Resumen En el artículo se examina la relación entre la migración interna de NNA (niños, niñas y adolescentes) y la asistencia escolar en la entidad fronteriza de Baja California, México. Se combina el análisis de los microdatos del Censo de Población 2020 con la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes que atendieron a este sector entre 2015 y 2022. Los NNA migrantes internos presentan desventajas en la asistencia escolar y las brechas aumentan si la migración es reciente y si los padres trabajan en la agricultura. Ser indígena es un factor protector de la asistencia escolar para los migrantes no recientes, pero de riesgo para los migrantes recientes; esto último coincide con las percepciones docentes. Estos señalan que existen barreras tanto socioeconómicas como del contexto educativo que limitan la inserción escolar de estos migrantes. El Estado tiene aún pendiente garantizar el derecho pleno a la educación de los migrantes internos.

Abstract The article examines the relationship between internal migration of children and adolescents and school enrollment in the border state of Baja California, Mexico. This research combines the analysis of the 2020 Population Census microdata and semi-structured interviews with teachers who served this sector between 2015 and 2022. Internal migrant children have disadvantages in school enrollment, and the gaps increase if the migration is recent, and if the parents work in agriculture. Being indigenous is a protective factor for school attendance among non-recent migrants, but a risk factor among recent migrants; the latter is consistent with teachers’ perceptions. Teachers point out that there are both socioeconomic and educational context barriers that limit the school integration of these migrants. The State still has to guarantee the full right to education for internal migrants.

Abstract Objectives To survey, analyze and discuss the scientific evidence supporting the use of acupuncture and related techniques in the management of chronic pain in the pediatric population. Sources A survey of databases (MEDLINE, Scopus and Scielo) was carried out with search strategies, following the PRISMA statement, without limits on publication dates and languages. Clinical studies (clinical trials, single-arm, and case series) were accepted for review if they included participants aged up to 22 years. Study quality was assessed by MMAT, and the randomized clinical trial was analyzed under the STRICTA criteria. Summary of the findings 2369 articles were retrieved. After excluding repetitions, 1335 underwent the initial selection. Only 16 articles were selected for full reading, of which 5 were included in the review, being two case series, two single-arm studies, and one randomized clinical trial. The articles were considered of good quality by the adopted criteria. Conclusion The analyzed studies showed important clinical results such as the reduction of pain intensity, and improvement in school attendance and social life. However, there are many limitations in study design and sample size. Therefore, there is weak evidence to support the use of acupuncture in the context of pediatric chronic pain, but the positive results reinforce the need for further investigation of the topic with the conduct of larger and well-designed studies, to obtain more data and greater scientific conviction of the findings. population MEDLINE, MEDLINE (MEDLINE Scielo strategies statement languages trials singlearm, singlearm single arm, arm series 2 years MMAT criteria 236 retrieved repetitions 133 selection 1 reading intensity life However size Therefore welldesigned well designed 23 13

Abstract To evaluate the association between socioeconomic, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in a sample of adolescent males from Colegio Técnico San Agustín de Cartago - Ciudad de los Niños (St. Augustine’s Technical High School), located in the Cartago Province of Costa Rica. Data for this study were obtained from a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. The sample consisted of 394 adolescent males aged between 12 and 22 years. OHRQoL was assessed using the validated Spanish version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49). The following variables were considered: age, parental education, having a remunerated job, Health-Related Quality of Life (measured via the SF-36 questionnaire), self-esteem (Rosenberg scale), perceived stress (PSS-14), depression (CES-D), physical activity, history of dropping out of school, flossing and tooth- brushing habits, eating snacks between meals, medication intake for illness, having received oral health care instructions, history of dental visits due to pain, frequency of dental visits, history of childhood tooth decay, and access to dental health care during childhood. Qualitative variables were analyzed using the Student's t-test, while Pearson correlation was used for quantitative variables. Multivariable analysis was performed using linear regression. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 using STATA 14®. Enhanced general health-related quality of life (p<0.01) and early childhood dental attendance (p<0.01)were identified as factors associated with improved OHRQoL. Conversely, having had dental visits for pain (p<0.01), elevated depression symptomatology (p<0.01), and a history of childhood dental cavities (p<0.01) were all associated with worse OHRQoL. This study suggests a link between general and oral health. Experiences during childhood appear to set a standard for adolescence. Lastly, it is crucial to note the significant impact of mental health on the perception of oral health.

