Abstract The study of the freshwater-saltwater interface zone (FWSWI) is fundamental for the characterization of coastal aquifers and the evolution of freshwater reserves. In this work we study the factors that condition the dynamics of the IADAS in the locality of Pinamar. To carry out this task, a monitoring borehole was drilled on the coastal front, electrical conductivity (EC) profiling was performed, and continuous pressure, temperature and salinity sensors were installed. Information was collected from the tide gauge located in the town of Santa Teresita, while hydrometeorological data were obtained from a station located in the town of Pinamar. A correlation between high tide events and salinity, water level and temperature values were verified. The response times between the rise of the tide and the increase of the salinity are less than 8 hours, while the interval required to reach equilibrium again takes at least 2 days. Temperature variations are influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions at the time of the rising tide. The analysis of the relationship between storage variation and high tide events allows inferring that, when recharge events occur, there is a greater stability due to the increase of the hydraulic load on the IADAS. The study of IADAS behavior is an effective indicator for resource management.

Resumen El estudio de la zona de interfase agua dulce-agua salada (IADAS) resulta fundamental para la caracterización de acuíferos costeros y la evolución de las reservas de agua dulce. En este trabajo se estudian los factores que condicionan la dinámica de la IADAS en la localidad de Pinamar. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea se realizó una perforación de monitoreo sobre el frente costero, se realizaron perfilajes de conductividad eléctrica (CE) y se instalaron sensores continuos presión, temperatura y salinidad. Se recopiló información proveniente del mareógrafo ubicado en la localidad de Santa Teresita mientras que los datos hidrometeorológicos se obtuvieron a partir de estación ubicada en la localidad de Pinamar. Se verifica una correlación entre los eventos de pleamar y los valores de conductividad eléctrica, nivel hidráulico y temperatura. Los tiempos de respuesta entre el ascenso de la marea y el aumento de la salinidad se reconocen menos de 8 horas, en tanto que el intervalo requerido para alcanza nuevamente el equilibrio demora al menos 2 días. Las variaciones de la temperatura se encuentran influenciadas por las condiciones climáticas dominantes al momento del ascenso de la marea. El análisis de la relación entre la variación del almacenamiento y los eventos de pleamar permiten inferir que, cuando se producen eventos de recarga, existe una mayor estabilidad debido al incremento de la carga hidráulica sobre la IADAS. El estudio del comportamiento de la IADAS resulta un indicador eficaz para la gestión de los recursos hídricos en sectores costeros.

The hydrogeological conditions in the Chambishi mine area in Zambia. were investigated. Chambishi is a very wet mine and groundwater discharge costs are high. The research goal was to identify methods to reduce the discharge costs without greatly affecting the mining process. Hydrogeological data was obtained from measurements in drill-holes and from drill cores. The differences in structural deformation in different areas determine whether a layer of rock is an aquifer. In the mine region, the Lower Roan Group ore shale and quartz-sandstone unconformably lie on the basal schist and granite aquifuge. The Upper Roan Group dolomite is continuously distributed over a large area around the orebody. This dolomite is the main target of groundwater control efforts, and its water yield is also influenced by the deformation intensity. Based on the observations, backfilling was gradually adopted to appropriately safeguard the integrity of the aquifuge above the orebody. The overlapping relationship between the aquifer and aquifuge has been utilized to increase mine drainage efficiency. This measure has not only greatly reduced the costs of mine drainage, but also improced protection of the groundwater environment. The old drill-holes that were not sealed after exploration drilling were grouted. Further, possible water-conducting fracture zones were investigated. Cover drilling towards the suspected zone was conducted to prevent the high-pressure groundwater from shallower aquifers from entering stopes in deep areas of the mine.

Flow Characteristics (FC) is one of the few methods developed for predicting long-term sustainable borehole yield of single wells in typical fractured rock aquifers. The FC method uses drawdown derivatives and subjective information on no-flow boundaries to estimate a sustainable borehole yield that should not cause the water level to drop below the main water strike (fracture) during long-term operations. Since its development, the FC method has been widely applied in many research and consulting projects. Two decades after its development, a review of its technical capabilities and limitations is necessary to enhance understanding among groundwater practitioners while building a platform for further improvements. The main strength of the method is its simplicity of use, its ability to protect the main water strike/fracture, and its lower susceptibility to the influence of aquifer heterogeneities because it does not require the input of aquifer storativity and transmissivity. The FC method also caters to the negative influence of impermeable boundaries, thereby enabling planning for different low-yield-causing scenarios. However, the major limitation is in using the subjective closed no-flow boundary without factoring aquifer storativity and the distance of the closed no-flow boundary from the pumping well. Under the influence of the closed no-flow boundary, the water must come from aquifer storage, hence the storativity and the size of the bounded aquifer are very critical parameters. It is therefore incorrect to factor in the influence of the closed no-flow boundary without considering its exact location. This limitation is reflected in the absence of criteria to determine the distance of the closed no-flow boundary from the pumping well for validating the FC results using numerical models. The FC method still needs validation using field operational data; other recommendations for future research are highlighted in the discussion.

