Abstract Purpose: To describe the participatory process of community monitoring using aquatic insects as a tool to assess environmental quality in Cuitzmala y Purificacion basins. Methodological design: A participatory environmental monitoring model is proposed, which involves key actors, covering the upper, middle and lower part of each basin. A workshop was designed in appropriate way to the context of local actors and basin characteristics. The workshop consisted of four stages, involving theory and practice. Field diary was developed thought descriptive notes about what is seen and doing the participants. Results: Six community groups were formed, five in schools and one a Citizen Environmental Committee. Most participants found the workshop beneficial and expressed a desire for an increased number of monitoring sessions and additional monitoring sites. Participants successfully assessed their river section using aquatic insects, and it is recommended to provide technical support to strengthen monitoring skills and long-term monitoring. Research limitations: Still this action is considered an extracurricular activity. For this reason, is necessary work with professor to integrate these activities in the education program of the schools. Findings: Aquatic insects community monitoring strength and complement the scientific monitoring. The methodology used can be replicated in other coastal basins.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el proceso participativo para el monitoreo comunitario a fin de evaluar la calidad ambiental de los ríos de las cuencas Cuitzmala y Purificación mediante un índice biótico multimétrico con insectos acuáticos previamente desarrollado para esta región. Diseño metodológico: Se propone un modelo de proceso participativo para el monitoreo ambiental. Con actores clave se seleccionaron localidades que abarcaron parte alta, media y baja de cada cuenca. Se diseñó un taller con base en protocolos para monitoreo, adecuado al contexto de las cuencas y actores elegidos. El taller consistió en cuatro etapas, en las que se capacitó con teoría y práctica. En un diario de campo se tomaron notas descriptivas respecto a lo que dijeron e hicieron los participantes. Resultados: Se conformaron seis grupos comunitarios, en cinco escuelas, y un Comité Ciudadano Ambiental. A la mayoría de los participantes les pareció bien el taller y les gustaría ampliar el número de monitoreos y los sitios a monitorear. Los participantes lograron evaluar su tramo de río con los insectos acuáticos y recomendaron continuar el acompañamiento técnico para fortalecer sus habilidades y asegurar el monitoreo a largo plazo. Limitaciones de la investigación: Aún esta actividad es considerada como extracurricular, por lo que es necesario trabajar con los docentes para que quede integrada en las materias del programa curricular de cada grado. Hallazgos: El monitoreo comunitario de los insectos acuáticos fortalece y complementa al monitoreo científico. Esta metodología puede ser replicada en otras cuencas costeras.

Abstract Purpose: To describe the participatory process of community monitoring using aquatic insects as a tool to assess environmental quality in Cuitzmala y Purificacion basins. Methodological design: A participatory environmental monitoring model is proposed, which involves key actors, covering the upper, middle and lower part of each basin. A workshop was designed in appropriate way to the context of local actors and basin characteristics. The workshop consisted of four stages, involving theory and practice. Field diary was developed thought descriptive notes about what is seen and doing the participants. Results: Six community groups were formed, five in schools and one a Citizen Environmental Committee. Most participants found the workshop beneficial and expressed a desire for an increased number of monitoring sessions and additional monitoring sites. Participants successfully assessed their river section using aquatic insects, and it is recommended to provide technical support to strengthen monitoring skills and long-term monitoring. Research limitations: Still this action is considered an extracurricular activity. For this reason, is necessary work with professor to integrate these activities in the education program of the schools. Findings: Aquatic insects community monitoring strength and complement the scientific monitoring. The methodology used can be replicated in other coastal basins.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el proceso participativo para el monitoreo comunitario a fin de evaluar la calidad ambiental de los ríos de las cuencas Cuitzmala y Purificación mediante un índice biótico multimétrico con insectos acuáticos previamente desarrollado para esta región. Diseño metodológico: Se propone un modelo de proceso participativo para el monitoreo ambiental. Con actores clave se seleccionaron localidades que abarcaron parte alta, media y baja de cada cuenca. Se diseñó un taller con base en protocolos para monitoreo, adecuado al contexto de las cuencas y actores elegidos. El taller consistió en cuatro etapas, en las que se capacitó con teoría y práctica. En un diario de campo se tomaron notas descriptivas respecto a lo que dijeron e hicieron los participantes. Resultados: Se conformaron seis grupos comunitarios, en cinco escuelas, y un Comité Ciudadano Ambiental. A la mayoría de los participantes les pareció bien el taller y les gustaría ampliar el número de monitoreos y los sitios a monitorear. Los participantes lograron evaluar su tramo de río con los insectos acuáticos y recomendaron continuar el acompañamiento técnico para fortalecer sus habilidades y asegurar el monitoreo a largo plazo. Limitaciones de la investigación: Aún esta actividad es considerada como extracurricular, por lo que es necesario trabajar con los docentes para que quede integrada en las materias del programa curricular de cada grado. Hallazgos: El monitoreo comunitario de los insectos acuáticos fortalece y complementa al monitoreo científico. Esta metodología puede ser replicada en otras cuencas costeras.

