Abstract: In his proposal for the zoning of American Spanish from 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña does not mention Panama at any time, although, in a later work, he associates the Panamanian modality with Colombia, a fact motivated by political reasons. To delimit the five large dialectal zones, the author uses, above all, phonetic-phonological data, aspects also brought up in more recent works, which relate the Panamanian variety with the Caribbean macrozone. Despite these works and the evidence of this linguistic affiliation, reconstructing the phoneticphonological component of Panamanian Spanish in the past requires facing an almost total research vacuum. For this reason, the present work aims to study some phonetic-phonological phenomena, relevant for the Panamanian linguistic characterization, in the documentation of the 16th century in order to establish the historical basis of these features in Panamanian territory. Our data show that the presence of traits ascribed to the southern peninsular modalities in the Panamanian variety, from its origins, is undeniable, although other factors must be taken into account in its conformation.

Resumen: En su propuesta de zonificación del español americano de 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña no menciona en ningún momento Panamá, si bien, en un trabajo más tardío, vincula la modalidad panameña con Colombia, motivado por razones políticas. Para delimitar las cinco grandes zonas dialectales, el autor se sirve, sobre todo, de datos fonético-fonológicos, que se sacan a colación también en investigaciones más recientes, al relacionar la variedad panameña con la macrozona caribeña. A pesar de estos trabajos y de la evidencia de esta filiación lingüística, tratar de reconstruir el componente fonético-fonológico del español panameño en el pasado exige enfrentarse a un vacío investigador casi total. Por ello, el presente artículo se plantea como objetivo estudiar algunos fenómenos fonético-fonológicos, relevantes para la caracterización lingüística panameña, en la documentación del siglo XVI a fin de poder asentar la base histórica de estos rasgos en territorio panameño. Nuestros datos muestran que la presencia de rasgos adscritos a las modalidades peninsulares meridionales en la variedad panameña, desde sus orígenes, es innegable, aunque hay que tener en cuenta otros factores en su conformación.

Abstract (Introduction): In Latin America, the sensitive tropical biodiversity found outside of protected wilderness areas is under threat. In Costa Rica, the payment for environmental services (PSA) represents a mechanism to protect forests on private farms, but it lacks specific indicators on the state of biodiversity and forest conservation. (Objective): To analyze the use of acoustic monitoring for ecosystem assessment at 11 sites in the Osa Peninsula, nine on private farms, and two sites within Corcovado National Park. (Methods): Soundscapes were recorded from May 25 to June 1, 2021, using acoustic recorders. It was analyzed the behavior of six acoustic indices at each sampling site and applied an automated detection analysis of vocalizations of two representative bird species of the area. (Results): It was found that the most fragmented sites presented higher activity, energy, and acoustic diversity, possibly due to edge effects and ecotones present, as well as a high forest component in the surrounding matrix. Automated vocalization detection indicated that the species Hylopezus perspicillatus turned out to be more sensitive to differences in the landscape than Trogon bairdii. (Conclusions): The use of acoustic indices, although it associates features of the degree of conservation, was not a differentiating element of the quality of the ecosystem in the evaluated farms. The monitoring of species through the detection of their vocalizations was promising. A careful and rigorous sampling design, with more sampling points per site, is recommended to achieve accurate measurements and avoid bias in the analysis.

Resumen (Introducción): En Latinoamérica, la sensible biodiversidad tropical que se encuentra fuera de las áreas silvestres protegidas está bajo amenaza. En Costa Rica, el pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) representa un mecanismo para proteger bosques en fincas privadas, pero carece de indicadores específicos sobre el estado de la biodiversidad y de conservación de los bosques. (Objetivo): Analizar el uso del monitoreo acústico para la evaluación de ecosistemas en 11 sitios en la Península de Osa: 9 en fincas privadas y 2 sitios dentro del Parque Nacional Corcovado. (Metodología): Se grabaron paisajes sonoros del 25 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2021, utilizando grabadoras acústicas. Se estudia el comportamiento de 6 índices acústicos en cada sitio de muestreo y se aplicó un análisis de detección automatizada de vocalizaciones de 2 especies de aves representativas de la zona. (Resultados): Se encuentra que los sitios más fragmentados presentaron mayor actividad, energía y diversidad acústica, posiblemente por efectos de borde y ecotonos presentes, así como un alto componente de bosque en la matriz circundante. La detección automatizada de vocalizaciones indicó que la especie Hylopezus perspicillatus resultó ser más sensible a las diferencias en el paisaje que Trogon bairdii. (Conclusiones): El uso de índices acústicos, aunque asocia rasgos del grado de conservación del bosque, no resultó un elemento diferenciador de la calidad del ecosistema en las fincas evaluadas, pero el monitoreo de especies mediante la detección de sus vocalizaciones sí resultó promisorio. Es recomendable un diseño de muestreo metódico y riguroso, con más puntos de muestreo por sitio, para lograr mediciones precisas y evitar sesgos en el análisis.