Resumo As florestas tropicais secas da Nicarágua, localizadas principalmente nas áreas do Pacífico e Centro-Norte, desempenham um papel essencial na manutenção dos recursos naturais como a água e a biodiversidade, agora pressionados pelas mudanças no uso da terra e pelas mudanças climáticas. Esses recursos são essenciais para o bem-estar da população, pois os principais aquíferos do país estão localizados nesta área, juntamente com os serviços ecossistêmicos deste ecossistema florestal agora fortemente fragmentado. A influência contínua das mudanças climáticas, juntamente com as mudanças no uso da terra, causou o crescimento de zonas áridas em toda a América Central. Essas mudanças contínuas no uso da terra estão diminuindo a resiliência às mudanças climáticas presentes e futuras.. São mencionados esforços individuais para uma gestão florestal sustentável, mas, no entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de introduzir uma gestão florestal e de bacias hidrográficas mais ampla e intensiva no âmbito de uma estratégia bem planejada baseada nos resultados da investigação científica. Será sublinhada a importância da inter-relação entre a água e as florestas na gestão de ecossisstemas florestais sustentáveis. Nicarágua CentroNorte, CentroNorte Centro Norte, Norte Centro-Norte biodiversidade bemestar estar população área fragmentado Central futuras futuras. sustentável mas entanto científica interrelação inter relação sustentáveis

Abstract The Tropical Dry Forests of Nicaragua located mainly in the Pacific and Central-North zones play an essential role in maintaining resources such as water and the special biodiversity of this vulnerable ecosystem now under pressure from land-use changes and climate change These resources are essential to the well-being of the population as the main aquifers of the country are located in this area along with ecosystem services of this now heavily fragmented forest ecosystem. The ongoing influence of climate change along with land-use changes have caused the growth of arid zones in all of Central America. These on-going land use changes are lowering the resilience to the present and future climate change. Individual efforts to sustainable management of the forests are mentioned but it is nonetheless urgent to introduce wider and more intensive sustainable forestry and watershed management under a well-planned strategy based on findings of scientific research. The importance of the interrelationship between water and forests in the management of sustainable forest ecosystems will be stressed. CentralNorth North landuse wellbeing well being America going wellplanned planned research stressed

Resumo Os recursos hídricos desempenham um papel vital na sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social em todo o mundo. Na América Latina, isso se torna mais evidente, diante da diversidade de biomas que abriga uma abundância de rios, lagos e aquíferos compartilhados por múltiplos países. Nesse contexto, a "Rota de Integração Latino-americana" emerge como uma área geográfica de extrema relevância, onde Brasil, Paraguai, Argentina e Chile compartilham fronteiras e uma interconexão natural de recursos hídricos. A "Rota das Águas" que atravessa esses quatro países tornou-se um ponto focal de discussões sobre a gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos em uma perspectiva transfronteiriça. O aumento da demanda por água, os desafios ambientais, as mudanças climáticas e as questões socioeconômicas agravam a importância dessa região para a segurança hídrica e o desenvolvimento territorial. Partindo de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter bibliográfico e documental, este artigo busca analisar os desafios enfrentados na gestão dos recursos hídricos ao longo da "Rota das Águas" na perspectiva da cooperação e governança transfronteiriça. A análise dos dados coletados utilizou-se do método comparativo sobre governança das águas entre os países da rota, abordando-se questões como a regulamentação legal, as políticas públicas, a participação dos múltiplos atores envolvidos e as iniciativas de gestão conjunta que visam preservar e aprimorar a utilização sustentável desses recursos. Ao explorar as complexidades dessa região compartilhada, o trabalho contribui para um entendimento mais profundo dos desafios e das oportunidades relacionados à gestão de recursos hídricos em um contexto transfronteiriço na América Latina, servindo como inventário para a governança multinível, multiescalar e transnacional. ambiental mundo Latina evidente rios Rota Latinoamericana Latino americana Latino-americana relevância Brasil Paraguai Águas tornouse tornou transfronteiriça água ambientais territorial qualitativa documental utilizouse utilizou rota abordandose abordando legal públicas compartilhada multinível transnacional

Abstract Water resources play a vital role in environmental, economic and social sustainability around the world. In Latin America, this becomes more evident, given the diversity of biomes that are home to an abundance of rivers, lakes and aquifers shared by multiple countries. In this context, the "Latin American Integration Route" emerges as a geographical area of extreme relevance, where Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Chile share borders and a natural interconnection of water resources. The "Water Route" that crosses these four countries has become a focal point of discussions on the sustainable management of water resources from a transboundary perspective. The increased demand for water, environmental challenges, climate change and socioeconomic issues exacerbate the importance of this region for water security and territorial development. Based on a qualitative, bibliographical and documentary research, this article seeks to analyze the challenges faced in the management of water resources along the "Rota das Águas" in the perspective of cross-border cooperation and governance. The analysis of the data collected used the comparative method on water governance between the countries on the route, addressing issues such as legal regulation, public policies, the participation of multiple actors involved and joint management initiatives aimed at preserving and improve the sustainable use of these resources. By exploring the complexities of this shared region, the work contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to the management of water resources in a transboundary context in Latin America, serving as an inventory for multilevel, multiscalar and transnational governance. world America evident rivers Route relevance Brazil Paraguay development qualitative research Rota Águas crossborder cross border route regulation policies multilevel

