ABSTRACT The Metal Injection Molding (MIM) process is used for small parts, complex geometries, and high production volumes. Among the various ferrous and non-ferrous alloys that use this technology, the precipitation-hardened stainless steel Catamold 17 - 4 PH stands out. This class of steel used in the aerospace and automotive industries is characterized by its resistance to corrosion combined with excellent mechanical properties. The sintering process of this steel is carried out in a controlled hydrogen-based atmosphere, which, together with the raw material, impacts the manufacturing cost of the components. In this work, different sintering atmospheres were evaluated, and the effects were verified using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the EDS microprobe, microhardness, and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results demonstrated that the microstructure and microhardness of the substrate were not affected. However, deleterious effects were detected with an increase in the level of porosity, compromising the corrosion resistance of the analyzed samples. Comparatively, samples with pure nitrogen showed better corrosion resistance compared to those with the presence of water vapor. However, it was less resistant to corrosion than found in the literature in a hydrogen atmosphere, considered the state of the art for Catamold 17 - 4 PH stainless steel. MIM (MIM parts geometries volumes nonferrous non technology precipitationhardened precipitation hardened 1 properties hydrogenbased based atmosphere which material components work evaluated SEM, SEM , (SEM) microprobe techniques affected However porosity Comparatively vapor (SEM

Boron-manganese steel 22MnB5 is extensively used in structural automotive components. Knowledge about its microstructural evolution during hot stamping and resistance spot welding (RSW) is extremely relevant to guarantee compliance with application requirements. Particularly, corrosion properties are critical to the application of uncoated sheet steels. However, microstructural studies are usually simplified to top-hat geometries, which might not be fully representative of the complex thermomechanical cycles locally faced by a real component. Therefore, the present work brings an extensive characterization of a hot-stamped 22MnB5 automotive B-pillar in terms of microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance, which were correlated with a reverse engineering of the process using numerical simulation. Physical simulations of the subcritical heat affected zone (SCHAZ) of RSW were done to assess the influence of microstructure on martensite tempering. Results showed that the component undergoes a complex strain distribution along its body during hot stamping. Most heavily strained regions presented higher amounts of ferrite, leading to poorer corrosion resistance, since ferrite behaves as an anode. Physical simulations of the SCHAZ showed that the softening degree due to martensite tempering is solely affected by peak temperature, while other microstructural features appear to exert negligible or no influence. Boronmanganese Boron manganese MnB 22MnB components (RSW requirements Particularly steels However tophat top hat geometries Therefore hotstamped stamped Bpillar B pillar simulation (SCHAZ anode temperature

The demand for new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) has been increasing in the last few decades. A large part of this demand comes from automotive companies. We have produced a new complex-phase (CP) steel with 1200 MPa of mechanical resistance and 8% of elongation, called CP1200. In this paper the dilatometric and microstructural characterization of a newly produced CP1200 steel is presented. The new steel was produced by making changes to the heat treatment of the already industrially available CP1100. The microstructure was quantified using light optical microscopy (LOM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure of both steels was compared to identify the origin of the mechanical properties improvement. A new microstructure distribution, with higher amount of bainite and smaller concentration of ferrite and martensite was identified. AHSS (AHSS decades companies complexphase complex phase CP (CP 120 8 elongation CP120 presented CP1100 LOM (LOM EBSD. EBSD . (EBSD) improvement distribution identified 12 CP12 CP110 (EBSD 1 CP1 CP11

