Abstract Tropical plants exhibit virtually all known phenological responses, which can range from near-continuous to brief events, and from complete synchrony to complete asynchrony. This wide variety of phenological patterns is related to high tropical biodiversity and complex interactions with diverse abiotic and biotic factors, such as plant-pollinator interactions. Changes in these factors will therefore influence plant phenology, and differences in those phenological responses can impact reproductive success and plant fitness. We report here interspecific variations in the reproductive ecology (flowering phenology, floral biology, reproductive systems, and pollination) of 10 Myrtaceae species in a gallery forest in northeastern, Brazil. We evaluated flowering patterns and strategies, considering the frequency and duration of each phenophase from monthly observations, using the semi-quantitative Fournier scale. We also analyzed floral biology, recorded floral visitors, conducted pollination experiments (autonomous self-pollination, hand self-pollination, hand cross-pollination, and natural/open pollination), and calculated sefl-incompatibility (SII) and autogamy (AI) indices. Most species exhibited synchronous and annual flowering lasting between 1 and 5 months, with a “pulsed bang” strategy (i.e., mass flowering concentrated within just a few days, with intervals). These patterns were repeated among congeneric species, except in Myrcia, in which half of the species accompanied were classified as having a “pulsed bang” and the other half a “big bang” strategy. The flowering strategies appeared to be associated with distinct patterns of inflorescence development, bud production, flowering duration, and the timing of flowering in individual plants. Bee species were considered pollinators. Most species studied were self-incompatible and allogamous. In general, the species produced large quantities of flowers during short temporal intervals, favoring crosses between individuals having precise synchrony. nearcontinuous near continuous events asynchrony plantpollinator pollinator phenology fitness biology systems northeastern Brazil observations semiquantitative semi quantitative scale visitors autonomous selfpollination, selfpollination self pollination, self-pollination crosspollination, crosspollination cross cross-pollination naturalopen natural open , seflincompatibility sefl incompatibility SII (SII AI (AI indices months pulsed bang i.e., ie i e (i.e. days intervals. intervals . intervals) Myrcia big development production pollinators selfincompatible incompatible allogamous general i.e. (i.e i.e

Resumo As plantas tropicais exibem quase todos os tipos de respostas fenológicas conhecidas, variando de eventos quase contínuos aos explosivos breves, e de total sincronia à completa assincronia. Essa ampla variedade de padrões fenológicos está relacionada à alta biodiversidade e às diferentes interações com fatores abióticos e bióticos, como as interações planta-polinizador. Portanto, mudanças nesses fatores influenciam a fenologia das plantas e diferenças nas respostas fenológicas podem impactar o sucesso reprodutivo da espécie a aptidão das plantas. Analisou-se a variação interespecífica na ecologia reprodutiva (fenologia da floração, briologia floral, sistemas reprodutivos e polinização) de 10 espécies de Myrtaceae em floresta ciliar, na Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Avaliaram-se os padrões e estratégias de floração, considerando a frequência e duração da fenofase a partir de observações mensais e de acordo com a escala semiquantitativa de Fournier; também analisaram-se a biologia floral, visitantes florais e conduziram-se experimentos de polinização (autopolinização autônoma, autopolinização manual, polinização cruzada manual e polinização natural/aberta) e calcularam-se os índices de autoincompatibilidade (SII) e autogamia (AI). A maioria das espécies apresentou floração anual, com duração de 1 a 5 meses, alta sincronia e estratégia do tipo pulsed-bang (i.e., floração massiva concentrada em poucos dias intercalados por um intervalo de tempo). Os padrões se repetiram entre espécies congêneres, exceto em Myrcia spp., em que metade das espécies foi classificada como “pulsed bang” e as demais apresentaram estratégia “big bang”. A estratégia de floração parece estar relacionada com o padrão de desenvolvimento das inflorescências, produção dos botões, duração e sincronia da floração dos indivíduos. Abelhas foram consideradas os polinizadores. A maioria das espécies foram auto-incompatíveis e alogâmicas. Em geral, as espécies ofertaram grandes quantidades de flores em pequenos intervalos temporais, favorecendo cruzamentos entre indivíduos com sincronia precisa. conhecidas breves assincronia bióticos plantapolinizador. plantapolinizador planta polinizador. polinizador planta-polinizador Portanto Analisouse Analisou floral ciliar Diamantina Brasil Avaliaramse Avaliaram Fournier analisaramse analisaram conduziramse conduziram autônoma natural/aberta naturalaberta natural aberta calcularamse calcularam SII (SII AI. AI . (AI) anual meses pulsedbang pulsed bang i.e., ie i (i.e. tempo. tempo tempo) congêneres spp spp. big bang. inflorescências botões polinizadores autoincompatíveis auto incompatíveis alogâmicas geral temporais precisa (AI i.e. (i.e i.e

