Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Se administered through intraruminal boluses in goat kids and correlate it with the levels of the mineral and the biomarkers of oxidative stress in the blood. Fifteen goat kids of 8 to 9 wk of age of the Alpine breed with an average weight of 13.7 kg were used and divided into three groups: Selenium group (a sodium selenite bolus was administered orally, with an equivalent content of 90 mg of Se); Se-SMZ group (a bolus of sodium selenite was administered orally, with a content equivalent to 90 mg of Se and 4 g of sulfamethazine a); Placebo group (a placebo bolus was administered orally). Plasma Se levels were carried out through the technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration of TBARS and GSH were estimated through spectrophotometry. The established significance was P<0.05. After the administration of the selenium and SE- SMZ Se boluses, the goat kids increased the levels of Se in plasma starting 3 h after dosing, with a significant difference (P<0.05) between the Se vs Se-SMZ until 3 and 24 h. The groups of bolus-dosed animals had variability in plasma TBARS levels without showing a constant trend (P>0.05). GSH levels did not show significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, the boluses with Selenium and Se-SMZ increased plasma Se levels. There was wide variability in plasma TBARS levels and GSH levels did not show relevant significant differences between treatments. Boluses were a good alternative to supplement Se to ruminants.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de Se administrado a través de bolos intrarruminales en cabritos y correlacionarlo con los niveles del mineral y los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en sangre. Se utilizaron 15 cabritos de 8 a 9 semanas de edad de la raza Alpina con un peso promedio de 13.7 kg y se dividieron en tres grupos: grupo Selenio (se administró un bolo de selenito de sodio por vía oral, con un contenido equivalente a 90 mg de Se); grupo Se-SMZ (se administró un bolo de selenito de sodio vía oral, con un contenido equivalente a 90 mg de Se y 4 g de sulfametazina a); grupo Placebo (se administró un bolo placebo vía oral). Los niveles plasmáticos de Se se llevaron a cabo mediante la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. La concentración de TBARS y GSH se estimó mediante espectrofotometría. La significancia establecida fue de P<0.05. Después de la administración de los bolos de selenio y Se-SMZ, los cabritos aumentaron los niveles de Se en plasma a partir de las 3 h después de la dosificación, con una diferencia significativa (P<0.05) entre el Se vs Se-SMZ hasta las 3 y 24 h. Los grupos de animales a los que se les administró el bolo presentaron variabilidad en los niveles plasmáticos de TBARS sin mostrar una tendencia constante (P>0.05). Los niveles de GSH no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. En conclusión, los bolos con Selenio y Se-SMZ aumentaron los niveles plasmáticos de Se. Hubo una amplia variabilidad en los niveles plasmáticos de TBARS y los niveles de GSH no mostraron diferencias significativas relevantes entre los tratamientos. Los bolos fueron una buena alternativa para suplementar el Se a los rumiantes.

Resumen Esta investigación identifica a la minería como una posible amenaza para Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, 1870 en el Altiplano Potosino a través de la evaluación de la contaminación por elementos potencialmente tóxicos en una zona minera de mercurio y el diseño de cartografía sobre el área de distribución de este insecto comestible y sitios mineros potencialmente contaminados. La evaluación de la contaminación en la zona minera consistió en la cuantificación de arsénico y mercurio en residuos mineros, suelo, hormigueros y hormigas obreras de la zona minera y un sitio de referencia mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica; la zona minera presentó niveles más altos de ambos tóxicos en todos los componentes evaluados. La cartografía reveló que la mayoría de los sitios mineros potencialmente contaminados se localizan dentro de las áreas de alta probabilidad de distribución de L. apiculatum en el Altiplano Potosino.

Abstract This research identifies mining as a possible threat to Liometopumapiculatum Mayr, 1870 in the Altiplano Potosino thought the pollution assessment of potentially toxic elements in a mercury mining zone and the design of cartography about the distribution of this edible insect and potentially polluted mining sites. Pollution assessment in the mining zone consisted in the arsenic and mercury quantification in mining waste, soil, anthills, and worker ants from the mining zone and a reference site by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; the mining zone showed higher levels of both toxicants in all assessed components. The cartography revealed that most potentially polluted mining sites are located within the areas with the highest probability of distribution of L. apiculatum in the Altiplano Potosino.

Abstract The elemental status of cattle is one of the important factors, which determine its growth, fertility, fetal development, meat and dairy production, etc. Therefore, the study of content of different elements in cattle organs and tissues and its correlation with cattle characteristics and diet is urgent task. It is also important to develop intravital and low-invasive methods to analyze element content in cattle to regulate its diet during lifetime. In the present work, we have studied the content and distribution of manganese in Hereford cattle from an ecologically clean zone of Western Siberia (Russia). 252 samples were taken from 31 bulls aged 15-18 months. They were collected from various livestock farms in the region and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (organs and muscle tissue) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (hair). The median values of manganese concentration obtained in natural moisture for hair, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, spleen, testes, and brain were 25, 0.37, 1.0, 2.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.5 ppm. Accordingly, the concentration of manganese differs significantly in the organs and tissues of animals (H = 188.6, df = 8, p <0.0001). Statistically significant associations of manganese were revealed in pairs: liver-testis, hair-testis, spleen-testis, and heart-brain. The classification of organs and tissues of animals according to the level of content and variability of manganese is carried out. The concentration of manganese in the body is not uniform, most of all it is deposited in the hair and excretory organs of the liver and kidneys. In other organs and muscle tissues, the distribution of manganese is more even and is in the range of 0.2-0.5 ppm. The resulting ranges can be used as a guideline for Hereford cattle bred in Western Siberia. factors growth fertility development production etc Therefore task lowinvasive low invasive lifetime work Russia. Russia . (Russia) 25 3 1518 15 18 15-1 months tissue hair. (hair) heart kidneys lungs muscles spleen testes 037 0 37 0.37 10 1 1.0 26 2 6 2.6 04 4 0.4 02 0.2 05 5 0. ppm Accordingly H 1886 188 188.6 8 <0.0001. 00001 <0.0001 0001 <0.0001) pairs livertestis, livertestis testis, testis liver-testis hairtestis, hairtestis hair-testis spleentestis, spleentestis spleen-testis heartbrain. heartbrain brain. heart-brain out uniform 0.20.5 0205 0.2-0. (Russia 151 15- (hair 03 0.3 1. 2. 188. 0000 <0.000 000 20 0.20. 020 0.2-0 <0.00 00 0.20 0.2- <0.0 <0. <0 <