Resumo Os macroinvertebrados, como indicadores, são uma alternativa adequada para medir a qualidade da água das nascentes das montanhas e as mudanças ambientais nos ecossistemas, produto das atividades antrópicas que impactam no solo. Determinamos o índice FBI-ANIMAS de qualidade da água através do índice biológico, levando em consideração comunidades de insetos aquáticos como o índice FBI-PR. Este novo índice combina os valores de tolerância com a abundância de cada família e o número total de indivíduos. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi calculado para medir a associação entre os indicadores familiares. Observou-se que o índice FBI-ANIMAS foi ajustado à caracterização físico-química das nascentes montanhosas e às quantidades de Oxigênio Dissolvido nelas presentes. O índice FBI-ANIMAS para as nascentes de montanha (M1, M2, M3, M4 e M6) ficou nos parâmetros numéricos de 4 a 1, o que indica que possuem águas de regular a excelente qualidade, ao contrário, a nascente de montanha M5, permaneceu em má qualidade.

Abstract Macroinvertebrates as indicators, are an alternative that is adequate to measure the mountain springs water quality and, the environmental changes in ecosystems, product of the anthropogenic activities that impact on the ground. We determined the FBI-ANIMAS index of water quality through the biological index, taking into consideration aquatic insect communities like FBI-PR index, These new index combines the tolerance values with the abundance of each family and the total number of individuals. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the association between the families like indicators. It was observed that FBI-ANIMAS index was adjusted to the physicochemical characterization of the mountain springs and to Disolved Oxigen amounts present in them. The FBI-ANIMAS index for the mountain springs (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M6) was in the numeric parameters from 4 to 1, which indicates that they have regular to excellent quality waters, conversely, mountain spring M5, it remained in poor quality.

Resumen Los macroinvertebrados como indicadores, son una alternativa adecuada para medir la calidad del agua de los manantiales de montaña y, los cambios ambientales en los ecosistemas, producto de las actividades antropogénicas que impactan en el suelo. Determinamos el índice FBI-ANIMAS de calidad del agua a través del índice biológico, tomando en consideración comunidades de insectos acuáticos como el índice FBI-PR. Estos nuevos índices combinan los valores de tolerancia con la abundancia de cada familia y el número total de individuos. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para medir la asociación entre las familias como indicadores. Se observó que el índice FBI-ANIMAS se ajustó a la caracterización fisicoquímica de los manantiales de montaña y a las cantidades de Oxígeno Disuelto presentes en ellos. El índice FBI-ANIMAS para los manantiales de montaña (M1, M2, M3, M4 y M6) se ubicó en los parámetros numéricos de 4 a 1, lo que indica que cuentan con aguas de calidad regular a excelente, por el contrario, el manantial de montaña M5 se mantuvo en mala calidad.