Abstract The number of students using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems in mainstream schools has increased in recent years, in line with the principles of inclusive education. Teacher perceptions of AAC significantly influence school practices and the overall effectiveness of these systems as a tool for communication and inclusion, which can enhance the presence, progress, and participation of students who use it. The present study seeks to analyze these perceptions and find out if aspects such as training or previous experience influence them. To this end, an analysis is conducted using the Spanish Questionnaire “Perceptions on the Inclusion of Students who use AAC in mainstream classrooms (PSIASAAC)” with a sample of 122 teachers from the Spanish Autonomous Community of Valencia. The results show favorable perceptions towards the inclusion of students who use AAC. However, there are notable differences between teachers with and without training and/or professional experience with AAC. The findings align with those of several previous studies conducted in different contexts. This leads us to believe that while there are generally positive perceptions of students who use AAC systems, it is important to intensify efforts in the initial and ongoing training of teachers. It is also crucial to share successful practical experiences demonstrating how the use of AAC systems contributes to improving the educational inclusion of the students who use it. (AAC years education presence progress them end Perceptions PSIASAAC (PSIASAAC) 12 Valencia However andor contexts (PSIASAAC 1

Resumen La escolarización de usuarios de sistemas aumentativos y/o alternativos de comunicación (SAAC) en escuelas ordinarias ha aumentado en los últimos años de acuerdo a los principios de la educación inclusiva. Las percepciones docentes sobre los SAAC repercuten considerablemente en las prácticas escolares y en la utilidad final de estos sistemas como herramienta comunicativa e inclusiva, facilitadora de la presencia, progreso y participación del alumnado usuario. El presente estudio persigue analizar estas percepciones y conocer si aspectos como la formación o la experiencia previa influyen en ellas. Para ello se realiza un análisis mediante el Cuestionario de Percepciones sobre la Inclusión del Alumnado usuario de SAAC en aulas ordinarias (PSIASAAC) con una muestra de 122 docentes de la Comunidad Valenciana. Los resultados muestran percepciones favorables a la inclusión de este alumnado. Sin embargo, se evidencian diferencias significativas entre los docentes con y sin formación y/o experiencia profesional en torno a la comunicación aumentativa y/o alternativa (CAA). La coincidencia con los hallazgos obtenidos por varios estudios previos llevados a cabo en diferentes contextos conduce a pensar que, si bien en líneas generales existen percepciones favorables a los estudiantes usuarios de SAAC, es necesario redoblar esfuerzos en la formación inicial y continua del profesorado y tratar de difundir experiencias prácticas exitosas en que el uso de SAAC contribuye a mejorar la inclusión educativa de los estudiantes usuarios. yo (SAAC inclusiva presencia ellas PSIASAAC (PSIASAAC 12 Valenciana embargo CAA. CAA . (CAA) 1 (CAA

