Risiko is hedendaags onberekenbaar vermenigvuldig en vererger in vergelyking met wat Ulrich Beck se werk oor "risikosamelewing" aan die hand gedoen het toe dit aanvanklik gepubliseer is, ofskoon 'n mens terugskouend spore van die buitensporige risiko's van die huidige tyd, veral soos in die sogenaamde "Covid-pandemie" beliggaam, in sy verwagtinge kan bespeur. Hierdie artikel konsentreer op Beck se werk, met die doel om dit heuristies te benut ten einde 'n beter begrip ten opsigte van die risiko's wat deur die Covid-19-"pandemie" ontketen is -asook deur verbandhoudende gevolge daarvan - te kan formuleer. Beck se werk word in die raamwerk van 'n Heideggeriaanse refleksie oor menslike temporaliteit en veral die toekoms gesitueer, met die klem daarop dat mense by uitstek tyd-georiënteerde wesens is, en dat wat in die hede gebeur onvermydelik in die lig van toekomsverwagtinge en projeksies verstaan word. Die idee van "vooroordeel" word ook in hierdie konteks bespreek, ten einde die relevansie van die "hermeneutiese sirkel" vir die begrip van gebeure tydens en sedert die Covid-19-"pandemie" te kan begryp, en om aanklagte van vooroordeel ten opsigte van die huidige interpretasie van hierdie gebeure aan die hand van Beck se werk die hoof te bied. Daar word aangevoer dat, ofskoon hulle die kategorie van "tegnologies" met die tipe risiko wat Beck identifiseer deel, die soort risiko wat deur die Covid-"pandemie", inperkings, Covid-"inentings" en gepaardgaande ekonomiese swaarkry na vore gekom het, van 'n volkome ander aard is. Die "risiko-samelewing" was volgens Beck herkenbaar aan die newe-produksie en verspreiding van gevare soos giftige besmetting deur kontaminante, besoedeling en klimaatsveranderende emissies, in teenstelling met die voorafgaande samelewing van welvaartverspreiding. Vandag staar die samelewing egter blykbaar iets veel ergers in die gesig, te wete die produksie van potensieel- en selfs aktueel-dodelike stowwe en toestande. In vergelyking met die gevare van die risikosamelewing, wat as voorkombaar beskou is, sou 'n mens moontlik kon verwag dat dit vandag ook die geval sou wees, maar by nadere ondersoek blyk dit nie so te wees nie, grootliks omdat groeiende getuienis aantoon dat meeste van die huidige "ultra-risiko's" doelbewus geskep is, en dat dit te laat is om die meeste daarvan ongedaan te maak. Hierdie, sowel as andere aspekte van die "pandemie-samelewing" word deur die lens van Beck se "risikosamelewing" onder die loep geneem.

Today, risk has been multiplied and exacerbated beyond anything that even Ulrich Beck's work on "risk society" seemed to suggest when first published, although - with hindsight - one can detect traces of the excessive risks of the present, centred on the Covid-19 "pandemic", in his prognostications. This paper concentrates on the work of Beck, with a view to mining it heuristically for a better comprehension of the risks unleashed by the Covid-19 "pandemic" and everything associated with it. Beck's work is situated within the framework of a Heideggerian reflection on human temporality and particularly the future, emphasising that human beings are time-oriented creatures par excellence, and that therefore what happens in the present is inescapably understood in the light of future expectations and projections. The notion of "prejudice" is also discussed in this context, to reveal the relevance of the "hermeneutic circle" for the understanding of events during and after the Covid-19 "pandemic", and to neutralise accusations of bias in the interpretation of these events offered here in relation to Beck's work on "risk society". It is argued that, despite sharing the denominator of "technological", compared to the kinds of risk distinguished by Beck, those introduced by the "pandemic", lockdowns, Covid "vaccines", and in their wake, economic hardship - to mention only some - are of a different, more deleterious order altogether. If, in contrast with the society of wealth-distribution (through goods), the "risk society" was recognisable by the (by)production and distribution of hazards such as toxic contaminants, pollution and climate-changing emissions, today society seems to be facing something far worse, namely the production of potentially, if not actually, lethal substances and conditions. If the hazards of risk society were seen as preventable (compared to "natural" perils) - after all, they were socially produced and exacerbated (or sometimes moderated) by economic and cultural practices - one might expect that it would be the case with those faced today, too. This, it turns out, is highly improbable, largely because growing evidence suggests that most of the "ultra-risks" that have emerged of late have been produced intentionally, or by design, and that it is too late to undo most of them, although others may be prevented. Specifically, it has now been established that most of these risks, if not outright dangers, were produced intentionally, as part of a depopulation agenda, by a relatively small group of hyper-wealthy, neo-fascist, globalist billionaires. What Beck argued, namely that the potential for cataclysm was increasing, has been exacerbated beyond what could have been expected under "normal" risk-conditions. Ironically, under these conditions the uncertainties of science in the face of unpredictable risk, which were highlighted by Beck, have made way for contrary, ideological claims concerning the "certainties" of "the science" in relation to so-called Covid-19 "vaccines". Insofar as these vaunted "certainties" pertained to the supposed "safety and effectiveness" of these injections, recent evidence in the guise of scientific studies suggests that the opposite is the case, and that millions of the recipients of these "jabs" have died globally since they were administered, in this way confirming the qualitative difference between the kind of risk faced in contemporary "pandemic" society and the risks that Beck perceived in the "risk society" which succeeded the society of "wealth-production". Eight of the risks that Beck associates with this kind of society are discussed, and the differences between those risks - which are generated by science and technology, among other things - and what humanity faces today, particularly since the advent of the Covid "pandemic", are identified and clarified. Importantly, the qualitative differences between risks as understood by Beck - which emerged as side-effects of "normal" scientific, technological and industrial practices and processes - and the risks that have emerged recently, at least since 2020, are emphasised. This amounts to the recognition of not only the risks demonstrably associated with the pseudo-vaccines marketed as "vaccines" against Covid-19, but also, and especially, of the demonstrable dangers that they hold, which could potentially augur the extinction of the human species. These and other aspects of "pandemic" society - such as deliberate economic destruction and geo-engineering - are addressed through the lenses of Beck's work on risk society, raising the fraught question of the possible extinction of humanity.