Resumen Los recursos hídricos desempeñan un papel vital en la sostenibilidad ambiental, económica y social en todo el mundo. En América Latina, esto se vuelve más evidente, dada la diversidad de biomas que albergan una gran cantidad de ríos, lagos y acuíferos compartidos por múltiples países. En este contexto, la “Ruta de la Integración Latinoamericana” emerge como un área geográfica de suma relevancia, donde Brasil, Paraguay, Argentina y Chile comparten fronteras y una interconexión natural de recursos hídricos. La "Ruta del Agua" que atraviesa estos cuatro países se ha convertido en un punto focal de discusiones sobre la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos desde una perspectiva transfronteriza. La mayor demanda de agua, los desafíos ambientales, el cambio climático y los problemas socioeconómicos exacerban la importancia de esta región para la seguridad hídrica y el desarrollo territorial. A partir de una investigación cualitativa, bibliográfica y documental, este artículo busca analizar los desafíos enfrentados en la gestión de los recursos hídricos a lo largo de la "Rota das Águas" en la perspectiva de la cooperación y la gobernanza transfronterizas. El análisis de los datos recolectados utilizó el método comparativo sobre la gobernanza del agua entre los países de la ruta, abordando temas como la regulación legal, las políticas públicas, la participación de múltiples actores involucrados y las iniciativas de gestión conjunta orientadas a preservar y mejorar el uso sostenible de estos recursos. Al explorar las complejidades de esta región compartida, el trabajo contribuye a una comprensión más profunda de los desafíos y oportunidades relacionados con la gestión de los recursos hídricos en un contexto transfronterizo en América Latina, sirviendo como un inventario para la gobernanza multinivel, multiescalar y transnacional. ambiental mundo Latina evidente ríos Ruta Latinoamericana relevancia Brasil Paraguay Agua transfronteriza ambientales territorial cualitativa documental Rota Águas transfronterizas ruta legal públicas compartida multinivel transnacional

RESUMO A região do Alto Capibaribe, no semiárido brasileiro, enfrenta uma problemática ambiental devido a contaminação oriunda das atividades têxteis. O lançamento inadequado de corantes e outras substâncias tóxicas ameaça à saúde humana e os recursos hídricos, como as reservas aluvionares. Desse modo, o biochar, um adsorvente de baixo custo produzido pela pirólise de biomassa, auxilia a mitigar esses problemas, aumentando a capacidade de retenção dos solos. Deste modo, este estudo analisou o efeito da aplicação, nas proporções de 1% e 0,25%, do biochar, produzido a partir da casca de café, biomassa já consolidada na produção de biocarvão, na temperatura de 530 °C, com tempo de pirólise de 10 a 12 horas, em um forno metálico caseiro, resultando em um produto com 67,11% de carbono. Este biochar foi aplicado para avaliar a mobilidade do corante têxtil Vermelho Drimaren, na concentração de 25 mg.L-1, utilizado para tingimento de vestimentas em indústrias locais, em uma camada subsuperficial de um depósito aluvionar, localizado no leito seco do rio Capibaribe. Verificou-se, através da Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) que as maiores vibrações espectrais estão na faixa de 1400-1800 cm-1, indicando a presença dos grupos funcionais amina e amida, que favorecem o processo de biossorção. Que os pHs em água são superiores aos em KCl para todas as situações, sendo o biochar um produto básico e o solo aluvionar de natureza ácida. E, que os valores de ponto de carga zero são iguais a 6,96 e 7,96, para as proporções Solo+0,25%BC e Solo+1,00%BC, respectivamente. As camadas adicionadas de 0,25%BC e 1,00%BC tiveram acréscimo na capacidade adsortiva de 31,68% e 8,62%, respectivamente, em relação a capacidade de sorção do solo natural. Os dados cinéticos se ajustaram de melhor forma ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem e a difusão intra-partícula não foi o processo determinante da transferência de massa e ocorrência do processo de adsorção. Os modelos isotérmicos linear e de Freundlich descreveram de modo consistente o processo sob concentrações variáveis, e o modelo de Langmuir não demonstrou significado físico válido. Capibaribe brasileiro têxteis hídricos aluvionares problemas solos aplicação 1 025 0 0,25% café biocarvão 53 C °C horas caseiro 6711 67 11 67,11 carbono Drimaren 2 mg.L1, mgL1 mgL mg.L 1, mg L mg.L-1 locais Verificouse, Verificouse Verificou se, Verificou-se FTIR (FTIR 14001800 1400 1800 1400-180 cm1, cm1 cm cm-1 amida biossorção situações ácida E 696 6 96 6,9 796 7 7,96 Solo025BC SoloBC Solo BC Solo100BC 00 Solo+1,00%BC respectivamente 025BC 100BC 3168 31 68 31,68 862 8 62 8,62% natural pseudosegunda pseudo segunda intrapartícula intra partícula adsorção variáveis válido 02 0,25 5 671 67,1 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 1400180 140 180 1400-18 cm- 69 9 6, 79 7,9 316 3 31,6 86 8,62 0,2 67, 140018 14 18 1400-1 7, 31, 8,6 0, 14001 1400- 8,