RESUMEN Este artículo explora dos grandes asuntos en Lima: la diferenciación social y los vecindarios de clases medias. En un contexto de imprevisibilidad urbana, aborda las estrategias de elección de residencia realizadas por ancashinos, puneños y huancaínos durante las décadas de 1970 y 1980 en Lima. Haciendo una revisión de los criterios de elección de residencia, como las condiciones materiales del vecindario, la ubicación en el entramado urbano y las características de las familias residentes, se identificó que la «clase social», el «grupo étnico» y la «procedencia social» fueron categorías fundamentales para inclinar la balanza de uno u otro lado al elegir vecindario. Las estrategias de elección de residencia permitieron ahondar en la homogeneidad del área central de la ciudad, así como explorar las diferencias en el interior de las clases medias.

ABSTRACT This article explores two significant issues in Lima: social differentiation and middle-class neighbourhoods. In a context of urban unpredictability, it addresses the residential strategies carried out by ancashinos, puneños and huancaínos during Lima's 1970 and 1980 decades. Reviewing the residential criteria, such as the material neighbourhood conditions, the urban location and the resident families' features, it was identified that social class, ethnic group and social origin were fundamental categories when choosing neighbourhoods. The residential strategies allow to delve into the homogeneity of the city's central area and explore the social differences within the middle classes.

BACKGROUND. Clinical associates (ClinAs) are educated in decentralised learning platforms where they gain skills and a concrete understanding of the fundamental challenges of healthcare in remote and poverty-stricken districts of South Africa. Due to the decentralised nature of the programme, these students seldom have access to 'on-campus' academic and psychosocial support. A peer mentorship programme has proved useful in this regard in other settings. OBJECTIVE. To explore the unique academic and psychosocial challenges and needs of first-year clinical associate (ClinA) students and describe the views of the research participants on the perceived enablers and constraints of a ClinA peer mentorship programme. METHODS. A phenomenological research design was used. The population included ClinA students and academic members of staff. Five appreciative inquiry interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted. RESULTS. Four themes were identified: (i) flailing like a fish out of water (challenges experienced by ClinA students); (ii) floating devices (benefits of peer support programmes); (iii) the life saver (perceived enablers of peer support programmes); and (iv) rip currents (perceived constraints of peer support programmes). CONCLUSION. Unique challenges identified were: (i) the teaching and learning strategy implemented by the facilitator of the programme; (ii) the decentralised learning platforms; and (iii) the absence of institutional support at clinical learning centres. All participants agreed that peer mentor support is beneficial and essential for ClinA students, but that the peer mentor programme needs to be bespoke to address the limited access to academic and psychosocial on-campus support and the profile of the students, who are of rural origin and first-generation students.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar los factores asociados a la adopción de la tecnología en el sector agropecuario. Se seleccionaron dieciocho artículos para la revisión sistemática. Los análisis permitieron agrupar las tecnologías utilizadas en las propiedades rurales en las categorías de automatización e informatización, control de malas hierbas y plagas y las que promueven la Intensificación Sostenible (IS). Los resultados muestran que los principales factores que contribuye para el proceso de adopción de tecnología en el sector agrícola y ganadero están relacionados con la participación de los productores rurales en organizaciones colectivas, el nivel de escolaridad del productor, el acceso a los servicios de asistencia técnica y al crédito, la presencia de equipamiento tecnológico en la propiedad rural y su tamaño. Fue posible elaborar una estructura conceptual que atribuye el proceso de adopción de tecnología en el sector agropecuario a un fenómeno multidimensional y complejo, sugiriendo el desarrollo de políticas públicas educativas y sectoriales (incentivo a la formación de organizaciones colectivas formales e informales, la asistencia técnica y el crédito) para el fomento de la difusión tecnológica en los países. Se elaboró una estructura conceptual que atribuye el proceso de adopción de tecnología en el sector agropecuario a un fenómeno multidimensional y complejo, sugiriendo el desarrollo de políticas públicas educativas y sectoriales. Por ejemplo, se destaca el estímulo a la formación de organizaciones colectivas formales e informales, la asistencia técnica y el acceso al crédito, con el fin de promover la difusión tecnológica en los países. sistemática informatización IS. IS . (IS) productor crédito tamaño complejo incentivo informales países ejemplo (IS

