Abstract Introduction. Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in agricultural activities. Improper management of these products poses a potential risk to human health and the environment. Objective. To evaluate the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides on tobacco crops (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materials and methods. A database from the Provincial Directorate of Plant Health for the period 2016-2019 was used, where the pesticides assigned to the province for this crop were compared with those reported by interviewed farmers. The dual indicator POCER was used to obtain the results, determining the pressure exerted by different pesticides and their harmful reference on humans and the environment. Results. The trend in pesticide consumption (summarized in tables and graphs) showed 50 % decrease, corresponding to the country’s crop protection policy. Farmers mentioned the use of authorized and unauthorized active ingredients in the conducted surveys, and sixteen high-risk active ingredients were detected in the analyzed samples. Evaluating the POCER results and analyzed samples, a significant (eco)toxicological pressure was observed on both the environment and human health, exerted by a group of high-toxicity active ingredients used in tobacco cultivation in the province. Conclusion. Using the dual indicator POCER provides an evaluation of the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides used in the tobacco cultivation (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, for the study period.

Resumen Introducción. Los plaguicidas son utilizados para controlar las plagas y enfermedades en las actividades agrícolas. El manejo inadecuado de estos productos constituye un riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Objetivo. Evaluar la presión toxicológica (eco) ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos en los cultivos de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó una base de datos de la Dirección Provincial de Sanidad Vegetal para el período 2016-2019, donde se tomaron los plaguicidas asignados a la provincia para este cultivo y se compararon con los declarados por los agricultores entrevistados. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el indicador dual POCER, que determinó la presión ejercida por los diferentes plaguicidas y su referencia nociva sobre el ser humano y el medio ambiente. Resultados. La tendencia del consumo de plaguicidas (resumida en tablas y gráficos) mostró una disminución del 50 %, que corresponde a la política de protección de los cultivos del país. Los agricultores mencionaron el uso de ingredientes activos autorizados y no autorizados en las encuestas realizadas, y en las muestras analizadas se detectaron dieciséis ingredientes activos de alto riesgo. Al evaluar los resultados de POCER y muestras analizadas se observó que existe una gran presión (eco)toxicológica tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana ejercida por un grupo de ingredientes activos de alta toxicidad utilizados en el cultivo de tabaco de la provincia. Conclusión. Con la utilización del indicador dual POCER, se obtiene una evaluación de la presión (eco)toxicológica ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos utilizados en el cultivo del tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba para el período de estudio.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las especies de la familia Podostemaceae poseen rasgos inusuales en angiospermas. Crecen sumergidas en ríos de corriente fuerte y su ciclo de vida está ligado a la estacionalidad. Debido a su estructura floral reducida, el análisis de las etapas de desarrollo y eventos como la antesis o la receptividad del estigma ha sido complicado. Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la relación entre la morfología, el desarrollo y la receptividad del estigma en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de la flor de Marathrum rubrum? Especie de estudio: Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick. Sitio y años de estudio: Río Horcones, Jalisco, México. Enero 2014 y 2015. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis in situ y en laboratorio de la morfología floral de M. rubrum para evaluar la relación entre la morfología y desarrollo floral, y la receptividad del estigma en distintas etapas. Resultados: Cuando las flores emergen de la espatela, los óvulos y el polen están completamente desarrollados, por ello, la esporogénesis y la gametogénesis ocurren dentro del tallo, estando las plantas aún sumergidas. Conclusiones: Los cambios morfológicos observados en las flores de M. rubrum durante las etapas analizadas se relacionan únicamente con eventos asociados con la fecundación y el desarrollo del fruto. Las observaciones detalladas de la biología reproductiva de M. rubrum en el ambiente aéreo tienen importantes implicaciones para el conocimiento básico de la biología de las plantas de esta familia, la estructura genética de las poblaciones, el éxito reproductivo y la biología de la conservación en ambientes amenazados.

Abstract Background: Podostemaceae is the largest family of strictly aquatic angiosperms. Species of this family possess unusual morphological and reproductive characters, grow attached to rocks in rivers with strong currents, and have a life cycle tightly linked to seasonality. Due to its reduced floral structures, which characterizes most species, the analysis of developmental stages and events such as anthesis or stigma receptivity has proven difficult. Question: How floral morphology, floral development and stigma receptivity of different stages of flower development of Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick are related among them? Studied species: Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick. Study site and dates: Horcones River, Jalisco, Mexico. January, 2014 and 2015. Methods: We made an in situ and lab analyses of flower morphology to assess the relationships between flower morphology, stages of development, reproductive structures, and stigma receptivity, during different stages of flower development. Results: When flowers emerge from the spathella, both the ovules and pollen grains are fully developed, implying that sporogenesis and gametogenesis take place within the stem while the plant is still submerged. Conclusions: The morphological changes observed in the flowers of M. rubrum during the analyzed stages are related only to events associated with fertilization and fruit development. The time-course of morphological changes in the flowers, from anthesis to fruit formation, lasts 20 to 30 days. The detailed observation of the aerial reproductive biology of M. rubrum bears important implications to the genetic structure of populations, plant fitness and conservation biology in threatened environments.