ABSTRACT The region of Alto Capibaribe, in the Brazilian semiarid, faces an environmental issue due to contamination from textile activities. Inadequate release of dyes and other toxic substances threatens human health and water resources, such as alluvial reserves. Thus, biochar, a low-cost adsorbent produced by biomass pyrolysis, helps mitigate these problems by increasing soil retention capacity. This study analyzed the effect of applying biochar, produced from coffee husks, a biomass already established in biochar production, at temperature of 530 °C with a pyrolysis time of 10 to 12 hours, in a homemade metallic furnace, resulting in a product with 67.11% carbon. This biochar was applied to evaluate the mobility of the textile dye Red Drimaren, at a concentration of 25 mg.L-1, used for garment dyeing in local industries, in a subsurface layer of an alluvial deposit located in the dry bed of the Capibaribe River. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the highest spectral vibrations are in the range of 1400-1800 cm-1, indicating the presence of amine and amide functional groups, favoring the biosorption process. The pH in water is higher than in KCl for all situations, with biochar being basic and the alluvial soil being acidic. The zero charge point values are equal to 6.96 and 7.96 for the proportions Soil+0.25%BC and Soil+1.00%BC, respectively. Layers with 0.25%BC and 1.00%BC added had an increase in adsorptive capacity of 31.68% and 8.62%, respectively, compared to the natural soil sorption capacity. Kinetic data best fit the pseudo-second-order model, and intra-particle diffusion was not the determining mass transfer process nor the occurrence of the adsorption process. Linear and Freundlich isotherm models consistently described the process under varying concentrations, and the Langmuir model did not show a valid physical significance. semiarid activities resources reserves Thus lowcost low cost husks production 53 C 1 hours furnace 6711 67 11 67.11 carbon Drimaren 2 mg.L1, mgL1 mgL mg.L 1, mg L mg.L-1 industries River FTIR (FTIR 14001800 1400 1800 1400-180 cm1, cm1 cm cm-1 groups situations acidic 696 6 96 6.9 796 7 7.9 Soil025BC SoilBC Soil 0 BC Soil100BC 00 Soil+1.00%BC respectively 025BC 100BC 3168 31 68 31.68 862 8 62 8.62% pseudosecondorder pseudo second order intraparticle intra particle concentrations significance 5 671 67.1 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 1400180 140 180 1400-18 cm- 69 9 6. 79 7. 316 3 31.6 86 8.62 67. 140018 14 18 1400-1 31. 8.6 14001 1400- 8.

Summary: In the ecosystems of arid and semi-arid zones, food production is increasingly complex. One of the most important effects is desertification where water plays a key role. Therefore, seeking strategies for the production of safe and sustainable food is the current challenge. The production of food through aquaponics is an alternative to respond to this problem. In the Baja California Peninsula, the low annual rainfall and the geographical characteristics naturally make water scarce; but if also add anthropogenic factor, we have as a result, mostly brackish aquifers. In this context, was analyzed, the efficiency in the use of snook culture effluent, in the growth of chard, in a aquaponic system. Were measured the parameters physicochemical of the snook culture effluent and how they influence the morphometric response in chard under hydroponic system. Was compared the response with a traditional system with well water effluent and conventional fertilization. Obtained greater growth in the plants in the hydroponic system, but with snook culture effluent (with a significant difference in length, biomass, leaf area and number of leaves). This study demonstrates the efficiency of the use of snook culture effluent in the growth and development of chard. This knowledge will generate future research with application in biotechnological innovation that can be used by society, with benefits due to the ability to grow species of quality in density, take advantage of nutrients, control water availability, take advantage and improve climatic conditions. We believe that this model snook-chard is ideal for sustainable production systems.

