RESUMO A estruvita (NH4MgPO4∙6H2O) é um fertilizante de liberação lenta obtido através da recuperação de fósforo e/ou nitrogênio de águas residuais geralmente pela adição de sais de magnésio. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade da substituição de fontes comerciais de magnésio por fontes alternativas no processo de precipitação de estruvita, em termos de remoção de amônio e fosfato, e quantificação e caracterização do cristal precipitado. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em escala de bancada sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado a pH 9,5 através da precipitação de uma solução de efluente sintético com quatro diferentes fontes de magnésio: MgCl2∙6H2O, MgSO4∙7H2O, MgO e magnesita (MgCO3). Após pré-acidificação, soluções derivadas de fontes alternativas de baixo custo de magnésio removeram acima de 55 e 90% de nitrogênio amoniacal e fosfato em solução, respectivamente, e alcançaram por volta de 10 g L-1 de cristais precipitados. A proximidade dos resultados obtidos com soluções derivadas de fontes comerciais de magnésio (46ꟷ56% de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, 97% de remoção de fosfato, e mais de 6 g L-1 de precipitado formado) indicou que reagentes alternativos puderam facilmente substituir os comerciais se submetidos ao prévio processo de digestão, a fim de tornar o magnésio disponível em solução. A análise qualitativa por difratometria de raios-X confirmou a presença de estruvita e newberyita na maioria dos precipitados. NH4MgPO4∙6H2O NH4MgPO46H2O NHMgPOHO NH4MgPO4 6H2O NH MgPO H O (NH4MgPO4∙6H2O eou ou sentido objetivouse objetivou 95 9 5 9, MgCl26H2O MgClHO MgCl2 MgCl MgCl2∙6H2O MgSO47H2O MgSOHO MgSO4 7H2O MgSO MgSO4∙7H2O MgCO3. MgCO3 MgCO . (MgCO3) préacidificação, préacidificação pré acidificação, acidificação pré-acidificação 90 respectivamente 1 L1 L L- precipitados 46ꟷ56% 46ꟷ56 ꟷ (46ꟷ56 97 formado digestão raiosX raios X NHMgPO NH4MgPO HO (MgCO3 46ꟷ5 (46ꟷ5 (MgCO 46ꟷ (46ꟷ

ABSTRACT Struvite (NH4MgPO4∙6H2O) is a slow-release fertilizer obtained through phosphorus and/or nitrogen recovery from wastewaters, usually by adding magnesium salts. In this sense, the aim was to evaluate the viability of replacing commercial magnesium sources with alternative ones in the struvite precipitation process regarding ammonium and phosphate removal and precipitated crystal quantification and characterization. Experiments were conducted on a bench scale in a completely randomized design at pH 9.5 by precipitation of synthetic wastewater solution with four magnesium sources: MgCl2∙6H2O, MgSO4∙7H2O, MgO, and magnesite (MgCO3). After pre-acidification, derived solutions from low-cost alternative sources of magnesium removed above 55 and 90% of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate in solution, respectively, and reached around 10 g L-1 of precipitated crystals. Results proximity obtained with solutions derived from commercial sources of magnesium (46ꟷ56% of ammonium nitrogen removal, 97% of phosphate removal, and more than 6 g L-1 of precipitate formed) indicated that alternative reagents could easily substitute commercial ones if submitted to the previous digestion process, making magnesium available in solution. Qualitative analysis by X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of both struvite and newberyite in most precipitates. NH4MgPO4∙6H2O NH4MgPO46H2O NHMgPOHO NH4MgPO4 6H2O NH MgPO H O (NH4MgPO4∙6H2O slowrelease slow release andor or wastewaters salts sense characterization 95 9 5 9. MgCl26H2O MgClHO MgCl2 MgCl MgCl2∙6H2O MgSO47H2O MgSOHO MgSO4 7H2O MgSO MgSO4∙7H2O MgO MgCO3. MgCO3 MgCO . (MgCO3) preacidification, preacidification pre acidification, acidification pre-acidification lowcost low cost 90 respectively 1 L1 L L- crystals 46ꟷ56% 46ꟷ56 ꟷ (46ꟷ56 97 formed Xray X ray precipitates NHMgPO NH4MgPO HO (MgCO3 46ꟷ5 (46ꟷ5 (MgCO 46ꟷ (46ꟷ

Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSEF) have such an influence on plant development and on the edaphological characteristics and nutrients available in the soil that changes in these communities can drive modifications in the biotic and abiotic variables of an ecosystem, demonstrating the synergetic between species. Given its relevance, the objective of this work was to determine the status of colonization in the roots of three representative herbaceous species of the understory of a community of Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) and Pinus harwegii (Lindl), and to contrast the coexistence of colonizers in three conservation-disturbance scenarios that exemplify the vulnerability situations of a forest ecosystem. A tripartite AMF-HESO-plant interaction is reported by the occurrence of coenocytic hyphae, vesicles, septate hyphae, moniliform cells, and sclerotia. The values of arbuscular mycorrhization exceed 50% and are higher than those found for endophytes (15.7-64.5%). The colonization of both types of fungi, such as AMF sporulation (687 spores 50 g-1 soil in the reforested area), seems to be related to the microclimatic conditions resulting from soil use. The edaphological variables that allow inferring the colonization behavior correspond mainly to available phosphorus, calcium, pH, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity. It is concluded that soil properties, its use, and the type of plants are determinant in the establishment of fungal communities. However, more studies on HESO-plant interaction are needed.

