Resumo Introdução: “Infodemia” define informações que são divulgadas rapidamente e sem maiores evidências, causando desinformação e maus hábitos de saúde. Os idosos foram os mais vulneráveis aos efeitos da Covid-19, pouco se sabe sobre a sua saúde mental e a infodemia neste período. Objetivo: Caracterizar os idosos quanto à saúde mental e à infodemia. çMateriais e métodos: estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal. Amostra não probabilística, composta por 195 idosos, que responderam a questionário telefônico ou online de: Infodemia, Escala de Estresse Percebido, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica de Yesavage e Inventário de Ansiedade Generalizada. Aceitação prévia do consentimento informado. O estudo foi aprovado por um comitê de ética credenciado. Resultados: 58% eram mulheres, 90% eram aposentadas e/ou pensionistas. 65% recebiam um salário igual ou inferior a US$ 300. O número médio de horas destinadas à informação sobre a Covid-19 foi de 5±2,5. A maioria sentiu-se física e psicologicamente afetada pela notícia. Quase 30% dos entrevistados relataram medo e ansiedade em relação ao número de mortes e infecções. 65% sentiram-se estressados, 9% apresentaram depressão grave e 20% apresentaram ansiedade generalizada neste período. Discussão: A população mundial está envelhecendo e durante a pandemia eles eram os mais vulneráveis à Covid-19. Este grupo sentiu-se afetado física e psicologicamente pelas informações recebidas e por isso é necessário quebrar o ciclo de desinformação, sendo os profissionais de enfermagem os mais indicados para isso. Conclusões: Os idosos sentiram-se afetados pela Infodemia. É necessário um trabalho multidisciplinar para resolver este problema, reforçando a literacia em saúde, como estratégia para que os idosos consigam discriminar a exorbitante informação de saúde que circula.

Introducción: “Infodemia” define a aquella información que se divulga rápidamente y sin mayor evidencia, ocasionando desinformación y malos hábitos sanitarios. Objetivo: Caracterizar a las personas mayores con respecto a salud mental e infodemia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal. Muestra no probabilística, conformada por 195 personas mayores, quienes respondieron cuestionario telefónico u online para: Infodemia, Escala de Estrés Percibido, Escala de Depresión Geriátrica Yesavage e Inventario de Ansiedad Generalizada. Previa aceptación de consentimiento informado. Estudio fue aprobado por Comité ético acreditado. Resultados: 58% fueron mujeres, 90% se encontraban jubilados y/o pensionados. El 65% percibía un sueldo igual o menor a US 300. El promedio de horas destinado a información por Covid-19 fue de 5±2,5. La mayoría se sintió afectado/a física y psicológicamente por las noticias. Casi el 30% de los encuestados refirió miedo y ansiedad frente al número de muertos e infectados. 65% se sintió estresado, 9% presentó depresión grave y 20% mostró ansiedad generalizada en este periodo. Discusión: La población mundial está envejeciendo y durante la pandemia fueron los más vulnerables a Covid-19. Este grupo se sintió afectado física y psicológicamente por la información recibida y por ello se requiere romper el ciclo de la desinformación, siendo los profesionales de enfermería los más idóneos para ello. Conclusiones: Las personas mayores se sintieron afectadas por la Infodemia. Se requiere del trabajo multidisciplinario para hacer frente a esta problemática, reforzando la alfabetización para la salud, como estrategia para que las personas mayores logren discriminar la exorbitante información de salud circulante.

Abstract Introduction: “Infodemic” defines information that is disseminated quickly and without further evidence, causing misinformation and bad health habits. Objective: Characterize older people with respect to mental health and infodemic. Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Non-probabilistic sample, made up of 195 older people, who answered a telephone or online questionnaire for: Infodemic, Perceived Stress Scale, Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale and Generalized Anxiety Inventory. Prior acceptance of informed consent. Study was approved by an accredited ethical committee. Results: 58% were women, 90% were retired and/or pensioners. 65% received a salary equal to or less than US 300. The average number of hours allocated to Covid-19 information was 5±2.5. The majority felt physically and psychologically affected by the news. Almost 30% of those surveyed reported fear and anxiety regarding the number of deaths and infections. 65% felt stressed, 9% presented severe depression and 20% showed generalized anxiety in this period. Discussion: The world's population is aging and during the pandemic they were the most vulnerable to Covid-19. This group felt physically and psychologically affected by the information received and therefore it is necessary to break the cycle of misinformation, with nursing professionals being the most suitable for this. Conclusions: Older people felt affected by the Infodemic. Multidisciplinary work is required to address this problem, reinforcing health literacy, as a strategy for older people to be able to discriminate the exorbitant circulating health information.

