Resumen El certificado es una evidencia de participación en un proceso y se cree que cualquier persona que posea uno tiene un requisito previo para manejar todo aquello para lo que este califica. Sin embargo, la impresión podría fallar, si el certificado se hubiera obtenido tomando atajos. (Objetivo) En este documento se desarrolló un modelo compartimental para cuantificar los factores que podrían poner en duda la autenticidad de un certificado, mediante el examen de la compensación entre el estándar académico y las tasas de reprobación, en el contexto de las instituciones de educación terciaria en Nigeria. (Metodología) El modelo se demostró válido utilizando algunos amplios teoremas matemáticos. Se derivaron los equilibrios para dicho método y el umbral para un rendimiento académico aceptable. El análisis de estabilidad se llevó a cabo empleando la teoría de la estabilidad de ecuaciones diferenciales, basada en el umbral de rendimiento académico ace ptable obtenido. (Resultados) Los resultados teóricos del modelo fueron validados por medio de simulaciones numéricas y los de las simulaciones vincularon la tasa de reprobación aceptable con el rendimiento académico que cayó por debajo del umbral del estándar establecido por las instituciones. (Conclusiones) La implicación política del resultado es que el aumento en la oferta de graduados calificados en los mercados laborales de Nigeria, así como la reducción en la tasa de desempleo, son una función del mantenimie nto de los estándares académicos.

Resumo O certificado é uma prova de participação em um processo e acredita-se que quem o possui tem como pré-requisito realizar tudo para o qual o referido certific ado o qualifica. No entanto, a impressão poderia falhar se o certificado tivesse sido obtido através de atalhos. (Objetivo) Neste artigo, foi desenvolvido um modelo compartimental para quantificar fatores que poderiam pôr em dúvida a autenticidade de um certificado, examinando o compromisso entre o padrão académico e as taxas de reprovação no contexto de instituições terciárias referenciadas na Nigéria. (Metodologia) O modelo foi provado válido usando alguns teoremas matemáticos amplos. Os equilíbrios para o modelo e o limite para desempenho acadêmico aceitável foram derivados. A análise de estabilidade foi realizada utilizando a teoria da estabilidade de equações diferenciais com base no limite de desempenho acadêmico aceitável derivado. (Resultados) Os resultados teóricos do modelo foram validados por meio de simulações numéricas e os resultados das simulações relacionaram a taxa de reprovação aceitável com o desempenho acadêmico que ficou abaixo do limite do padrão estabelecido pelas instituições. (Conclusões) A implicação política do resultado é que o aumento da oferta de licenciados qualificados nos mercados de trabalho nigerianos, bem como a redução da taxa de desemprego, é uma função da manutenção dos padrões académicos.

Abstract A certificate is evidence of participating in a process, and anyone who holds a certificate is believed to have the prerequisites necessary to handle what the certificate qualifies them for. However, this perception might be incorrect if the certificate has been obtained by taking shortcuts. (Objective) In this paper, a compartmental model was developed to quantify factors that could put the authenticity of a certificate in doubt by examining the trade-off between academic standards and failure rates in the context of tertiary education institutions in Nigeria. (Methodology) The model was validated using several mathematical theorems. Equilibria for the model and the threshold for acceptable academic performance were derived. Stability analysis was carried out by using the stability theory of differential equations based on the derived acceptable academic performance threshold. (Results) The theoretical results for the model were validated through numerical simulations, and the results from the simulations linked acceptable failure rates to academic performance falling below the threshold of the institutions’ standards. (Conclusions) The policy implication of the result is that an increase in the supply of qualified graduates into Nigeria’s labor markets, as well as a reduction in the rate of unemployment, is a function of maintaining academic standards.

Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar o papel moderador da vivência autêntica na relação do feedback recebido com o desempenho de papéis, mediado pelo engajamento no trabalho. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de uma amostra por conveniência de trabalhadores brasileiros provenientes de organizações públicas e privadas (N = 1.244). A interação significativa entre o feedback e a vivência autêntica permitiu compreender que os maiores efeitos do feedback sobre o desempenho acontecem em indivíduos com elevada vivência autêntica. Quando os indivíduos são mais autênticos, as informações que os mesmos recebem sobre o desempenho afetará mais fortemente o próprio processo motivacional no trabalho. Este estudo fornece evidências da relação positiva entre os recursos do trabalho e pessoais com o engajamento e o desempenho no trabalho, contribuindo, assim, para um aumento, por parte das organizações, do feedback recebido sobre o desempenho, bem como a criação de ambientes facilitadores de autenticidade.