ABSTRACT Magnesium based nanocomposites are new lightweight and high-performance materials for potential applications in biomedical, electronics, aerospace and automotive sectors owing to their lower density when compared with aluminum-based materials and steel. This article discusses the effect of pulse duration, pulse interval, current, gap voltage on Surface Roughness (SR), Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Electrode Wear Rate (EWR) of AZ61/7.5% B4C composites have been studied based on the different dielectric medium, kerosene, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) oil and nanosilicon carbide added EDM oil. The magnesium nanocomposites have been prepared through stir casting. The L16 orthogonal array has been selected based on the four factors with four levels. The Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) method has been used to find the optimum process parameters. An overall analysis found that the AZ61/7.5% B4C composites has produced high mechanical properties compared with 2.5, 5, and 10wt.% B4C nanocomposites. The pulse duration has most influencing factor for affecting the MRR and SR using analysis of variance. The developed quadratic models have well fit with experimental values. Using COPRAS, the optimal parameters are observed to be a maximum of 0.00730 g/s MRR, a minimum of 0.00127 g/s EWR, and a SR of 3.196 µm. The nano-SiC powder with EDM oil has a higher improvement than that of kerosene and EDM oil. The nano-SiC mixed EDM oil produces an improved performance measure of 81% MRR, 55% EWR, and 47% SR. highperformance biomedical electronics aluminumbased aluminum steel interval current SR, , (SR) (MRR EWR (EWR AZ6175 AZ AZ61 7 5 AZ61/7.5 BC B C medium (EDM casting L L1 levels COPRAS (COPRAS 25 2 2.5 10wt wt 10wt. variance values 000730 0 00730 0.0073 gs g s 000127 00127 0.0012 3196 3 196 3.19 µm nanoSiC nano SiC 81 55 47 (SR AZ617 AZ6 AZ61/7. 2. 00073 0073 0.007 00012 0012 0.001 319 19 3.1 8 4 AZ61/7 0007 007 0.00 0001 001 31 1 3. AZ61/ 000 00 0.0 0.

Abstract: Between 2013 and 2018, building permits were granted to 80 towers of more than 20 floors in the district of Estación Central, in Santiago de Chile. This complex occupies 23.6 hectares and causes, to the south of them, a permanent shadow cone of 8,615,195.70 m3 at solar noon on June 22. As the concentration of polluting gases increases with cold, humidity and poor air circulation, the objective of this work was to know if urban conditions meet in this shadow cone to cause an increase in said concentration at ground level. For this, the shadow cone of the buildings, their continuity and distance relationships, the ventilation conditions, the presence of vegetation and the automotive fleet were studied in detail. A quantitative method was applied that combined observation and verification in the field; graphic and statistical analysis of existing documents and the elaboration of a three-dimensional model of the fragment under study. The research demonstrated the strong increase in shade, the decrease in tree vegetation and the increase in the automobile fleet in the commune. In addition, the existence of conditions that could be causing a decrease in air circulation in the shadow cone and an unfavorable orientation of the prevailing winds was verified.

Resumen: Entre 2013 y 2018, se concedió permiso de edificación a 80 torres de más de 20 pisos en la comuna de Estación Central, en Santiago de Chile. Este conjunto ocupa 23,6 hectáreas y provoca, al sur de ellas, un cono de sombra permanente de 8.615.195,70 m3 en el mediodía solar del 22 de junio de 2019. Como la concentración de gases contaminantes aumenta con el frío, la humedad y la poca circulación de aire, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer si en ese cono de sombra se reúnen las condiciones urbanas para provocar un incremento de dicha concentración a nivel de suelo. Para ello, se estudió detalladamente el cono de sombra de los edificios, sus relaciones de continuidad y distanciamiento, las condiciones de ventilación, la presencia de vegetación y el parque automotriz. Se aplicó un método cuantitativo que combinó observación y verificación en terreno; análisis gráfico y estadístico de documentos existentes y la elaboración de un modelo tridimensional del fragmento en estudio. La investigación demostró un fuerte aumento de la sombra, la disminución de la vegetación arbórea y el incremento del parque automotriz en la comuna. Además, se verificó la existencia de las condiciones que podrían estar provocando una disminución de la circulación de aire en el cono de sombra y una desfavorable orientación de los vientos dominantes.