Resumen: Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) y los endófitos septados oscuros (DSEF) tienen tal influencia en el desarrollo de las plantas y en las características edafológicas y nutrientes disponibles en el suelo, que cambios en estas comunidades pueden impulsar modificaciones en las variables bióticas y abióticas de un ecosistema, demostrando la sinergia entre especies. Dada su relevancia, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el estado de colonización en las raíces de tres especies herbáceas representativas del sotobosque de una comunidad de Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) y Pinus harwegii (Lindl), y contrastar la coexistencia de colonizadores en tres escenarios de conservación-perturbación que ejemplifican las situaciones de vulnerabilidad de un ecosistema forestal. Se constata una interacción tripartita AMF-HESO-planta por la aparición de hifas coenocíticas, vesículas, hifas septadas, células moniliformes y esclerocios. Los valores de micorrización arbuscular superan el 50% y son superiores a los encontrados para los endófitos (15.7-64.5%). La colonización de ambos tipos de hongos, como la esporulación de AMF (687 esporas 50 g-1 de suelo en la zona reforestada), parece estar relacionada con las condiciones microclimáticas derivadas del uso del suelo. Las variables edafológicas que permiten inferir el comportamiento de la colonización corresponden principalmente al fósforo disponible, calcio, pH, materia orgánica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico. Se concluye que las propiedades del suelo, su uso y el tipo de plantas son determinantes en el establecimiento de las comunidades fúngicas. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre la interacción HESO-planta.

Resumo As montanhas de Liupan são uma região importante na China no contexto de cobertura florestal e vegetação devido às enormes práticas de florestamento e plantação, que trouxeram mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, e estoques e estequiometrias do solo raramente são compreendidos. O estudo visa explorar a distribuição de nutrientes do solo a 1 m de profundidade do solo na região da floresta plantada. As amostras de solo em cinco incrementos de profundidade (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm) foram coletadas e analisadas para diferentes características físico-químicas do solo. Os resultados mostraram uma variação significativa nos valores de densidade do solo (BD), porosidade do solo, pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Mais DB do solo (1,41 g cm-3) e pH (6,97) do solo foram observados na camada profunda do solo (80-100 cm), enquanto os maiores valores de porosidade (60,6%), CE (0,09 mS cm-1) e CEC (32,9 c mol kg-1) foram refletidos na camada superior do solo (0-20 cm). Da mesma forma, os maiores teores de carbono orgânico do solo (SOC), fósforo total (TP), fósforo disponível (AP), nitrogênio total (TN) e potássio disponível (AK) foram calculados na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Com o aumento do incremento da profundidade do solo, uma tendência decrescente no SOC e na concentração de outros nutrientes foi encontrada, enquanto o potássio total do solo (TK) produziu uma correlação negativa com a profundidade da camada do solo. Todos os resultados produziram a distribuição de SOCs e TNs (estoques) em várias profundidades de solo em padrões de floresta 0 → 20cm> 20 → 40cm> 40 → 60cm ≥ 60 → 80cm ≥ 80 → 100 cm. Além disso, as relações estequiométricas de C, N e P, as relações C / P e N / P, apresentaram valores máximos (66,49 e 5,46) em 0-20 cm, e valores mais baixos (23,78 e 1,91) em solo de 80-100 cm profundidade da camada. Embora a relação C / N fosse estatisticamente semelhante em todo o perfil do solo (0-100 cm). Esses resultados destacaram que os incrementos de profundidade do solo podem ser amplamente atribuídos a flutuações nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, estoques e estequiometrias do solo. Mais estudos são necessários para tirar conclusões adicionais sobre a dinâmica dos nutrientes, estoques de solo e estequiometria do solo nessas florestas.

Abstract Liupan Mountains are an important region in China in the context of forest cover and vegetation due to huge afforestation and plantation practices, which brought changes in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries are rarely been understood. The study aims to explore the distribution of soil nutrients at 1-m soil depth in the plantation forest region. The soil samples at five depth increments (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm) were collected and analyzed for different soil physio-chemical characteristics. The results showed a significant variation in soil bulk density (BD), soil porosity, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electric conductivity (EC) values. More soil BD (1.41 g cm-3) and pH (6.97) were noticed in the deep soil layer (80-100 cm), while the highest values of porosity (60.6%), EC (0.09 mS cm-1), and CEC (32.9 c mol kg-1) were reflected in the uppermost soil layer (0-20 cm). Similarly, the highest contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) were calculated in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm). With increasing soil depth increment a decreasing trend in the SOC and other nutrient concentration were found, whereas the soil total potassium (TK) produced a negative correlation with soil layer depth. The entire results produced the distribution of SOCs and TNs (stocks) at various soil depths in forestland patterns were 0→20cm > 20→40cm > 40→60cm ≥ 60→80cm ≥ 80→100 cm. Furthermore, the stoichiometric ratios of C, N, and P, the C/P, and N/P ratios showed maximum values (66.49 and 5.46) in 0-20 cm and lowest values (23.78 and 1.91) in 80-100 cm soil layer depth. Though the C/N ratio was statistically similar across the whole soil profile (0-100 cm). These results highlighted that the soil depth increments might largely be attributed to fluctuations in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries. Further study is needed to draw more conclusions on nutrient dynamics, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometry in these forests.