Vaccine hesitancy is a public health concern in South Africa and internationally. Literature on vaccine hesitancy associates this with mistrust of the government. We present a qualitative analysis of opinions about COVID-19 vaccination expressed by South African Twitter (now X) users during the first year of the vaccine rollout in South Africa. We conducted a thematic analysis of 800 randomly selected tweets containing vaccine-related keywords, sampled from four time periods in 2021. We categorised comprehensible South African non-news tweets as pro-vaccination (24.75% of sample), anti-vaccination (20.25%) or ambivalent (4.5%), and then identified themes. Among pro-vaccination tweets, the most common themes were criticism of the government's handling of vaccine procurement and the rollout; concerns that the vaccine was urgently needed and/or not being made available fast enough; and statements that vaccines were safe and/or effective against COVID-19. Among anti-vaccination tweets, the most common themes were claims that the vaccine was harmful or too risky; suspicion of the government's intentions with respect to the vaccine it was offering the public; and opposition to mandatory or 'forced' vaccination. Criticism and mistrust of the government were present among both pro- and anti-vaccination tweets, though for different reasons. We discuss this in light of literature recommending trust-building as a response to vaccine hesitancy. SIGNIFICANCE: Numerous studies recognise mistrust in the government as a correlate of anti-vaccination opinions, but our findings suggest that holders of both pro- and anti-vaccination opinions in South Africa mistrust the government - albeit for different reasons. Several South African authors propose 'trust-building' as a solution to vaccine hesitancy and refusal, but we suggest that in a context of government corruption, it is not more trust that the South African public needs, but more critical literacy in order to discern when the government is and is not acting in the public (health) interest.

Abstract: A great diversity of living beings and human values are invisible to the prevailing global culture, which associates the word biodiversity with large organisms such as trees and mammals. Paradoxically, most biodiversity is made up of small organisms that remain invisible to global society and are under-represented in philosophy, science, and education. To help resolve this “biocultural blindness” about biological and value diversity, in this article we present concepts and practices of field environmental philosophy. We focus on the activity “ecotourism with a hand-lens” to illustrate “conceptual lenses” that amplify the appreciation of biological and cultural diversity. This activity integrates philosophy, sciences, and arts to appreciate the beauty and relevance of small organisms and the multiplicity of languages, forms of knowledge, and values that different cultural traditions give to biodiversity. Participants practice forms of analogical thinking to co-create knowledge and biocultural expressions of their own, instead of being passive recipients of information. Finally, this field environmental philosophy activity combines bodily and sensory activities with theoretical readings that provide conceptual foundations for cultivating a biocultural ethic that guides forms of co-inhabitation with small and large co-inhabitants (humans and others-than-humans) with whom we share both our local habitats and the global biosphere.

Resumen: Una gran diversidad de seres vivos y valores humanos son invisibles a la cultura global prevaleciente, que asocia la palabra biodiversidad con grandes organismos tales como mamíferos y árboles. Paradójicamente, la mayoría de la biodiversidad está compuesta por pequeños organismos que permanecen invisibles para la sociedad global y son subrepresentados en la filosofía, la ciencia y la educación. Para contribuir a resolver esta “ceguera biocultural” sobre la diversidad biológica y de valores, en este artículo presentamos conceptos y prácticas de la filosofía ambiental de campo. Nos enfocamos en la actividad “ecoturismo con lupa” para ilustrar “lentes conceptuales” que amplifican la apreciación de la diversidad biológica y cultural. Esta actividad integra las ciencias, artes, humanidades y ética para apreciar la belleza y relevancia de los pequeños organismos y los múltiples lenguajes, formas de conocimientos y valores que diferentes tradiciones culturales otorgan a la biodiversidad. Los participantes practican formas de pensamiento analógico para co-crear conocimiento y expresiones bioculturales propias, en vez de ser receptores pasivos de información. Finalmente, la práctica de la filosofía ambiental de campo combina actividades corporales y sensoriales con lecturas teóricas que proveen fundamentos conceptuales para cultivar una ética biocultural que orienta formas de co-habitación con pequeños y grandes co-habitantes, humanos y otros-que-humanos, con quienes compartirnos tanto nuestros hábitats locales como la biosfera global.