This article aimed to investigate the factors associated with the adoption of technology in the agricultural sector. Eighteen articles were selected for the systematic review. The analysis made it possible to group the technologies used on rural properties in the categories of automation and computerization, weed and pest control, and those that promote Sustainable Intensification (SI). The results show that the main factors that contribute to the process of technology adoption in the agricultural sector are related to the participation of rural producers in collective organizations, the producer's education level, access to technical assistance services and credit, the presence of technological equipment on the rural property, and its size. A conceptual framework that associates the technology adoption process in the agricultural sector with a multidimensional and complex phenomenon was elaborated. This suggests the need for the development of educational and sector-specific public policies, such as encouraging the establishment of both formal and informal collective organizations, providing technical assistance, and the access to credit in order to promote the diffusion of technology in countries. review computerization control SI. SI . (SI) organizations producer s level property size elaborated sectorspecific specific policies countries (SI

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva investigar os fatores associados à adoção de tecnologia no setor agropecuário. Dezoito artigos foram selecionados para a revisão sistemática. As análises permitiram agrupar as tecnologias utilizadas nas propriedades rurais nas categorias de automatização e informatização; controle de ervas daninhas e pragas; e aquelas que promovem a Intensificação Sustentável (IS). Os resultados mostram que os principais fatores que contribuem para o processo de adoção de tecnologia no setor agropecuário estão relacionados à participação dos produtores rurais em organizações coletivas, ao nível de escolaridade do produtor, ao acesso a serviços de assistência técnica e ao crédito, à presença de equipamentos tecnológicos na propriedade rural e ao seu tamanho. Elaborou-se uma estrutura conceitual que atribui o processo de adoção de tecnologia no setor agropecuário a um fenômeno multidimensional e complexo, sugerindo o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas educacionais e setoriais, por exemplo, incentivo à formação de organizações coletivas formais e informais, assistência técnica e crédito, para a promoção da difusão tecnológica nos países. sistemática informatização pragas IS. IS . (IS) produtor crédito tamanho Elaborouse Elaborou se complexo setoriais exemplo informais países (IS

Resumen La arveja (Pisum sativum L.) es una leguminosa simbiótica del invierno que establece asociación con Rhizobium leguminosarum sv viciae. Los objetivos de trabajo fueron evaluar cepas de R. leguminosarum por infectividad y crecimiento temprano, aporte de BNF, producción de biomasa y rendimiento. Setenta y ocho cepas y cuatro cultivares se evaluaron en cámara de crecimiento, cinco cepas y tres cultivares en invernadero, mientras que tres cepas y dos cultivares en experimento de campo. Solo el 44-55% de las cepas fueron infectivas en los cultivares. En invernadero, las cepas D70 y D156 mostraron los mejores valores de nodulación y los mayores contenidos de N en biomasa y rendimiento. En campo, D156 y D70 mostraron comportamientos similares que en invernadero, mientras que D191 tuvo más nódulos por planta, mayor biomasa aérea y mayor rendimiento. La cepa D70 mantuvo su comportamiento de nodulación, contenido de N en biomasa y rendimiento en cámara de crecimiento, invernadero y campo; mientras que D156 tuvo igual o mejor comportamiento que D70 en invernadero y campo. Por lo tanto, D156 podría ser una buena candidata para formular inoculantes bacterianos con esta cepa o para formular consorcios microbianos.