ABSTRACT Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient in sugarcane cultivated in Argisols in the Northeast of Brazil, and understanding its availability in the soil, as well as determining sufficiency ranges in the plants is essential when recommending levels of phosphorus fertiliser. The aim of this study was to: (i) Define classes for interpreting P availability in Argisols of the Northeast using the Mehlich-1 and Anion Exchange Resin (AER) extractors; (ii) Evaluate P extraction by the same extractors; and (iii) Correlate the P content of the soil with the P content of the plants, and establish sufficiency ranges in the plants. Three field trials were carried out in a sandy (PVAd1), medium (PAdx) and clayey (PVAd2) Argisol, applying the following amounts of P: 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg ha-1 P2O5. The AER extracted more P than did Mehlich-1 from each of the soils. The P content of the classes for interpreting P availability determined by the AER were higher than those determined by Mehlich-1. AER was the best extractor to represent P availability in the Argisol with the clayey texture (PVAd2), and Mehlich-1 in the Argisol with the sandy texture (PVAd1). The ranges of P sufficiency in the leaves of the sugarcane varied between soils, with values of 0.66-0.73 g kg-1 in PVAd1, 0.59-0.69 g kg-1 in PVAd2 and 0.34-0.47 g kg-1 in PAdx. As such, the texture of Argisols cultivated with sugarcane in the Northeast of Brazil should be a criterion for choosing the P extractor used in assessing its availability. fertiliser i (i Mehlich1 Mehlich 1 Mehlich- (AER extractors ii (ii iii (iii PVAd1 PVAd , (PVAd1) PAdx (PAdx (PVAd2 0 40 80 120 16 20 ha1 ha ha- P2O5 PO O soils Mehlich1. 1. PVAd2, PVAd1. . 0.660.73 066073 0.66 0.73 66 73 0.66-0.7 kg1 kg- 0.590.69 059069 0.59 0.69 59 69 0.59-0.6 0.340.47 034047 0.34 0.47 34 47 0.34-0.4 such (PVAd1 (PVAd 4 8 12 2 P2O 660 0.660.7 06607 066 0.6 073 0.7 6 7 0.66-0. 590 0.590.6 05906 059 0.5 069 5 0.59-0. 340 0.340.4 03404 034 0.3 047 0.4 3 0.34-0. 0.660. 0660 06 0. 07 0.66-0 0.590. 0590 05 0.59-0 0.340. 0340 03 04 0.34-0 0.660 0.66- 0.590 0.59- 0.340 0.34-

ABSTRACT Tropical forests have the highest rates of net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems and, therefore, may contribute significantly to the mitigation of global climate change. Although NPP is influenced by soil fertility, and recently, in some regions, mining activity in forest ecosystems has intensified. Little is known about how soils determine the restoration of NPP in forests degraded by mining. We evaluated the influence of soil nutrients on wood NPP of post-mining forests in the biogeographic Chocó region (Colombia), with emphasis on the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in post-mining forests under successional stages of 12-15 or 30-35 years. For this, permanent plots were established in secondary post-mining forests in Jigualito (Colombian Pacific), the wood NPP (accumulated and current) was evaluated, and it was related to soil properties such as organic matter (OM), acidity, Al, total N, available P, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and texture. An accumulated wood NPP of 0.72 t ha-1 yr-1 was recorded in post-mining forests 12-15 years old. Meanwhile, in post-mining forests of 30-35 years, the accumulated wood NPP was 6.52 t ha-1 yr-1. The current wood NPP was 4.25 t ha-1 yr-1 in post-mining forests with 30-35 years of recovery. Accumulated NPP positively correlated with soil OM, total N, Ca, Mg, and effective cation exchange capacity–ECEC in post-mining forests. In post-mining forests, a slow recovery of the wood NPP was denoted in the first years. Soil nutrients determined the wood NPP, and a multiple limitation of nutrients with the succession was observed, which corroborates the need to restore the degraded ecosystem in the region. (NPP therefore change fertility recently regions intensified postmining post Colombia, Colombia , (Colombia) N (N P (P 1215 12 15 12-1 3035 30 35 30-3 this Colombian Pacific, Pacific Pacific) OM (OM) acidity Al Mg (Mg) K, K (K) Ca (Ca) texture 072 0 72 0.7 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- old Meanwhile 652 6 52 6.5 yr1. 1. 425 4 25 4.2 capacityECEC capacity ECEC observed (Colombia 121 12- 303 3 30- (OM (Mg (K (Ca 07 7 0. 65 5 6. 42 2 4.

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os impactos da qualidade da água na disponibilidade hídrica dos reservatórios utilizando a concentração de fósforo total (TP) como indicador. Para esse fim, investigaram-se três reservatórios no estado do Ceará: Acarape do Meio (29,6 hm3), Aracoiaba (162 hm3) e Pentecoste (395,6 hm3). Para estimar a carga de TP produzida nas bacias hidrográficas estudadas, aplicaram-se equações que correlacionam os dados censitários das produções animal, agrícola e humana com a produção bruta de TP. O balanço de TP nos três reservatórios foi realizado com base na equação de Chapra para mistura completa, considerando-se períodos com diferentes regimes hidrológicos: período mais úmido (2004 a 2010) e período com seca prolongada (2011 a 2020), indicando uma relação de decaimento das concentrações de TP para maiores volumes armazenados. Este estudo propôs a introdução do conceito PIR (razão de aporte de fósforo), que se refere à razão entre a carga de entrada de TP no reservatório e a carga bruta de TP produzida na bacia hidrográfica. Considerando-se que o regime hidrológico pode influenciar as condições de transporte do TP, estabeleceu-se correlação entre os PIRs e os coeficientes de escoamento superficial, apresentando bom ajuste. Também foram abordados os efeitos da inclusão de restrições de qualidade da água em relação ao teor de TP na disponibilidade de água nos reservatórios. As concentrações de TP nos reservatórios podem impactar negativamente a disponibilidade hídrica, sujeita a restrições de qualidade. Portanto, a adoção de técnicas para reduzir a produção e a exportação de TP das áreas de estudo é de extrema importância para disponibilizar água dentro dos padrões de qualidade exigidos. (TP indicador fim investigaramse investigaram Ceará 29,6 296 29 6 (29, hm3, hm3 hm , 162 (16 395,6 3956 395 (395, hm3. . estudadas aplicaramse aplicaram animal completa considerandose considerando hidrológicos 2004 (200 2010 2011 (201 2020, 2020 2020) armazenados fósforo, fósforo) hidrográfica Considerandose Considerando estabeleceuse estabeleceu superficial ajuste Portanto exigidos 29, 2 (29 16 (1 395, 39 (395 200 (20 201 202 (2 1 ( 3 (39 20 (3