Resumo O status elementar do gado é um dos fatores importantes que determinam seu crescimento, fertilidade, desenvolvimento fetal, produção de carne e laticínios, etc. Portanto, o estudo do conteúdo de diferentes elementos nos órgãos e tecidos do gado e sua correlação com as características do gado e dieta é tarefa urgente. Também é importante desenvolver métodos intravitais e pouco invasivos para analisar o conteúdo de elementos em bovinos para regular sua dieta durante a vida. No presente trabalho, estudamos o conteúdo e a distribuição de manganês em gado Hereford de uma zona ecologicamente limpa da Sibéria Ocidental (Rússia). Foram coletadas 252 amostras de 31 touros com idade entre 15 e 18 meses. Eles foram coletados em diversas fazendas pecuárias da região e analisados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (órgãos e tecido muscular) e espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (cabelo). Os valores medianos da concentração de manganês obtidos na umidade natural para cabelo, coração, rins, fígado, pulmões, músculos, baço, testículos e cérebro foram 25, 0,37, 1,0, 2,6, 0,4, 0,2, 0,4, 0,5 e 0,5 ppm. Assim, a concentração de manganês difere significativamente nos órgãos e tecidos dos animais (H = 188,6, df = 8, p <0,0001). Associações estatisticamente significativas de manganês foram reveladas em pares: fígado-testículo, cabelo-testículo, baço-testículo e coração-cérebro. É realizada a classificação dos órgãos e tecidos dos animais de acordo com o nível de conteúdo e variabilidade do manganês. A concentração de manganês no corpo não é uniforme, sendo principalmente depositada nos cabelos e nos órgãos excretores do fígado e dos rins. Em outros órgãos e tecidos musculares, a distribuição do manganês é mais uniforme e fica na faixa de 0,2-0,5 ppm. As faixas resultantes podem ser usadas como orientação para o gado Hereford criado na Sibéria Ocidental. crescimento fertilidade fetal laticínios etc Portanto urgente vida trabalho Rússia. Rússia . (Rússia) 25 3 1 meses muscular cabelo. cabelo (cabelo) coração rins pulmões músculos baço 037 0 37 0,37 10 1,0 26 2 6 2,6 04 4 0,4 02 0,2 05 5 0, ppm Assim H 1886 188 188,6 8 <0,0001. 00001 <0,0001 0001 <0,0001) pares fígadotestículo, fígadotestículo testículo, testículo fígado-testículo cabelotestículo, cabelotestículo cabelo-testículo baçotestículo coraçãocérebro. coraçãocérebro cérebro. coração-cérebro musculares 0,20,5 0205 0,2-0, (Rússia (cabelo 03 0,3 1, 2, 188, 0000 <0,000 000 20 0,20, 020 0,2-0 <0,00 00 0,20 0,2- <0,0 <0, <0 <

Abstract The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the potential of different fluoridated varnishes to inhibit the progression of incipient caries lesions after cariogenic challenge. Seventy-five enamel specimens of bovine teeth were prepared and selected based on the initial surface microhardness (SMH). The specimens were first subjected to artificial demineralization (in buffer solution) after which SMH was re-analyzed (SM1). They were then randomly assigned to five experimental groups: 1- CONTROL (pH cycling), 2 - MI VAR (MI Varnish with RECALDENTTM - CPP-ACP), 3 - PROFL (Profluorid®), 4 - CLIN (ClinproTM White Varnish with TCP), and 5 - DUR (Duraphat®) (n=15). The varnishes were applied in a thin layer and the specimens were then subjected to pH cycling for eight days. The SMH and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) were then analyzed (SM2). The fluoride and calcium ion concentrations in the solution were analyzed by the indirect method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed by Student’s t-test, ANOVA/Tukey-Kramer, or Kruskall-Wallis/Dunn tests for individual comparisons (p˂0.05). All varnishes led to significantly higher surface and subsurface remineralization compared with the control group but did not differ from each other. The varnishes with the highest fluoride release were: PROFL and CLIN, followed by MI VAR and DUR. The varnishes with significantly higher release of calcium were: DUR, CLIN, and PROFL. In conclusion, all commercial fluoridated varnishes tested have good potential to inhibit the progression of demineralization, regardless of the ion release mechanisms. challenge Seventyfive Seventy SMH. . (SMH) reanalyzed re SM1. SM1 SM (SM1) groups 1 cycling, , cycling) CPPACP, CPPACP CPP ACP CPP-ACP) Profluorid®, Profluorid Profluorid® (Profluorid®) ClinproTM TCP, TCP TCP) Duraphat® Duraphat (Duraphat® n=15. n15 n n=15 15 (n=15) days crosssectional cross sectional CSMH (CSMH SM2. SM2 (SM2) spectrophotometry respectively Students Student s ttest, ttest t test, test t-test ANOVA/TukeyKramer, ANOVATukeyKramer ANOVA/Tukey Kramer, ANOVA Tukey Kramer ANOVA/Tukey-Kramer KruskallWallis/Dunn KruskallWallisDunn Kruskall Wallis/Dunn Wallis Dunn p˂0.05. p005 p p˂0.05 0 05 (p˂0.05) other conclusion mechanisms (SMH (SM1 CPP-ACP (Profluorid® (Duraphat n1 n=1 (n=15 (SM2 TukeyKramer ANOVA/TukeyKramer ANOVATukey KruskallWallis WallisDunn p00 p˂0.0 (p˂0.05 (SM (Profluorid n= (n=1 p0 p˂0. (p˂0.0 (n= p˂0 (p˂0. (n p˂ (p˂0 (p˂ (p