ABSTRACT Aquaponics is the cultivation technique that integrates aquaculture with hydroponics. The present work compared two plant production cycles of a hydroponic component of an aquaponic system (tilapia-lettuce-cucumbers) vs. a hydroponic system. The tilapia growth trial lasted 22 weeks in the aquaponic system, during which two plant production cycles -lettuce-cucumber- (seven weeks) were performed. Water quality and environmental variables were recorded, evaluating weight growth and biomass produced in fish rearing. Leaf number, height, and weight were determined in lettuce plants. Stem length and fresh weight were measured in cucumber plants; length, fresh weight, and diameter were determined in cucumber fruit. The results showed that the average tilapia biomass per tank was 33.76 kg m-3 with an average final weight of 592.26 ± 25.45 g fish−1. Lettuce production (plants ha−1) was higher in aquaponics than hydroponics during the first cycle, while in the second one, it was greater in hydroponics. Significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.05) resulted between treatments in both cucumber production cycles with larger biomass growth in hydroponics than in aquaponics. Cucumber fruit showed larger weight (212.52 ± 18.89 g) and length (14.15 ± 1.75 cm) in hydroponics, thus greater yield (4.97 t ha−1); hydroponics-grown cucumber plants had longer stem lengths (292.51 ± 8.73 cm). In conclusion, the hydroponic system had higher plant production. However, aquaponics provided a double benefit since it produced fish and plants, and the plants used waste from fish rearing without contaminating the environment.

Research on wastewater treatment processes in Maluti-a-Phofung Municipality (South Africa) has revealed that substandard wastewater management in this region contributes to terrestrial and aquatic pollution. Because this pollution poses a threat to the environment, there is a pressing need to reduce the environmental impact of poorly managed sewage sludge in the region. Biochar has been regarded as a cost-effective way of reducing chemical toxicity in terrestrial environments. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of biochar in the remediation of the toxicity of sewage sludge using the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Sewage sludge was collected from a local wastewater treatment plant and E. fetida were exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 100% non-amended and 10% biochar-amended sludge. After 28 days, survival, biomass and reproduction were assessed. Separately, in clean artificial soil, E. fetida was exposed to 5, 10 and 15% biochar amendment for 96 hours to determine if biochar amendment alone could be harmful to E. fetida. The results showed no significant differences in all parameters between the worms exposed to non-amended sludge and 10% biochar-amended sludge. Assessment of acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities in the earthworms that were exposed to biochar via clean soil revealed that 10% and 15% biochar amendment rates caused the worms to experience significant levels of neurotoxic and oxidative stress (p < 0.05). These findings reveal that biochar alone is likely to have adverse effects on soil organisms, and amendment rates higher or equal to 10% are not suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of sewage sludge. SIGNIFICANCE: This study can be used as a reference in the usage of biochar as a toxicity remediator. Different biochar rates (> 10%) can have different effects on soil-dwelling organisms. Policymakers can use this study when constructing laws regarding the disposal of sewage sludge by wastewater treatment plants.

Abstract Common duckweeds are flowering plants of the family Araceae, comprising the smallest angiosperms of the plant kingdom, a species of aquatic algae of universal distribution, found on the surface of freshwater bodies, mainly in puddles, swamps, lakes, and calm rivers. Recently, different research has been carried out on its potential and usefulness. Due to its nutritional composition, protein contribution, high fiber content and low fat and carbohydrate content, it would be an adequate input to generate products of high nutritional value, characteristics that make it interesting compared to other species. It is used as a complement to commercial diets in a wide variety of animals such as birds, ruminants, non-ruminants, crustaceans, and fish, reducing feed costs by up to 50 %. Likewise, used in remediation processes of a wide range of chemical contaminants with a high elimination rate, they can absorb some dissolved substances and provide oxygen through photosynthesis. It has been indicated that they are low cost of construction, maintenance, easy to operate, have a wide tolerance to growing conditions, are generally easy to harvest, and do not compete with farmland. In the environmental field, it is important to find alternative and innovative raw materials, even without the need to use growth media or fertilizers, however, their acceptance as a food source needs extensive research regarding their nutritional value, large-scale yield, economic market supply and analysis of antinutritive components for human food.