Abstract: This research aims to identify the moderating role of authentic living in the relationship between feedback received and role performance, mediated by work engagement. The data were based on a convenience sample of Brazilian workers from public and private organizations (N = 1,244). The significant interaction between the feedback and authentic living allowed us to understand that the main effects of feedback on performance take place in individuals with high authentic living. When individuals are more authentic, the information they receive about their performance more strongly affects the motivational process at work itself. This study highlights the positive relationship between work and personal resources, as well as the work engagement and performance on the other, thus contributing to increase the feedback the organizations receive about performance, as well as to create environments that facilitate authenticity.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar el papel moderador de la experiencia auténtica en la relación entre la retroalimentación recibida y el desempeño de roles, mediada por el compromiso laboral. Los datos se obtuvieron de una muestra por conveniencia de trabajadores brasileños de organizaciones públicas y privadas (N = 1244). La interacción significativa entre la retroalimentación y la experiencia auténtica permitió comprender que los mayores efectos de la retroalimentación sobre el desempeño ocurren en individuos con alta experiencia auténtica. Cuando los individuos son más auténticos, la información que reciben sobre el desempeño afectará más fuertemente su propio proceso motivacional en el trabajo. Este estudio proporciona evidencia de la relación positiva entre el trabajo y los recursos personales con el compromiso y el desempeño en el trabajo, de esta forma contribuyen al aumento, por parte de las organizaciones, de la retroalimentación recibida sobre el desempeño, así como a la creación de entornos propicios de autenticidad.

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the fictionalized appearance of the male and female employee in social novels from the 1930s and 1940s in Colombia, particularly analyzing a subject reproduced as precarious, in a tragic environment and, in some cases, even considered to be in a "false" social class. First, literary works that dialogue with the social novel are analyzed, highlighting the void filled by Osorio Lizarazo and Morales Pino in terms of the incorporation of the middle-class subject in this literary stream. Then, the revelations presented by the analyzed works are explored, exposing a precarious middle-class subject, experiencing a paradoxical life or one contrary to the modernizing winds that the ruling liberal political project preached. Thus, in addition to testifying about the unjust social place given to this class, these literary works ended up -roughly- sowing more doubts than certainties about the existence or authenticity of this social class. For these purposes, along with the investigation of some works of literature on the subject, reports, newspaper articles and other statements from middle-class groups of the time will be present, which allow to support certain features and experiences of the fictional subject in question.

RESUMEN En este escrito se aborda la irrupción Accionada del empleado y empleada en novelas sociales de los años treinta y cuarenta del siglo XX en Colombia, particularmente analizando a un sujeto reproducido como precarizado, en un ambiente trágico y en algunos casos, hasta considerado en una clase social "falseada". En primer lugar se analizan obras literarias que dialogan con la novela social, resaltando el vacío llenado por Osorio Lizarazo y Morales Pino en tanto la incorporación del sujeto clase media en esta vertiente literaria. Luego, se profundiza en las revelaciones que presentan las obras analizadas, exponiendo a un sujeto de clase media precarizado, experimentando una vida paradójica o contraria a los vientos modernizantes que el gobernante proyecto político liberal pregonaba. Así, además de la testificación sobre el injusto lugar social que se le daba a esta clase, estas obras literarias terminaron -grosso modo- sembrando más dudas que certezas sobre la existencia o autenticidad de esta clase social. Para estos objetivos, junto a la indagación de algunas obras de literatura al respecto estarán presentes informes, notas periodísticas y otras declaraciones de gremios de clase media de la época, los cuales permiten sustentar ciertos rasgos y vivencias del sujeto ficcionado en cuestión.