ABSTRACT Telematic violence against women is a problem that with the rise of social networks and the pandemic has gained notoriety, according to Law 5777/16 of Integral Protection of Women is a crime. The objective of the research was to characterize the telematic violence suffered by women and its emotional consequences, in Paraguay 2022, through a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional design, with a sample of 459 women, participants in a survey with a Google digital form distributed in social networks, using the Event Impact Scale-EIE. The results were: 18.3% (84) suffered from telematic violence, the average age was 36 years, marital status single (60%), salary higher than the minimum wage (61.9%), from Central (43%) and Capital (39%), with university education (85.7%). The frequency was "sometimes" (54.8%) and the main one via WhatsApp (71.4%) as messages (47.6%). The EIE evidenced severe affectation (50%), consequences in the couple relationship (21.4%) and work (14.3%) were referred. The actions taken were blocking the aggressor (52.3%), not reporting (34.5%) and ignoring the message (30.9%). They also suffered psychological (65.4%), physical (21.4%) and sexual (17.8%) violence; knowledge of Law 5777/16 was low. It is concluded that the phenomenon occurs in approximately 2/10 women, in frequency "sometimes", perpetrated by strangers or contacts, severely affecting the woman, there are those who do not report or ignore the fact, so they also suffer other forms of violence concomitantly and ignorance of Law 5777/16 predominates.

RESUMEN La violencia telemática contra la mujer es un problema que con el auge de las redes sociales y la pandemia ha ganado notoriedad, según la Ley 5777/16 de Protección Integral a las Mujeres es un delito. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar la violencia telemática sufrida por mujeres y sus consecuencias emocionales, en Paraguay año 2022, mediante un diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo, trasversal, con una muestra de 459 mujeres, participantes en una encuesta con un formulario digital de Google distribuido en redes sociales, utilizando la Escala de impacto del evento-EIE. Los resultados fueron: 18,3% (84) padecieron de violencia telemática, de ellas la edad promedio fue 36 años, estado civil solteras (60%), salario mayor al mínimo (61,9%), provenientes de Central (43%) y Capital (39%), con nivel de formación universitario (85,7%). La frecuencia fue “a veces” (54,8%) y la principal vía WhatsApp (71,4%) como mensajes (47,6%). La EIE evidenció afectación severa (50%), consecuencias en la relación de pareja (21,4%) y laborales (14,3%) fueron referidas. Las acciones tomadas fueron el bloqueo del agresor (52,3%), no denunciar (34,5%) e ignorar el mensaje (30,9%). También sufrieron violencia psicológica (65,4%), física (21,4%) y sexual (17,8%); el conocimiento de la Ley 5777/16 fue escaso. Se concluye que el fenómeno se presenta en aproximadamente 2/10 mujeres, en frecuencia “a veces”, perpetrada por desconocidos o contactos, afectando severamente a la mujer, hay quienes no denuncian o ignoran el hecho, así también sufren otras formas de violencia concomitantemente y predomina el desconocimiento de la Ley 5777/16.

Resumo A remuneração e o salário emocional nas empresas do setor de comércio em Villavicencio-Meta, Colômbia, foram pouco influenciados por situações e dinâmicas como a rotatividade de pessoal e o crescimento limitado de pessoas devido a estruturas organizacionais estendidas, com remunerações afetadas por motivo de migração para outros setores da economia, busca analisar a remuneração e o salário emocional a fim de fornecer elementos que aprimorem as práticas de gestão humana. Foi realizada uma investigação quantitativa com abordagem inferencial, com amostragem não probabilística, com base no banco de dados coletado no ano de 2020, pelo grupo de pesquisa GYDO com o instrumento de seção de compensação Mp05c, que foi aplicado de forma virtual aos colaboradores da as empresas da cidade; Constatou-se que existe correlação negativa entre o salário médio e o salário emocional, além do fato de que tendem a ter uma frequência muito baixa de aplicação de benefícios sociais extralegais, e conclui-se que o setor oferece aos empregados estabilidade de emprego e salário; no entanto, os salários não são significativos em comparação com outros setores, isso se deve ao fato de que a maioria das empresas que compõem o setor são micro e pequenas empresas. JEL: F16; J31; J330; M52; M54

Abstract Compensation and emotional salary in companies in the commerce sector in Villavicencio-Meta, Colombia, have been little influenced by situations and dynamics such as staff turnover and the limited growth of people due to having extended organizational structures, with remunerations affected by reason for migration to other sectors of the economy, it seeks to analyze compensation and emotional salary in order to provide elements that improve human management practices. A quantitative investigation with an inferential approach was carried out, with a non-probabilistic sampling, based on the database collected in the year 2020, by the GYDO research group with the Mp05c compensation section instrument, which was applied in a virtual to the collaborators of the companies of the city; It was found that there is a negative correlation between the average salary and the emotional salary, in addition to the fact that they tend to have a very low frequency of application of extra-legal social benefits, and it is concluded that the sector offers employees job and salary stability; however, salaries are not significant compared to other sectors, this is due to the fact that most of the companies that make up the sector are micro and small companies. JEL: F16; J31; J33; M52; M54