Abstract 20. The growth of the aquaculture industry has been driven by the increasing global demand for food and concerns about the overexploitation of natural resources and environmental impact. To address these challenges, aquaculture has sought sustainable and innovative alternatives. In this context, the inclusion of insects, such as the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens), in the diet of fish and crustaceans emerges as a promising solution due to their high protein, lipid, and mineral content. This review article discusses the role of Soldier Fly meal in aquaculture. It examines the economic, nutritional, and environmental benefits of meal in aquatic animal diets, as well as recent research results on proper dosage, growth quality, gut health, and nutrient availability in various aquaculture species. It is emphasized that Black Soldier Fly meal offers nutritional benefits comparable to fish meal, being a rich source of protein and lipids, and its inclusion in the diet of aquatic species such as fish and crustaceans has shown improvements in growth, health intestine and the quality of the final products. Despite these advantages, it is noted that complete replacement of fishmeal with insect meal is not the ultimate solution, as challenges related to regulation, mass insect rearing, and nutrient composition may arise. However, Black Soldier Fly meal stands out as a valuable alternative to diversify and improve feed sustainability in the aquaculture industry, contributing to food safety and care for the environment.

Resumen 16. El crecimiento de la industria acuícola ha sido impulsado por la creciente demanda global de alimentos y la preocupación por la sobreexplotación de recursos naturales y el impacto ambiental. Para abordar estos desafíos, la acuicultura ha buscado alternativas sostenibles e innovadoras. En este contexto, la inclusión de insectos, como la Mosca Soldado Negra (Hermetia illucens), en la dieta de peces y crustáceos surge como una solución prometedora debido a su alto contenido de proteínas, lípidos y minerales. Este artículo de revisión analiza el papel de la harina de larvas de Mosca Soldado Negra en la acuicultura. Examina los beneficios económicos, nutricionales y ambientales de la harina en la dieta de los animales acuáticos, así como los resultados de investigaciones recientes sobre dosificación adecuada, calidad de crecimiento, salud intestinal y disponibilidad de nutrientes en diversas especies acuícolas. Se enfatiza que la harina de larvas de la Mosca Soldado Negra ofrece beneficios nutricionales comparables a la harina de pescado, siendo una fuente rica en proteínas y lípidos, y su inclusión en la dieta de especies acuáticas como peces y crustáceos ha demostrado mejoras en el crecimiento, la salud intestinal y la calidad de los productos finales. A pesar de estas ventajas, se señala que la sustitución completa de la harina de pescado por la harina de insectos no es la solución definitiva, ya que pueden surgir desafíos relacionados con la regulación, la crianza masiva de insectos y la composición de nutrientes. Sin embargo, la harina de larvas de Mosca Soldado Negra se destaca como una alternativa valiosa para diversificar y mejorar la sostenibilidad de la alimentación en la industria acuícola, contribuyendo a la seguridad alimentaria y al cuidado del medio ambiente.

Resumo Em todo o mundo, a agricultura convencional faz uso extensivo de pesticidas. Embora os efeitos dos herbicidas sejam relativamente bem conhecidos em termos de impactos ambientais em organismos não-alvo, há pouca evidência científica sobre os impactos de resíduos de herbicidas em artrópodes aquáticos de áreas de conservação tropicais. Este estudo avalia pela primeira vez a toxicidade dos herbicidas ametryn, atrazine e clomazone sobre o inseto aquático Limnocoris submontandoni (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). A concentração letal (LC50) de herbicidas foi avaliada para esses insetos, bem como o efeito dos herbicidas nos tecidos e testículos dos insetos. A LC50 estimada foi de 1012,41, 192,42 e 46,09 mg/L para clomazone, atrazine e ametryn, respectivamente. Alterações nos espermatócitos e espermátides foram observadas sob o efeito de atrazine, e efeitos na espermatogênese foram observados para algumas concentrações de clomazone, com aparente recuperação após um curto período de tempo. Nossos resultados fornecem informações úteis sobre os efeitos de resíduos de herbicidas em sistemas aquáticos. Essas informações podem ajudar a minimizar o risco de efeitos reprodutivos de longo prazo em espécies não-alvo que foram negligenciadas anteriormente em estudos de ecotoxicologia.