RESUMO Este artigo aborda a emergência ficcional do empregado nos romances sociais das décadas de 1930 e 1940 na Colômbia, analisando particularmente um sujeito reproduzido como precário, em um ambiente trágico e, em alguns casos, até considerado em uma classe social "falsificada". Primeiramente são analisadas obras literárias que dialogam com o romance social, destacando o vazio preenchido por Osorio Lizarazo e Morales Pino no que diz respeito à incorporação do sujeito da classe média nesta vertente literária. Em seguida, aprofundam-se as revelações apresentadas pelas obras analisadas, expondo um sujeito precário de classe média, vivenciando uma vida paradoxal ou contrária aos ventos modernizadores que o projeto político liberal dominante proclamava. Assim, além de testemunharem sobre o lugar social injusto atribuído a esta classe, estas obras literárias acabaram - grosso modo - semeando mais dúvidas do que certezas sobre a existência ou autenticidade desta classe social. Para estes objetivos, a par da investigação de algumas obras da literatura a este respeito, serão apresentadas reportagens, notas jornalísticas e outros depoimentos de corporações de classe média da época, que nos permitem sustentar determinados traços e experiências do sujeito ficcional em pergunta.

Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

Abstract: In this article I present some historical, political and cultural considerations concerning the process that has shaped the conditions of possibility for certain objects to be associated with the Mapuche world during the 20th and 21st centuries. Through a review of multiple bibliographic, audiovisual and ethnographic archives, I develop a reading that, by emphasizing the material culture sphere, allows us to outline a trajectory of accommodations and disputes around the definitions of "Mapuche object", a trajectory whose components will come from agencies Mapuche, non-Mapuche, and their respective interdigitation. I state the persistence of certain colonial demands that operate in a particularly tenacious way on the material world, especially those associated with the concepts of "ancestrality" and "authenticity". I will propose that towards the transition to the present century it is possible to identify, at least, four ways of production of Mapuche materialities that dialogue in a differential way with the concepts indicated above, an exercise whose orientation is not so much about classification but as an input to reflect on the various possibilities and consequences of Design exercises around indigenous worlds in general, and Mapuche in particular. I will evaluate certain epistemologies and methodologies that the Design discipline currently mobilizes, exemplifying with real and plausible designs close to the Mapuche world.

Resumen: En este artículo presento algunas consideraciones históricas, políticas y culturales en torno al proceso que ha ido conformando las condiciones de posibilidad para que ciertos objetos se asocien al mundo mapuche durante el siglo XX y XXI. Mediante una revisión de múltiples archivos bibliográficos, audiovisuales y etnográficos, realizo una lectura que, al poner énfasis en la cultura material, permite esbozar una trayectoria de acomodos y disputas en torno a las definiciones de “objeto mapuche”, trayectoria cuyos componentes provendrán de agencias mapuche, no-mapuche, y su respectiva interdigitación. Planteo la persistencia de ciertas exigencias coloniales que operan de forma particularmente tenaz sobre el mundo material, especialmente aquellas asociadas a los conceptos de “ancestralidad” y “autenticidad”. Propondré que hacia la transición al presente siglo es posible identificar, al menos, cuatro formas de producción de materialidades mapuche que dialogan de forma diferencial con los conceptos señalados, análisis cuyo afán antes que clasificatorio es presentado como insumo para reflexionar en torno a las diversas posibilidades y consecuencias de ejercicios de Diseño en torno a los mundos indígenas en general, y mapuche en particular. Evaluaré ciertas epistemologías y metodologías que la disciplina del Diseño moviliza actualmente, ejemplificando con diseños reales y verosímiles cercanos al mundo mapuche. Finalizó introduciendo el concepto de Diseño cosmopolítico como posible lugar desde donde materializar diferencia cultural cuyos preceptos pueden no acomodarse del todo a la razón occidental con pretensión universal.

Abstract The intensification of violence and the violation of human rights in migratory crises is currently a central theme in the experimentation of graphic narratives, which have given rise to the hybrid and critical genre represented by the graphic chronicle and the graphic novel of migration. The verbo-visual treatment is analyzed in the series of twelve graphic chronicles of migration “My life as an immigrant in Chile” (2018) of Sábado Magazine, in the newspaper El Mercurio, an agent of public discourse that has consolidated stereotypes and prejudices about the migrant population. Through qualitative content analysis of the image-text articulation, the verb-visual strategies of the graphic chronicle of journalistic and literary tone are examined. The elements that confer authenticity, reliability and veracity to the chronicle were established according to the use of testimony, portraits of the protagonists and contextual data. Likewise, literary elements were determined such as the staging of vulnerability, enhancement of the cultural fabric, multiple narrative voices and the recreation of resilient resistance, which together allude to the human rights perspective. The graphic chronicle intensifies the use of the testimonial voice and omits the author (witness), but the latter appears in the verb-visual articulation in biases and introduction of the ambiguity of migration experiences, and in the relationship with the “distant near”. The graphic chronicle of migration can be significantly modulated by the mediatized public discourse, weakening its critical reading of reality.