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the impacts of water quality on the water availability of reservoirs using the total phosphorus (TP) concentration as an indicator. Three reservoirs in the State of Ceará were investigated for this purpose: Acarape do Meio (29.6 hm3); Aracoiaba (162 hm3); and Pentecoste (395.6 hm3). For estimating the TP load yielded in the studied catchments, equations that correlate census data on animal, agricultural and human production with TP gross production were applied. The TP balance in the three reservoirs was carried out based on the Chapra equation for complete mixing, considering periods with different hydrological regimes: wetter period (2004 to 2010); and period with prolonged drought (2011 to 2020), indicating a decay relationship of TP concentrations for larger stored volumes. This study proposed the introduction of the PIR (Phosphorus Input Ratio) concept, which refers to the ratio between the TP input load into the reservoir and the gross TP load yielded in the catchment. Considering that the hydrological regime can influence the TP transport conditions, a correlation between PIRs and runoff coefficients was established, presenting a good adjustment. The effects of including water quality restrictions regarding TP content on water availability at the reservoirs were also addressed. TP concentrations at the reservoirs can negatively impact water availability subject to quality constraints. Therefore, the adoption of techniques to reduce the production and export of TP from the study areas is extremely important for making water available within the quality standards required. (TP indicator purpose 29.6 296 29 6 (29. hm3 hm hm3) 162 (16 395.6 3956 395 (395. hm3. . catchments animal applied mixing regimes 2004 (200 2010 2010) 2011 (201 2020, 2020 , 2020) volumes Phosphorus Ratio concept catchment conditions established adjustment addressed constraints Therefore required 29. 2 (29 16 (1 395. 39 (395 200 (20 201 202 (2 1 ( 3 (39 20 (3

RESUMO O Semiárido brasileiro, caracterizado por alta vulnerabilidade climática, secas intensas e frequentes e chuvas irregulares, possui quantidade restrita de água em seus reservatórios e baixa qualidade em diversos pontos. Quanto a qualidade, literatura apresenta índices que avaliam a eutrofização em condições distintas, por meio de expressões próprias, que podem não ser aplicadas universalmente. Para auxiliar na tomada de decisão, a fim de minimizar esse problema na região semiárida, o presente trabalho propõe um novo índice de estado trófico (IET) levando em consideração dados e condições de reservatórios do semiárido cearense, avaliando 18 variáveis e as correlações entre eles. Os dados foram disponibilizados pela COGERH, nos anos de 2014 - 2022, para 25 reservatórios administrados pela companhia. Foi feita estatística descritiva para cada conjunto de dados das variáveis, com remoção de valores outliers para avaliação das tendências de variação destes nos reservatórios. Estudo exploratório também foi realizado, no estudo de correlações para as variáveis versus transparência. Fósforo, nitrogênio, clorofila e turbidez apresentaram as correlações mais significativas para a composição do IET proposto. Foi feita uma adaptação na expressão base do IET, para estar associada aos valores obtidos no semiárido cearense. Foram sugeridas classes tróficas para esse novo IET, com suas respectivas expressões. O índice proposto apresentou resultado similares em algumas classificações, quando comparado a outros índices consolidados. A ocorrência de alta concentração de cianobactérias se deu em reservatórios classificados como eutróficos. Sugere-se aplicação deste índice em mais reservatórios da região semiárida para lhe conferir robustez. brasileiro climática irregulares pontos distintas próprias universalmente decisão (IET cearense 1 eles COGERH 201 2022 2 companhia realizado transparência Fósforo nitrogênio classificações consolidados eutróficos Sugerese Sugere robustez 20 202

ABSTRACT The Brazilian semi-arid region, which is characterized by high climate vulnerability, intense and frequent droughts, and irregular rainfall, has a restricted quantity of water in its reservoirs and low quality at several points. Regarding quality, the literature presents indexes that evaluate eutrophication in different conditions, using specific expressions that may not be applied universally. To assist in decision-making and minimize this problem in the semi-arid region, the present work proposes a new trophic state index (TSI) taking into account data and conditions of reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Ceará. In total, 18 variables and the correlations between them were evaluated. In the years 2014-2022, data was made available by COGERH for 25 reservoirs managed by the company. Descriptive statistics were performed for each variable data set, removing outlier values to analyze trends. An exploratory investigation was also carried out, studying correlations between variables and transparency. Phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorophyll a, and turbidity presented the most significant correlations for the composition of the proposed TSI. An adaptation was made in the base expression of the TSI, which is associated with the values obtained in the semi-arid region of Ceará. Trophic classes were suggested for this new TSI along with their respective expressions. The proposed index yielded comparable results in certain classifications when compared with other established indexes. High concentrations of cyanobacteria occurred in reservoirs classified as eutrophic. To enhance the robustness of this novel index, it is recommended to extend its application to additional reservoirs within the semi-arid region. semiarid semi arid vulnerability droughts rainfall points universally decisionmaking decision making (TSI Ceará total 1 evaluated 20142022, 20142022 2014 2022, 2022 2014-2022 2 company set trends out transparency Phosphorus nitrogen eutrophic 2014202 201 202 2014-202 201420 20 2014-20 20142 2014-2 2014-