Resumen Esta investigación, con enfoque cualitativo, asocia estudios teóricos con investigaciones de campo y tiene como objetivo presentar una reflexión sobre la mediación artística, en el campo de las artes visuales y el teatro, centrándose en la perspectiva teórico-metodológica de la mediación teatral. El trabajo describe experiencias artístico-pedagógicas de uno de los investigadores de este estudio como mediador en el museo Solar do Barão y en una asignatura curricular específica del Curso de Teatro de la Universidad Estadual de Paraná - Unespar, Brasil. Los resultados destacan que la mediación brinda posibilidades de enriquecer experiencias al espectador, con el fin de ampliar su repertorio artístico-cultural, estimulando su desarrollo perceptivo al facilitarle contactos con otros conocimientos que se producen en el contexto social y que, al compartirse, se perciben como nuevos conocimientos. El papel del mediador presentado en esta investigación se basa en una relación horizontal con el espectador, sin distinguir conocimientos, potenciando sus conocimientos previos, en la búsqueda de una experiencia emancipadora. De esta manera, la figura del mediador se entiende como un educador, como un agente capaz de abrir puertas para el disfrute estético del espectador, contribuyendo a que el espectador se convierta en un participante más activo en el proceso de disfrute, ya que piensa, crea, imagina y se mueve a través de diversos significados y significados.

Resumo A presente pesquisa, com abordagem qualitativa, associa os estudos teóricos à pesquisa de campo e tem por objetivo apresentar uma reflexão acerca da mediação artística, no campo das artes visuais e do teatro, com enfoque na perspectiva teórico-metodológica da mediação teatral. O trabalho descreve experiências artístico-pedagógicas de um dos pesquisadores deste estudo como mediador no museu Solar do Barão e em uma determinada disciplina curricular do Curso de Teatro da Universidade Estadual do Paraná - Unespar, Brasil. Os resultados sublinham que a mediação proporciona possibilidades de experiências enriquecedoras ao espectador, de modo a ampliar seu repertório artístico-cultural, estimulando o seu desenvolvimento perceptivo ao propiciar contatos com outros saberes que são produzidos no contexto social e que, quando compartilhados, são apreendidos como novos conhecimentos. O papel do mediador apresentado nesta investigação está pautado em uma relação horizontal com o espectador, sem a distinção de saberes, potencializando seus conhecimentos prévios, na busca de uma experiência emancipadora. Deste modo, a figura do mediador é compreendida como um educador, como um agente capaz de destravar portas para a fruição estética do espectador, contribuindo para que o mesmo se torne um participante mais ativo no processo de fruição, uma vez que ele pensa, cria, imagina e transita por vários sentidos e significados.

Résumé Cette recherche, avec une approche qualitative, associe études théoriques et recherches de terrain et vise à présenter une réflexion sur la médiation artistique, dans le domaine des arts visuels et du théâtre, en se concentrant sur la perspective théorico-méthodologique de la médiation théâtrale. L'ouvrage décrit les expériences artistiques et pédagogiques de l'un des chercheurs de cette étude en tant que médiateur au musée Solar do Barão et dans une matière spécifique du programme d'études de théâtre de l'Université d'État du Paraná - Unespar, Brésil. Les résultats soulignent que la médiation offre des possibilités d'enrichissement des expériences au spectateur, afin d'élargir son répertoire artistique et culturel, en stimulant son développement perceptuel en lui permettant de se mettre en contact avec d'autres connaissances produites dans le contexte social et qui, lorsqu'elles sont partagées, sont perçues comme de nouvelles connaissances. Le rôle du médiateur présenté dans cette enquête repose sur une relation horizontale avec le spectateur, sans distinction de savoirs, valorisant ses savoirs antérieurs, dans la recherche d'une expérience émancipatrice. De cette manière, la figure du médiateur est comprise comme un éducateur, comme un agent capable d'ouvrir les portes du plaisir esthétique du spectateur, contribuant à ce que le spectateur devienne un participant plus actif dans le processus de jouissance, car il pense, crée, imagine et se déplace à travers diverses significations et significations.