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 motivó la readecuación y reorganización de los sistemas de salud. Objetivos: Caracterizar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los EEER (enfermeros especialistas en enfermeria de rehabilitacion); caracterizar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los cuidados de enfermería especializada en rehabilitación prestados a las poblaciones; caracterizar el impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en las estrategias de actualización técnico-científica de los EEER; e como finalidades proporcionar información a los tomadores de decisiones para una mejor gestión de los recursos humanos/profesionales; y, proporcionar información a los decisores para una mejor gestión de la atención de enfermería especializada a las poblaciones. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Muestra no probabilística de conveniencia de enfermeros especialistas en enfermería de rehabilitación, miembros de la Associação Portuguesa dos Enfermeiros de Reabilitação. Cuestionario en línea. Análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Durante el período de la pandemia por los EEER, se verificó un impacto negativo en las dimensiones “tiempo para los amigos” y “tiempo para el ocio personal”, y un impacto positivo en las dimensiones “relación con los compañeros de trabajo” y “disponibilidad de equipos de protección personal”. A futuro, se percibe un impacto negativo en las dimensiones “actividades burocráticas”, “salud personal”, “tiempo para los amigos” y “tiempo para el ocio personal”, y un impacto positivo en las dimensiones “disponibilidad de medios de protección”. equipamiento individual” y “organización del espacio físico en el lugar de trabajo”. Discusión: El conocimiento del impacto sirve de guía para implementar cambios en las dinámicas de trabajo y estructuras de servicio. Conclusión: La pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo impacto en los EEER y en la atención especializada proporcionada. Futuros estudios que permitan conocer este impacto a largo plazo, o dirigidos a las intervenciones autónomas de los EEER, cobran relevancia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic led to the readaptation and reorganization of health systems. Aims: Characterize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the NSRN (nurses specialized in rehabilitation nursing); characterize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on specialized rehabilitation nursing care provided to populations; to characterize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the technical-scientific updating strategies of the NSRN; and also as aims to provide information to decision-makers for better management of human/professional resources; and, to provide information to decision makers for better management of specialized nursing care for populations. Methodology: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Non-probabilistic, convenience sample of nurses specializing in rehabilitation nursing, members of the Associação Portuguesa dos Enfermeiros de Reabilitação. Online questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: During the period of the pandemic by the NSRN, we verified a negative impact on the dimensions “time for friends” and “time for personal leisure”, and a positive impact on the dimensions “relationship with coworkers” and “availability of equipment for individual protection”. In the future, there is a perception of a negative impact on the dimensions “bureaucratic activities”, “personal health”, “time for friends”, and “time for personal leisure”, and a positive impact on the dimensions “availability of protective equipment individual” and “organization of the physical space in the workplace”. Discussion: Acknowledgement of the impact serves as guidance for implementing changes in work dynamics and service structures. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the NSRN and on the specialized care provided. Future studies that allow knowing this impact in the long term, or directed to the autonomous interventions of the NSRN, become pertinent.

RESUMO Introdução: A pandemia por COVID-19 conduziu à readaptação e reorganização dos sistemas de saúde. Objetivos: Caraterizar o impacte da pandemia por COVID-19 nos Enfermeiros Especialistas em Enfermagem de Reabilitação; identificar o impacte da pandemia por COVID-19 nos cuidados especializados de enfermagem de reabilitação disponibilizados às populações; identificar o impacte da pandemia por COVID-19 nas estratégias de atualização técnico-científica dos Enfermeiros Especialistas em Enfermagem de Reabilitação; tendo ainda como finalidades disponibilizar informação aos decisores para uma melhor gestão de recursos humanos/profissionais; e, disponibilizar informação aos decisores para uma melhor gestão de cuidados de enfermagem especializados às populações. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal. Amostra não probabilística, de conveniência, de enfermeiros especialistas em enfermagem de reabilitação, sócios da Associação Portuguesa dos Enfermeiros de Reabilitação. Questionário online. Análise descritiva e inferencial. O questionário foi submetido para resposta durante o período entre 2 de marco de 2022 e 11 de abril de 2022, tendo obtido um total de 160 questionários respondidos. Resultados: Durante o período da pandemia pelos EEER verificou-se um impacte negativo nas dimensões “tempo para os amigos” e “tempo para o lazer pessoal”, e um impacte positivo nas dimensões “relacionamento com os colegas de trabalho” e “disponibilidade de equipamentos de proteção individual”. No futuro verificou-se uma perceção de impacte negativo nas dimensões “atividades burocráticas”, “saúde pessoal”, “tempo para os amigos”, e “tempo para o lazer pessoal”, e um impacte positivo nas dimensões “disponibilidade de equipamentos de proteção individual” e “organização do espaço físico no local de trabalho”. Conclusão: A pandemia por COVID-19 apresentou um impacte nos EEER e nos cuidados especializados prestados. Recomendam-se estudos futuros que permitam conhecer este impacte a longo prazo, ou direcionados para as intervenções autónomas dos EEER tornam-se pertinentes.