Resumen: En los ecosistemas de zonas áridas y semiáridas la producción de alimentos es cada vez más compleja. Uno de los efectos más importantes es la desertificación donde el agua tiene un papel primordial. Por lo que, buscar estrategias de producción de alimento inocuo y de forma sustentable, es el reto actual. La producción de alimento mediante acuaponía es una alternativa para dar respuesta a esta problemática. En la Península de Baja California, las bajas precipitaciones anuales y las características geográficas hacen de forma natural que el agua sea escasa; pero si a esto se le suma el factor antropogénico, tenemos como resultado, acuíferos en su mayoría salobres. Bajo este contexto se analizó la eficiencia en el uso del efluente del cultivo de robalo, en el crecimiento de la acelga, en un sistema acuapónico. Se midieron los parámetros fisicoquímicos del efluente del robalo y cómo influyen en la respuesta morfométrica en la acelga bajo sistema hidropónico. La respuesta se comparó con un sistema tradicional con efluente de agua de pozo y con fertilización convencional. Se obtuvo mayor crecimiento en las plantas en sistema hidropónico, pero con efluente de agua de cultivo de robalo (con diferencia significativa en longitud, biomasa, área foliar y número de hojas). Este estudio demostró la eficiencia del uso del efluente del cultivo de robalo en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la acelga. Este conocimiento generará futuras investigaciones con aplicación en innovación biotecnológica que podrán ser empleadas por la sociedad, con beneficios por la capacidad de cultivar especies de calidad en densidad, aprovechar los nutrientes, controlar la disponibilidad de agua, aprovechar y mejorar las condiciones climáticas. Consideramos que este modelo robalo-acelga es ideal para los sistemas de producción con sustentabilidad.

Abstract Heterogeneity of volcanic materials that constitute the Canary Islands (Spain) means that mining work in water galleries excavated on these islands, drilling into the terrain for many kilometres, is very challenging. They are composed of materials that vary significantly in terms of cohesion, ranging from very consolidated to loose and highly unstable. Water galleries have been key in the development of the Canary Islands, in order to obtain drinking water from the aquifer. Generally, aquifers are located in mountainous areas with difficult access, which complicates the drilling work. This article analyses the main geotechnical problems encountered in the construction of subterranean water galleries in the Canary Islands, as well as possible solutions to these problems, so that these can be applied to similar territories. As a general conclusion, the instabilities inherent in volcanic materials affect this type of work, and it is necessary to take specific measures for each type of geotechnical risk, as proposed in this article. Spain (Spain islands kilometres challenging cohesion unstable aquifer Generally access territories conclusion risk

Resumen (Introducción): Gracias a los recientes datos provistos por los satélites GRACE, es posible, de manera preliminar, estimar los cambios en los almacenamientos de agua subterránea (GWS por sus siglas en inglés), y ofrecer, así, una herramienta novedosa y sin precedentes en el estudio de las dinámicas de los sistemas acuífero-humedal. (Objetivo): A raíz de las tendencias observadas en GRACE para la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca en Colombia, este estudio tiene como propósito indagar sobre cambios en la oferta hídrica de los sistemas acuífero-humedal. (Metodología): Para este fin, se realizó un análisis de superposición de mapas, en donde se emplean los datos de GRACE para obtener cifras de recarga y descarga de agua para diferentes áreas de la cuenca y sistemas acuífero-humedal. (Resultados): Considerando las tendencias de GWS, se obtuvieron volúmenes de agua que se tradujeron en cambios en el almacenamiento de los sistemas acuífero-humedal identificados en la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca. Estos valores muestran una recarga neta entre 2002 y 2010 de 284.65 mm lámina de agua para toda el área de la cuenca, pero una pérdida de 490.68 mm entre 2011 y 2017. Se observó, además, una alta correspondencia entre los eventos ENSO y GWS, en especial, los fuertes eventos La Niña 2010-2011 y El Niño 2015-2016 que causaron fuertes estragos en el país, lo cual se evidencia, en mayor medida, en la zona de la Mojana ubicada al norte de la cuenca. (Conclusiones): Si bien estos resultados aún deben ser validados con datos de monitoreo continuo, las cifras que se presentan en este estudio invitan a ejecutar acciones en torno a la formulación de mejores políticas y gestión de los recursos hídricos que propendan por la seguridad hídrica futura.

Abstract (Introduction): Thanks to the recent data provided by the GRACE satellites, it is possible to establish a preliminary estimate of changes in groundwater storage (GWS), thus offering a new and unprecedented tool for studying the dynamics of aquifer-wetland systems. (Objective): As a result of the trends observed in GRACE for the Magdalena-Cauca basin in Colombia, this study investigates the water availability of the aquifer-wetland systems. (Methodology): For this purpose, a map overlay analysis was performed using GRACE data to estimate groundwater recharge and discharge for different basins and aquifer-wetland systems. (Results): Considering the trends in groundwater storage (GWS), we obtained water volumes and translated these into recharge and discharge estimates of the aquifer-wetland systems identified in the Magdalena-Cauca basin. These values show a total recharge between 2002 and 2010 of 284.65 mm, followed by a loss of 490.68 mm between 2011 and 2017. Furthermore, good correspondence was observed between the ENSO and GWS events, especially during the strong 2010-2011 La Niña and 2015-2016 El Niño events, which caused severe impacts in the country and that were particularly evident in the Mojana wetland area located in the north of the basin. (Conclusions): Although these results have yet to be validated with continuous monitoring data, the results presented in this study raise questions on the formulation of better policies and management of water resources that promote future water security.

