = 88.7 µm) and 137.9 µm (1σ = 67.2 µm) respectively. Conclusion: 3D printed provisional restorations were found to have the least amount of microleakage compared to milled and chairside molded provisional restorations. computeraided computer aided manufacturing D printing materials zincoxide zinc oxide noneugenol non eugenol 80 use 2 w/w ww w (w/w 37C C 37 37°C sectioned analysis KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis DunnBonferroni Dunn Bonferroni posthoc. posthoc post hoc. hoc post-hoc 836 83 6 83. 1σ σ 319 31 9 31. µm, , 1491 149 149. 887 88 7 88. 1379 137 137. 672 67 67. respectively Conclusion 8 3 14 13

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e medir a qualidade de inibição de microinfiltração de restaurações provisórias fabricadas usando manufatura assistida por computador, impressão 3D e materiais de restauração provisória moldados no consultório. Foram fabricadas 15 restaurações provisórias impressas em 3D, fresadas e moldadas em consultório. Todas as restaurações foram cimentadas em matrizes de pilar de zircônia sinterizada e aderidas com cimento temporário de óxido de zinco sem eugenol. O envelhecimento artificial foi conduzido por termociclagem por 800 ciclos para simular 1 mês de uso clínico. Todos os espécimes foram submersos em azul de metileno a 2% (p/p) por 24 horas a 37°C, seccionados e analisados digitalmente quanto à distância de penetração do corante por meio de análise de imagem. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc de Dunn-Bonferroni. Foram observadas diferenças significativas na profundidade de penetração do corante entre todos os grupos, exceto entre fresado e moldado na cadeira. A microscopia óptica revelou diferenças na espessura média do cimento para as restaurações impressas em 3D, fresadas e moldadas em cadeira de 83,6 µm (1σ = 31,9 µm), 149,1 µm (1σ = 88,7 µm) e 137,9 µm (1σ = 67,2 µm), respectivamente. Conclusão: As restaurações provisórias impressas em 3D apresentaram a menor quantidade de microinfiltração em comparação com as restaurações provisórias fresadas e moldadas no consultório. computador D consultório eugenol 80 clínico 2 p/p pp p (p/p 37C C 37 37°C imagem KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis posthoc post hoc DunnBonferroni. DunnBonferroni Dunn Bonferroni. Bonferroni Dunn-Bonferroni grupos 836 83 6 83, 1σ σ 319 31 9 31, µm, , 1491 149 149, 887 88 7 88, 1379 137 137, 672 67 67, respectivamente Conclusão 8 3 14 13

RESUMEN El eritema multiforme es una enfermedad aguda de la piel y/o de las mucosas de naturaleza inmunológica, siendo está de etiología desconocida. Solo el 20% de los casos se dan en niños. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica y el examen físico y el tratamiento no está sistematizado. La terapia con láser de baja potencia está siendo cada vez más utilizada en el campo estomatológico. El objetivo fue evidenciar los beneficios del láser de baja potencia como alternativa terapéutica. Este caso corresponde a un paciente de 10 años de edad, que acudió a la cátedra de Patología Bucal de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), derivado del Hospital General de Barrio Obrero con antecedentes de internación por presentar lesiones erosivas en labios, boca y máculas en toráx, abdomen, orejas y miembros. En el examen intraoral costras serohemáticas negruzcas en labios, lesiones ulceradas en lengua, piso de boca, paladar duro y mucosa yugal. Se procedió a hacer una lavado de la zona con agua oxigenada, en las áreas afectadas se colocó azul de metileno al 0,01% por 5 minutos, y para la aplicación de laserterapia se realizó una única sesión. El paciente mostró gran evolución a las 24 horas de la aplicación del tratamiento. A los 8 días estaba sin lesiones y asintomático. La fotobioestimulación a nivel celular que ofrece el láser de baja potencia es una herramienta verosímil que se suma a nuevas opciones terapéuticas.

ABSTRACT Erythema multiforme is an acute disease of the skin and/or mucous membranes of an immunologic nature, the etiology of which is unknown. Only 20% of cases occur in children. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and physical examination and treatment is not systematized. Low power laser therapy is being increasingly used in the stomatological field. The objective was to demonstrate the benefits of low power laser as a therapeutic alternative. This case corresponds to a 10-year-old patient, who came to the Department of Oral Pathology of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of Asuncion (UNA), referred from the General Hospital of Barrio Obrero with a history of hospitalization for presenting erosive lesions on the lips, mouth and macules on the thorax, abdomen, ears and limbs. In the intraoral examination, blackish serohematic crusts on the lips, ulcerated lesions on the tongue, floor of the mouth, hard palate and jugal mucosa. The area was washed with hydrogen peroxide, methylene blue 0.01% was applied to the affected areas for 5 minutes, and only a single session was performed for the application of the laser therapy. The patient showed great evolution 24 hours after the application of the treatment. After 8 days he was completely free of lesions and asymptomatic. The photo-biostimulation at the cellular level offered by the low power laser is a credible tool that adds to new therapeutic options.

RESUMO O eritema multiforme é uma doença aguda da pele e/ou mucosas de natureza imunológica, cuja etiologia é desconhecida. Apenas 20% dos casos ocorrem em crianças. O diagnóstico é baseado na história clínica e no exame físico. O tratamento não é sistematizado. A terapia laser de baixa potência é cada vez mais utilizada no campo estomatológico. O objectivo foi demonstrar os benefícios do laser de baixa potência como uma alternativa terapêutica. Este caso corresponde a um paciente de 10 anos de idade que veio ao Departamento de Patologia Oral da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Nacional de Asunción (UNA) e foi encaminhado do Hospital Geral do Bairro Obrero com um historial de hospitalização por apresentar lesões erosivas nos lábios, boca e máculas no tórax, abdómen, orelhas e membros. No exame intraoral, crostas serohaemáticas negras nos lábios, lesões ulceradas na língua, chão da boca, palato duro e mucosa jugal. A área foi lavada com peróxido de hidrogénio, azul de metileno 0,01% foi aplicado nas áreas afectadas durante 5 minutos, e foi realizada uma única sessão de laserterapia. O paciente mostrou uma grande evolução 24 horas após a aplicação do tratamento. Após 8 dias, estava completamente livre de lesões e assintomático. A foto-biostimulação a nível celular oferecida pelo laser de baixa potência é uma ferramenta credível que se soma a novas opções terapêuticas.