Abstract This research, with a qualitative approach, associates theoretical studies with field research and aims to present a reflection on artistic mediation, in the field of visual arts and theater, focusing on the theoretical-methodological perspective of theatrical mediation. The work describes artistic-pedagogical experiences of one of the researchers of this study as a mediator at the Solar do Barão museum and in a specific curricular subject of the Theater Course at the State University of Paraná - Unespar, Brazil. The results highlight that mediation provides possibilities for enriching experiences to the spectator, in order to expand their artistic-cultural repertoire, stimulating their perceptual development by providing contacts with other knowledge that is produced in the social context and that, when shared, is perceived as new knowledges. The role of the mediator presented in this investigation is based on a horizontal relationship with the viewer, without distinguishing knowledge, enhancing their previous knowledge, in the search for an emancipating experience. In this way, the figure of the mediator is understood as an educator, as an agent capable of unlocking doors for the spectator's aesthetic enjoyment, contributing to the viewer becoming a more active participant in the enjoyment process, as he thinks, creates , imagines and moves through various meanings and meanings.

Abstract: In his proposal for the zoning of American Spanish from 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña does not mention Panama at any time, although, in a later work, he associates the Panamanian modality with Colombia, a fact motivated by political reasons. To delimit the five large dialectal zones, the author uses, above all, phonetic-phonological data, aspects also brought up in more recent works, which relate the Panamanian variety with the Caribbean macrozone. Despite these works and the evidence of this linguistic affiliation, reconstructing the phoneticphonological component of Panamanian Spanish in the past requires facing an almost total research vacuum. For this reason, the present work aims to study some phonetic-phonological phenomena, relevant for the Panamanian linguistic characterization, in the documentation of the 16th century in order to establish the historical basis of these features in Panamanian territory. Our data show that the presence of traits ascribed to the southern peninsular modalities in the Panamanian variety, from its origins, is undeniable, although other factors must be taken into account in its conformation.

Resumen: En su propuesta de zonificación del español americano de 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña no menciona en ningún momento Panamá, si bien, en un trabajo más tardío, vincula la modalidad panameña con Colombia, motivado por razones políticas. Para delimitar las cinco grandes zonas dialectales, el autor se sirve, sobre todo, de datos fonético-fonológicos, que se sacan a colación también en investigaciones más recientes, al relacionar la variedad panameña con la macrozona caribeña. A pesar de estos trabajos y de la evidencia de esta filiación lingüística, tratar de reconstruir el componente fonético-fonológico del español panameño en el pasado exige enfrentarse a un vacío investigador casi total. Por ello, el presente artículo se plantea como objetivo estudiar algunos fenómenos fonético-fonológicos, relevantes para la caracterización lingüística panameña, en la documentación del siglo XVI a fin de poder asentar la base histórica de estos rasgos en territorio panameño. Nuestros datos muestran que la presencia de rasgos adscritos a las modalidades peninsulares meridionales en la variedad panameña, desde sus orígenes, es innegable, aunque hay que tener en cuenta otros factores en su conformación.

Resumo A partir do discurso e da sociologia da imagem, o objetivo é analisar a racialização da publicidade televisiva chilena em horário nobre, na qual, apesar das semelhanças com os países vizinhos, a discursividade expressa pelos meios de comunicação chilenos foi impregnada de uma suposta superioridade, estatuto e racialidade brancos. O estudo tem uma abordagem qualitativa e descritiva com um desenho etnográfico. A análise foi exaustiva através de uma amostra por oportunidade, para a qual foram considerados os anúncios de quatro canais de televisão de acesso livre durante o horário nobre. De acordo com os resultados, a publicidade no Chile, em termos discursivos, consolida uma distinção que associa os brancos a valores positivos. Por outro lado, emergem três categorias na distinção afrodescendente/mestiço: periférico, estrangeiro e postura alternativa/reformista.

Resumen Desde el discurso y sociología de la imagen, el objetivo es analizar la racialización de la publicidad televisiva chilena en horario de máxima audiencia, en la que, a pesar de similitudes con países vecinos, la discursividad expresada por el medio chileno se ha impregnado de una supuesta superioridad blanca, estatus y racialidad. El estudio posee un enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo con un diseño etnográfico. El análisis fue comprensivo, a través de una muestra por oportunidad, para el cual se consideraron publicidades de cuatro canales de televisión abierta en horario de alta audiencia. Según los resultados, la publicidad en Chile, en términos discursivos, consolida una distinción que asocia personas blancas con valores positivos. Por otro lado, emergen tres categorías en la distinción afrodescendiente/mestiza: periférica, foránea y postura alternativa/reformista.

Abstract From the discourse and sociology of the image, the objective is to analyze the racialization of Chilean primetime television advertising, where, in spite of the similarities with neighboring countries, the discursiveness expressed by Chilean media has been permeated by a supposed white superiority, status, and raciality. This study employs a qualitative, descriptive approach with an ethnographic design. A comprehensive analysis was carried out through a sample by opportunity, considering advertisements of four open television channels during primetime. According to the results, in discursive terms, advertising in Chile consolidates a distinction that associates white people with positive values. On the other hand, three categories emerge in the Afro-descendant/mestizo distinction: peripheral, foreign, and alternative-reformist posture.