ABSTRACT Background. The Sontecomapan Lagoon is a protected natural area and is part of the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve on the south coast of the State of Veracruz, with significant fishing productivity and little ecological knowledge about its fish community. Objectives. Analyze space-time variations in diversity, richness, abundance, dominant species, community inhabitants, fish assemblages, and trophic groups. Methods. The fish collections were made between 2014 and 2020, in 10 stations with a trawl net. The sampling effort was validated using non-parametric estimators. Analysis of variance was used to indicate statistically significant differences in community ecological parameters between sites and months. Canonical correspondence analysis (ACC) was performed to determine species-habitat relationships. Results. Fifty species, 35 genera and 23 families were identified, with 2 new records, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) and Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860) and 2 dominant species, Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829) and Cathorops aguadulce (Meek, 1904). The diversity values (H´ = 0.84 to 2.07, D = 2.36 to 3.83, J´= 0.26 to 0.64) and abundance (density = 0.009 to 0.035 ind./m2, biomass = 0.105 to 0.044 g/m2, average weight = 5.91 to 16.72 g/ind), are considered low compared to other similar coastal systems. The spatial and temporal fluctuations of these parameters are related to the life cycles of the species present and with the environmental dynamics of the system. The ACC analysis indicated that fish assemblages are determined by changes in salinity, transparency, and depth. Conclusion. The ecological information analyzed represents a broad frame of reference for a little-studied coastal area that requires management and conservation strategies for its biotic resources.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La Laguna de Sontecomapan es un Área Natural Protegida y forma parte de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas en la costa sur del Estado de Veracruz, con productividad pesquera y escaso conocimiento ecológico sobre su comunidad de peces. Objetivos. Analizar las variaciones espacio temporales de diversidad, riqueza, abundancia, especies dominantes, componentes comunitarios, conjuntos de peces y grupos tróficos. Métodos. Las recolectas de los peces se realizaron entre 2014 y 2020, en 10 estaciones con una red de arrastre. El esfuerzo de muestreo se validó utilizando estimadores no-paramétricos. Se utilizó análisis de varianza para indicar diferencias estadísticas significativas de los parámetros ecológicos de la comunidad entre sitios y meses. Se realizó análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC) para determinar las relaciones especie-hábitat. Resultados. Se identificaron 50 especies, 35 géneros y 23 familias, con 2 nuevos registros, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) y Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860) y 2 especies dominantes, Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829) y Cathorops aguadulce (Meek, 1904). Los valores de diversidad (H´ = 0.84 a 2.07, D = 2.36 a 3.83, J´= 0.26 a 0.64) y abundancia (densidad = 0.009 a 0.035 ind./m2, biomasa = 0.105 a 0.044 g/m2, peso promedio = 5.91 a 16.72 g/ind), se consideran bajos comparados con otros sistemas similares. Las fluctuaciones espaciales y temporales de estos parámetros tienen relación con los ciclos de vida de las especies presentes y con la dinámica ambiental del sistema. El análisis ACC indicó que los conjuntos de peces están determinados por los cambios de salinidad, transparencia y profundidad. Conclusión. La información ecológica analizada representa un amplio marco de referencia para un área costera poco estudiada que requiere estrategias de manejo y conservación para sus recursos bióticos.

Abstract. - In recent years, the trend in the emerging development of autonomous and portable biosensors has led to the search for new materials, as well as the design of new structures that can efficiently generate their own energy with high performance to ensure long-term energy supply, eliminating the use of external sources. Among the most studied are triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and pyroelectric materials, which have shown greater biocompatibility with the physiological parameters of the human body for energy harvesting. This paper proposes to illustrate the systematic process in a finite element simulation software of the bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ) material, considered one of the most efficient in thermoelectric energy generation. Simulations implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics Ⓡ demonstrate the correlation between the physical-mechanical design of the structures and energy efficiency, allowing the determination of the crucial features and parameters for future development. The results demonstrate the power generated by the material according to the surface temperature gradient of the human body for each of the designed structures.

Resumen. - En los últimos años la tendencia en el desarrollo emergente de biosensores autónomos y portátiles han propiciado la búsqueda de nuevos materiales, además del diseño de nuevas estructuras que generen su propia energía de manera eficiente y con alto rendimiento para asegurar el suministro energético a largo plazo, eliminando el uso de baterías externas. De los materiales más estudiados encontramos a los triboeléctricos, piezoeléctricos, termoeléctricos y piroeléctricos, materiales que han tenido mayor biocompatibilidad con los parámetros fisiológicos del cuerpo humano para la generación de energía. En este trabajo se propone ilustrar el proceso sistemático en un software de simulación de elementos finitos del material triteleluro de dibismuto (Bi 2 Te 3 ), considerado como uno de los más eficientes en la generación de energía termoeléctrica. Las simulaciones implementadas en COMSOL Multiphysics Ⓡ , demuestran la correlación entre el diseño físico-mecánico de las estructuras y la eficiencia energética, permitiendo la determinación de las características y parámetros esenciales para su futura fabricación. Los resultados demuestran que, con un número mayor de termopares, incluso cuando las dimensiones son inferiores tomando como referencia la temperatura superficial del cuerpo humano, aumenta la potencia generada de las estructuras evaluadas.