Resumen Evaluar las asociaciones entre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud general, factores socioeconómicos, psicosociales y de estilo de vida con la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud Oral (CVRSO) en una muestra de adolescentes varones del Colegio Técnico San Agustín de Cartago - Ciudad de los niños. Para analizar los determinantes de la CVRSO, se utilizaron los datos de un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo transversal de tipo observacional. La edad de los participantes osciló entre los 12 y 22 años y los datos fueron recolectados durante 2019. El indicador de salud utilizado fue la CVRSO, la cual se aproximó mediante el instrumento OHIP-49 (Oral Health Impact Profile). Las variables independientes utilizadas fueron la edad, el SF-36 (cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud general), el PSS-14 (Escala de Estrés Percibido), CES-D (Escala de Depresión), la escala de Rosemberg (Escala de Autoestima), escolaridad de los padres, haber tenido un trabajo remunerado, realizar deporte, toma de medicamentos, haber desertado la escuela en algún momento, visitas al odontólogo regularmente, haber visitado al odontólogo por dolor, haber recibido instrucciones de higiene oral, haber tenido caries durante la infancia, acceso a servicios de salud oral durante la infancia, haber recibido tratamiento por dolor dental, uso del hilo dental, la frecuencia de cepillado y consumo de meriendas entre comidas. Para los análisis bivariados se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas T de Student y la correlación de Pearson. Para los análisis multivariados, se utilizó una regresión lineal ajustando por todas las variables significativas en el análisis bivariado. El umbral de significancia estadística utilizado fue de un 5% (p<0.05). El programa de estadística utilizado fue STATA versión 14®. Una mejor la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud general (p<0,01) y haber visitado los servicios odontológicos durante la infancia (p<0,01) se identificaron como factores que influyen positivamente en la CVRSO. Por el contrario, se observó que haber visitado al dentista por dolor (p<0,01), haber reportado sintomatología de depresión (p<0,01) y antecedentes de caries dentales infantiles (p<0,01), contribuyeron a una peor CVRSO. Este estudio sugiere un vínculo intrínseco entre la salud general y bucal. Las experiencias de salud durante la niñez parecen establecer un estándar para la adolescencia. Por último, es fundamental señalar el impacto significativo de la salud mental en la percepción de la salud bucal.

Abstract Through the review of newspapers, letters, texts and illustrations that are not part of the official records, this article proposes to reconstruct a hitherto untold story: the first Chilean participation in a universal exhibition, The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations in 1851. During this exhibition, Chile exhibited tangible pieces of its territory behind a showcase, and for the first time, in front of the world. A review of this attendance allows us to rethink the understanding of its territory, identified in its beginnings as poor, to one that was later productive and highly coveted. The findings of these documents, apparently lost in the archives of time for 171 years, appeared orbiting the exhibition, but are not part of it. In turn, they fill a gap in knowledge and potentially open up new discourses in the cultural and political history of the period.

Resumen A través de la revisión de periódicos, cartas, textos e ilustraciones que no son parte de los registros oficiales, este articulo propone reconstruir un relato hasta ahora no contado: la primera participación chilena en una exposición universal, The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations de 1851. Durante esta, Chile exhibió trozos tangibles de su territorio tras una vitrina, y por primera vez, frente al mundo. La revisión de esta asistencia permite repensar el entendimiento de su territorio, identificado en sus inicios como pobre, a uno posteriormente productivo y altamente codiciado. Los hallazgos de estos documentos que, al parecer perdidos en los archivos del tiempo por 171 años, comparecieron orbitando la exposición, mas no son parte de esta. A su vez, permiten completar un vacío en el conocimiento y potencialmente abrir nuevos discursos en la historia cultural y política de esa época.