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o potencial de diferentes vernizes fluoretados em inibir a progressão de lesões de cárie incipientes. Setenta e cinco espécimes de esmalte de dentes bovinos foram preparados e selecionados com base na microdureza superficial inicial (MDS/SM). Os espécimes foram submetidos à desmineralização artificial (em solução de Buskes), sendo então a MDS (SM1) reanalisada. Foram então distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos experimentais: 1- CONTROLE (pH cycling), 2 - MI VAR (MI Varnish with RECALDENTTM - CPP-ACP), 3 - PROFL (Profluorid®), 4 - CLIN (ClinproTM White Varnish with TCP), and 5 - DUR (Duraphat®). Os vernizes foram aplicados em camada fina e os espécimes foram então submetidos à ciclagem de pH por oito dias. A MDS final (SM2) e a microdureza transversal (CSMH) foram então analisadas. As concentrações de flúor e íons cálcio em solução foram analisadas pelo método indireto e espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste T de Student, ANOVA/Tukey-Kramer ou testes de Kruskall-Wallis/Dunn para comparações individuais (p˂0,05). Todos os vernizes levaram a uma remineralização superficial e subsuperficial significativamente maior em comparação com o grupo controle, não diferindo significativamente entre si. Os vernizes com maior liberação de flúor foram: PROFL e CLIN, seguidos de MI VAR e DUR. Os vernizes com liberação significativamente maior de cálcio foram: DUR, CLIN e PROFL. Pôde-se concluir que todos os vernizes fluoretados comerciais testados apresentam bom potencial de inibição da progressão da desmineralização, independentemente dos mecanismos de liberação de íons. incipientes MDS/SM. MDSSM MDS/SM . SM (MDS/SM) Buskes, Buskes , Buskes) SM1 (SM1 reanalisada experimentais 1 cycling, cycling cycling) CPPACP, CPPACP CPP ACP CPP-ACP) Profluorid®, Profluorid Profluorid® (Profluorid®) ClinproTM TCP, TCP TCP) Duraphat®. Duraphat Duraphat® (Duraphat®) dias SM2 (SM2 CSMH (CSMH atômica respectivamente Student ANOVA/TukeyKramer ANOVATukeyKramer ANOVA/Tukey Kramer ANOVA Tukey KruskallWallis/Dunn KruskallWallisDunn Kruskall Wallis/Dunn Wallis Dunn p˂0,05. p005 p p˂0,05 0 05 (p˂0,05) controle si Pôdese Pôde se (MDS/SM (SM CPP-ACP (Profluorid® (Duraphat® TukeyKramer ANOVATukey KruskallWallis WallisDunn p00 p˂0,0 (p˂0,05 (Profluorid (Duraphat p0 p˂0, (p˂0,0 p˂0 (p˂0, p˂ (p˂0 (p˂ (p

Resumen Los cosméticos se han vuelto un producto de uso común entre las personas alrededor del mundo, razón por la cual es importante conocer sus componentes, específicamente la presencia de metales pesados. El contenido de plomo en diversas marcas de labiales fue analizada debido a la larga cantidad de enfermedades y desordenes que provoca en los consumidores. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la concentración de plomo en 5 diferentes marcas de lápices labiales vendidas en México, pero producidas en distintos países. La caracterización se llevó a cabo a través de la espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con flama, cuyo análisis demostró la presencia de plomo en todas las muestras con una concentración entre 1.1775 ppm a 1.8242 ppm, con una concentración promedio de 1.457 ppm, esta concentración está dentro del parámetro establecido por la FDA (Administración de alimentos y medicamentos). Sin embargo, el contenido en productos de uso cotidiano, aunque esté debajo del límite, puede ser dañino a la salud. Por otra parte, realizando el análisis de diversas investigaciones podemos concluir que las concentraciones de plomo en lápices labiales producidos en países de primer mundo son más bajas que las que se producen en países en vías de desarrollo. Como resultado, sugerimos que se realice una búsqueda de nuevos componentes que eviten la presencia de plomo, que sean sustentables y que no constituyan un riesgo potencial a la salud de los usuarios.