RESUMO: Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a produtividade, a composição nutricional e a contaminação por micotoxinas em diferentes híbridos de milho. Essas medidas também foram correlacionadas com o impacto do custo do milho na formulação de ração inicial para frangos de corte. Um total de 150 amostras de 50 híbridos de milho foram obtidas em experimento de campo. As variáveis nutricionais foram preditas via NIRS e as micotoxinas foram analisadas por HPLC-MS/MS. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os híbridos agrupados pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. Correlação de Pearson foi realizada entre as principais variáveis. A maioria das variáveis foi diferente entre os híbridos de milho (P < 0,05), com exceção de fósforo disponível, grãos avariados e contaminações por DON e ZEA (P > 0,05). A produtividade teve correlação positiva (P < 0,05) com o custo de formulação da ração (r = 0,35) e correlação negativa (P < 0,05) com proteína bruta (-0,42), Tre digestível (dig.) (-0,42) e Met+Cis dig. (-0,42). O custo da formulação de rações apresentou correlação positiva (P < 0,05) com FUM (0,33) e ZEA (0,29), e negativa (P < 0,05) com proteína bruta (-0,74). Diferentes híbridos de milho variam em produtividade, conteúdo nutricional e contaminação por micotoxinas. Foi demonstrado que um aumento no rendimento à campo pode estar relacionado com redução no conteúdo nutricional e na qualidade do milho, resultando em um aumento no custo da formulação de ração. RESUMO corte 15 5 HPLCMS/MS. HPLCMSMS HPLC MS/MS. MS HPLC-MS/MS ScottKnott Scott Knott significância P 0,05, 005 0,05 , 0 05 disponível 0,05. . r 0,35 035 35 0,42, 042 0,42 42 dig (dig. (-0,42 MetCis Met Cis 0,42. 0,33 033 33 (0,33 0,29, 029 0,29 29 (0,29) 0,74. 074 0,74 74 (-0,74) 1 HPLCMS HPLCMS/MS MSMS MS/MS 00 0,0 0,3 03 3 04 0,4 4 (dig (-0,4 (0,3 02 0,2 2 (0,29 07 0,7 7 (-0,74 0, (-0, (0, (0,2 (-0,7 (-0 (0 (- (

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to assess the crop yield, nutritional composition, and mycotoxin contamination in different corn hybrids. The impact of these variables on the feed formulation cost of starter diets for broilers was also evaluated. A total of 150 samples from 50 corn hybrids was obtained from a field experiment. Nutrients were predicted by NIRS and mycotoxins were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and corn hybrids were grouped using Scott-Knott test at 5% significance. Pearson correlation analysis was performed among the main variables. Most of the variables were different among corn hybrids (P < 0.05), with exception of available phosphorus (Av. P), damaged grains, and DON and ZEA contaminations (P > 0.05). Crop yield had a positive correlation (P < 0.05) with feed formulation cost (r = 0.35) and a negative correlation (P < 0.05) with crude protein (-0.42), digestible (dig.) Thr (-0.42), and dig. Met+Cys (-0.42). The feed cost correlated positively (P < 0.05) with FUM (0.33) and ZEA (0.29), and negatively (P < 0.05) with crude protein (-0.74). Different corn hybrids vary in their productivity, nutritional content and mycotoxins contamination. It was demonstrated that an increase in the crop yield might be related to a reduction in corn nutritional content and quality, resulting in an increase in feed formulation cost. ABSTRACT composition evaluated 15 5 HPLCMS/MS. HPLCMSMS HPLC MS/MS. MS HPLC-MS/MS ScottKnott Scott Knott significance P 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0 05 Av. Av (Av P, P) grains 0.05. . r 0.35 035 35 0.42, 042 0.42 42 (-0.42) dig (dig. MetCys Met Cys 0.42. 0.33 033 33 (0.33 0.29, 029 0.29 29 (0.29) 0.74. 074 0.74 74 (-0.74) productivity quality 1 HPLCMS HPLCMS/MS MSMS MS/MS 00 0.0 0.3 03 3 04 0.4 4 (-0.42 (dig (0.3 02 0.2 2 (0.29 07 0.7 7 (-0.74 0. (-0.4 (0. (0.2 (-0.7 (-0. (0 (-0 ( (-

ABSTRACT Returning agricultural waste/by-products to the field is an effective management measure to improve soil fertility and maintain crop productivity in agroecosystems. However, we still have limited understanding of the complex response of sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) growth, soil nutrients and microbial communities to the long-term sisal residue return to the ecological system. This study aimed to investigate the comprehensive effects of returning sisal residue to the field on sisal yield, soil nutrient, and microbial community. Based on a four-year field experiment, the results showed that returning sisal residue to the field increased the annual yield of sisal by 30.77–33.36%. Compared with control group, sisal residue inputs significantly improved soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium by 46.59, 3.02, and 1.21%, respectively. Under sisal residue input condition, the activities of soil catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, and sucrase also significantly increased by 2.01, 17.20, 17.40 and 16.60%, respectively. A higher ratio of bacteria/fungi was observed in the soil amended with sisal residue. The microbial diversity analysis showed that the α-diversity of the bacterial community increased, while the α-diversity of the fungal community decreased with the sisal residue treatment. However, sisal residue return had a higher impact on the α-diversity of fungi. This study provides evidence that returning sisal residue to the field affects sisal productivity by regulating nutrient cycling and soil microbial community. Moreover, the study suggests that microbial α-diversity has significant influence on sisal yield. waste/byproducts wastebyproducts waste/by products waste agroecosystems However Agave Perrine growth longterm long term system fouryear four year experiment 30773336 30 77 33 36 30.77–33.36% group nitrogen phosphorus 4659 46 59 46.59 302 3 02 3.02 121 1 21 1.21% respectively condition catalase urease phosphatase 201 2 01 2.01 1720 17 20 17.20 1740 40 17.4 1660 16 60 16.60% bacteriafungi bacteria fungi αdiversity α treatment Moreover byproducts wasteby 3077333 7 30.77–33.36 465 4 5 46.5 0 3.0 12 1.21 2.0 172 17.2 174 17. 166 6 16.60 307733 30.77–33.3 46. 3. 1.2 2. 16.6 30773 30.77–33. 1. 16. 3077 30.77–33 307 30.77–3 30.77– 30.77 30.7 30.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using composted sludge as a fertilizer for lawns in urban conditions. An experiment to study the effect of different doses of sludge compost on the productivity of lawn grass mixture biomass (Rheigras lolilum perenne, Festuca rubra, Festuca arunnacea) and soil properties was conducted at the experimental site of S. Seifullin Kazakh State Agrotechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan. Three doses of sludge were selected: 5, 10, and 15 t/ha. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the greatest biomass of the lawn was obtained when a compost dose of 15 t/ha was applied. In that case, an increase in the activity of soil enzymes and the phosphorus and nitrates content in the soil was observed. The authors formulated a recommendation to use a dose of 10 t/ha of sediment for fertilizer, as this helps to improve soil quality and increase yields. Compost made of sludge increased the content of available phosphorus in the surface layer of the soil (0-20 cm) by 200-300%, and the nitrate content increased by 180-300% compared to the control variant. However, the content of exchangeable potassium changed slightly (5-19%). conditions Rheigras perenne rubra arunnacea S University Astana Kazakhstan selected 5 1 tha t ha applied case observed yields 020 0 20 (0-2 cm 200300%, 200300 200 300%, 300 200-300% 180300% 180300 180 300% 180-300 variant However 519%. 519 19% . 19 (5-19%) 02 2 (0- 200300% 20030 30 200-300 18030 18 180-30 519% 51 (5-19% (0 2003 3 200-30 1803 180-3 (5-19 ( 200-3 180- (5-1 200- (5- (5