Resumen (Introducción): En Latinoamérica, la sensible biodiversidad tropical que se encuentra fuera de las áreas silvestres protegidas está bajo amenaza. En Costa Rica, el pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) representa un mecanismo para proteger bosques en fincas privadas, pero carece de indicadores específicos sobre el estado de la biodiversidad y de conservación de los bosques. (Objetivo): Analizar el uso del monitoreo acústico para la evaluación de ecosistemas en 11 sitios en la Península de Osa: 9 en fincas privadas y 2 sitios dentro del Parque Nacional Corcovado. (Metodología): Se grabaron paisajes sonoros del 25 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2021, utilizando grabadoras acústicas. Se estudia el comportamiento de 6 índices acústicos en cada sitio de muestreo y se aplicó un análisis de detección automatizada de vocalizaciones de 2 especies de aves representativas de la zona. (Resultados): Se encuentra que los sitios más fragmentados presentaron mayor actividad, energía y diversidad acústica, posiblemente por efectos de borde y ecotonos presentes, así como un alto componente de bosque en la matriz circundante. La detección automatizada de vocalizaciones indicó que la especie Hylopezus perspicillatus resultó ser más sensible a las diferencias en el paisaje que Trogon bairdii. (Conclusiones): El uso de índices acústicos, aunque asocia rasgos del grado de conservación del bosque, no resultó un elemento diferenciador de la calidad del ecosistema en las fincas evaluadas, pero el monitoreo de especies mediante la detección de sus vocalizaciones sí resultó promisorio. Es recomendable un diseño de muestreo metódico y riguroso, con más puntos de muestreo por sitio, para lograr mediciones precisas y evitar sesgos en el análisis.

Abstract (Introduction): In Latin America, the sensitive tropical biodiversity found outside of protected wilderness areas is under threat. In Costa Rica, the payment for environmental services (PSA) represents a mechanism to protect forests on private farms, but it lacks specific indicators on the state of biodiversity and forest conservation. (Objective): To analyze the use of acoustic monitoring for ecosystem assessment at 11 sites in the Osa Peninsula, nine on private farms, and two sites within Corcovado National Park. (Methods): Soundscapes were recorded from May 25 to June 1, 2021, using acoustic recorders. It was analyzed the behavior of six acoustic indices at each sampling site and applied an automated detection analysis of vocalizations of two representative bird species of the area. (Results): It was found that the most fragmented sites presented higher activity, energy, and acoustic diversity, possibly due to edge effects and ecotones present, as well as a high forest component in the surrounding matrix. Automated vocalization detection indicated that the species Hylopezus perspicillatus turned out to be more sensitive to differences in the landscape than Trogon bairdii. (Conclusions): The use of acoustic indices, although it associates features of the degree of conservation, was not a differentiating element of the quality of the ecosystem in the evaluated farms. The monitoring of species through the detection of their vocalizations was promising. A careful and rigorous sampling design, with more sampling points per site, is recommended to achieve accurate measurements and avoid bias in the analysis.

ABSTRACT This article explores two significant issues in Lima: social differentiation and middle-class neighbourhoods. In a context of urban unpredictability, it addresses the residential strategies carried out by ancashinos, puneños and huancaínos during Lima's 1970 and 1980 decades. Reviewing the residential criteria, such as the material neighbourhood conditions, the urban location and the resident families' features, it was identified that social class, ethnic group and social origin were fundamental categories when choosing neighbourhoods. The residential strategies allow to delve into the homogeneity of the city's central area and explore the social differences within the middle classes.

RESUMEN Este artículo explora dos grandes asuntos en Lima: la diferenciación social y los vecindarios de clases medias. En un contexto de imprevisibilidad urbana, aborda las estrategias de elección de residencia realizadas por ancashinos, puneños y huancaínos durante las décadas de 1970 y 1980 en Lima. Haciendo una revisión de los criterios de elección de residencia, como las condiciones materiales del vecindario, la ubicación en el entramado urbano y las características de las familias residentes, se identificó que la «clase social», el «grupo étnico» y la «procedencia social» fueron categorías fundamentales para inclinar la balanza de uno u otro lado al elegir vecindario. Las estrategias de elección de residencia permitieron ahondar en la homogeneidad del área central de la ciudad, así como explorar las diferencias en el interior de las clases medias.

BACKGROUND. Clinical associates (ClinAs) are educated in decentralised learning platforms where they gain skills and a concrete understanding of the fundamental challenges of healthcare in remote and poverty-stricken districts of South Africa. Due to the decentralised nature of the programme, these students seldom have access to 'on-campus' academic and psychosocial support. A peer mentorship programme has proved useful in this regard in other settings. OBJECTIVE. To explore the unique academic and psychosocial challenges and needs of first-year clinical associate (ClinA) students and describe the views of the research participants on the perceived enablers and constraints of a ClinA peer mentorship programme. METHODS. A phenomenological research design was used. The population included ClinA students and academic members of staff. Five appreciative inquiry interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted. RESULTS. Four themes were identified: (i) flailing like a fish out of water (challenges experienced by ClinA students); (ii) floating devices (benefits of peer support programmes); (iii) the life saver (perceived enablers of peer support programmes); and (iv) rip currents (perceived constraints of peer support programmes). CONCLUSION. Unique challenges identified were: (i) the teaching and learning strategy implemented by the facilitator of the programme; (ii) the decentralised learning platforms; and (iii) the absence of institutional support at clinical learning centres. All participants agreed that peer mentor support is beneficial and essential for ClinA students, but that the peer mentor programme needs to be bespoke to address the limited access to academic and psychosocial on-campus support and the profile of the students, who are of rural origin and first-generation students.