Resumen El fenómeno subsidencia ocasionado por la sobreexplotación excesiva de algunos acuíferos para el abastecimiento de agua potable, ha provocado la aparición de agrietamientos y asentamientos diferenciales en los pavimentos, repercutiendo en un sin número de daños en las vías terrestres en diferentes estados de la República Mexicana y del mundo. En efecto, la tecnología ha progresado y de esta manera se han incorporado nuevas técnicas para acelerar la solución a este tipo de problemas como el Vehículo Aéreo No Tripulado (VANT) y el Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS); estas tecnologías han influido en distintas tareas como: a) levantar grandes áreas en periodos pequeños, b) disminuir el alto requerimiento de personal y c) la poca demanda de los recursos necesarios para cubrir las necesidades de uso. Esta investigación presenta una metodología para la medición de los agrietamientos en pavimentos con la finalidad de acelerar el proceso de identificación y predicción de asentamientos en un área, misma que presenta continuos movimientos por subsidencia desde hace años, provocando cuantiosos daños en la infraestructura existente. Se consideró monitorear el área por doce meses, obteniendo un ortomosaico y cinco Modelos Digitales de Elevación (MDE) cada dos meses y procesando mediante softwares especializados en fotogrametría VANT usando Puntos de Control Terrestres (GCP o BN) para poder corregir los MDE mediante la ortorectificación de las fotografías. Los resultados obtenidos muestran cómo se reduce el tiempo de identificación de daños en los pavimentos, asimismo, se han obtenido asentamientos de magnitud con 5.7 cm en el área, además de un procesamiento de datos de dos horas cubriendo un área de 27,224 m2. De la misma manera, con este procesamiento es posible conocer un valor más aproximado, se han podido medir la longitud y ancho de las grietas por la relación GSD (cm/pix) que es programada en el vuelo del VANT.

Abstract The subsidence phenomenon caused by the excessive overexploitation of some aquifers for the supply of drinking water, has caused the appearance of cracks and differential settlements in the pavements, affecting countless damages to land roads in different states of the Mexican Republic and of the world. Indeed, technology has progressed and thus new techniques have been incorporated to speed up the solution to these types of problems, being: the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and the Global Positioning System (GPS); These technologies have influenced different tasks such as: a) raising large areas in small periods, b) reducing the high requirement of personnel and, c) the low demand for the resources necessary to cover the needs of use. This research presents a methodology for the measurement of cracks in pavements in order to speed up the process of identification and prediction of settlements in an area, which has had continuous movements due to subsidence for years, causing extensive damage to existing infrastructure. It was considered to monitor the area for twelve months, obtaining an orthomosaic and five Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) every two months and processing through specialized UAV photogrammetry software using Ground Control Points (GCP or BN) in order to correct the DEMs through orthorectification. of the photographs. The results obtained show how the time to identify pavement damage is reduced, likewise, settlements of a magnitude of 5.7 cm have been obtained in the area, in addition to a two-hour data processing covering an area of 27,224 m2. In the same way, with this processing it is possible to know a more approximate value, it has been possible to measure the length and width of the cracks by the GSD ratio (cm/pix) that is programmed in the UAV flight.

Abstract Studies about water in aquifers are limited, and scarce in the state of Tamaulipas. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the intrinsic vulnerability of the Victoria-Güémez aquifer using the DRASTIC method and the WaterYield modeler of InVEST 3.7, which considers biophysical data of the soil and plants, to estimate with greater precision the factor of recharge. The results obtained made it possible to identify that the highest vulnerability of the aquifer occurs in and around the urban areas with the largest surface area, while the lowest occurs in areas with a high depth of the water table and low permeability in the vadose zone. This study is the first step to generate a groundwater management tool in which the lines of action are established to manage the water of the aquifer that is in deficit.

Resumen Los estudios sobre la situación del agua en los acuíferos son limitados y para el estado de Tamaulipas son escasos. Por esa razón, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la vulnerabilidad intrínseca del acuífero Victoria-Güémez, utilizando el método DRASTIC, además de emplear el modelador WaterYield de InVEST 3.7, que considera datos biofísicos del suelo y plantas, para estimar con mayor precisión el factor de recarga. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar que la vulnerabilidad más alta del acuífero se presenta en y alrededor de las manchas urbanas de mayor superficie, mientras que la más baja se da en las zonas con alta profundidad del nivel freático y baja permeabilidad en la zona vadosa. Este estudio es el primer paso para generar una herramienta de gestión del agua subterránea en la que se establezcan las líneas de acción para administrar el agua del acuífero que se encuentra con déficit.

The review aims to provide a common understanding of the use of late-time drawdown to interpret aquifer pumping tests. The first part of the review provides an overview of the use of the late-time drawdown in literature to illustrate where and how the term is being used. A discussion on the practical implications of using the term and its significance is then presented. The review shows the use of the late-time drawdown in three main ways: the application of the Cooper and Jacob time-drawdown method, the description of the third segment of the unconfined aquifer drawdown-time curve, and when trying to estimate representative/ effective transmissivity parameters in heterogeneous aquifers. Unlike the other two situations, the use of late-time data in typical unconfined aquifers is supported by the groundwater flow principles and hence has a meaningful application. The aspects highlighted in this review are important to improve the theoretical and practical knowledge required for analysing and interpreting aquifer pumping test data.