Resumen La intensificación de la violencia y la violación a los derechos humanos en las crisis migratorias es en la actualidad una temática central en la experimentación de las narrativas gráficas, las que han originado el género híbrido y crítico representado por la crónica gráfica y la novela gráfica de migración. Se analiza el tratamiento verbo-visual en la serie de doce crónicas gráficas de migración “Mi vida como inmigrante en Chile” (2018) de la Revista Sábado, inserta en el periódico El Mercurio, agente del discurso público que ha consolidado estereotipos y prejuicios sobre la población migrante. A través de análisis de contenido cualitativo de la articulación imagen-texto se examinan las estrategias verbo-visuales de la crónica gráfica de tono periodístico y literario. Los elementos que confieren autenticidad, fiabilidad y veracidad a la crónica se establecieron de acuerdo con el del testimonio, retratos de los protagonistas y datos de contexto. Asimismo, se determinaron los elementos literarios como la puesta en escena de la vulnerabilidad, realce de la trama cultural, de las voces narrativas múltiples y la recreación de la resistencia resiliente, que en conjunto aluden a la perspectiva de derechos humanos. La crónica gráfica intensifica el uso de la voz testimonial y omite la del autor (testigo), pero este último aparece en la articulación verbo-visual en sesgos e introducción de la ambigüedad de las experiencias de la migración, y en la relación con el “lejano próximo”. La crónica gráfica de migración puede ser modulada significativamente por el discurso público mediatizado debilitando su lectura crítica de la realidad.

Resumen En el capitalismo contemporáneo, la mercadotecnia étnica y cultural ocupa un lugar destacado en el consumo de las clases medias altas globalizadas que buscan una autenticidad refinada. En este trabajo busco reflexionar sobre el consumo de “lo maya”, en un momento en que los discursos sobre la autenticidad de las tradiciones y los saberes se han convertido en un instrumento político y de acceso a recursos. Primero, quiero reflexionar sobre el papel del consumo y la moda en el capitalismo contemporáneo. Después, en cómo las políticas culturales internacionales, el reconocimiento de las naciones pluriculturales y la patrimonialización de la cultura abrieron la puerta a un mercado turístico que busca vender experiencias, sensaciones y contacto con la ancestralidad. Por último, abordaré el caso de la mercantilización de “lo maya” tanto en espacios rurales como urbanos.

Abstract In contemporary capitalism, ethnic and cultural marketing holds a prominent place among the consumption habits of the globalized upper-middle classes seeking refined authenticity. In this work, I aim to reflect on the consumption of “the Mayan”, in a time where discourses on the authenticity of traditions and knowledge, have also become political instruments and ways for accessing resources. First, I want to think about the role of consumption and fashion in contemporary capitalism. Then, how international cultural policies, the recognition of multicultural nations and the patrimonialization of the culture opened the door to a tourist market that seeks to sell experiences, sensations and contact with ancestry. Lastly, I will address the commodification of “the Mayan” in both rural and urban spaces.