Abstract: The following dilemma is discussed: On the one hand, the growing impact of Technology of communication and information (ICT) in everyday habits seems to influence the dynamics of public opinion by reinforcing irrational beliefs and creating the impression that the autonomy of people’s opinion and decisions is just a myth. On the other hand, people seem to act most of the time, under the normal circumstances of daily life, in a rational way, as if their habitual actions result from relatively autonomous decisions. A way out of this dilemma is suggested with the hypothesis that people can be rational most of the time, but nevertheless have their opinions influenced by insufficient, distorted information, or by previously acquired emotional dispositions. This hypothesis, in turn, is going to be scrutinized by considering, from a philosophical-interdisciplinary perspective, the role of rational choices in the dynamics of autonomous opinion. With illustrations of diagrams, we claim that the qualitative Complex Systems paradigm might help us to understand the possible role of emotional dispositions in the dynamics of autonomous opinion formation. Abstract discussed hand ICT (ICT peoples s myth time life insufficient turn considering philosophicalinterdisciplinary philosophical interdisciplinary perspective diagrams formation

Resumo: Neste texto, discutimos o seguinte dilema: por um lado, o crescente impacto das Tecnologias de Comunicação e Informação nos hábitos cotidianos parece influenciar a dinâmica da opinião pública, reforçando crenças irracionais e criando a impressão de que a autonomia da opinião e das decisões das pessoas é apenas um mito. Por outro lado, as pessoas parecem agir racionalmente na maioria das vezes, nas circunstâncias normais da vida cotidiana, como se suas ações habituais resultassem de decisões relativamente autônomas. A hipótese que propomos para superar o dilema é de que as pessoas podem agir racionalmente na maioria das vezes, mas têm suas opiniões influenciadas por informações insuficientes ou distorcidas ou por hábitos e disposições emocionais previamente adquiridas. Essa hipótese, por sua vez, será examinada, a partir de uma perspectiva filosófico-interdisciplinar, considerando o papel das escolhas racionais na dinâmica de formação da opinião autônoma. Com diagramas ilustrativos, argumentamos que hipóteses da teoria dos Sistemas Complexos podem auxiliar a compreensão do possível papel de disposições emocionais no processo de formação de opiniões. Resumo texto lado pública mito vezes cotidiana autônomas adquiridas vez examinada filosóficointerdisciplinar, filosóficointerdisciplinar filosófico interdisciplinar, interdisciplinar filosófico-interdisciplinar autônoma ilustrativos

ABSTRACT A common scenario in the developing countries is the low income and less education of producers. Thus, the tools used for irrigation management must be cheap and easy to handle. In this work, an autonomous and low-cost network of micro-weather stations has been developed for irrigation management. Simulations were performed to evaluate the ability of intelligent systems to compute evapotranspiration with noisy and insufficient data. The network of micro-weather stations was then applied to autonomous irrigation management of a crop of bell peppers. Statistical analysis was performed on data from the developed system and a standard weather station. The results show no statistical difference between the values of evapotranspiration calculated with data from these two sources. The developed system performed with a coefficient of determination of 0.968, mean absolute error of 0.055 mm day−1, and root mean square error of 0.063 mm day−1. The study shows that low-cost intelligent systems can be used as viable tools for efficient irrigation management. producers Thus handle work lowcost cost microweather micro peppers station sources 0968 0 968 0.968 0055 055 0.05 day1 day 1 day−1 0063 063 0.06 096 96 0.96 005 05 0.0 day− 006 06 09 9 0.9 00 0.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Contrastar las características del proceso de acreditación de establecimientos de salud en Canadá, Chile, la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, Dinamarca y México, con el fin de identificar elementos comunes y diferencias, y las lecciones aprendidas que puedan ser de utilidad para otros países y regiones. Métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo en el que se usaron fuentes secundarias de libre acceso sobre acreditación y certificación de establecimientos de salud durante el período 2019-2021 en estos países y regiones. Se describen las características generales del proceso de acreditación y sus respuestas a puntos clave del diseño de estos programas. Además, se generaron categorías de análisis para el avance en su implementación y su nivel de complejidad, y se resumen los resultados favorables y desfavorables informados. Resultados. Los componentes operativos del proceso de acreditación son peculiares de cada país, aunque comparten similitudes. El programa de Canadá es el único que contempla algún tipo de evaluación responsiva. Hay una amplia variación en la cobertura de establecimientos acreditados entre países (desde 1% en México a 34,7% en Dinamarca). Entre las lecciones aprendidas, se destacan la complejidad de aplicación del sistema mixto público-privado (Chile), el riesgo de una excesiva burocratización (Dinamarca) y la necesidad de incentivos claros (México). Conclusiones. Los programas de acreditación operan de forma peculiar en cada país o región, logran alcances diferentes y presentan problemáticas también diversas, de las que podemos aprender. Es necesario considerar los elementos que obstaculizan la implementación y generar adecuaciones para los sistemas de salud en cada país o región.