Abstract Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a winter symbiotic legume that associates with Rhizobium leguminosarum sv viciae. This work aimed to evaluate strains of R. leguminosarum for their infective ability and early-plant growth, BNF contribution, biomass and grain yield. Seventy-eight specific strains and four pea cultivars were evaluated in a growth chamber, five strains and three cultivars were evaluated in a greenhouse, and three strains and two cultivars were evaluated in a field experiment. Only 44-55% of all evaluated strains were infective in the four cultivars. In the greenhouse, D70 and D156 strains showed the best nodulation variables as well as higher N content and yield. The field experiment showed D156 and D70 yielded a similar behavior for N content in canopy biomass and individual nodule biomass, whereas D191 had a higher nodule number per plant, aerial biomass and grain yields. D70 provided good nodulation, N content in biomass, and yield in the growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments, whereas D156 had a like or superior behavior in the greenhouse and field experiments. Therefore, D156 could constitute a good candidate for bacterial single-strain inoculants, as well as for formulating microbial consortia.

Abstract This article presents a typological study based on the personal attributes and economic activities of associates of solidarity economy enterprises. The main focus is on the different social actors that integrate the different types of solidarity initiatives, intending to demonstrate their multiple demands and challenges. We used Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) with variables extracted from the sample survey of the partners of the solidary economy, carried out by Senaes, in 2013, in the five regions of Brazil. MFA allowed summarizing and hierarchizing the results of the statistical data modeling, defining the existence of common factors and dissimilarity among the 2,895 respondents. The formed clusters resulted in three types, named family farmers (type 1), traditional peoples and communities (type 2), and associated urban workers (type 3). The characterization of the types and their demands may constitute a tool to provide subsidies to formulators and executors of public policies for job and income generation since it allows the targeting of actions that reflect the needs and specificities of each grouping. enterprises initiatives challenges (MFA Senaes 2013 Brazil modeling 2895 2 895 2,89 respondents type 1, 1 , 1) 2, 2) 3. 3 . 3) grouping 201 289 89 2,8 20 28 8

Resumen Estudio tipológico basado en los atributos personales y las actividades económicas de los asociados de los emprendimientos de la economía solidaria. La atención se centra principalmente en los diferentes actores sociales que componen las diversas modalidades de iniciativas solidarias. El objetivo es demostrar sus múltiples demandas y desafíos. Empleamos el análisis factorial múltiple (AFM) junto con variables extraídas de la encuesta por muestreo a socios de la economía solidaria, realizada por la Secretaría Nacional de Economía Popular y Solidaria (Senaes) en las regiones de Brasil, en 2013. El AFM permitió resumir y, al mismo tiempo, clasificar los resultados de la modelización estadística de los datos, definiendo la existencia de factores comunes y de disimilitud entre los 2.895 encuestados. Las agrupaciones formadas dieron lugar a tres tipos, denominados “agricultor familiar” (tipo 1), “pueblos y comunidades tradicionales” (tipo 2), y “trabajadoras asociadas urbanas” (tipo 3). La caracterización de los tipos y sus demandas podría constituirse en una herramienta para brindar apoyo a los formuladores y ejecutores de políticas públicas de generación de trabajo y renta, ya que permite direccionar acciones que reflejen las necesidades y especificidades de cada agrupación. solidaria solidarias desafíos (AFM Senaes (Senaes Brasil 2013 tiempo datos 2895 2 895 2.89 encuestados agricultor familiar tipo 1, 1 , 1) pueblos tradicionales 2, 2) trabajadoras urbanas 3. 3 . 3) renta agrupación 201 289 89 2.8 20 28 8 2.

Resumo Estudo tipológico baseado nos atributos pessoais e nas atividades econômicas dos associados dos empreendimentos de economia solidária. O foco principal são os diferentes atores sociais que integram as diversas modalidades de iniciativas solidárias. O objetivo é demonstrar suas múltiplas demandas e desafios. Empregamos a análise fatorial múltipla (AFM), juntamente com variáveis extraídas da pesquisa amostral dos sócios e das sócias da economia solidária, realizada pela Secretaria Nacional de Economia Popular e Solidária (Senaes) nas regiões do Brasil, em 2013. A AFM permitiu sumarizar e, ao mesmo tempo, hierarquizar os resultados da modelagem estatística dos dados, definindo, assim, a existência de fatores comuns e de dissimilitude entre os 2.895 respondentes. Os clusters formados resultaram em três tipos, nomeados “agricultor familiar” (tipo 1), “povos e comunidades tradicionais” (tipo 2), e “trabalhadoras associadas urbanas” (tipo 3). A caracterização dos tipos e das suas demandas poderá se constituir ferramenta para dar subsídios aos formuladores e executores de políticas públicas de geração de trabalho e renda, uma vez que permite o direcionamento de ações que reflitam necessidades e especificidades de cada agrupamento. solidária solidárias desafios AFM, , (AFM) Senaes (Senaes Brasil 2013 tempo dados definindo assim 2895 2 895 2.89 respondentes agricultor familiar tipo 1, 1 1) povos tradicionais 2, 2) trabalhadoras urbanas 3. 3 . 3) renda agrupamento (AFM 201 289 89 2.8 20 28 8 2.