RESUMEN Introducción: El estigma relacionado con la identidad sexual, especialmente entre HSH, sigue siendo un desafío importante en muchas culturas, este estigma puede aparecer de varias maneras, desde una discriminación explícita hasta estereotipos más discretos, y puede afectar negativamente la salud mental y emocional de quienes lo sufren. Objetivo: Analizar el estigma de identidad sexual y apoyo social entre los hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres en Central y Asunción, Paraguay durante el 2024. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico de tipo descriptivo y explicativo. Las categorías de análisis consideradas en este estudio fueron: a) Estigma y apoyo social en la comunidad en general, b) Divulgación de identidad sexual a la comunidad en general, c) Divulgación de identidad sexual a familiares y amigos y d) Estigma y apoyo social en la comunidad de LGBT. Resultados: Participaron del estudio, nueve HSH, donde los testimonios revelan el profundo anhelo de vivir con autenticidad y libertad. Los HSH en Paraguay desean poder ser ellos mismos sin temor a ser juzgados o rechazados, anhelan relaciones abiertas y honestas, y aspiran a una comunidad donde puedan compartir experiencias y apoyarse mutuamente Conclusión: Los HSH enfrentan obstáculos en su crecimiento y unión como comunidad. La ausencia de una comunidad fuerte y unida dificulta el apoyo mutuo y el desarrollo personal, además de la competencia y la falta de colaboración entre organizaciones e individuos crean un ambiente dividido, donde cada uno busca sus propios beneficios en lugar de trabajar juntos por el bien de todos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Stigma related to sexual identity, especially among MSM, remains a major challenge in many cultures, this stigma can appear in various ways, from explicit discrimination to more discreet stereotypes, and can negatively affect the mental and emotional health of those who suffer from it. Objective: Analyze the stigma of sexual identity and social support among men who have sex with other men in Central and Asunción, Paraguay during 2024. Methodology: Qualitative, Phenomenological Study of a descriptive and explanatory type. The analysis categories considered in this study were: a) Stigma and social support in the community in general, b) Disclosure of sexual identity to the community in general, c) Disclosure of sexual identity to family and friends and d) Stigma and social support in the LGBT community. Results: Nine MSM participated in the study, where the testimonies reveal the deep desire to live with authenticity and freedom. MSM in Paraguay want to be able to be themselves without fear of being judged or rejected, they long for open and honest relationships, and they aspire to a community where they can share experiences and support each other. Conclusion: MSM face obstacles in their growth and unity as a community. The absence of a strong and united community makes mutual support and personal development difficult, in addition to competition and lack of collaboration between organizations and individuals creating a divided environment, where everyone seeks their own benefits instead of working together for the good. of everyone.

Abstract: The diversity of circumstances that occur in classrooms requires teachers to be capable of exercising professional judgment when assessing and addressing students' needs. A qualitative approach study was carried out between 2018 and 2023 to analyze how future teachers perceive the development of these critical skills through didactic discussions based on the analysis of classroom videos. This study examined multiple cases (n =5) based on discussions from the observation of videos of three lessons in a training course in teaching English as a foreign language at a private institution located in Montevideo, Uruguay. Using surveys (n=33) and semi-structured interviews with the participants (n=8), we investigated, using discourse analysis techniques, how they conceive the discussions of lesson videos to develop skills linked to the perception and implementation of pedagogical aspects. The two aspects perceived to be most important about video selection were authenticity and variety. We found the instances significant for the student teachers since they noted the importance of flexibly relating the theories learned with emerging needs. The findings of this research show that didactic discussions based on the use of videos of educational cases in teacher training contribute to developing skills linked to the perception of needs so that informed pedagogical decisions can be made considering the complex teaching and learning processes.

Resumen: La diversidad de circunstancias que suceden en las aulas requiere docentes capaces de ejercer su juicio profesional al evaluar y abordar las necesidades de los estudiantes. Con el objetivo de analizar cómo los futuros docentes perciben el desarrollo de estas habilidades críticas, a través de discusiones didácticas basadas en el análisis de videos de lecciones, se realizó un estudio de enfoque cualitativo entre 2018 y 2023. Este estudio examinó casos múltiples (n=5), basados en discusiones a partir de la observación de videos de tres lecciones en un curso de formación en docencia de inglés como lengua extranjera de una institución privada ubicada en Montevideo, Uruguay. A través de la utilización de encuestas (n=33) y entrevistas semiestructuradas a los participantes (n=8), se indagó, mediante técnicas de análisis del discurso, cómo estos conciben las discusiones de videos de lecciones para desarrollar habilidades ligadas a la percepción y puesta en práctica de aspectos pedagógicos. Los dos aspectos percibidos como los más importantes en relación con la selección de videos fueron la autenticidad y la variedad. Se constató que para los practicantes las instancias fueron significativas, puesto que notaron la importancia de poder relacionar con flexibilidad las teorías aprendidas con las necesidades emergentes. Los hallazgos de esta investigación muestran que las discusiones didácticas basadas en el uso de videos de casos educativos en la formación de profesores contribuyen al desarrollo de habilidades ligadas a la percepción de necesidades, de tal forma que se puedan tomar decisiones pedagógicas fundamentadas considerando los complejos procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

Abstract Authenticity and the quality of content are becoming progressively more distinguishing characteristics for affirming destinations. Globalization has promoted cultural exchange, and Japanese pop culture is an example. Due to its diverse elements that captivate different audiences, it has spread worldwide, causing fan movements, and influencing various events. This article examines the relationship between tourism, events, and Japanese pop culture, assessing the tourism potential of this trend and its effects on the destination and source. Through direct and participant observations at some of the most prominent events on this subject, questionnaires to participants from different nationalities, and interviews with Japanese pop culture event organizers, researchers in this field, enthusiastic participants, and other stakeholders, the optimal understanding of the relationship between this trend and events and tourism, still few explored, was achieved. It is disclosed that these events contribute significantly to the promotion of content tourism, the fostering of strong international relations, and the connection of cultures. The success of events conducted beyond one's home region is notably influenced by a multitude of continuous impacts and opportunities. These include the dynamic and social atmosphere of the events, which facilitates travel both within and between countries.