Resumen Las lentejas de agua son plantas con flores de la familia Aráceas, comprenden las angiospermas más pequeñas del reino vegetal, una especie de algas acuáticas de distribución universal, se encuentran en la superficie de los cuerpos de agua dulce principalmente en charcos, ciénagas, lagos y ríos calmados. Recientemente, se han llevado a cabo diferentes investigaciones sobre su potencial y utilidad. Por su composición nutricional, aporte de proteína, alto contenido de fibra y bajo contenido de grasas y carbohidratos, resultaría ser un insumo adecuado para generar productos de alto valor nutricional, características que la hacen interesante frente a otras especies. Se emplea como complemento a dietas comerciales en una gran variedad animales como aves, rumiantes, no rumiantes, crustáceos y peces, reduciendo hasta un 50 % los costos por alimentación. Así mismo, usada en procesos de remediación de una amplia gama de contaminantes químicos con alta tasa de eliminación, pueden absorber algunas sustancias disueltas y brindar oxígeno mediante la fotosíntesis. Se ha indicado bajo costo de construcción, mantenimiento, fáciles de operar, poseen amplia tolerancia a condiciones de crecimiento, facilidad general de cosecha y no compiten con las tierras de cultivo. En el ámbito ambiental es importante encontrar materias primas alternativas e innovadoras, incluso sin la necesidad de utilizar medios de crecimiento o fertilizantes, sin embargo, su aceptación como fuente de alimento necesita investigaciones exhaustivas con respecto a su valor nutritivo, rendimiento a gran escala, suministro de mercado económico y análisis de componentes antinutritivos para la alimentación humana.

ABSTRACT Hydroponics is the technology of soil-less agriculture, in which plants are grown in an aquatic environment. While aquaponics is a fast-growing food production system that integrates hydroponics with aquaculture (fish farming). The objective of this study was to compare the production of chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) using a typical hydroponic system and an aquaponic system for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production in a greenhouse. Six independent recirculation systems were used to test production by triplicate. Simple linear regression analysis showed that leaf production rate differed significantly between systems (p < 0.05), where the hydroponic trial produced 3.46 leaves week-1 and the aquaponic trial 1.53 leaves week-1. Plant biomass increased by 53.91 g week-1 in the hydroponic and 38.24 g week-1 in the aquaponic treatment, although these production rates did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the concentrations of ammonium (NH4 +), nitrite (NO2 -), and phosphate (PO4 +) between the treatments; however, significant differences were found for nitrate (NO3 -) between the systems (p < 0.05). Chard production in the hydroponic system was higher than in the aquaponic system in terms of leaf number and biomass.

RESUMEN La hidroponía es la tecnología de la agricultura sin suelo, en la que las plantas crecen en un medio acuático. Mientras que la acuaponía es un sistema de producción de alimentos en rápido crecimiento que integra la hidroponía con la acuicultura (cultivo de peces). El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la producción de acelga (Beta vulgaris var. Cicla L.) mediante un sistema hidropónico típico y un sistema acuapónico de producción de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) en invernadero. Se utilizaron seis sistemas de recirculación independientes para comprobar la producción por triplicado. Un análisis de regresión lineal simple indicó que la tasa de producción de hojas difirió de forma significativa entre sistemas (p < 0.05), ya que en el hidropónico se obtuvieron 3.46 hojas semana-1, mientras que en el acuapónico fue de 1.53 hojas semana-1. La biomasa vegetal aumentó 53.91 g semana-1 en el tratamiento hidropónico y 38.24 g semana-1 en el acuapónico, aunque dichas tasas de producción no difirieron significativamente (p>0.05). No se detectaron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de amonio (NH4 +), nitrito (NO2 -), y fosfato (PO4 +) en ambos tratamientos; pero se encontraron diferencias significativas para nitratos (NO3 -) entre sistemas (p < 0.05). La producción de acelgas en el sistema hidropónico fue mayor que en el sistema acuapónico en cuanto al número de hojas y la biomasa.