Resumen Las compensaciones y el salario emocional en las empresas del sector comercio en Villavicencio-Meta, Colombia, han sido poco influidas por situaciones y dinámicas como la rotación del personal y el limitado crecimiento de las personas por tener estructuras organizacionales ampliadas, siendo las remuneraciones afectadas a razón de la migración hacia otros sectores de la economía, se busca analizar las compensaciones y el salario emocional con el fin de brindar elementos que mejoren las prácticas de gestión humana. Se realizó una investigación de tipo cuantitativa con enfoque inferencial, con un muestreo no probabilístico, a partir de la base de datos recolectada en el año 2020, por parte del grupo de investigación GYDO con el instrumento Mp05c, sección compensaciones, el cual se aplicó de forma virtual a los colaboradores de las empresas de la ciudad; se encontró que existe una correlación negativa entre el promedio salarial y el salario emocional, además que se tienden a contar con una frecuencia de aplicación de beneficios sociales extralegales muy baja, y se concluye que el sector les ofrece a los colaboradores estabilidad laboral y salarial; sin embargo, los salarios no son significativos en comparación con otros sectores, esto debido a que la mayoría de empresas que conforman el sector son micro y pequeñas empresas. JEL: F16; J31; J33; M52; M54

Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo capturar la segregación ocupacional y la discriminación salarial por género en la Universidad del Cauca, ubicada en el suroccidente colombiano, durante cuatro momentos en el tiempo (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). La metodología es cuantitativa e implementa en el primer caso el Índice de Karmel y MacLachlan (KM) y la descomposición de Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) en el segundo. Se utiliza información de datos panel en la descomposición KOB, lo que permite evaluar la evolución de la segregación en el tiempo. Las variables incluyen el género, el salario, la edad, los años de experiencia, el nivel de formación, los cargos administrativos, la unidad académica, entre otros. La información fue suministrada por la Vicerrectoría académica de la Universidad de forma totalmente anonimizada. Los resultados muestran evidencia de segregación ocupacional y discriminación salarial por género; a pesar de que en los últimos años ambas brechas se están cerrando levemente, el problema permanece. La segregación ocupacional ocurre aún en ocupaciones beta tradicionalmente ocupadas por las mujeres pese a la baja percepción de discriminación laboral por parte de las profesoras universitarias. En cuanto a las ocupaciones alfa, estas mantienen la hegemonía masculina. Las características observables hacen que existan diferencias en la modificación salarial entre profesores y profesoras, pero estas cada vez se hacen menos fuertes por el aumento en el nivel de formación y la disminución en el número de hijos e hijas. Existen factores discriminatorios no observados que mantienen la discriminación salarial femenina en respuesta a factores culturales arraigados en el patriarcado y tradicionalismo de la región donde se encuentra la universidad.

Abstract This research aims to capture occupational segregation and wage discrimination by gender in the University of Cauca, located in southwestern Colombia, during four periods (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). There are few studies in this direction, and the existing ones do not address it in depth, at least in emerging countries. In this sense, it is the first time it has been done for Colombian higher education institutions. The methodology is quantitative and it implements the Karmel and MacLachlan Index (KM) in the first case and the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) decomposition in the second one. To deepen the analysis panel data information was used for the first time in the KOB decomposition for these issues, which allows evaluating the evolution of segregation over time. The variables analysed include gender, wage, age, years of experience, education level, administrative charges, and academic departments of origin, among others. The information used comes from the official data provided by the Administrative Office of the University of Cauca. This is characterized by being totally anonymous and by exclusively comprising full-time teachers, that is, those with an indefinite term contract. Temporal teachers and/or professors with a defined term contract are excluded, due to the volatility in the employment relationship, which would otherwise introduce noise into the analysis. In general, the information shows that alpha professions (better paid, with greater projection and public recognition) have been dominated in the last five years by professors; while beta professions (that is those with lower salaries, little projection and recognition) have been led by women. This preliminary result leads to consider that there is labor and/or wage segregation within this university. The estimates of the KM index showed, firstly, that all professions, both alpha and beta, have at least some segregation in the period analysed, since this is greater than zero. Second, segregation has been low and slightly decreasing over time for beta professions. In fact, it was 0.09 in 2005 and 0.072 in 2020. Third, for alpha professions, the index has been markedly increasing over time, which suggests that the proportion of female teachers who must change professions so that segregation from men was zero is increasing. Regarding wage discrimination, all the differences were negative, which shows that the average salaries of female teachers are lower than those of male teachers and therefore their difference is less than zero. Although the results are only statistically significant for the years 2011, 2014 and 2020, it can be highlighted that these differentials have been decreasing over time. In effect, it was -0.24 log-wage in 2005 and -0.051 log-wage in 2020. These results are partially in line with those obtained in the KM index. Occupational and salary segregation seems to have decreased slightly in recent years in this university, but it still exists. In the case of decomposition change, all the variations in the endowment are positive and significant but are characterized as decreasing, which indicates that changes in average wage differentials have been narrowing over time. The empirical evidence suggest that occupational segregation still occurs in beta professions traditionally occupied by women despite the low perception of job discrimination by university professors. As for alpha occupations, they maintain male hegemony. The observable characteristics mean that there are differences in the wage modification between male and female teachers, but this is becoming less strong due to the increase in the education level and the decrease in the number of children. There are unobserved discriminatory factors that maintain female wage discrimination in response to cultural factors rooted in the patriarchy and traditionalism of the region where the university is located.