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia do uso de lodo compostado como fertilizante para gramados em condições urbanas. Foi realizado um experimento para estudar o efeito de diferentes doses de composto de lodo sobre a produtividade da biomassa da mistura de grama de gramado (Rheigras Lolilum perenne, Festuca rubra, Festuca arunnacea) e as propriedades do solo no local experimental da S. Seifullin Kazakh State Agrotechnical University, Astana, Cazaquistão. Foram selecionadas três doses de lodo: 5, 10 e 15 t/ha. Como resultado do experimento, verificou-se que a maior biomassa do gramado foi obtida quando foi aplicada uma dose de composto de 15 t/ha. Neste caso, foi observado um aumento na atividade das enzimas do solo e no teor de fósforo e nitratos no solo. Os autores formularam uma recomendação para o uso de uma dose de 10 t/ha de sedimento como fertilizante, pois isso ajuda a melhorar a qualidade do solo e a aumentar a produtividade. O composto feito de lodo aumentou o teor de fósforo disponível na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm) em 200-300%, e o teor de nitrato aumentou em 180-300%, em comparação com a variante de controle. No entanto, o teor de potássio trocável mudou ligeiramente (5-19%). urbanas Rheigras perenne rubra arunnacea S University Astana Cazaquistão 5 1 tha t ha verificouse verificou se caso 020 0 20 (0-2 cm 200300%, 200300 200 300%, 300 200-300% 180300%, 180300 180 180-300% controle entanto 519%. 519 19% . 19 (5-19%) 02 2 (0- 200300% 20030 300% 30 200-300 180300% 18030 18 180-300 519% 51 (5-19% (0 2003 3 200-30 1803 180-30 (5-19 ( 200-3 180-3 (5-1 200- 180- (5- (5

ABSTRACT The availability of phosphorus in soils of the Western region of Paraguay is traditionally determined by the Mehlich-1 extractor, however, this is not a recommended method for predominantly neutral and slightly acidic soils. In order to evaluate phosphorus extraction in soils of the Central Chaco with different analysis methods, an experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design, arranged in a bifactorial arrangement, where factor A corresponded to land uses ( pristine and anthropic) and factor B corresponded to the P extraction methods for its quantification (Mehlich-1, Bray-1, Mehlich-3, Olsen and Ion Exchange Resin), with 19 repetitions. Soil samples were collected from the Central Chaco area of the Western region and extracted from the 0-20 cm depth litter, and then transported to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the National University of Asunción. The results were subjected to variance analysis and mean comparison between treatments by Tukey's test at 5%. No variation in the concentration of P was observed when the anthropic soils (99 mg kg-1) were compared with the pristine ones (92 mg kg-1), however, the extractors differed statistically in relation to the availability of P, being the The Bray 1 method extracted the most with 183 mg kg-1 followed by Mehlich-1 with 156 mg kg-1. The Mehlich-3 method extracted 58 mg kg-1, the Olson method 42 mg kg-1 and the method that extracted the least was the anion exchange resin with only 30 mg kg-1. The different phosphorus extractors present significant differences in the availability of P.

RESUMEN La disponibilidad del fósforo en suelos de la región Occidental del Paraguay tradicionalmente es determinada por el extractor Mehlich-1, sin embargo, este no es un método recomendado para suelos predominantemente neutros y ligeramente ácidos. Con el objetivo de evaluar la extracción de fósforo en suelos del Chaco Central con distintos métodos de análisis, se realizó un experimento utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar, dispuestos en un arreglo bifactorial, donde el factor A correspondió a los usos del suelo (prístino y antrópico) y el factor B correspondió a los métodos de extracción de P para su cuantificación (Mehlich-1, Bray-1, Mehlich-3, Olsen y Resina de Intercambio iónico), con 19 repeticiones. Las muestras de suelo fueron colectadas de la zona del Chaco Central de la región Occidental y extraídas de la camada 0 - 20 cm de profundidad, para luego ser transportadas a la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Los resultados fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y comparación de media entre tratamientos por el test de Tukey al 5%. No se observó variación en la concentración de P cuando fueron comparados los suelos antrópicos (99 mg kg-1) con los prístinos (92 mg kg-1), sin embargo, los extractores se diferenciaron estadísticamente en relación con la disponibilidad de P, siendo el que más extrajo el método Bray 1 con 183 mg kg-1 seguido de Mehlich-1 con 156 mg kg-1. EL método Mehlich-3 extrajo 58 mg kg-1, el método Olson 42 mg kg-1 y el método que menos extrajo fue la resina de intercambio aniónico con apenas 30 mg kg-1. Los diferentes extractores de fósforo presentan diferencias significativas en la disponibilidad de P.