Abstract Echinodorus is the second largest genus of the aquatic plant family Alismataceae, comprising 28 species, of which 24 occur in Brazil. This study represents the first record of Echinodorus scaber Rataj for the State of Maranhão, based on material collected in the Municipality of Brejo, eastern Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber shares morphological similarities with E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, but it can be distinguished by (I) a highly branched inflorescence, (II) scabrous peduncles and petioles covered by stellate trichomes, and (II) small flowers with reflexed petals. This new record of E. scaber contributes to a better understanding of this genus’ diversity and distribution in Maranhão and underscores the necessity to broaden collection efforts for a better comprehension of the state’s flooded zones. Comprehensive collection efforts, with a special focus on aquatic plants and in locations far from the state’s main urban center, São Luís, may result in a significant knowledge increase of the flora, especially of the genus Echinodorus, which needs a broad taxonomic study. These recommendations may result in new records, range extensions, and species descriptions, contributing to the conservation of the aquatic environments of Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 Brazil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I inflorescence II (II trichomes petals states state s zones center Luís flora records extensions descriptions

Resumo Echinodorus é o segundo maior gênero da família de plantas aquáticas Alismataceae, compreendendo 28 espécies, 24 delas ocorrendo no Brasil. Este estudo representa o primeiro registro de Echinodorus scaber Rataj para o Estado do Maranhão, com base em material coletado no município de Brejo, leste do Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber compartilha semelhanças morfológicas com E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, mas pode ser distinguida por: (I) uma inflorescência altamente ramificada; (II) pedúnculos e pecíolos escabrosos recobertos por tricomas estrelados; e (II) flores pequenas com pétalas reflexas. Este novo registro de E. scaber contribui para uma melhor compreensão da diversidade e distribuição deste gênero no Maranhão e ressalta a necessidade de ampliar os esforços de coleta para uma maior compreensão das zonas inundadas do estado. Esforços de coleta abrangentes, com foco especial em plantas aquáticas e em locais distantes do principal centro urbano do estado, São Luís, poderá resultar em um aumento significativo do conhecimento da flora, especialmente do gênero Echinodorus, que necessita de amplo estudo taxonômico. Essas recomendações poderão resultar em novos registros, extensões de distribuição e novas descrições de espécies, contribuindo para a conservação dos ambientes aquáticos do Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 espécies Brasil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I ramificada II (II estrelados reflexas estado abrangentes Luís flora taxonômico registros

Resumo Diversidade molecular, morfológica, perfil químico qualitativo e atividade antioxidante de fungos filamentosos do trato digestivo de Phylloicus sp. (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae). Este estudo visou identificar por análises molecular, morfológica, química e por extrato antioxidante, fungos filamentosos isolados do trato digestivo de Phylloicus sp, um inseto aquático que vive entre folhagens em riachos tropicais, e participam junto com os fungos da decomposição de substratos vegetais em habitats aquáticos. Larvas de insetos de Phylloicus sp. foram coletadas em riachos no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Os fungos foram isolados a partir do trato digestivo das larvas após desinfecção e dissecção, depois descritos e purificados para fins de identificação e testes para atividade antioxidante. A identidade molecular foi realizada do sequenciamento ITS1 e ITS4, TUB e TEF. Os extratos fúngicos foram produzidos em solução etanólica 70% e posterior liofilização. Para análise de grupos químicos dos extratos, foi realizada cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) em duas fases móveis e diferentes reveladores. A morfologia foi realizada por microscopia óptica corada com Azul de Toluidina e a mensuração realizada no programa ImageJ. A atividade antioxidante realizada em CCD e por método quantitativo para os radicais DPPH e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Foram identificados quatro fungos: Endomelanconiopsis endophytica, Myxospora musae, Neopestalotiopsis cubana e Fusarium pseudocircinatum. Na CCD foi evidenciado várias manchas com fase móvel acetona/clorofórmio e reveladores UV 254 nm e vapor de I2. Os extratos fúngicos demonstram ação antioxidante para redução do radical livre DPPH e em especial para H2O2 acima de 50%, E. endophytica 91.6%, M. musae 87.8%, N. cubana 89.5% e 92.3% para F. pseudocircinatum. Este estudo demonstrou que a técnica molecular por PCR foi satisfatória para identificação dos fungos, e os extratos com inúmeros grupos químicos e potentes agentes redutores. Com isso, trabalhos futuros deverão ser realizados avaliando essas quatro espécies para uso industrial.

Abstract This study aimed to identify by molecular analysis, morphology, chemistry and antioxidant extracts of filamentous fungi isolated from the digestive tract of Phylloicus sp, an aquatic insect that lives on leaf packages in tropical streams and participates together with fungi of the decomposition of plant substrates in aquatic habitats. Insect larvae of Phylloicus sp. were collected in streams in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Fungi were isolated from the digestive tract of larvae after disinfection and dissection, then described and purified for identification purposes and testing for antioxidant activity. Molecular identity was performed of ITS1 and ITS4, TUB e TEF sequencing. Fungal extracts were produced in 70% ethanol solution and later lyophilized. For analysis of chemical groups of extracts, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed in two mobile phases and different developers. Morphology was performed by optical microscopy stained with Toluidine Blue and measurement performed using the ImageJ program. Antioxidant activity performed in TLC and by quantitative method for DPPH and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals. Four fungi were identified: Endomelanconiopsis endophytica, Myxospora musae, Neopestalotiopsis cubana and Fusarium pseudocircinatum. The TLC showed several spots with acetone/chloroform mobile phase and UV 254 nm developers and I2 vapor. Fungal extracts demonstrate antioxidant action to reduce the DPPH free radical and especially for H2O2 above 50%, E. endophytica 91.6%, M. musae 87.8%, N. cubana 89.5% and 92.3% for F. pseudocircinatum. This study demonstrated that the molecular technique by PCR was satisfactory for identifying fungi, and extracts with numerous chemical groups and potent reducing agents. Thus future work, should be carried out evaluating these four species for industrial use.