Abstract This work has a double objective: first, the development of a method to calculate the wage bill by income levels in the Mexican States. For this, the salary structure of the administrative records of the IMSS is used, consisting of 25 salary levels. Second, with the results obtained, to measure the distribution of factorial income and labor income per State, through a comparative analysis between income and the calculation of the Gini Coefficient. It is recommended that Coneval, the institution that calculates this variable with a very large underestimation, should perform its calculation with this proposed method. The limitation would be that it only refers to income that come from wages. The originality of this methodology comes from the usage of a salary structure that recognizes salary diversity, avoiding an average salary underestimation and an inappropriate salary structure. It is concluded that the data obtained represents new, unprecedented information, of high reliability and great utility for the knowledge of the wage bill and the distribution of state income.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo: primero, la elaboración de un método para el cálculo de la masa salarial por estrato de ingreso en las entidades federativas de México. Para ello se utiliza la estructura salarial de los registros administrativos del IMSS, consistente en 25 estratos salariales. Segundo, con los resultados obtenidos, medir la distribución del ingreso factorial y el ingreso laboral, en cada estado, mediante un análisis comparativo entre estratos de ingreso y el cálculo del Coeficiente de Gini. Se recomienda que Coneval, que es la institución que calcula esta variable con una muy amplia subestimación, realice su cálculo con este método. La limitante es que sólo se refiere a los ingresos derivados del salario. La originalidad radica en el uso de una estructura salarial que reconoce la diversidad salarial, evitando la subestimación por el uso de un salario promedio y una estructura salarial inadecuada. Se concluye que los datos obtenidos representan una información inédita, de alta confiabilidad y gran utilidad para el conocimiento de la masa salarial y la distribución del ingreso salarial estatal.

Abstract This paper analyzes job insecurity in Colombia through an indicator constructed using the method of fuzzy sets for the years 2010 and 2019 using data from the Large Integrated Household Survey (GEIH). For the estimation, it was used the dimensions used by Castillo (2022); Nuñez (2017); Rodgers and Rodgers (1989); Gomez (2014): continuity of job, control over work, affiliation to social security and salary level. The main results are that the cities with the least precariousness on average were Bogotá and Tunja, that women have a greater propensity to be in precarious conditions with respect to men, the age range with the best working conditions is 28 to 39 years, individuals with technical and technologist degrees are in better working conditions than professionals, employees who work in large or medium-sized companies present better indicators of job insecurity, among other results presented in the conclusions.