RESUMO Objetivo. Comparar as características do processo de acreditação de estabelecimentos de saúde no Canadá, Chile, Comunidade Autônoma da Andaluzia, Dinamarca e México, a fim de identificar elementos comuns e diferenças, bem como lições aprendidas que podem ser úteis para outros países e regiões. Métodos. Estudo observacional, analítico e retrospectivo usando fontes secundárias de livre acesso sobre acreditação e certificação de estabelecimentos de saúde durante o período 2019-2021 nos países e regiões supracitados. As características gerais do processo de acreditação e suas respostas a pontos-chave no delineamento de tais programas foram descritas. Além disso, foram geradas categorias de análise para o andamento de sua implantação e seu grau de complexidade, e os desfechos favoráveis e desfavoráveis relatados foram resumidos. Resultados. Os componentes operacionais do processo de acreditação são peculiares a cada país, embora compartilhem certas semelhanças. O programa canadense é o único que contempla algum tipo de avaliação responsiva. Houve grande variação entre países no percentual de estabelecimentos acreditados (de 1% no México a 34,7% na Dinamarca). Entre as lições aprendidas, destacam-se a complexidade da aplicação do sistema misto público-privado (Chile), o risco de burocratização excessiva (Dinamarca) e a necessidade de incentivos claros (México). Conclusões. Os programas de acreditação operam de forma peculiar em cada país ou região, têm diferentes escopos e também apresentam diversos problemas a partir dos quais podemos aprender. É preciso considerar os elementos que dificultam a implementação e realizar as adequações necessárias para os sistemas de saúde de cada país ou região.

ABSTRACT Objective. To compare and contrast the characteristics of the accreditation process for health care facilities in Canada, Chile, the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain), Denmark, and Mexico, in order to identify shared characteristics, differences, and lessons learned that may be useful for other countries and regions. Methods. An observational, analytical, retrospective study using open-access secondary sources on the accreditation and certification of health care facilities in 2019–2021 in these countries and regions. The general characteristics of the accreditation processes are described and comments are made on key aspects of the design of these programs. Additionally, analytical categories were created for degree of implementation and level of complexity, and the positive and negative results reported are summarized. Results. The operational components of the accreditation processes are country-specific, although they share similarities. The Canadian program is the only one that involves some form of responsive evaluation. There is a wide range in the percentage of establishments accredited from country to country (from 1% in Mexico to 34.7% in Denmark). Notable lessons learned include the complexity of application in a mixed public-private system (Chile), the risk of excessive bureaucratization (Denmark), and the need for clear incentives (Mexico). Conclusions. The accreditation programs operate in a unique way in each country and region, achieve varying degrees of implementation, and have an assortment of problems, from which lessons can be learned. Elements that hinder their implementation should be considered and adjustments made for the health systems of each country and region.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the implementation of research ethics committees in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, a process that took place in the context of a historical process of implementing health research policies at both the national and jurisdictional levels. Employing a qualitative, observational, and cross-sectional approach, we gathered secondary sources of public information and conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with members of the committees in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The results are presented in relation to three aspects: 1) the composition of the research ethics committees; 2) work processes, emphasizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) obstacles and proposals, that focuses on improvements identified by committee members.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se propone analizar el proceso de implementación de los comités de ética en investigación en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, cuya conformación se observa en el marco de un proceso histórico de implementación de políticas de investigación en salud a nivel nacional y jurisdiccional. Desde un enfoque de investigación cualitativo, observacional y de corte transversal, se realizó un relevamiento de fuentes secundarias de información pública, y entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad a integrantes de los comités de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Los resultados se presentan agrupados en tres ejes: 1) la conformación de los comités de ética en investigación; 2) procesos de trabajo, haciendo hincapié en el impacto de la pandemia de covid-19; y 3) obstáculos y propuestas, que se focaliza en las mejoras identificadas por sus integrantes.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se propone analizar el proceso de implementación de los comités de ética en investigación en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, cuya conformación se observa en el marco de un proceso histórico de implementación de políticas de investigación en salud a nivel nacional y jurisdiccional. Desde un enfoque de investigación cualitativo, observacional y de corte transversal, se realizó un relevamiento de fuentes secundarias de información pública, y entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad a integrantes de los comités de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Los resultados se presentan agrupados en tres ejes: 1) la conformación de los comités de ética en investigación; 2) procesos de trabajo, haciendo hincapié en el impacto de la pandemia de covid-19; y 3) obstáculos y propuestas, que se focaliza en las mejoras identificadas por sus integrantes.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the implementation of research ethics committees in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, a process that took place in the context of a historical process of implementing health research policies at both the national and jurisdictional levels. Employing a qualitative, observational, and cross-sectional approach, we gathered secondary sources of public information and conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with members of the committees in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The results are presented in relation to three aspects: 1) the composition of the research ethics committees; 2) work processes, emphasizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) obstacles and proposals, that focuses on improvements identified by committee members.