Abstract Worldwide, conventional agriculture makes extensive use of pesticides. Although the effects of herbicides are relatively well known in terms of environmental impacts on non-target organisms, there is very little scientific evidence regarding the impacts of herbicide residues on aquatic arthropods from tropical conservation areas. This study evaluates for the first time the toxicity of the herbicides ametryn, atrazine, and clomazone on the aquatic insect Limnocoris submontandoni (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). The lethal concentration (LC50) of herbicides was evaluated for these insects, as well as the effect of the herbicides on the insects’ tissues and testicles. The estimated LC50 was 1012.41, 192.42, and 46.09 mg/L for clomazone, atrazine, and ametryn, respectively. Spermatocyte and spermatid changes were observed under the effect of atrazine, and effects on spermatogenesis were observed for some concentrations of clomazone, with apparent recovery after a short time. Our results provide useful information on the effects of herbicide residues in aquatic systems. This information can help minimize the risk of long-term reproductive effects in non-target species that have been previously overlooked in ecotoxicology studies.

Resumo A fauna aquática de insetos continua sendo uma ferramenta importante para a bioindicação de distúrbios ambientais, ao mesmo tempo em que mantém um sistema aquático saudável. O objetivo do estudo foi documentar e identificar a diversidade e os padrões de distribuição dos insetos aquáticos, um aspecto altamente ignorado no Catar. Seguindo os procedimentos padrão, as amostras foram coletadas em hábitats aquáticos durante o período de outubro de 2015 a maio de 2017, mensalmente. Um total de 11.287 indivíduos, pertencentes a seis ordens, foram capturados. Dípteros foram os mais abundantes, com as porcentagens de 71,01 (n = 8.015), enquanto a menor porcentagem foi observada para Coleópteros 0,04 (n = 05). Doze famílias de insetos foram identificadas, destas, cinco foram registradas sob Diptera, seguido por Hemiptera (03), enquanto Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata e Ephemeroptera foram representados por famílias únicas. Dentre as localidades selecionadas, Dipterans foram coletados em 10 estações, seguidos por Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) e Trichoptera (1), respectivamente. Entre as amostras de corpos d'água, os riachos foram os hábitats mais preferidos (n = 2.767), enquanto as piscinas de água potável foram os menos (27). Além disso, o maior índice de diversidade de Simpson de 1,48 e o menor de 0,47 foi registrado para piscina de esgoto inundada e recipientes de plástico, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de baixa uniformidade foram observados para lagoas e menos de 1 valores de diversidade de Margalef foram observados para todos os hábitats. Este estudo documenta os padrões de diversidade e distribuição de insetos aquáticos e fornece uma linha de base para os estudos futuros do Catar.

Abstract Aquatic insect fauna remains an important tool for bio indication of environmental disturbance, while maintaining a healthy aquatic system. The purpose of the study was to document and to identify the diversity and distribution patterns of aquatic insect, a highly ignored aspect from the Qatar. Following the standard procedures, the samples were collected from aquatic habitats during the period October 2015 to May 2017 on monthly basis. A total of 11,287 individuals, belonging to 6 orders were captured. Dipterans were the abundant with the percentages of 71.01 (n=8,015), while the lowest percentage was observed for Coleoptera 0.04 (n=05). Twelve insects families were identified, among these five were reported under Diptera, followed by Hemiptera (03), while Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera were represented by single families. Among the selected localities, Dipterans were collected from 10 stations, followed by Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) and Trichoptera (1) respectively. Among the water bodies samples, streams were the most preferred habitats (n=2,767), while drinking water pools were the least (27). Moreover, the highest Simpson diversity index of 1.48 and lowest of 0.47 was recorded for flooded sewage pool and plastic containers respectively, while the low evenness values were observed for ponds, and less than 1 Margalef’s diversity values were seen for all habitats. This study documents the patterns of the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects, and provides a baseline for the future studies from Qatar.