Abstract The renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement between Mexico, the United States and Canada began as a protectionist measure of United States in 2017. The importance of this agreement involved the active participation of the Mexican private sector through the “Side Room” a mechanism that functions as a consulting body for negotiation of international agreements. The automotive industry was a sensitive issue due to the integration level of the supply chains and their impact for the North American region. The objective of this research was to analyze the collaboration of the private sector automotive industry in the public consultation processes of the Mexican government for the definition of Mexico’s trade policy during the North American Free Trade Agreement renegotiation period. This is a qualitative research with a descriptive-exploratory scope. Nine semi-structured interviews were carried out with representatives of the Mexican government, experts, or active members of the “Side Room”. The “Side Room” consulting mechanism allowed the Mexican Government to align most of the private sector interests to the country’s trade policy. Although the agreements reached regarding the rules of origin, and the increment on the regional value content of auto parts may require greater participation from the North American macro region, they allow new opportunities for the development of the domestic industry in Mexico. The experience of the Mexican private sector, the negotiation skills and interaction through the “Side Room” and above all, the intense lobbying in the with the private sector, legislators, and governors before and during renegotiation, had a positive impact for the Mexican government in order to satisfactorily conclude the negotiations. The transparency of the public-private consulting process consolidated alliances inside and outside Mexico, albeit with complex challenges.

Resumen La renegociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá inició en 2017 como medida proteccionista de Estados Unidos. La importancia del acuerdo comercial implicó la participación activa del sector privado mexicano a través del mecanismo “Cuarto de Junto”, que funciona como órgano de consulta en negociaciones de acuerdos comerciales. La industria automotriz fue un tema sensible, por el grado de integración de las cadenas de suministro y su impacto para la región de Norteamérica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la colaboración del sector privado, de la industria automotriz, en los procesos de consulta pública del gobierno mexicano para la definición de su política de apertura comercial, durante la renegociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. Esta investigación es cualitativa, con alcance descriptivo-exploratorio. Se realizaron 9 entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes clave del gobierno mexicano, expertos en la disciplina o miembros activos del “Cuarto de Junto”. El mecanismo de consulta, a través del “Cuarto de Junto”, único en su género, permitió al gobierno mexicano alinear, en gran medida, los intereses del sector privado con los intereses de la política comercial de México. Los acuerdos alcanzados sobre reglas de origen y el incremento en el valor de contenido regional de autopartes si bien exigen mayor participación de la macro región de Norteamérica, otorgan nuevas oportunidades para desarrollar la industria nacional mexicana. La experiencia del sector privado mexicano, las habilidades de negociación e interacción a través del “Cuarto de Junto” y, sobre todo, el intenso cabildeo en Estados Unidos con la cúpula empresarial, legisladores y funcionarios públicos, antes y durante la renegociación, favorecieron al gobierno mexicano para cerrar satisfactoriamente las negociaciones. La transparencia del proceso de consulta pública-privada permitió consolidar alianzas dentro y fuera del país, aunque con retos complejos.

Resumen Introducción: el estudio de las campañas de retiro de productos defectuosos del mercado {recalls} es un tema vigente y complejo en el contexto de la gestión de la calidad en cadenas de suministro para garantizar la seguridad y la protección de los consumidores. Objetivo: identificar los principales enfoques académicos y legales utilizados a nivel nacional e internacional para el diseño y ejecución de estrategias de retiro de productos. Materiales y métodos: se aplicó un enfoque exploratorio de la investigación, a través de una revisión de literatura y análisis bibliométrico con Vosviewer, considerando los artículos publicados en el periodo entre 1999 y 2019, en las bases de datos Taylor and Francis, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, IEEE, Google académico y Proquest. Resultados: se evidenció un crecimiento en el número de recalls en los últimos 20 años, especialmente en la industria de juguetes (161 %), sector automotriz (140%), productos de belleza (70 %) y suministros eléctricos (64 %). Las principales metodologías para el estudio de los recalls son de naturaleza cualitativa. Conclusiones: son requeridos nuevos aportes académicos orientados al desarrollo de modelos y metodologías que permitan involucrar a todos los miembros de la cadena de suministro en el diseño y ejecución de estrategias coordinadas para disminuir los riesgos de ocurrencia de productos defectuosos o inseguros en el mercado.