Abstract Cosmetics have become a common use product among people around the world being the reason why it is important to know their components specifically, the presence of heavy metals. The content of lead in branded lipsticks was analyzed due to the cause of a large number of diseases and disorders in users. The study was aimed at assessing the levels of lead concentration in 5 lipsticks of different brands sold in Mexico but produced in different countries. Characterization was carried out through a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in which the analyses showed the presence of lead in all the samples with a concentration ranging between 1.1775 ppm to 1.8242 ppm, with an average concentration of 1.457 ppm, these concentrations are within the average parameter established by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). However, lead content in daily products, even if it is below the established limit, can be harmful to health. Besides, carrying out an analysis of various investigations we can conclude that the lead concentration in lipsticks produced in the first world countries is lower than the one in those distributed in the developing countries. As a result, it is suggested the research for new components that can avoid the presence of lead, that are sustainable and don´t constitute potential health risk to users.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca media del río Bogotá viene sufriendo contaminación por metales pesados debido a los vertidos industriales. Esta fuente de agua ha sido utilizada para el riego de cultivos de ciclo corto, lo que ha provocado la contaminación por metales pesados de los suelos productivos. Objetivo: Evaluar un proceso de fitorremediación con las especies de Brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) y Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) en suelos contaminados con metales pesados en Mosquera, Colombia. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó con un diseño factorial al azar: a) proporciones de cilantro/brócoli (30 cilantro/70 brócoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 brócoli y dos controles de tipo monocultivo de cada especie) y b) tiempo de fitorremediación (3, 6 y 9 meses), cada tratamiento con cuatro parcelas experimentales. El suelo y el tejido vegetal se analizó mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para determinar la concentración de los metales pesados. Resultados: Las concentraciones de metales pesados en las muestras de tejido vegetal para brócoli y cilantro mostraron valores de Cd, Pb y Cr más altos que Hg y As, respecto al control. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr presentaron valores significativamente más altos (P < 0.05) en suelos con cilantro y brócoli mezclados, respecto al sitio de control donde la concentración de Cd registró niveles significativamente más bajos que en los otros suelos. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr fueron más altas en tejidos de cilantro y en suelos con cilantro en comparación con el control. Conclusiones: La fitorremediación por medio de las especies Brassica oleracea var. itálica Plenck y Coriandrum sativum L. en proporciones 70/30 o 30/70 a suelos con pH entre 5.5 y 6.0 permiten una buena recuperación de suelos con contenidos de metales pesados en términos de concentraciones altas a cortos plazos, iniciando la biorremediación a los tres meses y finalizando cargas de disponibilidad variable a los nueve meses.

Abstract Introduction: The middle basin of the Bogotá River has been suffering from heavy metal contamination due to industrial discharges. This water source has been used to irrigate short-cycle crops, which has resulted in heavy metal contamination of productive soils. Objective: To evaluate a phytoremediation process with the plant species Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica plenck) and Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) in soils contaminated with heavy metals in Mosquera, Colombia. Methods: Sampling was performed with a randomized factorial design: a) cilantro/broccoli proportions (30 cilantro/70 broccoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 broccoli and two monoculture type controls of each species) and b) phytoremediation time (3, 6 and 9 months), each treatment with four experimental plots. Soil and plant tissue were analyzed in the laboratory by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of heavy metals. Results: The concentrations of heavy metals in plant tissue samples for broccoli and cilantro showed higher values of Cd, Pb and Cr than Hg and As, with respect to the control. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cr presented significantly higher values (P < 0.05) in soil where there was a mixed presence of cilantro and broccoli, with respect to the control site where the concentration of Cd registered significantly lower levels than in the other soils. Finally, Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations were higher in cilantro tissues and in soils with cilantro compared to the control. Conclusions: Phytoremediation by means of Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck and Coriandrum sativum L. in 70/30 or 30/70 proportions in soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.0 allows a good recovery of soils with heavy metal contents in terms of high concentrations in short terms, starting bioremediation after three months and ending loads of variable availability after nine months.

Abstract 19. The aim of this study was to determine the total and bioaccessible concentration of macrominerals Ca, P, Mg, and trace elements Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in raw and boiled, fried and baked dorado meat. For bioaccessibility, an in vitro dialysis model was used, simulating human gastrointestinal digestion, then the elements were quantified by UV-visible and atomic absorption spectrophotometry and complexometry methods. In raw samples, the total concentrations of Ca were higher than in cooked samples, showing statistical differences. However, there were no significant differences between treatments for Mg and P. Concerning trace elements, raw and baked samples displayed the highest values of Cu, raw and boiled for Fe, raw samples showed higher Mn values, while Zn did not present significant differences between treatments. The bioaccessible fraction for Ca was between 6 to 22%, Mg between 8 to 20% and P presented values of 17-18%, for all treatments. The percentage of bioaccessible Fe was high, varying between 68 and 105%; the latter in fried fish. Dialyzable Cu values varied between 39% for raw meat and 14% for baked meat. For Mn, the dialysable fraction ranged between 17 and 21%, and for Zn from 11 to 15%. The findings suggest that dorado fish is a food source with adequate levels of Ca, Mg, and P, without significant losses during cooking processes, as well as with trace elements Zn and Mn. However, Fe and Cu concentrations decreased with heat treatments. Moreover, the results of the present study showed an increase in the bioaccessibility of Ca in baked fish and of dialyzable Fe and Zn in fried samples.