Resumo Através da análise de jornais, cartas, textos e ilustrações que não fazem parte dos registos oficiais, este artigo propõe-se reconstruir uma história até agora não contada: a primeira participação chilena numa exposição universal, a Grande Exposição das Obras de Indústria de todas as Nações, em 1851. Durante esta exposição, o Chile expôs peças tangíveis do seu território atrás de uma montra e, pela primeira vez, perante o mundo. Uma análise desta presença permite-nos repensar o entendimento do seu território, identificado nos seus primórdios como pobre, para um território mais tarde produtivo e altamente cobiçado. Os achados desses documentos, aparentemente perdidos nos arquivos do tempo por 171 anos, apareceram orbitando a exposição, mas não fazem parte dela. Por sua vez, preenchem uma lacuna de conhecimento e podem abrir novos discursos na história cultural e política do período.

Abstract: Student socioeconomic segregation is one of the main sources of educational inequity in Argentina. The objective of this paper is to study the explanatory factors of school attendance in privately managed institutions at the secondary level. Furthermore, given the differences in the participation of the private sector by provinces, we particularly aim to compare these determinants to identify possible discrepancies related to geographic location. Some evidence was found that, beyond purchasing power, various social, economic, and cultural characteristics of households are associated with the type of school attended. Moreover, it can be observed that these relationships are not totally homogeneous between the provinces.

Resumen: La segregación del alumnado por nivel socioeconómico es una de las principales fuentes de inequidad educativa en Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los factores explicativos de la asistencia escolar a instituciones de gestión privada en el nivel secundario. Asimismo, dadas las diferencias en la participación del sector privado por provincias, se busca especialmente comparar dichos determinantes entre estas para detectar si hay discrepancias vinculadas con la localización geográfica. Para ello, se utilizan datos del operativo de evaluación Aprender 2017 y se estima un modelo econométrico de regresión logística. Se halla evidencia a favor de que, más allá del poder adquisitivo, diversas características sociales, económicas y culturales de los hogares se asocian con el tipo de escuela a la cual se asiste. Además, se observa que dichas relaciones no son totalmente homogéneas entre las provincias.

Resumen La desnutrición infantil constituye un desafío de gran importancia en el ámbito de la salud pública. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la influencia de los factores sociales y culturales en el estado nutricional en niños menores ecuatorianos de 2 años, en la ciudad de Portoviejo, Provincia de Manabí, durante el año 2023. Se realizó una investigación prospectiva, descriptiva, transversal y observacional. La población pediátrica incluyó 169 menores de dos años, cuyas madres proporcionaron los datos pertinentes. Los factores sociales predominantes fue el nivel educativo del cuidador del niño comprendida entre 7 a 12 años de estudios con la presencia de casos de desnutrición crónica en un 83,9%; además, la limitada contribución financiera del progenitor para la alimentación del infante con casos de desnutrición aguda en un 88,6%. Dentro de los factores culturales, se encontró que los niños con esquema de vacunación incompleto presentaban desnutrición crónica con un 88,7%, la falta de los controles prenatales, al igual que la inasistencia al primer control prenatal antes del quinto mes con casos de desnutrición aguda en un 95,5%; además, se evidenció que la estimulación para la ingesta de alimentos y la falta de práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva con la presencia de desnutrición crónica en los menores, con un 98,4% y un 96,8%, respectivamente. En este entorno, el estado nutricional de mayor tendencia fue la desnutrición crónica con un 34,3%. Además, se identificó una asociación significativa de relación de dependencia (p<0,05) entre los factores sociales, culturales y el estado nutricional.

Abstract Child malnutrition constitutes a challenge of great importance in the field of public health. The objective of the research was to evaluate the influence of social and cultural factors on the nutritional status in Ecuadorian children under 2 years of age in the city of Portoviejo, Province of Manabí, during the year 2023. A prospective, descriptive, crooss-sectional and observational research was carried. The pediatric population included 169 children under two years of age, whose mothers provided the relevant data. The predominant social factors were the educational level of the child's caregiver, ranging from 7 to 12 years of education, with the presence of cases of chronic malnutrition in 83.9%; in addition, the limited financial contribution of the parent to feeding the infant with cases of acute malnutrition in 88.6%. Within the cultural factors, it was found that children with an incomplete vaccination presented chronic malnutrition with 88.7%, the lack of prenatal check-ups, as well as non-attendance at the first prenatal check-up before the fifth month with cases of malnutrition acute in 95.5%; Furthermore, it was evidenced that the stimulation of food intake and the lack of practice of exclusive breastfeeding with the presence of chronic malnutrition in minors, with 98.4% and 96.8%, respectively. In this environment, the most trending nutritional status was chronic malnutrition with 34.3%. In addition, a significant association of dependency relationship (p<0.05) was identified between social and cultural factors and nutritional status.