BACKGROUND: The various organisations that are involved in property transfer transactions tend to work as autonomous units within the end-to-end property supply chain. This compartmentalisation of activities and tasks creates inefficiencies and a lack of transparency OBJECTIVES: There is a need to review the current paper-based processes by evaluating the end-to-end processes in their entirety. METHOD: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with prominent role-players involved in the property transfer process in South Africa. The general systems view was used as the theoretical underpinning of the research, whereby property processes across the property supply chain should be viewed as a single system. RESULTS: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems may assist in integrating workflow processes to enhance productivity and collaboration, and improve overall property processes. The participants confirmed the need for a centralised platform with integrated workflows. CONCLUSION: Participants who were interviewed concurred that a centralised system would produce numerous benefits and enhanced efficiencies through a streamlined and more transparent process. Therefore, the researcher recommends that an ERP system be introduced across the property supply chain. A centralised ERP management system would enable all parties to a particular property transaction to have sight of the progress of the transaction and reduce capturing errors across various systems. CONTRIBUTION: The article will be useful within the immovable property industry, as well as to the buyers, sellers, and academia. Future studies could focus on how an ERP system could be integrated into the property supply chain.

Abstract. The social reconfiguration of technologies and the social and institutional systems that allow their emergence and use is essential for sustainability. This research delves into the urban energy transition processes through the adoption of autonomous / decentralized renewable energy systems, within the dynamics of urban change. The development of this process is strongly dependent on the competition between the actors participating in the urban energy planning process. A methodology based on literature review is used in order to propose a theoretical contribution.

Resumen. La reconfiguración social de las tecnologías, así como la de los sistemas sociales e institucionales que permiten su surgimiento y uso, es indispensable para la sostenibilidad. El presente trabajo profundiza los procesos de transición energética urbana mediante la adopción de sistemas autónomos/descentralizados de energía renovable, en el contexto de las dinámicas de cambio urbano. El avance de este proceso resulta fuertemente dependiente de la competencia entre los actores participantes del proceso de planificación energética urbana. Se utiliza una metodología basada en la revisión de la literatura con el fin de proponer un aporte teórico.

SUMMARY: Leg length inequality (LLI) affects gait - primarily pelvic and torso movements. LLI is present in around 40-70 % of the healthy population. Due to LLI’s significant impact on the body, as well as the possible occurrence of a variety of associated health problems, the aim of this research is to determine whether there is a significant difference in pelvic movement in all three planes, depending on the degree of LLI. This study was conducted on a sample of 30 healthy subjects. The functional length of lower limbs was measured. When LLI was calculated, kinematic measures were taken of pelvic and lower limb movements during gait using 3D cameras and ©Vicon Motion Systems Ltd. UK. The obtained data on kinematic pelvic movement in all three planes during gait were compared with the reference values. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference in pelvic movement about the axes x, y, and z in cases of LLI of up to 18mm (p>0,05). There is a statistically highly significant positive correlation between the difference in functional leg length (r=0,575; p=0,008) and femur length (r=0,525; p=0,015) on one hand, and the difference in pelvic movement about the axis x on the other, compared to the reference values. In a healthy population with LLI from 0 to 18 mm, gait remains unaffected and an increase in LLI predominantly affects pelvic movement about the horizontal axis (x) - pelvic tilt, which exponentially increases with an increase in femur length discrepancy.