Resumen 15. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la concentración total y bioaccesible de los macrominerales Ca, P, Mg y elementos traza Cu, Fe, Zn y Mn en carne de dorado cruda y cocida hervida, frita o al horno. Para la bioaccesibilidad, se usó un modelo in vitro de diálisis, simulando la digestión gastrointestinal humana. Luego se cuantificaron los elementos por espectrofotometría UV-visible, de absorción atómica y complexometría. Las concentraciones totales de Ca en las muestras crudas fueron superiores a las cocidas, diferenciándose estadísticamente, sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para Mg y P. Considerando los elementos traza; las muestras crudas y al horno presentaron los mayores valores de Cu, las crudas y hervidas para Fe, el Mn fue superior en las muestras crudas, mientras que el Zn no presentó diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La fracción bioaccesible para Ca varió entre un 6 al 22%, Mg entre 8 al 20% y P entre 17 al 18%, para todos los tratamientos. El porcentaje de Fe bioaccesible resultó elevado, variando entre 68 hasta 105%; este último en el pescado frito. Los valores de Cu dializable variaron entre 39% para la carne cruda y 14% al horno. Para el Mn, el dializable varió entre 17 y 21%, y en Zn de 11 a 15%. Se concluye que la carne de dorado resultó un alimento con tenores adecuados de Ca, Mg y P, sin pérdidas significativas en los procesos de cocción, al igual que los elementos traza Zn y Mn, mientras que el Fe y Cu disminuyeron sus concentraciones en los tratamientos térmicos. Asimismo, los resultados del presente estudio permitieron evidenciar un aumento de la bioaccesibilidad del Ca en la carne al horno y de Fe y Zn dializable en las muestras fritas.

Abstract The removal of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr) in real non-domestic wastewater (NDWW) from the electroplating industry (Medellín, Colombia) was studied in a batch system using peel biomass (BCB) and banana pseudostem (BPT) obtained by simple physical processes. The results were compared with a commercial activated carbon (CAC). The adsorbents were characterized through FTIR, BET, Isoelectric point, Boehm and XRD, showing little variation towards BCB and BPT materials in terms of chemical composition, morphology and structure. The physicochemical properties of ARnD were also determined prior to adsorption treatment, finding an initial concentration of 18.73 mg/L, 10.1 mg/L, 11.2 mg/L, 36.7 mg/L and 0.44 mg/L by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr, respectively. These values were compared with the Colombian regulations Resolution 0631 of 2015, where it was evidenced that they exceed the maximum permissible limits established. Adsorption tests were carried out at room temperature, pH of 3.65 and 200 rpm varying the amount of adsorbent (1 - 5 mg) for a time of 2 h. The maximum removal percentages were 42.69 %, 83.10 %, 95.17 %, 81.90 % and 99.82 % for Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cr, respectively. It is observed that the values achieved with the bioadsorbents are similar to commercial charcoal, suggesting that banana residues could be a low-cost alternative for the treatment of this type of effluent.

Resumen Se estudió la remoción de metales pesados (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu y Cr) en aguas residuales no domésticas (ARnD) reales de la industria de galvanoplastia (Medellín, Colombia) en un sistema discontinuo usando biomasa de cáscara (BCB) y pseudotallo de banano (BPT) obtenidos mediante procesos físicos simples. Los resultados fueron comparados con un carbón activado comercial (CAC). Los adsorbentes fueron caracterizados a través de FTIR, BET, Punto isoeléctrico, Boehm y DRX, mostrando poca variación hacia los materiales BCB y BPT en términos de composición química, morfología y estructura. También se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas del ARnD previamente al tratamiento de adsorción encontrando una concentración inicial de 18,73 mg/L, 10,1 mg/L, 11,2 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L y 0,44 mg/L por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para el Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu y Cr, respectivamente. Estos valores se compararon con la normatividad Colombiana la Resolución 0631 de 2015, donde se evidenció que sobrepasan los límites máximos permisibles establecidos. Las pruebas de adsorción se llevaron a cabo a temperatura ambiente, pH de 3,65 y 200 rpm variando la cantidad de adsorbente (1 - 5 mg) para un tiempo de 2 h. Los porcentajes máximos de remoción fueron de 42,69 %, 83,10 %, 95,17 %, 81,90 % y 99,82 % para Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn y Cr, respectivamente. Se observa que los valores alcanzados con los bioadsorbentes son similares al carbón comercial, lo que sugiere que los residuos de banano podrían ser una alternativa de bajo costo para el tratamiento de este tipo de efluentes.

Resumo A remoção de metais pesados (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu e Cr) em águas residuais não domésticas reais (NDWW) da indústria de electrodeposição (Medellín, Colômbia) foi estudada num sistema descontínuo utilizando biomassa de casca (BCB) e pseudostem de banana (BPT) obtidos por processos físicos simples. Os resultados foram comparados com um carvão activado comercial (CAC). Os adsorventes foram caracterizados através de FTIR, BET, Isoelectric point, Boehm e XRD, mostrando pouca variação em relação aos materiais BCB e BPT em termos de composição química, morfologia e estrutura. As propriedades físico-químicas da ARnD antes do tratamento de adsorção foram também determinadas, encontrando-se uma concentração inicial de 18,73 mg/L, 10,1 mg/L, 11,2 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L e 0,44 mg/L por espectrofotometria de absorção atómica para Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu e Cr, respectivamente. Estes valores foram comparados com a Resolução 0631 de 2015 dos regulamentos colombianos, onde era evidente que excediam os limites máximos admissíveis estabelecidos. Foram efectuados testes de adsorção à temperatura ambiente, pH de 3,65 e 200 rpm variando a quantidade de adsorvente (1 - 5 mg) durante um tempo de 2 horas. As percentagens máximas de remoção foram de 42,69 %, 83,10 %, 95,17 %, 81,90 % e 99,82 % para Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn e Cr, respectivamente. Observa-se que os valores obtidos com os bioadsorventes são semelhantes aos do carvão vegetal comercial, sugerindo que os resíduos de banana poderiam ser uma alternativa de baixo custo para o tratamento deste tipo de efluente.