Abstract Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a winter symbiotic legume that associates with Rhizobium leguminosarum sv viciae. This work aimed to evaluate strains of R. leguminosarum for their infective ability and early-plant growth, BNF contribution, biomass and grain yield. Seventy-eight specific strains and four pea cultivars were evaluated in a growth chamber, five strains and three cultivars were evaluated in a greenhouse, and three strains and two cultivars were evaluated in a field experiment. Only 44-55% of all evaluated strains were infective in the four cultivars. In the greenhouse, D70 and D156 strains showed the best nodulation variables as well as higher N content and yield. The field experiment showed D156 and D70 yielded a similar behavior for N content in canopy biomass and individual nodule biomass, whereas D191 had a higher nodule number per plant, aerial biomass and grain yields. D70 provided good nodulation, N content in biomass, and yield in the growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments, whereas D156 had a like or superior behavior in the greenhouse and field experiments. Therefore, D156 could constitute a good candidate for bacterial single-strain inoculants, as well as for formulating microbial consortia.

Resumen La arveja (Pisum sativum L.) es una leguminosa simbiótica del invierno que establece asociación con Rhizobium leguminosarum sv viciae. Los objetivos de trabajo fueron evaluar cepas de R. leguminosarum por infectividad y crecimiento temprano, aporte de BNF, producción de biomasa y rendimiento. Setenta y ocho cepas y cuatro cultivares se evaluaron en cámara de crecimiento, cinco cepas y tres cultivares en invernadero, mientras que tres cepas y dos cultivares en experimento de campo. Solo el 44-55% de las cepas fueron infectivas en los cultivares. En invernadero, las cepas D70 y D156 mostraron los mejores valores de nodulación y los mayores contenidos de N en biomasa y rendimiento. En campo, D156 y D70 mostraron comportamientos similares que en invernadero, mientras que D191 tuvo más nódulos por planta, mayor biomasa aérea y mayor rendimiento. La cepa D70 mantuvo su comportamiento de nodulación, contenido de N en biomasa y rendimiento en cámara de crecimiento, invernadero y campo; mientras que D156 tuvo igual o mejor comportamiento que D70 en invernadero y campo. Por lo tanto, D156 podría ser una buena candidata para formular inoculantes bacterianos con esta cepa o para formular consorcios microbianos.

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva investigar os fatores associados à adoção de tecnologia no setor agropecuário. Dezoito artigos foram selecionados para a revisão sistemática. As análises permitiram agrupar as tecnologias utilizadas nas propriedades rurais nas categorias de automatização e informatização; controle de ervas daninhas e pragas; e aquelas que promovem a Intensificação Sustentável (IS). Os resultados mostram que os principais fatores que contribuem para o processo de adoção de tecnologia no setor agropecuário estão relacionados à participação dos produtores rurais em organizações coletivas, ao nível de escolaridade do produtor, ao acesso a serviços de assistência técnica e ao crédito, à presença de equipamentos tecnológicos na propriedade rural e ao seu tamanho. Elaborou-se uma estrutura conceitual que atribui o processo de adoção de tecnologia no setor agropecuário a um fenômeno multidimensional e complexo, sugerindo o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas educacionais e setoriais, por exemplo, incentivo à formação de organizações coletivas formais e informais, assistência técnica e crédito, para a promoção da difusão tecnológica nos países. sistemática informatização pragas IS. IS . (IS) produtor crédito tamanho Elaborouse Elaborou se complexo setoriais exemplo informais países (IS

This article aimed to investigate the factors associated with the adoption of technology in the agricultural sector. Eighteen articles were selected for the systematic review. The analysis made it possible to group the technologies used on rural properties in the categories of automation and computerization, weed and pest control, and those that promote Sustainable Intensification (SI). The results show that the main factors that contribute to the process of technology adoption in the agricultural sector are related to the participation of rural producers in collective organizations, the producer's education level, access to technical assistance services and credit, the presence of technological equipment on the rural property, and its size. A conceptual framework that associates the technology adoption process in the agricultural sector with a multidimensional and complex phenomenon was elaborated. This suggests the need for the development of educational and sector-specific public policies, such as encouraging the establishment of both formal and informal collective organizations, providing technical assistance, and the access to credit in order to promote the diffusion of technology in countries. review computerization control SI. SI . (SI) organizations producer s level property size elaborated sectorspecific specific policies countries (SI