RESUMEN Introducción: La capacitación en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y uso correcto del desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) permite la intervención de los ciudadanos legos en situaciones de paro cardíaco extrahospitalario (PCEH). En Paraguay, la Ley n° 5.578/2016 establece el uso obligatorio del DEA en centros de concurrencia masiva (CCM). Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de capacitación intensiva en reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso del desfibrilador externo automático entre representantes de centros de concurrencia masiva en Asunción julio-setiembre 2023. Metodología: Estudio cuasiexperimental antes/después en representantes de CCM (Universidades, Shoppings, Clubes sociales/deportivos Gimnasios, Consecionario Automotríz, Complejos residenciales y Supermercados). Se obtuvieron datos de universidades del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencias, de fuentes municipales y la Cámara de Comercio. Se capacitó entre 1-3 representantes/CCM mediante talleres teórico-práctico sobre RCP básico y uso correcto del DEA en PCEH con un cuestionario validado (alfa de Cronbach: 0,75). Se compararon datos con χ² y prueba t o U de Mann-Whitney (p-valor significativo =<0,05). Resultados: De 194 participantes, la edad meda fue; 29±5años; el 60,31% (117) del sexo masculino, 38,65%(70) representantes de shoppings, 60,82% (118) tenian formación universitaria, y el 45,36% (88) se desempeñaban en atención al cliente. El 59, 228% (115) no habia recibido capacitación en RCP anteriormente y el 86,08% (167) tampoco tenia entrenamiento en uso del DEA. Se pudo observar una diferencia estadisticamente significativa entre la puntaje antes y después, observandose una diferencia de 4,791 1,012 puntos (p=0,0001). Discusión: El programa de capacitación intensiva es efectivo para elevar el nivel de conocimiento y práctica en RCP básica y uso del DEA entre representantes legos de CCM.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and correct use of the automated external defibrillator (AED) allows the intervention of lay citizens in situations of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (EHPA). In Paraguay, Law No. 5,578/2016 establishes the mandatory use of the AED in mass attendance centers (CCM). Methodology: quasi-experimental before/after study in CCM representatives (Universities, shopping malls, Social/Sports Clubs, Gyms, Automotive Dealership, Residential Complexes and Supermarkets). Data were obtained from universities of the Ministry of Education and Sciences, municipal sources, and the Chamber of Commerce. Between 1-3 representatives/MCCs were trained through theoretical-practical workshops on basic CPR and correct use of the AED in HCWP with a validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha: 0.75). Data were compared with χ² and Mann-Whitney t-test or U test (p-significant value =<0.05). Results: Of 194 participants, the mean age was 29±5; 60.31% (117) were male, 38.65% (70) were shopping mall representatives, 60.82% (118) had a university education, and 45.36% (88) worked in customer service. 59.228% (115) had not previously received CPR training and 86.08% (167) had no AED training. A statistically significant difference was observed between the before and after score, with a difference of 4.791(1.012 points (p=0.0001). Discussion: The intensive training program is effective in raising the level of knowledge and practice in basic CPR and AED use among lay CCM representatives.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted schooling, not only in South Africa, but globally. In the study reported on here we investigated the perceived psychosocial effects of the pandemic on the teaching realities of Foundation Phase (FP) educators in rural quintiles 1 to 3 schools in the North West province, South Africa. A qualitative, case study design was adopted with 10 educators purposively selected from 3 schools to participate through telephonic interviews. The findings reveal that as educators contended with the new rotational method of school attendance, challenges of limited teaching time, curriculum coverage, learner absenteeism and the lack of parental support that negatively affected their overall state of psychosocial well-being. This state of well-being was characterised by high stress levels, feelings of hopelessness, anxiety and a lack of accomplishment for educators. Despite these experiences, some educators demonstrated agency and resilience in ensuring that they carried out their core responsibility of teaching, but perceived themselves as requiring psychosocial support. The conclusion reached is that the available support structures provided by the Department of Basic Education appeared to be under-utilised and there was a critical need to introduce and advocate for mental health interventions to support educators emotionally.