Resumen Este articulo analiza la precariedad laboral en Colombia a través de un índice construido mediante el método de conjuntos difusos para los años 2010 y 2019 utilizando los datos de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH). Para la estimación se utilizaron las dimensiones empleadas por Castillo (2022); Nuñez (2017); Rodgers y Rodgers (1989) y Gómez (2014): continuidad laboral, control sobre el trabajo, afiliación a la seguridad social y nivel de salarios. Los principales resultados sugieren que las ciudades con menor precariedad en promedio fueron Bogotá y Tunja, que la mujer tienen mayor propensión a estar en condiciones de precariedad con respecto al hombre, el rango de edad con las mejores condiciones laborales es de 28 a 39 años, los individuos con títulos técnicos y tecnólogos están en mejores condiciones laborales con respecto a los profesionales, los asalariados que laboran en empresas grandes o medianas presentan mejores condiciones laborales, el sector de comercio, transporte y alojamiento presenta los mejores indicadores.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Moonlighting is a largely discussed, however under-explored, subject among physician residents. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency of moonlighting and its related factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study enrolled medical residents from all geographical regions of Brazil. METHODS: A web-based structured closed-ended survey was applied that explored the frequency and type of moonlighting, residency programs characteristics, and psychological distress. The questionnaire was published on social networks. RESULTS: The completion rate was 71.4% (n = 1,419) and 37.7% were males aged 28.8 ± 3.2 (mean ± standard deviation) years, and 571 (40.2%) were post-graduate year (PGY) 1. There were residents from 50 medical specialties (the most common training area was clinical, 51.9%). A total of 80.6% practiced moonlighting, with an average weekly workload of 14.1 ± 9.4 h, usually overnight or in weekend shifts. Factors related to it were being PGY-2 or higher (adjusted odds ratio = 3.90 [95% confidence interval = 2.93–5.18], logistic regression), lower weekly residency duty hours (0.98 [0.97–0.99]), and a higher salary (1.23 [1.08–1.40]). In contrast, perception of a “fair/adequate” compensation was influenced by age (1.02 [1.01–1.02]), not being single (1.05 [1.01–1.10]), and residency duty hours (1.51 [1.22–1.88]). Depression, anxiety, diurnal somnolence scores, and work-personal life conflicts were not correlated with moonlighting status. CONCLUSION: Moonlighting frequency is high, and it is related to higher PGY, briefer residency duty hours, and the perception that remuneration should be higher. This study provides insights into the motivations for moonlighting and effort-reward imbalance. BACKGROUND discussed underexplored, underexplored under explored, under-explored OBJECTIVES factors SETTING crosssectional cross sectional Brazil METHODS webbased web based closedended closed ended characteristics distress networks RESULTS 714 71 4 71.4 n 1,419 1419 1 419 377 37 7 37.7 288 28 8 28. 32 3 2 3. mean deviation years 57 40.2% 402 40 (40.2% postgraduate post graduate PGY (PGY 5 clinical 51.9%. 519 51.9% . 51 9 51.9%) 806 80 6 80.6 141 14 14. 94 9. h shifts PGY2 PGY- adjusted 390 90 3.9 95% 95 [95 2.93–5.18, 293518 2.93–5.18 , 93 18 2.93–5.18] regression, regression regression) 0.98 098 0 98 (0.9 0.97–0.99, 097099 0.97–0.99 97 99 [0.97–0.99]) 1.23 123 23 (1.2 1.08–1.40. 108140 1.08–1.40 08 [1.08–1.40]) contrast fair/adequate fairadequate fair adequate “fair/adequate 1.02 102 02 (1.0 1.01–1.02, 101102 1.01–1.02 01 [1.01–1.02]) 1.05 105 05 1.01–1.10, 101110 1.01–1.10 10 [1.01–1.10]) 1.51 151 (1.5 1.22–1.88. 122188 1.22–1.88 22 88 [1.22–1.88]) Depression anxiety scores workpersonal work personal status CONCLUSION high effortreward effort reward imbalance 71. 1,41 41 37. 40.2 (40.2 51.9 80. 39 [9 29351 2.93–5.1 0.9 09 (0. 09709 0.97–0.9 [0.97–0.99] 1.2 12 (1. 10814 1.08–1.4 [1.08–1.40] 1.0 10110 1.01–1.0 [1.01–1.02] 10111 1.01–1.1 [1.01–1.10] 1.5 15 12218 1.22–1.8 [1.22–1.88] 1,4 40. (40. 51. [ 2935 2.93–5. 0. (0 0970 0.97–0. [0.97–0.99 (1 1081 1.08–1. [1.08–1.40 1011 1.01–1. [1.01–1.02 [1.01–1.10 1221 1.22–1. [1.22–1.88 1, (40 293 2.93–5 ( 097 0.97–0 [0.97–0.9 108 1.08–1 [1.08–1.4 101 1.01–1 [1.01–1.0 [1.01–1.1 122 1.22–1 [1.22–1.8 (4 29 2.93– 0.97– [0.97–0. 1.08– [1.08–1. 1.01– [1.01–1. 1.22– [1.22–1. 2.93 0.97 [0.97–0 1.08 [1.08–1 1.01 [1.01–1 1.22 [1.22–1 2.9 [0.97– [1.08– [1.01– [1.22– 2. [0.97 [1.08 [1.01 [1.22 [0.9 [1.0 [1.2 [0. [1. [0 [1

Student Evaluations of Teaching (SETs) are widely used to quantitatively assess the competence of university lecturers. SETs can be used formatively to direct lecturers in improving teaching and, more summatively, in determining the suitability of a candidate for employment, confirmation in post or tenure, promotion, and performance-based salary adjustment or reward. The validity and suitability of SETs remain heavily contested, yet few papers provide workable recommendations to identify evaluations completed in a biased manner, and to improve the validity of the tool or the interpretation. This perpetuates distrust for SETs, and, in cases, lecturers behaving to artificially enhance their scores. We present a method to assess the accuracy of SETs, either informally by the lecturer in understanding the outputs or formally by the administrative body that distributes SETs and their scores. We provide recommendations for identifying biased responses and quantifying average levels of bias using benchmarking questions that can highlight biased responses and adjust output scores and assessment selections accordingly.