ABSTRACT Composites formed from semiconductor oxides have been synthesized and assessed for their properties and applications, as well as a photocatalyst for restoring aquifers through the degradation or bleaching of organic dyes. The Fe2O3-SnO2 nanocomposite was prepared by the Polyol method, a technique not found for this composite so far in the literature, under reflux in ethylene glycol. The composite and the isolated oxides were synthesized by the same process, characterized, and evaluated as photocatalysts of Rhodamine-B in aqueous solution (10 mg.L⁻1). The materials collected after the reflux performed at time intervals of 1 h and 8 h generated Fe2O3 and SnO2, respectively, were analyzed by TGA/DTA and by XRD. It was found that α-Fe2O3 was obtained at 400 °C and SnO2 at 650 °C. This composite was treated at 700 °C for 1 h. The SEM proved the formation of a nanostructured composite with SnO2 nanoparticles. The BET curves indicated non-porous materials with surface areas of 18, 45 and 20 m2.g⁻1 for the samples prepared from Fe2O3, SnO2 and the composite, respectively. The band gaps estimated at 1.9 eV, 3.5 eV and 1.8 eV, in the same sequence as above. The bleaching tests of Rhodamine-B, pH 5.5 in exposure to visible and ultraviolet light, showed completely different properties. The Fe2O3 particles showed physical adsorption capable of reducing light absorption by 75% in the initial 15 minutes, however, there was no bleaching over the next 75 minutes. The presence of SnO2 in the solution showed a maximum bleaching of 45% after 120 minutes. The discoloration obtained by the nanocomposite in 180 minutes was 20%, a result attributed to the total covering of the surface of the α-Fe2O3 particles by the SnO2 nanoparticles, preventing both the physical adsorption of the dye onto the iron oxide and the progress of the absorption mechanism. light followed by dye degradation. applications dyes Fe2O3SnO2 FeOSnO Fe O SnO Fe2O3-SnO method literature glycol process characterized RhodamineB Rhodamine B 10 (1 mg.L⁻1. mgL1 mgL mg.L⁻1 . mg L mg.L⁻1) FeO Fe2O respectively TGADTA TGA DTA XRD αFe2O3 αFeO α α-Fe2O 40 C 65 70 nanoparticles nonporous non porous 18 4 2 m2g1 m2 g m m2.g⁻ 19 9 1. 35 3 5 3. above RhodamineB, B, 55 5. however 7 12 20% mechanism Fe2O3SnO ( mg.L⁻ αFe αFe2O 6 m2g m2.g mg.L

RESUMO Compósitos formados de óxidos semicondutores têm sido sintetizados e testados quanto às suas propriedades e aplicações, também, como fotocatalisador de restauração de aquíferos por meio da degradação ou descoramento de corantes orgânicos. Foi preparado o nanocompósito Fe2O3-SnO2 pelo método Poliol, técnica não encontrada para este compósito até o momento na literatura, em refluxo em etilenoglicol. O compósito e os óxidos isolados foram sintetizados pelo mesmo processo, caracterizados e avaliados como fotocatalisadores da Rodamina-B em solução aquosa (10 mg.L⁻1). Os materiais coletados após o refluxo realizado em intervalos de tempo de 1 h e 8 h geraram Fe2O3 e SnO2, respectivamente e foram analisados por TGA/DTA e por DRX. Constatou-se a obtenção de α-Fe2O3 a 400 °C e do SnO2 a 650 °C. O compósito foi tratado a 700 °C por 1 h. A MEV comprovou a formação de um compósito nanoestruturado com nanopartículas de SnO2. As curvas BET indicaram materiais não porosos com áreas superficiais de 18, 45 e 20 m2.g⁻1 para as amostras preparadas de Fe2O3, SnO2 e o compósito, respectivamente. Os band gaps estimados em 1,9 eV, 3,5 eV e 1,8 eV, na mesma sequência anterior. Os ensaios de descoramento de Rodamina-B, pH 5,5 em exposição a luz visível e ultravioleta, mostraram propriedades completamente diferenciadas. As partículas de Fe2O3 mostraram adsorção física capaz de reduzir a absorção luminosa em 75% nos 15 minutos iniciais, porém não houve o descoramento ao longo dos 75 minutos seguintes. A presença do SnO2 na solução mostrou descoramento máximo de 45% após 120 minutos. O descoramento obtido pelo nanocompósito em 180 minutos foi de 20%, resultado atribuído ao total recobrimento da superfície das partículas do α-Fe2O3 pelas nanopartículas de SnO2, impedindo tanto a adsorção física do corante sobre o óxido de ferro como o andamento do mecanismo de absorção da luz seguido da degradação do corante. aplicações também orgânicos Fe2O3SnO2 FeOSnO Fe SnO Fe2O3-SnO Poliol literatura etilenoglicol processo RodaminaB Rodamina B 10 (1 mg.L⁻1. mgL1 mgL mg.L⁻1 . mg L mg.L⁻1) FeO Fe2O TGADTA TGA DTA DRX Constatouse Constatou se αFe2O3 αFeO α α-Fe2O 40 C 65 70 18 4 2 m2g1 m2 g m m2.g⁻ 19 9 1, 35 3 5 3, anterior RodaminaB, B, 55 5, ultravioleta diferenciadas iniciais 7 seguintes 12 20% Fe2O3SnO ( mg.L⁻ αFe αFe2O 6 m2g m2.g mg.L