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar los factores asociados a la adopción de la tecnología en el sector agropecuario. Se seleccionaron dieciocho artículos para la revisión sistemática. Los análisis permitieron agrupar las tecnologías utilizadas en las propiedades rurales en las categorías de automatización e informatización, control de malas hierbas y plagas y las que promueven la Intensificación Sostenible (IS). Los resultados muestran que los principales factores que contribuye para el proceso de adopción de tecnología en el sector agrícola y ganadero están relacionados con la participación de los productores rurales en organizaciones colectivas, el nivel de escolaridad del productor, el acceso a los servicios de asistencia técnica y al crédito, la presencia de equipamiento tecnológico en la propiedad rural y su tamaño. Fue posible elaborar una estructura conceptual que atribuye el proceso de adopción de tecnología en el sector agropecuario a un fenómeno multidimensional y complejo, sugiriendo el desarrollo de políticas públicas educativas y sectoriales (incentivo a la formación de organizaciones colectivas formales e informales, la asistencia técnica y el crédito) para el fomento de la difusión tecnológica en los países. Se elaboró una estructura conceptual que atribuye el proceso de adopción de tecnología en el sector agropecuario a un fenómeno multidimensional y complejo, sugiriendo el desarrollo de políticas públicas educativas y sectoriales. Por ejemplo, se destaca el estímulo a la formación de organizaciones colectivas formales e informales, la asistencia técnica y el acceso al crédito, con el fin de promover la difusión tecnológica en los países. sistemática informatización IS. IS . (IS) productor crédito tamaño complejo incentivo informales países ejemplo (IS

Resumo: A complexidade, a dinâmica e a multidimensionalidade dos eventos suicidas fazem com que eles sejam considerados um problema de saúde pública, tanto em nível nacional quanto internacional. Entre os métodos de suicídio, a ingestão de agrotóxicos é um dos mais utilizados no mundo. Esta revisão da literatura teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento dos artigos científicos latino-americanos que estudam e/ou analisam o suicídio em contextos rurais. Em particular, aqueles que utilizam a ingestão de agrotóxicos como meio de suicídio. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão exploratória nas seguintes bases de dados bibliográficas: BVS, Scielo e DOAJ. Após a combinação de descritores e termos livres, foi encontrado um total de 343 artigos. Com base em diferentes critérios de inclusão e exclusão, o corpo documental foi composto por cinco artigos, quatro do Brasil e um da Colômbia. Entre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se que o suicídio com agrotóxicos é considerado um problema nos contextos rurais analisados. As pesquisas associam esse tipo de evento ao manuseio e/ou uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, principalmente em adultos jovens. Os inseticidas estão entre as substâncias mais comumente usadas. Observa-se também que há uma subnotificação dos casos, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas. O incipiente interesse pelo assunto exige a multiplicação de estudos e disciplinas que o abordem. Além disso, há necessidade de maior coordenação entre ciência, tecnologia e políticas de monitoramento de saúde mental que gerem visibilidade desse tipo de problema e incentivem o desenvolvimento de estratégias participativas e promocionais em contextos rurais.

Abstract: The complexity, dynamics, and multidimensionality of suicidal events make them a public health problem, both nationally and internationally. Among the methods of suicide, the ingestion of agrochemicals is one of the most commonly used worldwide. This bibliographic review aimed to survey Latin American scientific articles that study and/or analyze suicide in rural contexts, particularly those using agrochemical ingestion as a method. An exploratory review was conducted in the following bibliographic databases: BVS, Scielo, and DOAJ. After combining descriptors and free terms, a total of 343 articles were found. Based on various inclusion and exclusion criteria, the document body consisted of five articles, four from Brazil and one from Colombia. One of the key findings is that suicide involving agrochemicals is seen as a significant issue in the rural areas under study. Research associates this type of event with the manipulation and/or intensive use of agrochemicals, particularly in young adults. Insecticides are among the most commonly used substances. It is also noted that there is underreporting of cases, which hinders the development of preventive strategies. The emerging interest in the topic demands an increase in studies and disciplines addressing it. In addition, greater articulation is required between science, technology, and mental health monitoring policies to raise awareness about these issues and promote the development of participatory and promotional strategies in rural contexts.

Resumen: La complejidad, dinámica y multidimensionalidad de los eventos suicidas hace que sean considerados un problema de salud pública, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Entre los métodos de suicidio, la ingestión de agroquímicos es uno de los más empleados en el mundo. Esta revisión bibliográfica tuvo como objetivo relevar artículos científicos latinoamericanos que estudian o analizan el suicidio en contextos rurales. En particular, aquellos que utilizan como medio la ingesta de agroquímicos. Para ello, se realizó una revisión exploratoria en las siguientes bases de datos bibliográficas: BVS, SciELO y DOAJ. Tras la combinación de descriptores y términos libres se halló un total de 343 artículos. A partir de distintos criterios de inclusión y exclusión, el cuerpo documental quedó conformado por cinco artículos, cuatro de Brasil y uno de Colombia. Entre los resultados obtenidos se destaca que el suicidio con agroquímicos es considerado una problemática en los contextos rurales analizados. Las investigaciones asocian este tipo de eventos con la manipulación o utilización intensiva de agroquímicos, en particular, en adultos jóvenes. Entre las sustancias más utilizadas se encuentran los insecticidas. Asimismo, se señala que existe un subregistro de casos, lo cual dificulta el desarrollo de estrategias preventivas. El interés incipiente en el tema demanda multiplicar los estudios y disciplinas que lo aborden. Además de esto, se requiere una articulación mayor entre ciencia, tecnología y políticas de monitoreo en salud mental que generen visibilidad sobre este tipo de problemas y fomenten el desarrollo de estrategias participativas y promocionales en contextos rurales.