Abstract Introduction: the recall study is a current and complex issue of supply chain quality management to ensure the safety and protection of consumers. Objective: identify the main national and international academic and legal approaches used to design and perform product recall strategies. Materials and Methods: an exploratory research approach was applied, through a literature review and bibliometric analysis with the Vosviewer software, by considering the articles published between 1999 and 2019 in the databases Taylor and Francis, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus databases, Springer Link, IEEE, Google Scholar, and Proquest. Results: there was an increase in the number of recalls in the last 20 years, especially in the toy industry (161 %), the automotive sector (140 %), beauty products (70 %) and electrical supplies (64 %). The main methodologies for studying product recalls are qualitative ones. Conclusions: new academic contributions are required for developing models and methodologies that allow all the supply chain members to be involved in designing and performing coordinated strategies to reduce the risks of defective or unsafe products in the market.

Resumo Introdução: o estudo de recolha de produtos defeitos é uma questão actual e complexa de gestão da qualidade da cadeia de abastecimento para garantir a segurança e a protecção dos consumidores. Objetivo: identificar as principais abordagens acadêmicas e jurídicas nacionais e internacionais utilizadas para conceber e executar estratégias de recolha de produtos. Materiais e métodos: foi aplicada uma abordagem de pesquisa exploratória, por meio de uma revisão da literatura e análise bibliométrica com Vosviewer, considerando os artigos publicados no período entre 1999 e 2019, nas bases de dados de Taylor e Francis, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, IEEE, Google Scholar e Proquest. Resultados: houve um aumento no número de recalls nos últimos 20 anos, principalmente na indústria de brinquedos (161 %), no setor automotivo (140 %), produtos de beleza (70 %) e suprimentos elétricos (64 %). As principais metodologias para o estudo de recalls são de natureza qualitativa. Conclusões: são necessárias novas contribuições académicas para o desenvolvimento de modelos e metodologias que permitam a todos os membros da cadeia de fornecimento estarem envolvidos na concepção e execução de estratégias coordenadas para reduzir os riscos de produtos defeituosos ou inseguros no mercado.

Additive manufacturing can be used to produce complex and custom geometries, consolidating different parts into one, which in turn reduces the required number of assemblies and allows distributed manufacturing with short lead times. Defects, such as porosity and surface roughness, associated with parts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion, can severely limit industrial application. The effect these defects have on corrosion and hence long-term structural integrity must also be taken into consideration. The aim of this paper is to report on the characterization of porosity in samples produced by laser powder bed fusion, with the differences in porosity induced by changes in the process parameters. The alloy used in this investigation is AlSi10Mg, which is widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries. The sample characteristics, obtained by X-ray tomography, are reported. The design and production of additively manufactured parts can be improved when these defects are better understood.

Abstract: The sequencing of production issue is one of the most complex problems that arise in the automotive industry when producing various assembly line products. The objective of this article is to propose a production sequencing model for automotive components. The aim is to define the process variables that affect the number of units produced, process time (from entering the first station until exiting the assembly lines), and the utilization rate of the workstations. Currently, computer simulation is one of the most used tools to analyze, design, and evaluate complex production processes. It is able to make decisions about the real system without affecting it. The experimental design in this research was principal when generating the combinations of the inputs and how they affect the response variables. For this study, multivariable predictive regression models were used in order to verify the hypotheses described below and to identify which variables' main effects and interactions positively or negatively impact the assembly process.

ABSTRACT Recent advances in computer vision are leveraging many technological developments in modern industry and automation. In this tutorial, it is presented a review of computer vision methods and applications relevant to the use of cameras as measurement devices in the automotive industry and robotics. The methods include algorithms for edge and ellipse detection, camera calibration, 3-D reconstruction and stereo vision. The applications are elaborated through simulations of three key problems: Detection of rims in automotive wheels; estimation of the calibration angles of vehicles and; trajectory reconstruction using stereo vision. These applications allow to demonstrate the potential of vision-based technologies in solving complex engineering problems in an automated fashion using cameras as sensors. As a result, three general purpose methodologies are proposed for solving problems of industrial need that would serve as guidelines for further developments in current and other related areas.