ABSTRACT Introduction Healthcare workers are exposed to many psychosocial risk factors. These have consequences at an individual and organizational level. Occupational health psychology applies the principles of psychology to the protection and promotion of workers' health and well-being. Here, it can act at the organizational level, with interventions that improve the working environment, and at the individual level, providing individuals with resources to deal with different types of settings. It was in this context that the occupational health service of a Lisbon hospital center decided to incorporate a psychologist into its team. Objective To describe a sample of health professionals referred for a psychology consultation, looking to generate hypotheses about characteristics that may constitute risk factors for needing this support. Methodology This is a descriptive study in which the sample corresponds to the group of workers that was referred to psychology, over seven months. The following symptoms were assessed: depressed mood, thoughts of death, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. All the data came from the clinical records of the psychologist and the occupational medicine physician, obtained through a clinical interview, and were previously anonymized. Results A total of 47 workers were followed in psychology appointments, corresponding to 1% of the hospital's population. The most prevalent professional group in the sample was operational assistants. Most of the workers reported having a previous diagnosis of psychopathology and 55% were still medicated. Only 15% of the workers identified work as a determining factor in their symptoms. Discussion There was a higher proportion of women compared to the overall population of the hospital, a finding that could be related to a greater risk inherent in the expectations imposed by society regarding the role of women as caregivers and the accumulation of functions in the social/family sphere. The "doctors" professional group is absent from the sample, hypothetically due to their lower attendance at occupational medicine consultations or the possible protection afforded to higher levels of education. Conclusions Contrary to the existing evidence, in this sample of health professionals from a hospital center in Lisbon, work was not the preponderant factor for the appearance of adverse health effects and determining follow-up in psychology consultations. In the future, the relationship between gender, educational level and professional group and increased risk of psychopathology should be tested more robustly.

RESUMO Introdução Os profissionais de saúde estão expostos a um elevado número de fatores de risco psicossociais. Estes têm consequências a nível individual e organizacional. A psicologia da saúde ocupacional aplica princípios da psicologia na proteção e promoção da saúde e bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Neste âmbito, pode atuar a nível da organização, com intervenções que melhorem o ambiente de trabalho, e a nível individual, dotando os indivíduos de recursos para lidar com diferentes tipos de ambientes. Foi neste contexto que um serviço de saúde ocupacional de um centro hospitalar de Lisboa decidiu integrar na sua equipa um psicólogo. Objetivo Descrever uma amostra de profissionais de saúde referenciados à consulta de psicologia, com vista a gerar hipóteses quanto a características que possam constituir fatores de risco para carecer desse apoio. Metodologia Trata-se de um estudo descritivo em que a amostra corresponde ao grupo de trabalhadores referenciado à consulta de psicologia ao longo de sete meses. Foram avaliados os sintomas humor deprimido, pensamentos de morte, ansiedade e alterações do sono. Todos os dados provêm dos registos clínicos do psicólogo e do médico do trabalho, obtidos através de entrevista clínica, tendo sido previamente anonimizados. Resultados Foram acompanhados em consulta de psicologia 47 trabalhadores, correspondendo a 1% da população do centro hospitalar. O grupo profissional mais prevalente na amostra foram os assistentes operacionais. A maioria dos trabalhadores referia já ter um diagnóstico prévio de psicopatologia e 55% mantinham-se medicados. Apenas 15% dos trabalhadores identificavam o trabalho como fator determinante na sintomatologia. Discussão Verificou-se uma maior proporção do sexo feminino, em relação com a população global do centro hospitalar, um achado que poderá relacionar-se com um maior risco inerente às expectativas impostas pela sociedade relativamente ao papel da mulher como cuidadora e o acúmulo de funções na esfera social/familiar. Está ausente da amostra o grupo profissional “médicos”, hipoteticamente por uma menor afluência destes às consultas de medicina do trabalho ou eventual proteção conferida a níveis educacionais mais altos. Conclusões Ao contrário da evidência existente, nesta amostra de profissionais de saúde de um centro hospitalar de lisboa, o trabalho não foi o fator preponderante para o aparecimento de efeitos adversos na saúde e a determinar o seguimento em consulta de psicologia. No futuro, deve ser testada de forma mais robusta a relação entre género, nível educacional e grupo profissional e aumento do risco de psicopatologia.