Resumo A autenticidade e a riqueza dos conteúdos são elementos cada vez mais diferenciadores para a afirmação dos destinos. A globalização tem incentivado a partilha intercultural e a cultura pop japonesa é um bom exemplo, ao expandir-se para todo o mundo, influenciando eventos e deslocações de fãs entre destinos pela sua variedade de elementos que atraem a atenção de diversos públicos. Este artigo analisa a relação entre turismo, eventos e a cultura pop japonesa, explorando a potencialidade turística desta tendência e os impactes dos eventos relativos a esta cultura, quer seja para o destino anfitrião, como para a origem destes conteúdos. Para além de uma profunda revisão da literatura, esta investigação é sustentada por uma abordagem mista, qualitativa e quantitativa, recorrendo a observações diretas e participantes a alguns dos maiores eventos desta temática, questionários a participantes de diferentes nacionalidades e entrevistas a diversos stakeholders. Os resultados permitem evidenciar que esses eventos desempenham um papel significativo na promoção do turismo de conteúdos, conectando culturas e promovendo relações sólidas entre diferentes nações. São evidenciados vários impactes e oportunidades associadas a estes eventos, que se distinguem pela multiplicidade de atividades e o seu carácter ativo e social.

Resumen La autenticidad y la riqueza de los contenidos son cada vez más elementos diferenciadores para la afirmación de los destinos. La globalización ha fomentado el intercambio intercultural y la cultura pop japonesa es un buen ejemplo, ya que se ha expandido por todo el mundo, influyendo en eventos y movimientos de fans entre destinos debido a su variedad de elementos que atraen la atención de diferentes públicos. Este artículo analiza la relación entre turismo, eventos y cultura pop japonesa, explorando el potencial turístico de esta tendencia y los impactos de los eventos que la exploran, ya sea para el destino anfitrión o para el origen de este contenido. A través de un estudio que utilizó observaciones directas y participantes en algunos de los eventos más importantes sobre este tema, cuestionarios a participantes de diferentes nacionalidades y entrevistas con organizadores de eventos de cultura pop japonesa, investigadores en esta área, participantes ávidos y otras partes interesadas, se logró la interpretación ideal de la relación entre esta tendencia y los eventos y el turismo, aún poco explorada. Se revela que estos eventos juegan un papel importante en la promoción del turismo de contenidos, conectando culturas y promoviendo relaciones sólidas entre diferentes naciones. Al tener una serie de impactos y oportunidades asociados, la multiplicidad de actividades y el carácter activo y social de los eventos destacan por el éxito de eventos fuera de su región de origen, permitiendo viajes dentro de un país y a través de fronteras.

Abstract From an intersectional approach, this article aims to problematize the politics of Mapuche difference in the framework of activities that currently reproduce create and recreate cultural traditions in the Metropolitan and Araucanía regions. Through the analysis of interviews with Mapuche women, we will identify gender-racialized representations in dispute and an insistent question about the relation purity/impurity whose materialization our interviewees call "mapuchómetro" and which we propose to understandas a product of the politics of ethnic difference. We will conclude by problematizing the gender effects of this authenticity meter and the possibilities opened up by enunciative positions such as champurria, warriache, and awinkada.

Resumen Desde un enfoque interseccional, el presente artículo se propone problematizar las políticas de la diferencia mapuche en el marco de actividades que actualmente reproducen, crean y recrean tradiciones culturales en las regiones Metropolitana y la Araucanía, en Chile. Mediante el análisis de entrevistas a mujeres mapuche, identificaremos representaciones género-racializadas en disputa, así como una pregunta insistente en torno a la relación pureza/impureza, cuya materialización nuestras entrevistadas denominan "mapuchómetro", y que propondremos entender como un producto de las políticas de la diferencia étnica. Finalizaremos problematizando los efectos generizados de este medidor de autenticidad, así como las posibilidades abiertas por posiciones enunciativas como champurria, warriache y awinkada.