ABSTRACT In order to know the labor situation of Nursing in Paraguay, the objective was to identify the labor and sociodemographic profile of nursing in the country. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, an anonymous and voluntary self-administered survey with a snowball technique mediated by information and communication technologies. Results: 16,469 nurses surveyed (more than 80% of registered nurses). 76.4% correspond to professionals (Nurse), 9% Nursing Technicians, 7% Nursing Assistants, in 11% no job category was identified. Women predominate (86%), average age 37 years, 76% have at least 1 child. Sole employment in 76%, with average monthly income of 3,267,333 guaraníes (528 USD) . 89% belong to the public sector, 6.5% of patients have teaching activities. The general density of nurses is 20 per 10,000 inhabitants, varying according to the department (6 to 44 per 10,000 inhabitants). Less than half have medical insurance (45%), with the disease profile of those surveyed being: 10.3% hypertensive, 1.68% diabetic, 12.7% other diseases. 43% have post-basic training in: research, education, health management and public health. The trend towards professionalization continues, with unequal territorial distribution, but close to the PAHO goal of 25 per 10,000. Moonlighting is low, with a high percentage of nurses without health insurance; the salary exceeds the basic consumption basket. Post-basic training is considered as a possibility for development, adapting to the health requirements of the country.

RESUMEN Para conocer la situación laboral de la Enfermería del Paraguay se planteó el objetivo de identificar el perfil laboral y socio demográfico de enfermería del país. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, encuesta autoadministrada, anónima y voluntaria con técnica bola de nieve mediada por tecnologías de la información y comunicación. De los resultados: 16469 enfermeras encuestadas (más del 80 % de los enfermeros registrados). El 76.4 % corresponde a profesionales (Enfermero/a), 9 % Técnicos de Enfermería, 7 % Auxiliares de Enfermería, en 11% no se identificó categoría laboral. Predominan mujeres (86%), edad promedio 37 años, el 76 % tiene por lo menos 1 hijo. Empleo único en el 76 %, con ingresos mensuales promedio de 3.267.333 guaraníes (528 USD). El 89 % pertenece al sector público, 6,5 % de los enfermeros tiene actividad docente. La densidad global de enfermeras es 20 por 10.000 habitantes variando por departamentos (6 a 44 por 10.000 habitantes). Menos de la mitad tiene seguro médico (45%), siendo el perfil de enfermedad en encuestados: 10,3% hipertensos, 1,68 % diabetes, 12,7 % otras enfermedades. El 43 % presenta formación post básica en: investigación, educación, gestión salud y salud pública. Se mantiene tendencia a la profesionalización, con distribución territorial desigual, pero cerca de la meta 25 por 10.000 de OPS. El pluriempleo es bajo, con un alto porcentaje de enfermeras sin seguro de salud; el salario supera la canasta básica de consumo. La formación post básica se plantea como posibilidad de desarrollo adecuando a los requerimientos sanitarios del país.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate the technical efficiency of microfinance institutions in Latin America, using parametric and non-parametric methods, and show which institutions are the most efficient. The stochastic frontier model (SFA) and the deterministic method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were used. Likewise, a Tobit linear regression analysis was carried out to identify the determinants of inefficiencies in the institutions. Data provided by the World Bank, from 2019, which is the most recent data, is analyzed. The results show that it is possible to find out the average technical efficiency of institutions, as well as determine that variables, which are the number of people hired, operating expenses, salary expenses, as well as inputs and the number of outstanding credits, affect efficiency determination.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo EVALUAR la eficiencia técnica de las instituciones de micro finanzas en América Latina, utilizando métodos paramétricos y no paramétricos y mostrar cuáles son las instituciones más eficientes. Se utilizó el modelo paramétrico de la frontera estocástica (SFA, por sus siglas en inglés) y el método determinístico del Análisis de la Envolvente de Datos (DEA, por sus siglas en inglés). Así mismo, se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal Tobit para conocer los determinantes de las ineficiencias en estas instituciones. Se analizan datos proporcionados por el Banco Mundial, 2019, los cuales son los datos más recientes. Los resultados muestran que es posible conocer la eficiencia técnica promedio de las instituciones, así como también determinar que las variables, que son el número de personas contratadas, gastos de operación, gastos en sueldos, como inputs, y el número de créditos pendientes de cobro, inciden en la determinación de la eficiencia.