Abstract The aquatic insects of the genus Phylloicus play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, shredding leaves and contributing to nutrient cycling in streams. Therefore, this genus is often used in laboratory experiments. However, in Cerrado regions such as Araguaia, these studies are impractical due to a lack of knowledge about basic aspects, such as their feeding preferences for local plants. Hence, our objective is to determine the native plant species in the Araguaia region preferred as food by Phylloicus. We conducted an experimental study comparing the consumption of three native Cerrado plant species: Casearia sylvestris, Astronium fraxinifolium, and Ficus guaranítica by Phylloicus. To assess differences in consumption, we performed an Analysis of Variance. The results revealed that Phylloicus larvae exhibited a feeding preference for Casearia sylvestris (F = 9.71; p = 0.004). This finding will contribute to the development of future experimental studies using Phylloicus in the Araguaia region, as understanding the feeding preferences of animals used in experiments is essential for their maintenance in the laboratory. ecosystems streams Therefore However aspects plants Hence fraxinifolium Variance F 9.71 971 9 71 0.004. 0004 0.004 . 0 004 0.004) 9.7 97 7 000 0.00 00 9. 0.0 0.

Resumo Os insetos aquáticos do gênero Phylloicus desempenham um papel essencial nos ecossistemas aquáticos, fragmentando folhas e contribuindo para a ciclagem de nutrientes nos riachos. Por isso, esse gênero é frequentemente utilizado em experimentos de laboratório. No entanto, em regiões de Cerrado como o Araguaia, esses trabalhos são inviáveis por não se conhecer aspectos básicos como a sua preferência alimentar por plantas locais. Por isso, nosso objetivo é responder quais são as espécies vegetais nativas da região do Araguaia preferidas para a alimentação de Phylloicus. Fizemos um trabalho experimental comparando o consumo de três espécies vegetais nativas do Cerrado: Casearia sylvestris, Astronium fraxinifolium e Ficus guaranítica pelos Phylloicus. Para avaliar as diferenças no consumo, realizamos uma Análise de Variância. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as larvas de Phylloicus demonstraram preferência alimentar por Casearia sylvestris (F = 9.71; p = 0.004). Esse achado ajudará no desenvolvimento de futuros trabalhos experimentais utilizando Phylloicus na região do Araguaia, uma vez que é essencial o conhecimento da preferência alimentar dos animais utilizados nos experimentos para sua manutenção em laboratório. riachos isso laboratório entanto locais Variância F 9.71 971 9 71 0.004. 0004 0.004 . 0 004 0.004) 9.7 97 7 000 0.00 00 9. 0.0 0.

Resumen Investigaciones anteriores han estudiado los efectos del extracto de Cucurbita pepo sobre el crecimiento acuático y los parámetros sanitarios. El presente estudio pretende investigar los efectos de los extractos de C. pepo sobre algunos factores sanguíneos e índices de crecimiento de la trucha arco iris, así como la resistencia de los peces a Yersinia ruckeri. Se seleccionaron al azar 750 truchas arco iris, con un peso medio de 40-120 g. Se calculó la cantidad diaria de alimento necesaria en función del peso de los peces y de la temperatura del agua. Se calcularon los índices de recuento de glóbulos blancos (RGB), glóbulos rojos (RGR) y linfocitos. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 26. Los resultados indicaron que había una diferencia significativa entre los grupos experimental y de control en el caso de tasa de crecimiento específica, índice de conversión, y tasa de supervivencia, así como, en los parámetros hematológicos, incluyendo RGB y RGR, pero no hubo diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos en el número de linfocitos de trucha arco iris (P>0.05). El extracto de C. pepo fue eficaz sobre los niveles de IgM y lisozima de la trucha arco iris, y hubo una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (P<0.05). El extracto de C. pepo fue eficaz sobre la tasa bactericida de la trucha arco iris y hubo una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (P<0.05). Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan una nueva perspectiva sobre el uso del extracto de semilla de calabaza (C. pepo) como planta medicinal para mejorar los parámetros hematológicos, los marcadores de crecimiento y la respuesta inmune de la trucha arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract Previous research has studied the effects of Cucurbita pepo extract on aquatic growth and health parameters. The present study aims to investigate the effects of C. pepo extracts on some blood factors and growth indices of rainbow trout, as well as the resistance of fish to Yersinia ruckeri. A total of 750 rainbow trout, with an average weight of 40-120 g, were randomly selected. The daily amount of feed required was calculated as a function of fish weight and water temperature. The indices of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and lymphocyte counts were calculated. SPSS version 26 was used for statistical analysis. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the case of SGR, FCR, and SR, as well as, in hematological parameters, including WBC and RBC, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the number of rainbow trout lymphocytes (P>0.05). C. pepo extract was effective on rainbow trout IgM and lysozyme levels, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). C. pepo extract was effective on the bactericidal rate of rainbow trout and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The results of this study provide a new perspective on the use of pumpkin seed (C. pepo) extract as a medicinal plant to improve hematological parameters, growth markers and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