Resumo Diversidade molecular, morfológica, perfil químico qualitativo e atividade antioxidante de fungos filamentosos do trato digestivo de Phylloicus sp. (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae). Este estudo visou identificar por análises molecular, morfológica, química e por extrato antioxidante, fungos filamentosos isolados do trato digestivo de Phylloicus sp, um inseto aquático que vive entre folhagens em riachos tropicais, e participam junto com os fungos da decomposição de substratos vegetais em habitats aquáticos. Larvas de insetos de Phylloicus sp. foram coletadas em riachos no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Os fungos foram isolados a partir do trato digestivo das larvas após desinfecção e dissecção, depois descritos e purificados para fins de identificação e testes para atividade antioxidante. A identidade molecular foi realizada do sequenciamento ITS1 e ITS4, TUB e TEF. Os extratos fúngicos foram produzidos em solução etanólica 70% e posterior liofilização. Para análise de grupos químicos dos extratos, foi realizada cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) em duas fases móveis e diferentes reveladores. A morfologia foi realizada por microscopia óptica corada com Azul de Toluidina e a mensuração realizada no programa ImageJ. A atividade antioxidante realizada em CCD e por método quantitativo para os radicais DPPH e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Foram identificados quatro fungos: Endomelanconiopsis endophytica, Myxospora musae, Neopestalotiopsis cubana e Fusarium pseudocircinatum. Na CCD foi evidenciado várias manchas com fase móvel acetona/clorofórmio e reveladores UV 254 nm e vapor de I2. Os extratos fúngicos demonstram ação antioxidante para redução do radical livre DPPH e em especial para H2O2 acima de 50%, E. endophytica 91.6%, M. musae 87.8%, N. cubana 89.5% e 92.3% para F. pseudocircinatum. Este estudo demonstrou que a técnica molecular por PCR foi satisfatória para identificação dos fungos, e os extratos com inúmeros grupos químicos e potentes agentes redutores. Com isso, trabalhos futuros deverão ser realizados avaliando essas quatro espécies para uso industrial.

Abstract This study aimed to identify by molecular analysis, morphology, chemistry and antioxidant extracts of filamentous fungi isolated from the digestive tract of Phylloicus sp, an aquatic insect that lives on leaf packages in tropical streams and participates together with fungi of the decomposition of plant substrates in aquatic habitats. Insect larvae of Phylloicus sp. were collected in streams in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Fungi were isolated from the digestive tract of larvae after disinfection and dissection, then described and purified for identification purposes and testing for antioxidant activity. Molecular identity was performed of ITS1 and ITS4, TUB e TEF sequencing. Fungal extracts were produced in 70% ethanol solution and later lyophilized. For analysis of chemical groups of extracts, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed in two mobile phases and different developers. Morphology was performed by optical microscopy stained with Toluidine Blue and measurement performed using the ImageJ program. Antioxidant activity performed in TLC and by quantitative method for DPPH and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals. Four fungi were identified: Endomelanconiopsis endophytica, Myxospora musae, Neopestalotiopsis cubana and Fusarium pseudocircinatum. The TLC showed several spots with acetone/chloroform mobile phase and UV 254 nm developers and I2 vapor. Fungal extracts demonstrate antioxidant action to reduce the DPPH free radical and especially for H2O2 above 50%, E. endophytica 91.6%, M. musae 87.8%, N. cubana 89.5% and 92.3% for F. pseudocircinatum. This study demonstrated that the molecular technique by PCR was satisfactory for identifying fungi, and extracts with numerous chemical groups and potent reducing agents. Thus future work, should be carried out evaluating these four species for industrial use.