Abstract Overview and Aims: Numerous studies have shown that burnout has high incidence among medical doctors, being especially high among gynecologists and obstetricians. Since there is no known study on the incidence in this medical residency in Portugal, our primary goal was to evaluate the incidence of burnout in gynecologists and obstetricians, to understand which factors are most associated with the syndrome and to contribute to the prevention of burnout. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Population: Gynecologists and obstetricians practicing in Portugal. Methods: A survey was elaborated and validate by the authors about sociodemographic and professional and personal life questions with burnout assessment through Copenhagen Burnout Syndrome Questionnaire adapted to Portuguese. The questionnaire was addressed via e-mail to all members of the Portuguese Society of Gynecology and the Portuguese Society of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Anonymity was ensured through the Google Forms platform. The results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. Results: It was obtained 217 responses; 56.7% of the gynecologists and obstetricians who participated in the study suffer from burnout, with an average of 54.9 points in the validated scale. Women doctors, younger specialists, few leisure activities; thinking about changing specialty; profession or institution/service; classification of workplace conditions; excessive workload, lack of career progression, lack of autonomy in managing working hours, inequality in working conditions and salary as causes of stress and anxiety; no activities for reducing stress and anxiety; and regular intake of anxiolytic and/or antidepressant drugs were more associated with Burnout. Conclusions: This analysis found a high incidence of burnout in the specialists of gynecology and obstetrics in Portugal, as reported in other international studies. In addition, it was possible to identify aggravating and protective factors amenable to intervention.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Moonlighting is a largely discussed, however under-explored, subject among physician residents. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency of moonlighting and its related factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study enrolled medical residents from all geographical regions of Brazil. METHODS: A web-based structured closed-ended survey was applied that explored the frequency and type of moonlighting, residency programs characteristics, and psychological distress. The questionnaire was published on social networks. RESULTS: The completion rate was 71.4% (n = 1,419) and 37.7% were males aged 28.8 ± 3.2 (mean ± standard deviation) years, and 571 (40.2%) were post-graduate year (PGY) 1. There were residents from 50 medical specialties (the most common training area was clinical, 51.9%). A total of 80.6% practiced moonlighting, with an average weekly workload of 14.1 ± 9.4 h, usually overnight or in weekend shifts. Factors related to it were being PGY-2 or higher (adjusted odds ratio = 3.90 [95% confidence interval = 2.93–5.18], logistic regression), lower weekly residency duty hours (0.98 [0.97–0.99]), and a higher salary (1.23 [1.08–1.40]). In contrast, perception of a “fair/adequate” compensation was influenced by age (1.02 [1.01–1.02]), not being single (1.05 [1.01–1.10]), and residency duty hours (1.51 [1.22–1.88]). Depression, anxiety, diurnal somnolence scores, and work-personal life conflicts were not correlated with moonlighting status. CONCLUSION: Moonlighting frequency is high, and it is related to higher PGY, briefer residency duty hours, and the perception that remuneration should be higher. This study provides insights into the motivations for moonlighting and effort-reward imbalance.

ABSTRACT Background The study of the hospitalization costs for rotavirus gastroenteritis is a strategic issue given the dilemma of introducing or not a rotavirus vaccine in Cuba. Objective to estimate the institutional cost of hospitalization of patients younger than five years of age because of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus. Methods descriptive study, specifically a partial economic evaluation of the costs description type. Modeled cost per care protocol adjusted to standard practice was used. The normative documents were reviewed and an adjustment exercise was applied to routine practice by consulting experts. The cost was expressed in 2018 Cuban pesos. Results admission to the Gastroenterology ward was estimated for 93.1% of the patients, of which 99.4% would solve the health problem. The salary was the item with the highest contribution to spending, although in the Gastroenterology ward it was the complementary examinations. The average cost of hospitalization modeled for rotavirus gastroenteritis was 435.13 Cuban pesos; this varied according to the clinical condition with which the patient arrives, between 415.72 pesos and 1057.60 pesos. The cost was sensitive to the variation of the stay in the services. Conclusion Hospitalization of a patient younger than five years of age for gastroenteritis due to rotavirus represents high costs for the hospital. The attention service to critical patients and the previous admission to a clinical room other than that of Gastroenterology, increase the cost of care.