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a decision model for the distribution of two different types of activities in the Brazilian Federal Police, common and special investigations, which usually generate difficulties for the manager when identifying adequate personnel for each category of task. Rational abstractions from Game Theory were used, especially the Principal-Agent theory and Shapley's value, building a model that associates both techniques, combined with a multicriteria model to measure the policemen’s operational satisfaction. It innovates the model in the combination of concepts that guide the achievement of optimal points for managing teams, without the use of pecuniary benefits. Results were found that manage to balance the distribution of investigations and goals to be met by the police unit. It is necessary to continue the research, improving the development of methodologies for assessing the capabilities and preferences of the Agent with regard to familiarity with special investigations. Police task used PrincipalAgent Principal Shapleys Shapley s value techniques policemens policemen satisfaction teams benefits unit research

Abstract This article proposes a reading of the story/novella "The Alienist" taking into consideration the issue of slavery and blackness. First, it discusses the way in which the theme is included or excluded from the works of some of the most renown critics of Machado and, in particular, from their interpretations of the story. Then, it calls attention to passage with two black characters, and associates it with the context of the magazine in which it was published. storynovella story novella The Alienist blackness First particular Then characters published

Resumo O artigo propõe uma leitura do conto/novela "O Alienista" levando em conta a questão da escravidão e da negritude. Primeiro, discute a forma como a questão é incluída ou excluída das obras de alguns dos grandes nomes da crítica machadiana e, em particular, das interpretações da novela. Depois, chama a atenção para uma cena em que aparecem uma "mucama" e um "moleque", associando-a ao contexto da revista em que a novela foi publicada. contonovela conto Alienista negritude Primeiro particular Depois mucama "mucama moleque, moleque , "moleque" associandoa associando publicada "moleque

RESUMEN El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la extensa colaboración de la oficina estadounidense Ralph Appelbaum Associates en la creación de ambientes expositivos en Brasil, destacando el Museu da Língua Portuguesa, basándose en la movilización de los conceptos de museo narrativo, exposición-espectáculo y diseño integrador. El estudio se articulará en dos momentos: análisis de los proyectos de RAA tomados como referencia para su implementación en Brasil, como el Museo del Holocausto y el Newseum, e investigación de las principales intervenciones de Appelbaum en Brasil, buscando reflexionar sobre el contexto de formación del espacio expositivo contemporáneo mediado por las tecnologías de la comunicación. Brasil Portuguesa narrativo exposiciónespectáculo exposición espectáculo integrador momentos Newseum comunicación

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the extensive collaboration of the North American firm Ralph Appelbaum Associates to the creation of environmental exhibitions in Brazil, especially to the Portuguese Language Museum. Based on the concepts of narrative museum, exhibition-show and integrative design, the study will be articulated in two moments: analyses of the RAA projects taken as references for their implementation in the Brazilian context (Holocaust Museum and Newseum); and study of the main interventions of Appelbaum in Brazil, in order to reflect on context of creation of contemporary exhibition spaces mediated by communication technologies. Brazil museum exhibitionshow show design moments Holocaust Newseum Newseum) technologies

RESUMO O artigo pretende analisar a extensa colaboração do escritório estadunidense Ralph Appelbaum Associates para a criação de ambientes expositivos no Brasil, com destaque para o Museu da Língua Portuguesa, tendo como base a mobilização dos conceitos de museu narrativo, exposição- show e design integrador. O estudo será articulado em dois momentos: análise dos projetos de RAA tomados como referências para sua implantação no Brasil – Museu do Holocausto e Newseum – e investigação das principais intervenções de Appelbaum no Brasil, buscando refletir sobre o contexto de formação do espaço expositivo contemporâneo mediado pelas tecnologias da comunicação. Portuguesa narrativo exposição integrador momentos comunicação