Abstract Having a consistent and specific brand identity promotes differentiation in the market and the establishment of an emotional bond with the consumer. It is essential that the brand identity be authentic and coherent. In this sense, culture is associated with the symbolism that the consumer attributes to the brand, which is why there is a need to delve into the cultural practices of market segments to connect the identity of brands with their customs, history, and traditions. The objective of this research was to identify the self-recognition attributes of the Afro-Colombian community to determine which ones should be implemented by brands impacting this market segment. The methodology focused on a mixed study that allowed, in its qualitative and quantitative phases, to identify the unique structure of the attributes and traits referred to by members of the Afro-Colombian community. The main finding is that three traits were identified that strengthen the Afro-descendant brand: authenticity, history, and enthusiasm, which, when taken into account by brands of the ethnicity, would have greater acceptance among the community. It is concluded that articulating ethnic identity with brand identity can change the relationship between the consumer and the brand, strengthening its connection and increasing its willingness to purchase the product.

Resumen Contar con una identidad de marca consistente y específica favorece la diferenciación en el mercado y el establecimiento de un vínculo emocional con el consumidor. Es fundamental que la identidad de marca sea auténtica y coherente. En este sentido, la cultura está asociada al simbolismo que el consumidor atribuye a la marca, por lo cual existe una necesidad de profundizar en las prácticas culturales de segmentos de mercado para conectar la identidad de las marcas con sus costumbres, historia y tradiciones. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los atributos de auto-reconocimiento de la comunidad afrocolombiana para determinar cuáles deberían ser implementados por las marcas que impactan este segmento de mercado. La metodología se enfocó en un estudio mixto que permitió, en sus fases cualitativa y cuantitativa, identificar la estructura singular de los atributos y rasgos referidos por los integrantes de la comunidad afrocolombiana. El principal hallazgo es que se identificaron tres rasgos que fortalecen la marca afrodescendiente: autenticidad, historia y entusiasmo, los cuales, al ser tenidos en cuenta por las marcas de la etnia, tendrían una mayor acogida entre la comunidad. Se concluye que articular la identidad étnica con la identidad de la marca puede cambiar la relación entre el consumidor y la marca, fortaleciendo su conexión y aumentando su disposición a comprar el producto.

Abstract Modern non-destructive investigation techniques and computational tools for nonlinear analysis allow understanding the structural behavior and damage of existing buildings, aiming at the least possible extent of intervention. Careful and minimal intervention is essential to preserve the authenticity of the built cultural heritage. An investigation with a historical, experimental, and numerical approach was carried out in the Theatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, a building with an eclectic architecture from the beginning of the twentieth century. Its masonry domes and vault have paintings by renowned artists on their intrados and were strengthened in the 1970s. The adopted methodology was based on anamnesis, characterization and observation of the structure employing non-destructive tests, and on the assessment of its vulnerability by nonlinear analyses of calibrated numerical models. Several hypotheses of differential settlement under gravitational actions were investigated, seeking to reproduce the cracking pattern and to identify the causes of damage to the masonry domes and vault before the strengthening. The nonlinear analysis of the structure allowed to evaluate the causes of the observed damage, assess the level of safety, identify the most vulnerable parts, and characterize the collapse mechanisms, in addition to demonstrating the efficiency of the intervention measures adopted in the past. nondestructive non destructive buildings heritage historical experimental Janeiro Brazil century 1970s s anamnesis tests models investigated strengthening safety parts mechanisms past

Resumo Técnicas modernas de investigação não destrutiva e ferramentas computacionais para análise não linear permitem compreender o comportamento estrutural e danos em edifícios existentes, visando a menor intervenção possível. A intervenção cuidadosa e mínima é essencial para preservar a autenticidade do patrimônio cultural construído. Uma investigação de abordagem histórica, experimental e numérica foi realizada no Theatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, no Brasil, edifício de arquitetura eclética do início do século XX. Suas cúpulas e abóbada em alvenaria possuem pinturas de renomados artistas no intradorso e foram reforçadas na década de 1970. A metodologia adotada baseou-se na anamnese, caracterização e observação da estrutura por meio de ensaios não destrutivos e na avaliação de sua vulnerabilidade por análises não lineares de modelos numéricos calibrados. Diversas hipóteses de recalque diferencial sob ações gravitacionais foram investigadas, buscando reproduzir o padrão de fissuração e identificar as causas dos danos nas alvenarias antes do reforço. A análise não linear da estrutura permitiu avaliar as causas dos danos observados, estimar o nível de segurança, identificar as partes mais vulneráveis e caracterizar os mecanismos de colapso, além de demonstrar a eficácia das medidas de intervenção adotadas no passado. existentes possível construído histórica Janeiro Brasil XX 1970 baseouse baseou se anamnese calibrados investigadas reforço observados segurança colapso passado 197 19 1