RESUMO Plantas com capacidade de submersão contínua ou periódica, pelo menos do sistema radicular, são consideradas aquáticas ou palustres. Parte dessas plantas pertence a Solanaceae, uma família de distribuição cosmopolita, com aproximadamente 97 gêneros e 2700 espécies, das quais, uma minoria encontra-se em ambientes sazonalmente inundados. Este trabalho objetivou realizar um levantamento e apresentar um tratamento taxonômico de espécies de Solanaceae ocorrentes em ambientes aquáticos e palustres no Recôncavo da Bahia. O material botânico foi coletado entre 2009 e 2023. Foram registradas 14 espécies distribuídas em cinco gêneros. São fornecidos ilustrações e comentários sobre as características diagnósticas, bem como mapa de distribuição na área de estudo. Solanum, o gênero mais diverso da família, é o mais representativo na área de estudo. Os dados obtidos até o momento, são muito importantes para elaborar estratégias de conservação destes ambientes e contribuir para a taxonomia dos grupos presentes nesses ecossistemas de água doce. periódica radicular cosmopolita 9 270 quais encontrase encontra se inundados Bahia 200 2023 1 diagnósticas estudo Solanum momento doce 27 20 202 2

ABSTRACT Plants with continuous or periodic submersion capacity, of at least the root system, are considered aquatic or marsh. Part of these plants are within Solanaceae, a family of cosmopolitan distribution, with about 97 genera and 2700 species, of which, a minority are found in seasonally flooded environments. This work aimed to carry out a survey and present a taxonomic treatment of Solanaceae species of aquatic and marsh environments in Recôncavo of Bahia. Plant material was collected between 2009 and 2023. Fourteen species distributed in five genera were registered. Illustrations and comments about the diagnostic characters are provided, as well as distribution maps on the study area. Solanum, as the most diversified genus in the family, is the richest genus in the study area. The data obtained until now is very important to elaborate conservation strategies of these environments and contribute to the taxonomy of groups present in these freshwater ecosystems. capacity system 9 270 which Bahia 200 2023 registered provided area Solanum ecosystems 27 20 202 2

Resumo: Pontederia crassipes é uma planta aquática flutuante livre nativa da América do Sul, que colonizou rios tropicais em vários continentes, tornando-se dominante nas planícies aluviais. Objetivo Neste estudo testamos a relação entre o comprimento das folhas e a biomassa foliar, e comparamos a precisão da estimativa fenométrica indireta com a biomassa direta acima do solo. Métodos Recolhemos folhas verdes de aguapé com diferentes tamanhos num lago de planície de inundação do rio Paraná (Argentina). As folhas foram secas em estufa de laboratório para obter um peso seco constante. Para determinar a acuracidade da estimativa fenométrica indireta foi comparada com a biomassa direta para a parte aérea. A análise de regressão foi utilizada para testar a relação entre o peso e o comprimento das folhas. O comprimento de 279 folhas verdes variou entre 7 e 115 cm. Resultados O método não destrutivo foi um bom preditor da biomassa foliar (R2 = 0,87 p < 0,0001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o peso seco obtido diretamente e o peso estimado através do método indireto. Conclusões Os nossos resultados sugerem que o comprimento da folha é um bom atributo para estimar a biomassa aérea de P. crassipes. Este método é útil para reduzir o impacto do método direto de colheita de aguapé e necessário para aplicação em estudos experimentais que determinam a duração da vida foliar e a produtividade primária em clones. Resumo Sul continentes tornandose tornando se aluviais solo Argentina. Argentina . (Argentina) constante 27 11 cm R2 R (R 087 0 87 0,8 0,0001. 00001 0,0001 0001 0,0001) indireto P clones (Argentina 2 1 08 8 0, 0000 0,000 000 0,00 00 0,0