RESUMEN Avances recientes en visión computacional vienen favoreciendo el desarrollo tecnológico en la industria y automatización modernas. En este tutorial, se presenta una revisión de métodos de visión computacional y aplicaciones relevantes para el uso de cámaras como dispositivos de medición en la industria automotiva y robótica. Los métodos incluyen algoritmos para detección de bordes y elipses, calibración de cámaras, reconstrucción 3-D y visión estéreo. Las aplicaciones son elaboradas utilizando simulaciones en tres problemas fundamentales: Detección de aros en ruedas automotivas; estimativa de los ángulos de calibración en vehículos y; reconstrucción de la trayectoria de un vehículo usando visión estéreo. Estas aplicaciones demuestran el potencial de los métodos de visión computacional para resolver problemas de ingeniería complejos de manera automatizada utilizando cámaras como sensores. Como resultado, son propuestas tres metodologías de propósito general para solución a problemas con demanda industrial y que pueden servir como guías para desarrollos futuros en áreas afines o relacionadas.

En una economía afectada por la escasez de divisas, el complejo automotriz argentino muestra el peor desempeño cambiario entre los sectores cubiertos por las estadísticas del Banco Central de la República Argentina. Aquí se revisan las causas del déficit externo del sector para el período 2003-2016, considerando la totalidad de los pagos y cobros en divisas del sector. Se documenta que el ingreso de capitales externos hacia firmas del sector está correlacionado a mediano plazo con importantes salidas netas de divisas, agudizando el desequilibrio externo. Además, aunque la inversión del segmento autopartista es baja, se argumenta que esta no es la causa del mal desempeño externo, sino más bien un resultado negativo más del esquema de articulación regional de la producción, que relega la producción local de autopartes.

In an economy affected by a shortage of foreign currency, the Argentine automotive complex shows the worst exchange rate performance among the sectors covered by the Central Bank of Argentina statistics. This article reviews the causes of the external deficit of the sector for the period 2003-2016. We show that the inflow of foreign capital to firms in the sector is correlated in the medium term with important net outflows of foreign currency, worsening the external imbalance. In addition, although it is found that the investment of the autoparts segment is low, we argue this is not the cause of the bad external performance, but rather a negative result more than the regional articulation scheme of the production, which relegates the local production of auto parts.

Resumen La gestión de marca tiene entornos cada vez más complejos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar los elementos del branding semiótico (atributos y símbolos) que deberían utilizarse para posicionar las marcas automotrices en el mercado de la frontera de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuaha-El Paso, Texas. Con información de consumidores de ambas ciudades, a través de una investigación cuantitativa de tipo descriptivo y al utilizar como técnica el análisis factorial por correspondencias se identifican y contrastan los atributos que los consumidores relacionan con cuatro de las marcas automotrices más valiosas en el mundo (Toyota, Ford, Nissan y Honda). Los resultados sugieren que los consumidores de ambas ciudades perciben las marcas y valoran atributos de un modo distinto. Se resalta que en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuaha (México), los consumidores valoran más los atributos experienciales, mientras que en El Paso, Texas (Estados Unidos) valoran los atributos funcionales. JEL: M31, M37, M39

Abstrac Brand management strategies are increasingly developed in more complex environments. The aim of this paper is to identify the elements of semiotic branding (attributes and symbols) that should be used as strategy to position automotive brands in the border market of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuaha-El Paso, Texas. This was a quantitative research with a descriptive approach. The sample data was taken from consumers in both cities. The correspondence factor analysis is use as statistical technique to identify and to contrast the attributes that consumers relate to four of the most valuable automotive brands in the world (Toyota, Ford, Nissan and Honda). The results suggest that consumers of both border cities perceive the brands and value attributes in a different way, highlighting that in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuaha (Mexico), consumers value experiential attributes, while in El Paso, Texas (United States) they value functional attributes. JEL: M31, M37, M39

Abstract Paper aims The purpose is to decide on the technology for the implementation of an FMS in a manufacturing cell that produces the coil for starting engines in a company of the Brazilian automotive industry. Originality The mixed use of structured methods to support a semi-structured decision-making problem. Research method The qualitative-quantitative modeling, relying on four competitive priorities of the manufacturing, cost, quality, flexibility, and delivery. The method considered three technological alternatives A1, a ladder-type layout, conveyor and pneumatic devices, A2, an open field layout and automatic guided vehicles, and A3, a robot-centered layout and robotic arms. Main findings Two different methods arrived at the same conclusion. The best alternative is A3, which is also better than doing nothing. Implications for theory and practice The complete description of a real-world case, embracing the decision-making process and the final choice and the difficulties faced by a decision analyst in supporting practitioners in solving a complex problem.