RESUMO: O presente artigo aborda o contexto da educação básica de Moçambique e elege como objetivo compreender, a partir das medidas de mitigação da COVID 19 adotadas pelo setor de educação, as diferentes realidades decorrentes para analisar a viabilidade de atividades de ensino, por meio de aulas remotas em Moçambique. Para tanto, valeu-se dos dados do Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação de Moçambique, a partir dos censos de 2007 e 2017, bem como do estudo realizado pela Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, junto com o Movimento Educação para Todos (MEPT). Como resultado, dentre outros, a pesquisa expõe a falta de escolarização de grande parte da população moçambicana em idade escolar, cuja realidade se assevera em adultos com idade igual ou superior a 20 anos e, em especial, às mulheres; associa a não escolarização e o abandono escolar ao casamento e maternidade prematura; e, indica, nas mulheres que se mantém no processo de escolarização, redução importante do percentual de elevação dos níveis acadêmicos. Quanto ao atendimento às medidas de mitigação da COVID 19, a partir de estratégias didático pedagógicas, no contexto da educação remota emergencial, o estudo revela que as precárias condições de ordem estruturais e infraestruturais disponíveis, seja por parte das escolas, dos professores e das famílias, impactam no acesso e qualidade da aprendizagem dos educandos. RESUMO compreender 1 ensino tanto valeuse valeu 200 2017 Mondlane MEPT. MEPT . (MEPT) resultado outros 2 especial prematura indica acadêmicos pedagógicas emergencial disponíveis escolas famílias educandos 201 (MEPT

RESUMEN: El artículo presentado aborda el contexto de la educación básica de Mozambique y busca, como objetivo, comprender, a partir de las medidas de mitigación del COVID 19 adoptadas por el sector educativo, las diferentes realidades que se presentan para analizar la factibilidad de las actividades de enseñanza, a través de clases en zonas remotas de Mozambique. Para ello, se utilizó la base de datos del Censo General de la Población y Habitación de Mozambique, de los censos de 2007 y 2017, así como el estudio realizado por la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Eduardo Mondlane, junto con el Movimiento Educación para Todos (MEPT). Como resultado, entre otros, la investigación expone la falta de escolaridad de gran parte de la población mozambiqueña en edad escolar, cuya realidad se afirma en los adultos de 20 años y más y, en particular, las mujeres; asocia la no escolarización y la deserción escolar con el matrimonio y la maternidad prematura; y, señala, en las mujeres que permanecen en el proceso de escolarización, una reducción importante en el porcentaje de elevación de los niveles académicos. En relación al cumplimiento de las medidas de mitigación del COVID 19, con base en estrategias didáctico-pedagógicas, en el contexto de la educación remota emergencial, el estudio revela que las precarias condiciones estructurales e infraestructurales disponibles, ya sea por parte de las escuelas, docentes y familias, impactan en el acceso y calidad de aprendizaje para los estudiantes. RESUMEN busca objetivo comprender 1 educativo enseñanza ello 200 2017 Mondlane MEPT. MEPT . (MEPT) resultado otros 2 particular prematura señala académicos didácticopedagógicas, didácticopedagógicas didáctico pedagógicas, pedagógicas didáctico-pedagógicas emergencial disponibles escuelas familias estudiantes 201 (MEPT

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the context of basic education in Mozambique and intends to interpret, based on the COVID-19 mitigation measures implemented by the education sector, the diverse realities emerging to analyze the viability of teaching activities, through remote classes in Mozambique. To achieve this, we utilized data from the General Population and Housing Census of Mozambique, from the 2007 and 2017 censuses, as well as the study carried out by the College of Education of the Eduardo Mondlane University, along with the Education for All Movement (Movimento Educação para Todos: MEPT). Among other results, the research uncovers the lack of schooling of a large part of the Mozambican population on school age, a reality more severely displayed in adults aged 20 or over and, in particular, women; associates lack of schooling and school dropout with marriage and early motherhood; and, it indicates, in women who continue schooling process, a significant decrease in the percentage of development in academic levels. Regarding compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures, based on didactic pedagogical strategies, in the context of emergency remote education, the study reveals that the poor structural and infrastructural conditions available, whether in schools, teachers, or families, impact students’ access and quality of learning. ABSTRACT interpret COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 sector activities this 200 201 censuses University Movimento Todos MEPT. MEPT . MEPT) results age 2 particular motherhood indicates process levels strategies available schools teachers families students learning COVID1 1 COVID-