Resumen Introducción. El consumo de metales pesados puede provocar problemas de salud en los animales. Objetivo. Determinar la concentración de cadmio, mercurio, plomo y arsénico en 34 alimentos balanceados importados y comercializados en Costa Rica para perros, gatos, conejos, hámsteres, tortugas y peces ornamentales. Materiales y métodos. Se cuantificó el contenido de arsénico (As), cadmio (Cd), mercurio (Hg) y plomo (Pb) en alimentos balanceados importados para seis animales de compañía, durante los meses de mayo a octubre del año 2018. De forma aleatoria, se visitaron expendios autorizados de alimentos balanceados y se compraron diez empaques de alimento para perros y gatos, cinco para peces ornamentales, cuatro para tortugas, tres para hámsteres y dos para conejos. Las muestras fueron analizadas en el Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal de la Universidad de Costa Rica mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con atomizador de tubo de grafito (As, Cd, Pb) y de celda de cuarzo (Hg). Resultados. Las concentraciones obtenidas en alimentos para perros y gatos, adultos y cachorros, conejos, hámsteres, peces ornamentales y tortugas, fueron para As de 0,009, 0,013, 0,003, no detectable (ND), ND, 0,036 y 0,113 ppm, respectivamente; para Cd de ND, 0,021, 0,022, 0,031, 0,010, 0,037, 0,139 y 0,043 ppm, respectivamente; para Hg de 0,101, 0,078, 0,045, 0,040, 0,031, 0,045, 0,032 y 0,032 ppm, respectivamente, y para Pb de 0,381, 0,885, 0,573, 0,740, 0,446, 0,732, 0,763 y 0,841 ppm, respectivamente. Conclusión. Los contenidos de metales pesados determinados en alimentos para mascotas, no superaron los valores máximos permitidos para su comercialización. Este trabajo incrementa la información disponible en temas de inocuidad de alimentos balanceados en peces ornamentales, hámsteres, tortugas y conejos; promueve estrategias de monitoreo continuo de estos y la comprensión del potencial real de acumulación en los animales y sus efectos en el bienestar de los mismos.

Abstract Introduction. The intake of heavy metals can cause health problems in animals. Objective. To determine the concentration of cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic in 34 imported balanced foods marketed in Costa Rica for dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, turtles, and ornamental fish. Materials and methods. The content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in imported balanced foods for six pets was quantified during the months of May to October 2018. On a random basis, authorized feed stores were visited to purchased ten packages of dog and cat food, five for ornamental fish, four for turtles, three for hamsters, and two for rabbits. The samples were analyzed at the Animal Nutrition Research Center of the Universidad de Costa Rica using atomic absorption spectrophotometry with graphite tube atomizer (As, Cd, Pb) and quartz cells (Hg). Results. The concentrations obtained in the food for dogs and cats, adults and puppies, rabbits, hamsters, ornamental fish, and turtles were for As 0.009, 0.013, 0.003, non-detectable (ND), ND, 0.036, and 0.113 ppm, respectively; for Cd ND, 0.021, 0.022, 0.031, 0.010, 0.037, 0.139, and 0.043 ppm, respectively; for Hg 0.101, 0.078, 0.045, 0.040, 0.031, 0.045, 0.032, and 0.032 ppm, respectively, and for Pb of 0.381, 0.885, 0.573, 0.740, 0.446, 0.732, 0.763, and 0.841 ppm, respectively. Conclusions. The contents of heavy metals in pet foods did not exceed the maximum values allowed for their commercialization. This work increases the information available on the safety of food for ornamental fish, hamsters, turtles, and rabbits, also promotes continuous monitoring strategies, and the understanding of the real potential for accumulation in animals, and its effects on their welfare.

Abstract Objective To identify whether there is a difference in plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentration in older adults with and without Alzheimer's disease. Methods Crosssectional study with a comparative group, conducted with older adults with and without Alzheimer's disease, matched by sex, education, and age. Zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite furnace. Results There were 102 people, 68 in the healthy group (NDA-g) and 34 in the group with disease (AD-g). The AD-g group had lower plasma zinc concentrations and higher frequency in the first quartile for intraerythrocyte zinc concentrations. Plasma and erythrocyte concentrations did not correlate with the time of diagnosis and age in both groups. In the logistic regression analysis, plasma concentration was associated with AD-g (OR=0.964; p=0.028). Conclusion Older people with Alzheimer's disease have lower plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations. Alzheimers Alzheimer s sex education furnace 10 6 NDAg NDA g (NDA-g 3 ADg. ADg AD . (AD-g) groups analysis OR=0.964 OR0964 OR 0 964 (OR=0.964 p=0.028. p0028 p p=0.028 028 p=0.028) 1 (AD-g OR=0.96 OR096 96 (OR=0.96 p002 p=0.02 02 OR=0.9 OR09 9 (OR=0.9 p00 p=0.0 OR=0. OR0 (OR=0. p0 p=0. OR=0 (OR=0 p=0 OR= (OR= p= (OR