Resumen Introducción. El fósforo y el potasio son nutrientes esenciales para el desarrollo vegetal; pero se encuentran poco disponibles en el suelo, haciendo necesaria la fertilización química o mineral, práctica ineficiente por ausencia de microorganismos solubilizadores. La aplicación de biofermentos de Microorganismos de Montaña (MM) es una alternativa, sin embargo, pocos estudios evidencian el potencial agronómico de las levaduras presentes en MM. Objetivo. Evaluar a nivel in vitro, la capacidad biofertilizante y promotora de crecimiento de levaduras antagonistas aisladas de biofermentos de MM. Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación se desarrolló den el 2019 en la Universidad de Medellín, Colombia. La capacidad biofertilizante se determinó al medir la solubilización de fósforo y potasio en medio sólido mediante halos de solubilización y en medio líquido al cuantificar el fósforo (PS) y potasio soluble (KS) en mg por litro. La actividad promotora de crecimiento, se determinó al cuantificar la producción de indol acético (AIA) de levaduras aisladas de biofermentos de MM. Como prueba adicional, se evaluó la producción de celulasas en medio carboximetil celulosa (CMC). Resultados. En el día seis, se evidenciaron las concentraciones más altas de PS y KS en medio líquido. En agar NBRIP como en caldo con roca P, el aislado GRB-LB05 evidenció un PS de 3,57 mg L-1 diferente a la de control. En agar NBRIP modificado y en caldo con feldespato, GRB-LB01 presentó el menor pH y bajo KS, mientras que, GRB-LB12 (1,32 mg L-1) y GRB-LB02 (1,12 mg L-1) registraron las concentraciones más altas. La levadura GRB-LB06 fue la más promisoria (12 mg L-1) en la producción de AIA, seguida de GRB-LB13. Conclusiones. Las levaduras antagonistas aisladas de biofermentos líquidos de MM mostraron capacidad biofertilizante y promotora del crecimiento, el aislamiento GRB-LB12 (Suhomyces xylopsoci) fue la de mayor solubilización de producción de P, K, AIA y capacidad celulolítica.

Abstract Introduction. Phosphorus and potassium are essential nutrients for plant development; however, they are scarcely available in soil, making chemical or mineral fertilization necessary, an inefficient practice due to the absence of solubilizing microorganisms. The application of Mountain Microorganisms (MM) bioferments is an alternative, however, few studies show the agronomic potential of the yeasts present in this type of bioferments. Objective. To evaluate, at in vitro level, the biofertilizing and growth-promoting capacity of antagonist yeasts isolated from MM bioferments. Materials and methods. This research was carried out in 2019 at the University of Medellín, Colombia. The biofertilizing capacity was determined by measuring the solubilization of phosphorus and potassium in solid media by measuring the solubilization halos and in a liquid medium by quantifying phosphorus (PS) and soluble potassium (KS) in mg per liter of soluble mineral. The growth-promoting activity was determined by quantifying the production of acetic indole (AIA) of yeasts isolated from MM. As an additional test, the production capacity of cellulases was evaluated in a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) media. Results. On day six, the highest concentrations of PS and KS in liquid medium were evidenced. Both in NBRIP agar and broth with P rock, the isolate GRB-LB05 showed a PS of 3.57 mg L-1 different from the control. In modified NBRIP agar and feldspar broth, GRB-LB01 had the lowest pH and a low KS concentration, while GRB-LB12 (1.32 mg L-1) and GRB-LB02 (1.12 mg L-1) registered the highest concentrations of KS. GRB-LB06 yeast was the most promising IAA-producing isolate (12 mg L-1), followed by GRB-LB13. Conclusions. The antagonistic yeasts isolated from liquid MM bioferments showed biofertilizing and growth-promoting capacity, with GRB-LB12 (Suhomyces xylopsoci) being the one that stands out in the solubilization of P, K, IAA production and cellulolytic capacity.