BACKGROUND: South Africa's health care system grapples with persistent challenges, including health care provider shortages and disparities in distribution. In response, the government introduced clinical associates (Clin-As) as a novel category of health care providers AIM: This study mapped Clin-As' history and practice in South Africa, assessing their roles in the health workforce and offering recommendations. METHODS: Following the framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley, we conducted a comprehensive literature search from January 2001 to November 2021, utilising PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost databases. One thousand six hundred and seventy-two articles were identified and then refined to 36 through title, abstract and full-text screening. RESULTS: Strengths of the Clin-A cadre included addressing rural workforce shortages and offering cost-effective health care in rural areas. Challenges to the success of the cadre included stakeholder resistance, rapid implementation, scope of practice ambiguity, inadequate supervision, unclear roles, limited Department of Health (NDoH) support, funding deficits, Clin-As' perceived underpayment and overwork, degree recognition issues, inadequate medical student training on Clin-A roles, vague career paths and uneven provincial participation CONCLUSION: As a health care provider cadre, Clin-As have been welcomed by multiple stakeholders and could potentially be a valuable resource for South Africa's health care system, but they face substantial challenges. Realising their full potential necessitates enhanced engagement, improved implementation strategies and precise scope definition. CONTRIBUTION: This study acknowledges Clin-As in SA as a promising solution to health care workforce shortages but highlights challenges such as stakeholder resistance, insufficient NDoH support and unclear policies, emphasising the need for comprehensive efforts to maximise their potential.

Resumo: A complexidade, a dinâmica e a multidimensionalidade dos eventos suicidas fazem com que eles sejam considerados um problema de saúde pública, tanto em nível nacional quanto internacional. Entre os métodos de suicídio, a ingestão de agrotóxicos é um dos mais utilizados no mundo. Esta revisão da literatura teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento dos artigos científicos latino-americanos que estudam e/ou analisam o suicídio em contextos rurais. Em particular, aqueles que utilizam a ingestão de agrotóxicos como meio de suicídio. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão exploratória nas seguintes bases de dados bibliográficas: BVS, Scielo e DOAJ. Após a combinação de descritores e termos livres, foi encontrado um total de 343 artigos. Com base em diferentes critérios de inclusão e exclusão, o corpo documental foi composto por cinco artigos, quatro do Brasil e um da Colômbia. Entre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se que o suicídio com agrotóxicos é considerado um problema nos contextos rurais analisados. As pesquisas associam esse tipo de evento ao manuseio e/ou uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, principalmente em adultos jovens. Os inseticidas estão entre as substâncias mais comumente usadas. Observa-se também que há uma subnotificação dos casos, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas. O incipiente interesse pelo assunto exige a multiplicação de estudos e disciplinas que o abordem. Além disso, há necessidade de maior coordenação entre ciência, tecnologia e políticas de monitoramento de saúde mental que gerem visibilidade desse tipo de problema e incentivem o desenvolvimento de estratégias participativas e promocionais em contextos rurais.

Resumen: La complejidad, dinámica y multidimensionalidad de los eventos suicidas hace que sean considerados un problema de salud pública, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Entre los métodos de suicidio, la ingestión de agroquímicos es uno de los más empleados en el mundo. Esta revisión bibliográfica tuvo como objetivo relevar artículos científicos latinoamericanos que estudian o analizan el suicidio en contextos rurales. En particular, aquellos que utilizan como medio la ingesta de agroquímicos. Para ello, se realizó una revisión exploratoria en las siguientes bases de datos bibliográficas: BVS, SciELO y DOAJ. Tras la combinación de descriptores y términos libres se halló un total de 343 artículos. A partir de distintos criterios de inclusión y exclusión, el cuerpo documental quedó conformado por cinco artículos, cuatro de Brasil y uno de Colombia. Entre los resultados obtenidos se destaca que el suicidio con agroquímicos es considerado una problemática en los contextos rurales analizados. Las investigaciones asocian este tipo de eventos con la manipulación o utilización intensiva de agroquímicos, en particular, en adultos jóvenes. Entre las sustancias más utilizadas se encuentran los insecticidas. Asimismo, se señala que existe un subregistro de casos, lo cual dificulta el desarrollo de estrategias preventivas. El interés incipiente en el tema demanda multiplicar los estudios y disciplinas que lo aborden. Además de esto, se requiere una articulación mayor entre ciencia, tecnología y políticas de monitoreo en salud mental que generen visibilidad sobre este tipo de problemas y fomenten el desarrollo de estrategias participativas y promocionales en contextos rurales.