Abstract A Collapsible Light Trap (CLT) for collecting insects, particularly aquatic insects, is described here. CLT is a modified Pennsylvania Light Trap with the advantage of being collapsible and lightweight to be carried in a small backpack and very easy to set up in the field. CLT is equipped with LED light strip wrapped around a PVC tube and can be connected to a regular 12 V / 7 Ah battery, running for more than 48 uninterrupted hours. Complete CLT weighs 0.8-1.0 kg, depending on the metal used, and the battery weighs around 2 kg, being easily transportable to more remote collecting areas. Over the years, CLTs have been used for collecting and describing the diversity of aquatic insects from Brazil, particularly caddisflies. Depending on the locality, only one trap for one night can collect over a thousand insect specimens and more than 200 individuals of caddisflies. (CLT here field 1 4 hours 0.81.0 0810 0.8 1.0 0 8 0.8-1. kg areas years Brazil caddisflies locality 20 81 0.81. 081 08 0. 10 1. 0.8-1 0.81 0.8-

Abstract Organisms can respond to environmental gradients from local to landscape features. Aquatic insects are particularly affected by watershed peculiarities due to their dependence on microhabitat conditions. However, these relationships are poorly understood in lotic ecosystems of subtropical grasslands, limiting water resources management and bioassessment proposals. Here, we investigated how local stream environment and variations in landscape types affect the assemblage structure of a bioindicator insect group, face to the spatial proximity of the sampled locations. We sampled immatures of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in streams along the Brazilian Pampa biome, recording environmental descriptors in different grassland ecosystem types. The structure of aquatic insect assemblages differed across grassland types, with specific dominant genera associated with each landscape. Spatially-structured water physicochemical descriptors explained a significant amount of variation in assemblage data. Our findings suggest that grassland ecosystem type delimitations capture ecological attributes, influencing watershed features important to EPT assemblage structuration. Moreover, we highlight the importance of niche-based process structuring EPT assemblages along grassland ecosystem types of Pampa biome. In addition, we encourage using aquatic insects in bioassessment of lotic waters to assess local and landscape environmental impacts. We strongly recommend considering the grassland ecosystem schedule for water resources management and bioassessment proposals. conditions However grasslands proposals Here group locations Ephemeroptera Plecoptera biome Spatiallystructured Spatially structured data attributes structuration Moreover nichebased niche based addition impacts

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

Abstract: Aim In this study, we determined whether Perlidae nymphs found in leaf litter were morphometrically distinct from those found in stony substrates. Methods Specimens were collected in Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Each insect was measured for femora length, body length, wingpad length, head width, compound eye distance and mesothorax thickness. Data was logarithmically transformed to avoid effects of allometric growth and subjected to a size-free discriminant analysis. Analysis of variance was made to assess the relationship between shape, genus and substrate choice. Results We collected 562 insects belonging to two genera of Perlidae, Kempnyia Klapálek, 1914 and Anacroneuria Klapálek, 1909. Most occurred primarily in leaf litter (71.9%). We found significant morphometric differences among genera and substrates. Insects occurring in leaf litter were shown to have wider heads and longer anterior femora than those found in stones, suggesting that these characteristics would be important for anchoring to the substrate and resisting stronger water currents. Conclusions This study shows the complex relationship between body shape and substrate choice in neotropical Perlidae. Considering that different substrate bear varying ecological pressures on aquatic insects, morphometrics is a capable tool for assessing ecological relationships between these insects and their environment. Abstract substrates Órgãos Teresópolis Janeiro Brazil length width thickness sizefree size free analysis 56 Klapálek 191 1909 71.9%. 719 71.9% . 71 9 (71.9%) stones currents environment 5 19 190 71.9 7 (71.9% 1 71. (71.9 (71. (71 (7 (