Manganese (Mn) mining produces a large amount of Mn-rich solid waste contributing to soil and groundwater pollution. Adding Mn-rich waste to soils could reduce mining pollution by allowing specialised plants to take up this mineral for growth, that is, phytoremediation. However, Mn interacts with other soil major and trace minerals. The interaction with phosphorus (P), a key element for plant nutrition and growth, has received less attention. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of P sources (i.e. rock phosphate and monopotassium [KH2PO4]) and application rates on the P and Mn relationships in clay and sandy soils mixed with Mn-rich waste. Soils differing in texture were incubated for 60 days at room temperature (±20 °C), and changes in available P Mn and soil pH were determined at 0, 30 and 60 days. The addition of Mn-rich solid waste significantly decreased available soil P in both soils with the greatest reduction of 62% and 52% from the sandy soil subjected to KH2PO4 and rock phosphate, respectively. In the clayey soil, the reduction was higher for the rock phosphate source implying more P was released from the rock phosphate in Mn-rich soils. This explanation was supported by the significant positive correlation between P and Mn for both soils when P is added in the form of rock phosphate. Our results suggest that Mn-rich waste is better in clay soils subjected to rock phosphate addition. Further research is needed to control Mn solid waste pollution levels in soils using specific crops with known phytoremediation properties. SIGNIFICANCE: South African mining and smelting processes produce a lot of Mn-rich waste as a by-product that harms the environment if not appropriately managed. The efficient use of Mn-rich solid waste in agricultural soils is poorly studied; hence, this study focused on the role of soil type and Mn-rich waste addition on phosphorus release and availability.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, to correct the acidity of soil, lime or agricultural dolomite is used, these conventional liming agents can bring as a secondary effect the decrease in soil organic matter (SOM), the carbon stock and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Alkaline biochar is an alternative due to its stability and ability to obtain a positive carbon balance, improve agricultural soils and generate lower GHG emissions. We evaluated the CO2 emission and the physical and chemical properties of an acid soil when amended with biochar, lime, and agricultural dolomite in a greenhouse. versus a control (without amendment). Without cultivation, agricultural lime and biochar had a rapid reaction raising the pH close to 7; biochar increased the content of organic matter (+23%), nitrogen (+20%), available phosphorus (+116%), CEC (+46%) and exchangeable cations. Temporal CO2 emission within 24 hours increased with biochar (131%) and dolomite (+41%), although it decreased significantly afterwards. On the other hand, with the maize crop, the biochar maintained the desired pH value, and available phosphorus (+109%) and potassium (+224%), CEC (+6%) and exchangeable cations were higher; the temporary emission within 24 hours was higher for biochar (+314%), lime (+115%) and dolomite (+112%); and for the accumulated CO2, biochar presented the highest value (+53%). At day 56, CO2 emissions were not significantly different from the control for the three amendments, and even lower from day 75, which would mean a reduction in long-term emissions.

RESUMEN Tradicionalmente, para corregir la acidez del suelo se usa cal o dolomita agrícola, estos encalantes pueden tener como efecto secundario la disminución de materia orgánica del suelo (MOS), stock de carbono y emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). El biochar alcalino es una alternativa por su estabilidad y capacidad de obtener un balance positivo de carbono, mejorar los suelos agrícolas y generar menores emisiones de GEI. La emisión de CO2 y las propiedades físicas y químicas de un suelo ácido al ser enmendado con biochar, cal, dolomita agrícola versus un testigo (sin enmienda) se evaluaron en invernadero. Sin cultivo, la cal agrícola y biochar tuvieron una rápida reacción elevando el pH cerca de 7; el biochar aumentó el contenido de materia orgánica (+23%), nitrógeno (+20%), fósforo disponible (+116%), CIC (+46%) y cationes intercambiables. La emisión de CO2 temporal dentro de las 24 horas, aumentó con el biochar (+131%) y dolomita (+41%), aunque después disminuyó significativamente. Con el cultivo de maíz, el biochar mantuvo el valor deseado de pH, fueron mayores el fósforo (+109%) y potasio disponible (+224%), CIC (+6%) y cationes intercambiables; la emisión temporal dentro de las 24 horas fue mayor para el biochar (+314%), cal (+115%) y dolomita (+112%); y para el CO2 acumulado, el biochar presentó el mayor valor (+53%). Al día 56, las emisiones de CO2 no fueron significativamente diferentes al testigo para las tres enmiendas, y menores a partir del día 75, lo cual significaría una reducción en las emisiones a largo plazo.

RESUMEN En Argentina, nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P) y recientemente azufre (S) y cinc (Zn) son nutrientes reconocidos como limitantes de la producción de los cereales de invierno. Las decisiones de manejo de la fertilización en avena (Avena sativa L.), cebada (Hordeun vulgare L.) y trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) se realiza considerando aportes individuales de nutriente desconociendo la contribución combinada de elementos. La aplicación combinada de nutrientes mejoraría la respuesta a la fertilización comparada con el aporte individual de los elementos requiriendo su inclusión en los planteos o estrategias de manejo de la fertilización de cereales de invierno. El objetivo fue cuantificar los aportes a la producción de granos de avena, de cebada y de trigo de aplicar P, N, S, y Zn en forma individual y su relación con el uso combinado como NP y NPSZn. En 3 sitios (Tandil, San Manuel y Lobería, Argentina) y en tres cultivos (Trigo, Cebada y Avena) se realizaron experimentos de fertilización considerando aportes individuales y combinados de P, N, S y Zn. La fertilización combinada incorporando P, N, S y Zn presentó rendimientos mayores respec-to a los efectos individuales de estos nutrientes en trigo y en cebada. Los incrementos de rendimientos atribuidos a la diferencia entre la fertilización combinada sobre la suma de los efectos de fertilización individual fueron de 330 kg ha-1 en trigo y de 352 kg ha-1 en cebada. En avena, los datos disponibles no permiten determinar diferencias entre la fertilización combinada y los aportes individuales de cada nutriente. Para las condiciones evaluadas tanto en trigo como en cebada, en la decisión de fertilización con P-N-S-Zn, las fertilizaciones combinadas capturan respuestas de rendimientos adicionales a lo logrado en las respuestas a los nutrientes individuales.

ABSTRACT In Argentina, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and recently sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn) are recognized nutrients that limit the production of winter cereals. Fertilization decisions are made considering individual nutrient contributions, ignoring the combined contribution of elements. The combined application of nutrients would improve crops response to fertilization compared to the individual contribution of the elements. The objec-tive was to quantify the contributions to the production of oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeun vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains from either individual application of P, N, S, and Zn, or the combined use as NP and NPSZn. Fertilization experiments were carried out at three sites (Tandil, San Manuel and Lo-bería) in Argentina. Combined fertilization (NPSZn) resulted in greater yields than the that obtained with the nutrients applied alone in both wheat and barley. The yield advantage of the combined fertilization over the sum of individual fertilization effects was 330 kg ha-1 in wheat and 352 kg ha-1 in barley. In oats, the available data do not allow determining difference between individual or combined fertilization strategies. Under the conditions of this study, combined fertilization promote additional yield responses in both wheat and barley compared to that achieved with individual nutrient application.