BACKGROUND: Non-specialist health professionals are required to provide mental health services given the burden of disease due to mental illness. The study aimed to explore the attitudes of clinical associates towards those with mental illness as well as their interest in mental health work and additional mental health training METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was utilised. The study population consisted of clinical associates based in South Africa. An electronic questionnaire was developed that incorporated the 16-item Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes version 4 scale (MICA-4), which is scored out of 96 with higher scores indicating more stigmatising attitudes. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine factors associated with the MICA-4 score RESULTS: The mean MICA-4 score for the 166 participants who completed all 16 questions was 37.55 (standard deviation 7.33). In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with significantly lower MICA-4 scores were falling in the 25- to 29-year-old age category and indicating that a mental health rotation formed part of the undergraduate degree. More than 80% of the participants (140/167, 83.8%) indicated an interest in mental health work. Two-thirds of the participants (111/167, 66.5%) indicated an interest in a specialisation in mental health CONCLUSION: The mean MICA-4 score recorded for clinical associates indicates low stigma levels towards those with mental illness. Additionally, there is significant interest in working and training in mental health CONTRIBUTION: Training programmes should take note of the contribution of a mental health rotation to a positive attitude to mental health patients. Clinical associates' attitudes towards mental illness together with their interest in working and training in mental health suggest that they could be more widely utilised in mental health service provision

BACKGROUND: South Africa's health care system grapples with persistent challenges, including health care provider shortages and disparities in distribution. In response, the government introduced clinical associates (Clin-As) as a novel category of health care providers AIM: This study mapped Clin-As' history and practice in South Africa, assessing their roles in the health workforce and offering recommendations. METHODS: Following the framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley, we conducted a comprehensive literature search from January 2001 to November 2021, utilising PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost databases. One thousand six hundred and seventy-two articles were identified and then refined to 36 through title, abstract and full-text screening. RESULTS: Strengths of the Clin-A cadre included addressing rural workforce shortages and offering cost-effective health care in rural areas. Challenges to the success of the cadre included stakeholder resistance, rapid implementation, scope of practice ambiguity, inadequate supervision, unclear roles, limited Department of Health (NDoH) support, funding deficits, Clin-As' perceived underpayment and overwork, degree recognition issues, inadequate medical student training on Clin-A roles, vague career paths and uneven provincial participation CONCLUSION: As a health care provider cadre, Clin-As have been welcomed by multiple stakeholders and could potentially be a valuable resource for South Africa's health care system, but they face substantial challenges. Realising their full potential necessitates enhanced engagement, improved implementation strategies and precise scope definition. CONTRIBUTION: This study acknowledges Clin-As in SA as a promising solution to health care workforce shortages but highlights challenges such as stakeholder resistance, insufficient NDoH support and unclear policies, emphasising the need for comprehensive efforts to maximise their potential.

Abstract: The article analyzes paraphrastic margins of the ninth session of Geschlecht III (2018), by Jacques Derrida. It is dedicated to tracing, first, the folding and precipitation of the seminar on the slopes explored by Heidegger in “Speech in the Poem”: it tries to decipher the economy of the folding and the blow of the sexual difference between two types of sexualities (duplicity and discord). The essay indicates, second, how Heidegger would have resolved the character of the double ambiguity of Trakl's poetry, reunited in the simple Duplicity of the fundamental tone. The writing reviews, thirdly, the scarce negative function that conditions the tonal simplicity and harmony of the Poem. Finally, it projects results on the analysis of nationality, treated in an allusive manner, and associates these with the conclusion.

Resumen: El artículo analiza márgenes de la traducción parafrástica de la novena sesión de Geschlecht III (2018), de Jacques Derrida. Se dedica a rastrear, primero, el pliegue y la precipitación del seminario sobre las vertientes recorridas por Heidegger en «El habla en el poema»: intenta descifrar la economía del plegamiento y del golpe de la diferencia sexual entre dos tipos de sexualidades (duplicidad y discordia). El ensayo indica, segundo, cómo Heidegger habría resuelto el carácter de la doble ambigüedad de la poesía de Trakl, reunida en la simple Duplicidad del tono fundamental. El escrito reseña, tercero, la escasa función negativa que condiciona la simplicidad tonal y la armonía del Poema. Proyecta, finalmente, resultados sobre el análisis de la nacionalidad, tratados de manera alusiva, y asocia estos con la conclusión.