Resumen Introducción: se sabe que los festivales incrementan y valorizan el patrimonio intangible. Esta investigación busca propiciar la transformación de los festivales en escenarios que favorezcan el acceso a la difusión de las artes con criterios de equidad hacia las turistas mujeres. Objetivo principal: el propósito de este trabajo es investigar la participación de las turistas mujeres durante la asistencia al Festival de Artes Vivas de Loja-Ecuador en 2018, y determinar si tanto los hombres como las mujeres tienen una participación plena e igualitaria en la cultura; así como inferir las tendencias futuras. Método y técnica: esta investigación utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo de alcance exploratorio, se aplicaron 353 encuestas. Los datos se analizaron con base en la técnica de Clusters por Árboles de Regresión y al Análisis de Detección de Interacción Chi-cuadrado. Adicionalmente, se utilizaron cuatro estadísticos de prueba. Resultados: la probabilidad de asistencia de las turistas mujeres, así como sus gastos, fueron inferiores a la de los hombres. Las mujeres prefirieron las obras de teatro, la danza y las exposiciones gastronómicas. Los precios fueron percibidos como altos, lo que podría provocar el retorno de un pequeño porcentaje de las turistas mujeres. Conclusiones: la oferta cultural del festival no es inclusiva para las turistas mujeres. De persistir esta tendencia, la asistencia se polarizaría. El derecho de las turistas mujeres a participar como asistentes en las actividades de los festivales de arte debería ser un compromiso de la ciudad como política pública.

Abstract Introduction: festivals contribute to increasing heritage diversity. This research contributes to promoting the transformation of festivals into scenarios that favor access to the dissemination of the arts with criteria of equity towards women tourists.Objective: the purpose of this work is to investigate the participation of female tourists during Festival of Living Arts in Loja-Ecuador in 2018 in order to determine if both men and women have a full and equal participation in culture; as well as to infer future trends.Method and technique: this research use a quantitative approach of exploratory scope; 353 surveys were applied. Data were analyzed based on the regression tree technique and Chi-square Interaction Detection Analysis. Additionally, four test statisticians were used.Results: the probability of attendance of female tourists and their expenses were lower than men. Women tourists preferred plays, dance and gastronomic exhibitions. Prices were perceived as high, this would cause a return of a small percentage of female tourists.Conclusions: the cultural offer of the festival is not inclusive for female tourists. If this trend persists, attendance would become polarized. The right of female tourists to take part as attendees in the activities of art festivals should be a commitment of the city, as public policy.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

BACKGROUND. Many studies have shown that South African women tend to initiate antenatal care late in their pregnancies. This presents challenges in the provision of quality healthcare to both mother and child. There are several studies on the social and cultural reasons for late booking. However, understanding the factors in a woman's choice to initiate antenatal care is important in informing healthcare strategies and policies. METHODS. This study was an analytical cross-sectional study of household and general health factors associated with attendance of antenatal care by pregnant women in Tshwane in 2015. It was a secondary data analysis from complete data sampling households registered on AitaHealth™. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess which factors are associated with antenatal care attendance. RESULTS. The age of the head of the household was a significant factor in the attendance of antenatal care. The odds of attending antenatal care were 3.3, 2.1 and 1.8 times higher in households where the head of the household was 30 - 39 years of age, 20 - 29 or 40-49 years of age, respectively, than when between 10-19 years of age. Factors that increased the odds of attending antenatal care were living in households that had electricity and piped water, and running a business from home. Residing in a permanent dwelling and being food secure increased the odds of antenatal care attendance. CONCLUSION. The identified health and household factors should inform policies and programmes geared towards improving services around antenatal care provision.