Resumo: Objetivo Nesse estudo, determinamos se ninfas de Perlidae encontradas em folhiço retido em correnteza são morfometricamente distintas de ninfas encontradas em substratos pedregosos. Métodos Os insetos foram coletados no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cada inseto foi medido de acordo com o comprimento dos fêmures, comprimento corporal, tamanho das tecas alares, largura da cabeça, distância entre olhos compostos e espessura do mesotórax. Os dados foram logaritmizados para minimização de efeitos de alometria do crescimento e submetidos a uma análise discriminante livre de tamanho. Por fim, realizamos análises de variância para avaliar a relação entre forma, gênero e opção de substrato das ninfas. Resultados Coletamos ao todo 562 insetos pertencentes a dois gêneros de Perlidae, Kempnyia Klapálek, 1914 e Anacroneuria Klapálek, 1909. As ninfas ocorreram majoritariamente em folhiço retido em correnteza (71.9%). Encontramos diferenças morfométricas entre gêneros e substratos. Os insetos encontrados em folhiço retido em correnteza apresentaram cabeças mais largas e fêmures anteriores mais longos do que os encontrados em pedras roladas, sugerindo maior necessidade de ancoragem em correntezas mais fortes quando no folhiço. Conclusões Este estudo mostra a relação complexa entre forma e substrato em Perlidae neotropicais. Considerando as pressões ecológicas variáveis exercidas nos insetos aquáticos por diferentes substratos, as técnicas morfométricas se mostram capazes de avaliar as relações ecológicas entre esses insetos e seu ambiente. Resumo pedregosos Órgãos Teresópolis Janeiro Brasil corporal alares cabeça mesotórax fim 56 Klapálek 191 1909 71.9%. 719 71.9% . 71 9 (71.9%) roladas neotropicais ambiente 5 19 190 71.9 7 (71.9% 1 71. (71.9 (71. (71 (7 (

Resumen Introducción: Chironomidae (Diptera) es la familia de insectos acuáticos más extendida y abundante en los ecosistemas dulceacuícolas. Los quironómidos se consideran buenos indicadores de la calidad del agua, pero rara vez se identifican a nivel de género en estudios de amplia escala espacial. Objetivo: Identificar las condiciones ambientales asociadas a los quironómidos en un gradiente altitudinal. Métodos: Comparamos ecorregiones, tipos de ríos y estaciones para quironómidos en arroyos y ríos neotropicales (18 sitios en ríos; 2014-2018; en un bosque tropical de Yungas y un bosque seco del Chaco Occidental, Argentina). Utilizamos escalamiento no métrico multidimensional, disimilitud, análisis de envfit y curvas de rango-abundancia. Resultados: Los ''ensamblajes'' de quironómidos coincidieron tanto con las ecorregiones como con los tipos de ríos. Sin embargo, las ecorregiones presentaron un mejor ajuste con la composición de especies. Los taxones estenotérmicos de Orthocladiinae fueron dominantes en las elevaciones altas y los euritermales de Chironominae en los ríos de las tierras bajas. La altitud, la temperatura del agua y la conductividad fueron importantes. Las diferencias estacionales fueron menores que las diferencias ecorregionales. Conclusiones: las ecorregiones, la altitud, la temperatura del agua y la conductividad se correlacionaron con las comunidades de quironómidos. Orthocladiinae fue dominante en los sitios altos y Chironominae en los ríos de tierras bajas.

Abstract Introduction: Chironomidae (Diptera) is the most widespread and abundant aquatic insect family in freshwater ecosystems. Chironomids are considered good indicators of water quality but are seldom identified at the genus level in broad spatial scale studies. Objective: To identify environmental conditions associated with chironomids in an altitudinal gradient. Methods: We compared ecoregions, river types, and seasons, for chironomids in neotropical streams and rivers (18 river sites; 2014-2018; Yungas rainforest and Western Chaco dry forest, Argentina). We used non-metric multidimensional scaling, dissimilarity, envfit analysis and rank-abundance curves. Results: Chironomid ''assemblages'' matched both ecoregions and river types. However, ecoregions presented a better fit with species composition. The stenothermal taxa of Orthocladiinae were dominant at high elevations and the eurythermal Chironominae in lowland rivers. Altitude, water temperature and conductivity were important. Seasonal differences were smaller than ecoregional differences. Conclusions: Ecoregions, altitude, water temperature and conductivity correlated with chironomid communities. Orthocladiinae were dominant at high elevations and Chironominae in lowland rivers.