Resumo O estudo que originou este artigo, realizado entre 2015 e 2017, busca a compreensão de possíveis relações no âmbito produtivo, ambiental e sanitário na cidade de Goiana, Pernambuco, diante da chegada do empreendimento multinacional da Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Objetivou-se construir uma matriz explicativa com base no framework força motriz-pressão-situação-exposição-efeito-ação com sistematização de indicadores para o monitoramento de mudanças no território que possam afetar a saúde da população local e o ambiente decorrentes da instalação do complexo automotivo. Para tal, foram propostos componentes descritivos para cada dimensão da matriz e realizada sistematização de dados secundários em diferentes bancos de dados. Houve apreensão de efeitos ao bem viver no contexto local resultantes da exposição territorial ao aumento da violência, precarização e agravos relacionados ao trabalho, contaminação ambiental e saneamento básico precário. São propostas ações para o enfrentamento de problemas complexos e sistêmicos identificados, as quais podem subsidiar estratégias para a vigilância em saúde ambiental e em saúde do trabalhador. Por meio do framework, podemos traçar processos de vulnerabilização no território local associando-os a forças estruturantes produtivas e a modificações na situação da reprodução social.

Abstract The study that originated the present article, which was conducted between 2015 and 2017, has the goal of understanding the possible relationships in the productive, environmental and sanitary contexts in the municipality of Goiana, in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, with the arrival of the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles multinational enterprise. We aimed at developing an explanatory matrix based on the Driving force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action framework, with the systematization of indicators for the monitoring of changes in the territory that could affect the health of the local population and the environment due to the establishment of the automotive complex. In order to do so, we proposed descriptive components for each dimension of the matrix, and we performed a systematization of secondary data in different databanks. We noticed effects on the well-being within the local context due to the territorial exposure to an increase in violence, precarization and injuries related to work, environmental contamination and precarious sanitation. In order to face the complex and systematic problems identified, we propose actions that can subsidize strategies for the vigilance in environmental health and in the health of the worker. Through the framework, we can describe processes of vulnerabilization in the local territories, associating them with productive structuring forces and changes in the social reproduction situation.

Resumen El estudio que originó este artículo, realizado entre el 2015 y el 2017, busca la com-prensión de posibles relaciones en el ámbito productivo, ambiental y sanitario en la ciudad de Goiana, Pernambuco, ante la llegada del emprendimiento multinacional de Fiat Chrysler Automóviles. El objetivo es construir una matriz explicativa con base en el framework fuerza motriz-presión-situación-exposición-efecto-acción con sistematización de indicadores para el monitoreo de cambios en el territorio que puedan afectar la salud de la población local y el ambiente por causa de la instalación del complejo automotriz. Para tal, fueron propuestos componentes descriptivos para cada dimensión de la matriz y realizada sistematización de datos secundarios en diferentes bancos de datos. Hubo aprehensión de efectos al bien vivir en el contexto local resultantes de la exposición territorial al aumento de la violencia, precarización y agravios relacionados al trabajo, contaminación ambiental y saneamiento básico precario. Son propuestas acciones para el enfrentamiento de problemas complejos y sistémicos identificados, las cuales pueden subsidiar estrategias para la vigilancia en salud ambiental y en salud del trabajador. Por medio del framework, podemos trazar procesos de vulnerabilización en el territorio local asociándolos a fuerzas estructurantes productivas y las modificaciones en la situación de la reproducción social.

Abstract: Atypical mycobacterial infections are caused by mycobacteria other than those from the M. tuberculosis complex and M. leprae. Its incidence has increased progressively, with considerable increase of scientific publications on the subject. Only 10% of the cases present with cutaneous infections, most of them related to surgical interventions and aesthetic procedures. We present a case of mycobacteriosis due to automotive accident that presented a diagnostic challenge due to its clinical presentation with lesions of sporotrichoid progression in the lymphatic system.