RESUMEN: La diferencia en la longitud de las piernas (LLI, por sus siglas en inglés) afecta la marcha, principalmente los movimientos pélvicos y del dorso. La LLI está presente en alrededor del 40-70 % de la población sana. Debido al importante impacto de LLI en el cuerpo, así como a la posible aparición de una variedad de problemas de salud asociados, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si existe una diferencia significativa en el movimiento pélvico en los tres planos, dependiendo del grado de LLI. Este estudio se realizó en una muestra de 30 sujetos sanos. Se midió la longitud funcional de los miembros inferiores. Cuando se calculó el LLI, se tomaron medidas cinemáticas de los movimientos pélvicos y de los miembros inferiores durante la marcha utilizando cámaras 3D y ©Vicon Motion Systems Ltd. UK. Los datos obtenidos sobre el movimiento pélvico cinemático en los tres planos durante la marcha se compararon con los valores de referencia. Los resultados mostraron que no existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el movimiento pélvico sobre los ejes x, y, y z en casos de LLI de hasta 18 mm (p>0,05). Existe una correlación positiva estadísticamente muy significativa entre la diferencia en la longitud funcional de la pierna (r=0,575; p=0,008) y la longitud del fémur (r=0,525; p=0,015), y la diferencia en el movimiento pélvico sobre el eje x por otro, en comparación con los valores de referencia. En una población sana con LLI de 0 a 18 mm, la marcha no se ve afectada y un aumento en LLI afecta predominantemente el movimiento pélvico sobre el eje horizontal (x) - inclinación pélvica, que aumenta exponencialmente con un aumento en la discrepancia de longitud del fémur.

Resumen El presente artículo contribuye al debate sobre la autonomía escolar como modo de gobernanza y su efecto en la calidad y equidad en América Latina. Desde el enfoque contractual de la economía de los costos de transacción, se evalúan los efectos de la autonomía escolar en el desempeño, así como sus implicaciones en las metas de equidad en el sistema educativo. A partir de los aspectos de gobernanza medidos por el programa PISA a nivel de organizaciones escolares, se derivaron estimaciones econométricas para dos medidas de desempeño: logro y equidad. Los hallazgos sugieren que sistemas educativos más autónomos se asocian con un mejor desempeño, pero la práctica de la autonomía podría estar sesgada hacia los centros escolares que representan menor riesgo en términos de costos de transacción. Además, la autonomía escolar implica una estructura de gobernanza que conlleva riesgos de inadaptación que amenazan la naturaleza distributiva de los sistemas educativos.

Abstract This article contributes to the debate on school autonomy as a mode of governance and its effect on quality and equity in Latin America. Using the contractual approach of the economics of transaction costs, we evaluate the effects of school autonomy on performance, as well as its implications in the achievement of equity goals in the educational system. From the governance aspects measured by the PISA program at the level of school organizations, we obtained the relevant econometric estimates for two performance measures: achievement and equity. The findings suggest that more autonomous educational systems are associated with better performance. However, the practice of autonomy could be biased towards schools that represent less risk in terms of transaction costs. In addition, school autonomy implies a governance structure that carries maladjustment risks that threaten the distributive nature of educational systems.

Abstract Freedom of information is an autonomous right different from freedom of speech. It is not a facet or way of exercising the latter, nor is it a species of the genus freedom of speech as has been suggested by certain minority doctrine and jurisprudence. This understanding of the right to freedom of information is dominant today both in doctrine and the jurisprudence of courts in Spain. We believe that serves as an example and drives a global trend that seeks to enshrine freedom of information autonomously in the legal systems of each country which we promote with this paper. The autonomy of freedom of information as a right is based on its institutional function and not on its dimension of individual guarantee, without prejudice to the fact that there must be a balanced relationship between both dimensions. Understanding freedom of information as an autonomous right has at least three positive consequences that make it desirable: it raises the formation of a vigorous and informed public opinion to the higher level of a “protected legal asset”; it gives it a relative preference over other rights; and it facilitates the enshrinement, promotion and protection of the right of access to public information.

Resumen La libertad de información es un derecho autónomo y diferente de la libertad de expresión. No se trata de una faceta o forma de ejercer esta última, ni de una especie del género libertad de expresión como ha planteado cierta doctrina y jurisprudencia hoy minoritaria. Esta forma de entender la libertad de información es actualmente adoptada tanto en la doctrina como en la jurisprudencia mayoritaria de España. Ello, creemos sirve de ejemplo e impulsa una tendencia mundial que busca consagrar de forma autónoma la libertad de información en los ordenamientos jurídicos de cada país y que a través de este artículo buscamos impulsar. La consagración de la libertad de información como derecho autónomo se fundamenta en su función institucional y no en su dimensión de garantía individual, sin perjuicio de que debe existir una relación balanceada entre ambas dimensiones. La referida consagración tiene al menos tres consecuencias positivas que la hacen deseable: eleva la formación de una opinión pública vigorosa e informada a la calidad de “bien jurídico protegido”; le da preferencia relativa frente a otros derechos; y facilita la consagración, promoción y protección del derecho de acceso a la información pública.