Abstract: The complexity, dynamics, and multidimensionality of suicidal events make them a public health problem, both nationally and internationally. Among the methods of suicide, the ingestion of agrochemicals is one of the most commonly used worldwide. This bibliographic review aimed to survey Latin American scientific articles that study and/or analyze suicide in rural contexts, particularly those using agrochemical ingestion as a method. An exploratory review was conducted in the following bibliographic databases: BVS, Scielo, and DOAJ. After combining descriptors and free terms, a total of 343 articles were found. Based on various inclusion and exclusion criteria, the document body consisted of five articles, four from Brazil and one from Colombia. One of the key findings is that suicide involving agrochemicals is seen as a significant issue in the rural areas under study. Research associates this type of event with the manipulation and/or intensive use of agrochemicals, particularly in young adults. Insecticides are among the most commonly used substances. It is also noted that there is underreporting of cases, which hinders the development of preventive strategies. The emerging interest in the topic demands an increase in studies and disciplines addressing it. In addition, greater articulation is required between science, technology, and mental health monitoring policies to raise awareness about these issues and promote the development of participatory and promotional strategies in rural contexts.

BACKGROUND: Non-specialist health professionals are required to provide mental health services given the burden of disease due to mental illness. The study aimed to explore the attitudes of clinical associates towards those with mental illness as well as their interest in mental health work and additional mental health training METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was utilised. The study population consisted of clinical associates based in South Africa. An electronic questionnaire was developed that incorporated the 16-item Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes version 4 scale (MICA-4), which is scored out of 96 with higher scores indicating more stigmatising attitudes. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine factors associated with the MICA-4 score RESULTS: The mean MICA-4 score for the 166 participants who completed all 16 questions was 37.55 (standard deviation 7.33). In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with significantly lower MICA-4 scores were falling in the 25- to 29-year-old age category and indicating that a mental health rotation formed part of the undergraduate degree. More than 80% of the participants (140/167, 83.8%) indicated an interest in mental health work. Two-thirds of the participants (111/167, 66.5%) indicated an interest in a specialisation in mental health CONCLUSION: The mean MICA-4 score recorded for clinical associates indicates low stigma levels towards those with mental illness. Additionally, there is significant interest in working and training in mental health CONTRIBUTION: Training programmes should take note of the contribution of a mental health rotation to a positive attitude to mental health patients. Clinical associates' attitudes towards mental illness together with their interest in working and training in mental health suggest that they could be more widely utilised in mental health service provision

Resumen En este artículo se analiza la configuración del proyecto territorial agrícola en la Península de Osa a partir de la experiencia de asociados y asociadas de la cooperativa de palma aceitera OSACOOP. Se usa una metodología cualitativa para reflexionar sobre la permanencia de las familias campesinas y reproducción de la vida en este territorio, retomando su papel en la escala local y sus características socioeconómicas. A partir de los conceptos de territorio y procesos de territorialización que se materializan en dinámicas productivas y las particularidades de este espacio geográfico, se retoman las narrativas de las personas entrevistadas para ilustrar los procesos de ocupación, asentamiento y permanencia de la agricultura campesina en una zona en la que la cooperativa es un actor clave.

Abstract This article analyzes the configuration of the agricultural territorial project in the Osa Peninsula based on the experience of associates of the oil palm cooperative OSACOOP. With a qualitative methodology, the local experience and the socioeconomic characteristics of the peasant families linked to this cooperative are analyzed to reflect on their permanence and reproduction of life in this territory. Based on the concepts of territory and territorialization processes that manifest in the productive dynamics and the particularities of this geographical space, the narratives of interviewees are taken up again to illustrate the processes of occupation, settlement and permanence of peasant agriculture in the area in which in which the cooperative is a key actor.