Resumo Objetivo Identificar se há diferença na concentração plasmática e eritrocitária de zinco na pessoa idosa com e sem a doença de Alzheimer. Métodos Estudo transversal com grupo comparação, realizado com pessoas idosas com e sem doença de Alzheimer, pareadas por sexo, escolaridade e idade. A concentração de zinco foi medida através de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica em forno grafite. Resultados Total de 102 pessoas, 68 no grupo saudável (NDA-g) e 34 o grupo com doença (DA-g). O grupo DA-g apresentou menores concentrações plasmáticas e maior frequência no primeiro quartil para concentrações intraeritrocitárias de zinco. As concentrações plasmáticas e eritrocitárias não apresentaram correlação com tempo de diagnóstico e a idade em ambos os grupos. Na análise de regressão logística, a concentração plasmática esteve associada à DA-g (OR=0,964; p=0,028). Conclusão Pessoas idosas com doença de Alzheimer apresentam menores concentrações plasmáticas e eritrocitárias de zinco. comparação sexo grafite 10 6 NDAg NDA g (NDA-g 3 DAg. DAg DA . (DA-g) grupos logística OR=0,964 OR0964 OR 0 964 (OR=0,964 p=0,028. p0028 p p=0,028 028 p=0,028) 1 (DA-g OR=0,96 OR096 96 (OR=0,96 p002 p=0,02 02 OR=0,9 OR09 9 (OR=0,9 p00 p=0,0 OR=0, OR0 (OR=0, p0 p=0, OR=0 (OR=0 p=0 OR= (OR= p= (OR

Abstract In this investigation, three abandoned mine tailings were detected with Worldview2 imagery. The location of these tailings was confirmed with multispectral images obtained by an unmanned aerial vehicle. Quantification of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), as well as the metalloid arsenic (As) was performed on these tailings and 13 other sites where mining activity was reported by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. To analyze the spatial distribution of these elements, a database was generated with measurements of the tailings found plus 22 sites reported by the Mexican Geological Service experimentation centers. With this information, spatial interpolation maps were generated for each element, and it was found that the Pb values located in the town are greater than 2,000 ppm, a similar pattern was presented with As with values greater than 1,500 ppm. Cd values were less than 30 ppm. It is concluded that both Pb and As values are above the NOM-147-SEMARNAT/ SSA1-2004, therefore, a soil remediation plan is urgently needed, especially in the sites located within the town and in the vicinity of the dam. We recommend phytoremediation with Dodonaea viscosa, which has recently been reported to be effective in retaining heavy metals contained in the soils of abandoned mines.

Resumen En esta investigación se detectaron con imágenes Worldview2 tres jales mineros abandonados. Su localización se confirmó con imágenes multiespectrales obtenidas por un vehículo aéreo no tripulado. A estos jales, y otros 13 sitios donde se reportó actividad minera, se les realizó una cuantificación de los siguientes metales pesados: cadmio (Cd) y plomo (Pb), así como del metaloide arsénico (As), mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Para analizar la distribución espacial de estos elementos se generó una base de datos con mediciones de los jales encontrados más 22 sitios reportados por los centros de experimentación del Servicio Geológico Mexicano. Con esta información se generaron mapas de interpolación espacial para cada elemento y se encontró que los valores de Pb ubicados en el poblado son mayores a 2000 ppm, un patrón similar se presentó con As con valores superiores a 1500 ppm, mientras que los valores de Cd fueron menores a 30 ppm. Se concluye que tanto los valores Pb y As están por encima de la NOM147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004, por lo tanto, es urgente un plan de remediación de esos suelos, principalmente en los sitios que se localizaron dentro del poblado y en las inmediaciones de la presa. Se recomienda la fitoremediación con Dodonaea viscosa que recientemente se ha reportado su eficacia en la retención de metales pesados contenidos en los suelos de minas abandonadas.

ABSTRACT Aquatic ecosystems suffer alterations by the input of several pollutants as potentially toxic elements which interact with the planktonic community with likelihood of bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification through the trophic chains despite the fact of being in low concentrations. The goal of this study involves assessing the toxicity, bioaccumulation, and transfer of the lead under controlled laboratory conditions by estimating the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in organisms usually used in aquaculture, as Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae, Brachionus plicatilis rotifer, and the Malaysian prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. We assessed toxicity, bioconcentration, and transfer of the lead from the microalgae to higher trophic levels, the rotifer, and the prawn larvae. We performed three bioassays: (1) lead-exposed microalgae, (2) rotifer fed with lead-exposed microalgae, and (3) prawn larvae fed with either lead-exposed microalgae or rotifers fed with these microalgae. The toxicity endpoints were obtained for microalgae. The concentration of the lead in all organisms was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for estimating BCF and BAF values. The endpoints No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Effective Concentration 50 (EC50) are 1 and 5.42 mg/L, respectively, for N. oculata. The BCF in the microalgae decreases as lead concentration increases. A BAF of 2948 in rotifers, and a BAF of 42.1 in prawns were obtained. In conclusion, lead can concentrate in microalgae, transfer, and accumulate through consumption toward the consecutive trophic levels, but not among invertebrates due to their detoxification mechanisms.