Abstract: The water hyacinth, Pontederia crassipes, is a free-floating aquatic plant native to South America, which has colonized tropical rivers in several continents and has become dominant in floodplains. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between leaf length and leaf biomass (as an indirect phenometric estimation) and to compare the accuracy of the indirect phenometric estimation (which is a non-destructive method) with that of the direct estimation of aboveground biomass (which is destructive). Methods Pontederia crassipes green leaves of all sizes were collected from a floodplain lake of the Paraná River (Argentina). The leaves were oven-dried in the laboratory to obtain the constant dry weight. To determine the accuracy the indirect phenometric estimation was compared with the direct estimation of aboveground biomass. The relationship between leaf weight and leaf length was evaluated by regression analysis. The length of the 279 green leaves collected ranged between 7 and 115 cm. Results The non-destructive method was a good predictor of leaf biomass (R2 = 0.87 p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found between the dry weight obtained directly and that estimated by the indirect method. Conclusions Our results suggest that leaf length is a good attribute to estimate the aboveground biomass of P. crassipes. This method can contribute to diminish the impact of the direct method of harvest of P. crassipes and can be applied in experimental studies aimed to determine the leaf life span and primary productivity of P. crassipes clones. Abstract hyacinth freefloating free floating America floodplains as nondestructive non destructive destructive. . destructive) Argentina. Argentina (Argentina) ovendried oven dried analysis 27 11 cm R2 R (R 087 0 87 0.8 0.0001. 00001 0.0001 0001 0.0001) P clones (Argentina 2 1 08 8 0. 0000 0.000 000 0.00 00 0.0

Abstract: The functioning of diverse ecosystems relies on the dispersal processes facilitated by animals, known as zoochory. This ecological process is the only way in which some aquatic species can move between aquatic systems through the terrestrial matrix. Despite its paramount importance, the dispersal mechanisms involving certain vectors, such as mammals, have remained relatively poorly understood. Based on observation of capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris emerging from a wetland with various aquatic plant species attached to their fur, we hypothesized that these mammals play a crucial role in dispersing aquatic plants. We conducted a controlled experiment and confirmed that capybaras disperse two species of duckweed, Lemna valdiviana and Wolffia columbiana, through both endozoochory and epizoochory. The discovery of entire plant dispersal is noteworthy because it is not dependent on the season and does not rely on the production of specific reproductive diaspores. This study presents pioneering documentation of capybaras capacity to disperse entire plants through their gastrointestinal passage and offers further evidence of their role in epizoochory within neotropical wetlands. Abstract animals zoochory matrix importance vectors understood fur duckweed columbiana diaspores wetlands

Resumo: O funcionamento de diversos ecossistemas depende de processos de dispersão facilitados pelos animais, conhecidos como zoocoria. Este processo ecológico é a única forma pela qual algumas espécies aquáticas podem se mover entre sistemas aquáticos, através da matriz terrestre. Apesar da sua importância, os mecanismos de dispersão envolvendo certos vetores, como os mamíferos, permanecem relativamente pouco compreendidos. Com base na observação de capivaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris emergindo de uma área úmida com diversas espécies de plantas aquáticas aderidas à sua pelagem, levantamos a hipótese de que esses mamíferos desempenham um papel crucial na dispersão de plantas aquáticas. Conduzimos um experimento controlado e confirmamos que capivaras dispersam duas espécies de lentilha-d’água Lemna valdiviana Fil. e Wolffia columbiana Karsten, ambas através de endozoocoria e epizoocoria. A descoberta da dispersão de plantas inteiras é notável porque não depende da estação do ano e da produção de diásporos reprodutivos específicos. Este estudo apresenta uma documentação pioneira da capacidade das capivaras de dispersar plantas inteiras através do seu trato gastrointestinal e oferece evidências adicionais de seu papel na epizoocoria em áreas úmidas Neotropicais. Resumo animais zoocoria aquáticos terrestre importância vetores compreendidos pelagem lentilhadágua lentilha d água Fil Karsten específicos Neotropicais