Abstract: Water scarcity in the Brazilian semiarid is seen as a problem that can affect the quality of water in aquifers and reservoirs, especially salinization. This research aimed to evaluate the water quality of alluvial aquifers in the Riacho do Tigre Basin - PB, in the Brazilian semiarid region. The analyzes were performed in shallow alluvial wells, using a multipa- rametric probe. Five alluvial wells were selected in different environments, which were monitored, observing the values of pH, conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids and salinity. It was observed that the water quality was worse in November and better in March, with an improvement according to the increase in humidity and water recharges. The results show that the most suitable water for human consumption is that of well 3 and the least appropriate is that of well 1, according to the values obtained. The data can ser ve as a basis for integrated management and management of water resources, offering ways to create multi-scale strategies in order to improve water quality through proper treatment, and thus, use water for different purposes according to the quality presented.

Resumo: A escassez hídrica no semiárido brasileiro é vista como um problema que pode afetar a qualidade da água dos aquíferos e reservatórios, principalmente a salinização. A pre sente pesquisa visou avaliar a qualidade da água retida nos aquíferos aluviais da Bacia Riacho do Tigre - PB, no semiárido brasileiro. As análises foram realizadas nos poços aluviais, a partir da utilização de uma sonda multiparamétrica. Para as análises, foram selecionados cinco poços aluviais em ambientes distintos, os quais foram monitorados, observando os valores de pH, condutividade, temperatura, sólidos totais dissolvidos e salinidade. Foi observado que a qualidade da água foi pior em novembro e melhor em março, constatando uma melhora de acordo com o aumento da umidade e recargas hídricas. Os resultados apontam que a água mais adequada para o consumo humano é a do poço 3 e a menos apropriada é a do poço 1, conforme os valores obtidos. Os dados podem servir de base para uma gestão integrada e manejo dos recursos hídricos, ofere cendo meios para criação de estratégias em multiescala no sentido de melhorar a qua lidade da água através de tratamento adequado, e assim, utilizar a água para diferentes fins conforme a qualidade apresentada.

ABSTRACT Regarding the Brazilian textile industry, part of the northeast region stands out as the second-largest textile manufacturing hub in the country. Despite its importance, this industrial activity has been bringing relevant environmental concerns regarding the disposal of textile effluents, especially from industrial laundries. This waste contains many chemicals and among them are various types of heavy metals. To assess environmental risks associated with heavy metals, pollutant transfer needs to be investigated. This study evaluated the retention and mobility of heavy metals Cd and Cu in alluvial soil, through soil column tests. The up-flow column percolation tests were performed using a nonreactive tracer (KBr) at a concentration of 0.3 mol L-1 and injecting a metallic solution containing Cu and Cd at 100 and 60 mg L-1, respectively. The injection flow rate was 0.75 mL min-1. The hydro-dispersive parameters were obtained by modeling the observed breakthrough curves with the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) and the two-region model, also referred to as the MIM (Mobile-IMmobile waters) model. The transport parameters were obtained from the two-site model (TSS). All elution curves were fitted to the models with the CXTFIT 2.0 program. The Two-Site Sorption Model was the best for the case studied, with R2 of 0.985 and 0.995 for Cu and Cd, respectively. The values of R were considerably higher than the unit, presenting an average of 2.138 for Cu and 1.907 for Cd. This indicates a delay of these contaminants when leaving the column, which is caused by the interaction of these chemical compounds with the soil. The values obtained for parameter D were 3.469 for Cu and 5.205 for Cd. Thus, the metals in this study present a risk of groundwater contamination for the local alluvial aquifers. The main reason for that is the physicochemical features of the soil, such as high sand content (85 %) and low OM content (2.1 %). The results also indicated greater retention and less mobility for Cu than for Cd, pointing to a greater risk for Cd. industry secondlargest second largest country importance effluents laundries investigated upflow up KBr (KBr 03 0 3 0. L1 L 1 L- 10 6 L1, 1, respectively 075 75 0.7 min1. min1 min 1. min-1 hydrodispersive hydro dispersive convectiondispersion convection dispersion CDE (CDE tworegion two MobileIMmobile Mobile IMmobile waters twosite site TSS. TSS . (TSS) 20 2 2. program TwoSite Two Site studied 0985 985 0.98 0995 995 0.99 unit 2138 138 2.13 1907 907 1.90 3469 469 3.46 5205 5 205 5.20 Thus aquifers 85 (8 % 2.1 21 (2. %. 07 7 min- (TSS 098 98 0.9 099 99 213 13 190 90 1.9 346 46 3.4 520 5.2 8 ( (2 09 9 19 34 4 3. 52 5.