RESUMEN Fundamento El estudio de los costos de la hospitalización por gastroenteritis por rotavirus es un tema estratégico ante la disyuntiva de introducir o no una vacuna contra rotavirus en Cuba. Objetivo estimar el costo institucional de hospitalización de pacientes menores de cinco años de edad por gastroenteritis a causa de rotavirus. Métodos estudio descriptivo, específicamente una evaluación económica parcial del tipo descripción de costos. Se utilizó el costo modelado por protocolo de atención ajustado a la práctica habitual. Fueron revisados los documentos normativos y se aplicó un ejercicio de ajuste a la práctica de rutina mediante consulta a expertos. El costo fue expresado en CUP de 2018. Resultados se estimó el ingreso en sala de Gastroenterología para el 93,1 % de los pacientes, de los cuales el 99,4 % resolvería el problema de salud. El salario resultó la partida de mayor aporte al gasto, aunque en la sala de Gastroenterología lo fueron los exámenes complementarios. El costo de hospitalización promedio modelado para la gastroenteritis por rotavirus fue de 435,13 CUP; este varió según la condición clínica con que arribe el paciente, entre 415,72 CUP y 1057,60 CUP. El costo fue sensible a la variación de la estadía en los servicios. Conclusión La hospitalización de un paciente menor de cinco años por gastroenteritis a causa de rotavirus representa altos gastos para el hospital. El servicio de atención a pacientes críticos y el ingreso previo en una sala clínica distinta a la de gastroenterología incrementan el costo de la atención.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to analyze the factors that favor to the graduate’s satisfaction by emphasizing work experience (work situation and salary income). Two measures of graduates satisfaction were considered: the perception of the graduates from the quality of the training given by the program they attended at the university (subjective) and the average performance in the score of the graduates of the entire career (objective). The results indicate that for the professionals of the Universidad de la Costa the employment situation is a determining factor for their satisfaction.

RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo es analizar los factores que favorecen la satisfacción de los graduados al realizar énfasis en la experiencia laboral (situación laboral e ingresos salariales). Se consideraron dos medidas de satisfacción de los graduados: la percepción de los graduados a partir de la calidad de la formación impartida por el programa que cursó en la universidad (subjetivo) y el promedio de desempeño en el puntaje de los graduados de toda la carrera (objetivo). Los resultados indican que para los profesionales de la Universidad de la Costa la situación laboral es un factor determinante para su satisfacción.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In 2020, an exponential growth and accelerated expansion of COVID-19 was observed. Cuba had 20 hospitals ready for medical care, some 5,000 hospital beds and 477 intensive therapy beds. Objective: Describe the cost of the main assistance and logistics assurance services during the response to COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive and prospective study was carried out in 363 patients, between March 12 and May 30, 2020. The variables studied were patient-day, bed-day, medications, medical supplies, food, clothing, cost per salary and energy power consumed. To obtain the total cost of a patient-day, the fixed and variable costs were added, expressed in Cuban pesos CUP. Results: In the COVID-suspects patient ward, a high number of patient-day (14 578) and a low number of bed-day (5 976) were observed. The average cost per salary was higher in nursing (226,2 CUP). Medications generated at high cost (35,6 %). In April, the highest electricity consumption was recorded (36,6 %) and a cost of 18,071.1 CUP. In relation to the total number of patient-day, an increase in fixed costs (87,30 %) was observed over the variables. Conclusions: The analysis of the cost of patient day-during the COVID-19 pandemic allowed to detail, by hospitalization wards, how much the expenses vary between healthcare services and logistics assurance, as well as the differences between fixed and variable costs.

RESUMEN Introducción: En 2020 se observó un crecimiento exponencial y acelerada expansión de la COVID-19. Cuba contaba con 20 hospitales dispuestos para la atención médica, unas 5 000 camas de hospitalización y 477 camas de terapia intensiva. Objetivo: Describir el costo de los principales servicios asistenciales y de aseguramiento logístico durante la respuesta a la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo en 363 pacientes, entre el 12 de marzo y el 30 mayo de 2020. Las variables estudiadas fueron el día paciente, día cama, medicamentos, insumos médicos, alimentos, ropería, costo por salario y energía eléctrica consumida. Para la obtención del costo total de un día paciente, se sumaron los costos fijos y variables, expresados en pesos cubanos CUP. Resultados: En la sala de pacientes sospechosos, se observó un número alto de días pacientes (14 578) y un número bajo de días camas (5 976). El costo promedio por salario fue mayor en enfermería (226,2 CUP). Los medicamentos generaron un elevado costo (35,6 %). En abril se registró el mayor consumo de electricidad (36,6 %) y un costo de 18 071,1 CUP. En relación al total de días paciente, se observó un aumento de los costos fijos (87,30 %) sobre los variables. Conclusiones: El análisis del costo del día paciente durante la epidemia de la COVID-19 permitió detallar, por salas de hospitalización, cuánto varían los gastos entre servicios asistenciales y de aseguramiento logístico, así como las diferencias entre los costos fijos y variables.