Resumen Introducción: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados son afectadas simultáneamente por la calidad del agua y las características físicas del hábitat acuático, complicando su uso en la bioindicación. Objetivo: Determinar cuáles variables del hábitat condicionan la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en algunas corrientes (quebradas) de montaña del Oriente antioqueño (Colombia). Métodos: El muestreo se realizó en febrero 2021 (periodo de transición seco-lluvia), para evaluar variables físicas y químicas en tres tipos de mesohábitats: rápidos, rizos y pozas en corrientes con coberturas vegetales contrastantes. Los macroinvertebrados fueron recolectados en diez sitios de muestreo con red tipo net, pantalla y manual, y preservados en etanol al 70 %. Resultados: Se recolectaron 4 484 macroinvertebrados (16 órdenes, 46 familias y 75 géneros). El mesohábitat rizo presentó mayores valores de diversidad y abundancia, mientras las pozas presentaron los menores. Hubo diferencias en la concentración de oxígeno, profundidad, velocidad y abundancia de macroinvertebrados entre mesohábitats. Las pozas defirieron de los otros mesohábitats en profundidad, velocidad, así como en la composición, abundancia y riqueza de macroinvertebrados, y fue el hábitat de menor preferencia. Conclusión: La velocidad, profundidad y concentración de oxígeno disuelto, desempeñan un papel muy importante en el establecimiento de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados en los diferentes mesohábitats. En el mismo tipo de mesohábitat, la calidad de la cobertura vegetal determinó la diversidad y abundancia de esta comunidad.

Abstract Introduction: Macroinvertebrate communities are affected by water quality and physical characteristics of the aquatic habitat, simultaneously, complicating their use as bioindicators. Objective: To determine which habitat variables regulate the macroinvertebrate community in mountain streams in Eastern of Antioquia (Colombia). Methods: Sampling was carried out in February 2021 (dry-rain transition period), to evaluate physical and chemical variables in three types of mesohabitat: ripples, pools, and rapids in streams with contrasting vegetation covers. The macroinvertebrates were collected from ten sampling sites with a net, screen and manual type net preserved with 70 % ethanol. Results: 4 484 macroinvertebrates were collected (16 orders, 46 families and 75 genera). The ripples mesohabitat presented higher values of diversity and abundance, while the pools presented the lowest. There were differences for oxygen concentration, depth, speed, and macroinvertebrate abundance between mesohabitats. Pools differed from the other mesohabitats in depth, speed, as well as in composition, abundance, and richness in macroinvertebrates, and was the least preferred mesohabitat. Conclusion: Speed, depth, dissolved oxygen concentration played a very important role in the establishment of macroinvertebrates community in different mesohabitats. For the same type of mesohabitat, the quality of the plant cover determined both diversity and abundance of this community.

Summary: The irupé or water corn (Victoria cruziana A. D. Orb.) belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family and arouses interest mainly due to the beauty of its leaves and flowers. Obtaining seeds of this aquatic species in its natural environment is challenging, and it is also considered a recalcitrant species for in vitro culture. For this reason, the aim of this work was to establish a methodology for the conversion into plants of irupé embryos extracted from seeds of immature fruits and to obtain material to be used in micropropagation or in environmental restoration programs. Embryo culture of fruits in six growth stages was carried out up to a maximum of four weeks. Using Murashige & Skoog’s basal medium, twelve culture media with and without the addition of growth regulators (gibberellic acid, AG3 and thidiazuron, TDZ) were tested. Embryos converted into plants in all media diluted to 50% (½ MS) with 3% sucrose, while plants with developed roots were obtained in the medium with the addition of 10 mg/L of GA3 . Although the culture of embryos derived from seeds in early fruit stages did not allow plant regeneration, this was possible when explants derived from fruits in late developmental stages.

Resumen: El irupé o maíz de agua (Victoria cruziana A. D. Orb.) pertenece a la familia Nymphaeaceae y despierta interés, principalmente, por la belleza de sus hojas y flores. La obtención de semillas de esta especie acuática es dificultosa en su ambiente natural y además es considerada recalcitrante para el cultivo in vitro. Por este motivo, el objetivo de este trabajo fue el establecimiento de una metodología para la conversión a plantas de embriones de irupé extraídos de semillas de frutos inmaduros y la obtención de material para ser empleado en la micropropagación o en programas de restauración ambiental. Se realizó el cultivo de embriones de frutos con seis estadios de crecimiento, hasta un máximo de cuatro semanas. Empleando el medio basal de Murashige & Skoog, se probaron doce medios de cultivo con y sin el agregado de reguladores de crecimiento (ácido giberélico, AG3 y thidiazuron, TDZ). Los embriones se convirtieron en plantas en todos los medios diluidos al 50% (½ MS), manteniendo el 3% de sacarosa, mientras que en el medio adicionado con 10 mg/L de AG3 se obtuvieron plantas con raíces desarrolladas. Si bien el cultivo de embriones derivados de las semillas en los estadios tempranos del fruto no permitió la regeneración de plantas, esta fue posible cuando los explantes derivaron de frutos en estadios tardíos.