Abstract Technological advancement has had a significant impact on written production, especially in Additional Languages (ALs). Although technology has brought new opportunities for AL teaching, it also poses challenges, including concerns about the complexity of writing and the authenticity of students’ work. One such tool is ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) platform that has been the subject of debate since its popularization in 2022. This study analyses a corpus consisting of six tasks produced by ChatGPT in five languages (German, Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese), considering the proficiency levels proposed by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), totalling 2991 texts and 706,401 words. The data were generated by students in a computer lab at a British university from 100 different profiles on the ChatGPT platform, following the researchers’ instructions. Data analysis employs Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and the concept of lexical density ( Halliday, 1985, 1987, 1993; Halliday; Matthiessen, 2014) to investigate the complexity of the produced texts, as lexical complexity is related to proficiency in writing, where more advanced texts proportionally use more “content words” (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and some adverbs of manner). The results reveal that ChatGPT does not adhere to task instructions regarding the requested word count, thereby impacting the calculation of lexical density, nor does it produce texts that show significant differences in lexical density among additional languages and proficiency levels. production ALs. ALs . (ALs) teaching challenges work AI (AI 2022 German, German (German Spanish French Italian Portuguese, Portuguese , Portuguese) CEFR, CEFR (CEFR) 299 706401 706 401 706,40 words 10 researchers SFL (SFL Halliday 1985 1987 1993 Matthiessen 2014 content nouns, nouns (nouns verbs adjectives manner. manner manner) count (ALs 202 (CEFR 29 70640 70 40 706,4 1 198 199 201 20 2 7064 7 4 706, 19

Resumo O avanço tecnológico tem tido um grande impacto na produção escrita, especialmente em Línguas Adicionais (LAs). Embora a tecnologia tenha trazido novas oportunidades para o ensino de LAs, ela também apresenta desafios, incluindo preocupações sobre a complexidade da escrita e a autenticidade dos trabalhos dos alunos. Uma dessas ferramentas é o ChatGPT, plataforma de inteligência artificial (IA) que tem sido objeto de debates desde sua popularização em 2022. Este estudo analisa um corpus composto por seis tarefas produzidas pelo ChatGPT em cinco idiomas (alemão, espanhol, francês, italiano e português), considerando os níveis de proficiência propostos pelo Quadro Comum Europeu de Referência para Línguas (CEFR), que totalizou 2991 textos e 706,401 palavras. Os dados foram gerados por alunos em um laboratório de informática em uma universidade britânica a partir de 100 diferentes perfis na plataforma do ChatGPT, seguindo instruções dos pesquisadores. A análise dos dados utiliza a linguística sistêmico-funcional (LSF) e o conceito de densidade lexical ( Halliday, 1985, 1987, 1993; Halliday; Matthiessen, 2014) para investigar a complexidade dos textos produzidos, dado que a complexidade lexical está relacionada à proficiência na escrita, na qual textos mais avançados usam proporcionalmente mais “palavras de conteúdo” (nomes, verbos, adjetivos e alguns advérbios de modo). Os resultados revelam que o ChatGPT não segue as instruções das tarefas quanto ao número de palavras solicitadas, impactando, assim, no cálculo da densidade lexical, nem produz textos que mostram diferenças significativas da densidade lexical entre as línguas adicionais e níveis de proficiência. LAs. LAs . (LAs) desafios IA (IA 2022 alemão, alemão (alemão espanhol francês português, português , português) CEFR, CEFR (CEFR) 299 706401 706 401 706,40 10 pesquisadores sistêmicofuncional sistêmico funcional LSF (LSF Halliday 1985 1987 1993 Matthiessen 2014 produzidos conteúdo nomes, nomes (nomes verbos modo. modo modo) solicitadas impactando assim (LAs 202 (CEFR 29 70640 70 40 706,4 1 198 199 201 20 2 7064 7 4 706, 19