Abstract In Paraguay, artistic education is a mandatory subject, in the first cycle, second and third cycle of Basic School Education in Paraguay, which is established by the Ministry of Education and Sciences (MEC). The subject is divided into four major disciplines: Plastic arts, dance, music and theater. A teacher who is involved in the exercise of teaching must strengthen its artistic capabilities, so that it is tangible and an experiential journey for the student. This study aimed to analyze effective and timely strategies in teachers in order to strengthen artistic capabilities. Considering this objective, the participation of teachers (attendance or involvement) in scenic artistic representations is proposed, considering them as an opportunity to strengthen artistic capacities and competencies in teachers of Basic School Education in Paraguay. The methodology used had a qualitative approach, using methods and techniques that help interpret the perceptions of the participants, whose sample was made up of n=4. To collect information, a semi-structured individual interview was applied, with 7 open questions, which led the participants to be able to express their perception of the aforementioned proposal.

Resumen En Paraguay la educación artística es una asignatura troncal, tanto en el primer ciclo como en el segundo y en el tercer ciclo de la Educación Escolar Básica en el Paraguay, el cual está establecido por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencias (MEC). La asignatura se divide en cuatro grandes disciplinas: Las Artes plásticas, la danza, la música y el teatro. Un docente que está involucrado en el ejercicio de la enseñanza, debe fortalecer sus capacidades artísticas, a fin de que sea tangible y un recorrido experiencial para el alumnado. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar estrategias efectivas y oportunas en el profesorado a fin de fortalecer las capacidades artísticas. Considerando este objetivo, se trae como propuesta la participación del profesorado (asistencia o involucramiento) en representaciones artísticas escénicas, considerándolos como una oportunidad para fortalecer las capacidades y competencias artísticas en el profesorado de la Educación Escolar Básica en el Paraguay. La metodología empleada tuvo un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando métodos y técnicas que ayudan a interpretar las percepciones de los participantes, cuya muestra quedó conformada por n=4. Para la recolección de información se aplicó una entrevista individual de carácter semiestructurado, con 7 preguntas abiertas; lo que llevó a los participantes a poder expresar su percepción de la mencionada propuesta.

RESUMO A taxa líquida de matrícula na pré-escola aumentou de 3,7% para 78,9% entre 1970 e 2018. Este artigo analisa o processo de universalização da pré-escola no Brasil ocorrido nos últimos 50 anos, documentando a evolução do acesso e discutindo de forma analítica a influência de fatores sociodemográficos e institucionais comumente atribuídos à expansão da pré-escola no Brasil. Fatores como oferta de trabalho feminina, investimento público e demografia, embora tenham sua importância, não foram decisivos para a expansão da pré-escola tal que a expansão observada no período parece fruto de políticas não coordenadas e não planejadas implementadas no período.

ABSTRACT The school attendance of 4-5 years-old children raised from 3.7% to 78.9% between 1970 and 2018 in Brazil. This paper analyses the preschool expansion process in Brazil in the last 50 years, documenting the preschool attendance and discussing how sociodemographic and institutional factors usually associated with the expansion are related to the process. The paper shows that female labor force participation, public investments, and demographic factors were to some extent important but not crucial to the expansion of preschool attendance in Brazil. Furthermore, the observed expansion seems to be a result of uncoordinated and unplanned policies implemented in the period.

With this study we investigated strategies to support rural-based schools in teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted in 6 secondary schools in the Maune circuit, Capricorn North district of the Limpopo province, South Africa. A qualitative research approach using a case study research design was followed in the study. The population consisted of 42 school management teams (SMTs) and school governing bodies (SGBs) in the Maune circuit. Purposive sampling was used to select 18 participants. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. The social realist theory was adopted as theoretical framework using the concepts of structure, culture and agency as theoretical lenses. We found that the Department of Basic Education did not train SMTs and SGBs, which affected teaching and learning. We concluded that due to the unavailability of ICT infrastructure within the Maune circuit, teaching and learning during strict lockdown (coronavirus disease [COVID-19]) were impossible and difficult when learners were rotating attendance. We recommend a shift from a blanket approach to school support to conducting an intensive needs analysis for each school in order to provide appropriate and relevant support. A social realist approach to school support is also recommended, where structure and culture are considered critical attributes for school development. It will be good for policy makers, role players and stakeholders to work together towards a common goal and carry out their agential role in ensuring that the needs of marginalised learners are met in schools.