RESUMEN Los ecosistemas acuáticos sufren alteraciones por ingreso de varios contaminantes como elementos potencialmente tóxicos que interactúan con la comunidad planctónica con probabilidad de bioconcentración, bioacumulación y biomagnificación hacia las cadenas tróficas a pesar de estar en bajas concentraciones. El objetivo de este estudio involucra la evaluación de la toxicidad, bioacumulación y transferencia de plomo en condiciones controladas de laboratorio mediante la estimación del factor de bioconcentración (FBC) y el factor de bioacumulación (FBA) en organismos usualmente empleados en acuacultura como la microalga Nannochloropsis oculata, el rotífero Brachionus plicatilis y el langostino malayo Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Nosotros evaluamos la toxicidad, bioconcentración y transferencia de plomo de la microalga hacia los niveles tróficos superiores, el rotífero y la larva de langostino. Realizamos tres bioensayos: 1) microalga expuesta a plomo, 2) rotífero alimentado con microalgas expuestas a plomo y 3) larvas de langostino alimentadas con microalga expuesta a plomo o rotíferos alimentados con microalga contaminada. Se obtuvieron parámetros de toxicidad para microalgas. La concentración de plomo en todos los organismos fue analizada por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, estimándose los valores de FBC y FBA. Los parámetros concentración donde no se observa efecto (CNOE) y concentración efectiva 50 (CE50) fueron 1 y 5.42 mg/L, respectivamente, para N. oculata. El FBC en la microalga disminuye al aumentar la concentración de plomo. Se obtuvieron valores de FBA de 2948 en rotíferos, y FBA de 42.1 en langostinos. En conclusión, el plomo puede concentrarse en la microalga, transferirse y acumularse a través de su consumo hacia los siguientes niveles tróficos, pero no entre invertebrados debido a su mecanismo de detoxificación.

ABSTRACT The potential extraction of nickel and cobalt from a lateritic mineral sample was experimentally determined at a pilot plant scale. The reduction was carried out in a multi-hearth furnace, at a temperature of 750ºC in the hearth H-15 and 3% additive oil was dosed. For its part, for leaching a suspension at 6,6% by weight of solidswas prepared, with 90 g/L of dissolved ammonia and a NH3/CO2 ratio of 1,8. The reduced mineral was characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and had an average content of nickel of 1,26%, cobalt 0,132% andiron 51,8%. Nickel extractable between 89-92% was obtained for redox potential Eh≤-500 mV. The inverse of ferrous iron in the reduce mineral had a statistically significant relationship with the redox potential and the extractable; these interactions were valid with the ore processed in the industry of “Mina Martí” and “Pinares de Mayarí” mining fronts. Extractable and Eh profiles were analyzed in the industrial furnace, which could be of interest for the investigations and the correction of the operation; finally, recommendations were issued to measure the potential reliably.

RESUMEN Se determinó experimentalmente la extracción potencial de níquel y cobalto de una muestra de mineral laterítico a escala de planta piloto. La reducción se realizó en un horno de hogares múltiples, a una temperatura de 750ºC en el hogar H-15 y se dosificó un 3% de petróleo aditivo. Por su parte, para la lixiviación se preparó una suspensión al 6,6% en peso de sólidos, con 90 g/L de amoníaco disuelto y relación NH3/CO2 1,8, el flujo de aire fue diferenciado en dependencia del potencial redox inicial de la pulpa. El mineral reducido se caracterizó por Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica y tuvo un contenido promedio de níquel de 1,26 %, cobalto 0,132 % y hierro 51,8 %. Se obtuvieron extractables de níquel entre 89 % y 92 % para potencial redox Eh≤-500 mV. El inverso del hierro (II) tuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa con el potencial redox y el extractable; estas interacciones resultaron válidas con mineral procesado en la industria de los frentes de minería “Mina Martí” y “Pinares de Mayarí”. Se analizaron perfiles de extractable y Eh en el horno industrial, lo cual pudiera ser de interés para las investigaciones y la corrección de la operación; por último, se emitieron recomendaciones para medir el potencial redox con fiabilidad.

ABSTRACT In Chile, metal mining is concentrated between the Administrative Regions IV and VI (which includes the Metropolitan Region). The northern and central zones of the country have abundant copper as well as mineral iodine and iron. Today, these residues are stored in tailing dams. Mine tailings constitute the toxic residues composed of trace elements, which in many occasions are deposited in areas neighboring human settlements and are a health hazard for the inhabitants In this work, the concentrations of trace elements such as: Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn were studied in 6 sites of the tailings located within Andacollo city, Northern Chile. The sampling points were recorded using GPS geographic coordinates and, in the laboratory, they were characterized determining: pH, electrical conductivity, soluble organic carbon, total organic carbon, available phosphorus, boron, total nitrogen and capacity cation exchange. The concentrations of trace elements in tailings samples, were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Potential anthropogenic hotspots were assessed using indices including enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), Pollution load index, (PLI), ecological risk (Ei) and potential ecological risk (PERI) index. These indexes are used to assess the presence and intensity of anthropogenic contaminant deposition on surface soil. The physicochemical characterization of the tailings allowed establishing a profile of the environmental conditions of the sampled sites. The sites that presented a higher concentration of metals correspond to sites 4 and 6. The polluted index values than indicated, high degree of contamination for Cu, Hg and Mo by other hand PLI and Ri index indicated the sites more polluted are 4,5 and 6.

This work reports the development of a simple and fast method for the spectrophotometric determination of Fe in diesel oil using the classic reaction with 1,10-phenanthroline after its extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB). The extraction parameters of EIEB were optimized (concentration of HNO3 and Triton X-100® in the emulsifying solution) as well as the adjustment of the pH of the final solution, a necessary step to complete the colorimetric reaction. The developed method presented a limit of detection of 0.004 mg L-1 and a limit of quantification of 0.013 mg L-1 and was applied in the analysis of six samples of diesel oil with different specifications. The results were statistically similar to those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). A recovery test was also performed by spiking the samples with 1.0 mg L-1 of Fe in the form of an organometallic compound, yielding recovery percentages between 83 and 108%.