ABSTRACT The genus Nectopsyche is widely recognized by its striking adults, with colored setae and scales, even metallic and/or iridescent. It is primarily distributed in the Neotropical region, with a few species found in the Nearctics. Nectopsyche has more than 100 described species, with 26 of them recorded in Brazil. In Pará state, one of the largest Brazilian’ states, only three species have been recorded. In contribution to the taxonomic knowledge about the Neotropical caddisflies, especially those of the Amazonian region, we propose two new species of Nectopsyche from Pará state based on male specimens: Nectopsyche tridentata n. sp. and Nectopsyche froehlichi n. sp. In addition, Nectopsyche acutiloba, Nectopsyche adusta, Nectopsyche jenseni, and Nectopsyche quatuorguttata are recorded for the first time in the state of Pará. Our results increase the number of Nectopsyche species recorded in Brazil to 28, and the number of recorded species in the state of Pará to eight. adults scales andor or iridescent region Nearctics 10 2 Brazilian states caddisflies specimens n sp addition acutiloba adusta jenseni 28 eight 1

Abstract: Aim We evaluated the effects of native vegetation and agricultural activities on functional characteristics of aquatic insects’ assemblages in Atlantic Forest streams southern Brazil. Methods We collected information on land uses, riparian zone structural characteristics, and limnological variables of ten streams to characterize their environmental quality. In the same streams, we collected aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and determined their functional characteristics (e.g. food habits, mobility, shape, and body size). The information for each trait category was quantified using a fuzzy code technique. To test the environmental conditions on aquatic insect functional attributes, we used an RLQ analysis. Results In our study, only five environmental variables showed variation in streams (temperature, pH, DO, native vegetation, and agriculture use). We collected a total of 2591 organisms distributed in 21 EPT genera. We observed that the functional attributes of EPT formed distinct groups in relation to the stream categories defined by the measured environmental variables. We observed that shredders and larger and flattened organisms were associated with natural streams. These attributes were associated with the genera Phylloicus, Anacroneuria, Tupiperla, and Farrodes. On the other hand, we observed greater proportions of scrapers, with spherical bodies and shelter builders in streams impacted by agriculture. The most frequent genera in these streams were Itaura, Wormaldia and Helicopsyche. Conclusions The modification of natural landscapes by agricultural areas caused significant functional changes in the aquatic invertebrate communities. Since aquatic insects participate effectively in ecological processes, alterations in the functional characteristics of these communities can cause changes in the streams’ functioning. Abstract Brazil uses quality Ephemeroptera, Ephemeroptera (Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera e.g. eg e g (e.g habits mobility shape size. size . size) technique analysis study temperature, temperature (temperature pH DO use. use use) 259 2 Phylloicus Anacroneuria Tupiperla Farrodes hand scrapers Itaura Helicopsyche processes functioning e.g 25

Resumo: Objetivo Neste estudo avaliamos os efeitos da vegetação nativa e atividades agrícolas sobre as características funcionais de assembleias de insetos aquáticos em riachos de Mata Atlântica, sul do Brasil. Métodos Coletamos informações sobre usos do solo, características estruturais da zona ripária e variáveis limnológicas de dez córregos para caracterizar sua qualidade ambiental. Nos mesmos riachos coletamos insetos aquáticos (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera) e determinamos as características funcionais (e.g., hábitos alimentares, mobilidade, forma, tamanho do corpo). A informação para cada categoria de característica foi quantificada usando uma técnica de código fuzzy. Para testar as condições ambientais nos atributos funcionais de insetos aquáticos, utilizamos uma análise RLQ. Resultados Em nosso estudo, apenas cinco variáveis ambientais apresentaram variação entre os riachos (temperatura, pH, DO, vegetação nativa, uso agrícola). Coletamos um total de 2591 organismos distribuídos em 21 gêneros das ordens EPT. Observamos que os atributos funcionais do EPT formaram grupos distintos em relação às categorias de riachos definidas pelas medidas das variáveis ambientais. Observamos que fragmentadores e organismos maiores e achatados estiveram associados a riachos naturais. Esses atributos foram associados aos gêneros Phylloicus, Anacroneuria, Tupiperla e Farrodes. Por outro lado, em riachos impactados pela agricultura, observamos maiores proporções de raspadores, com corpos esféricos e construtores de abrigos. Nesses riachos, os gêneros mais frequentes foram Itaura, Wormaldia e Helicopsyche. Conclusões A modificação das paisagens naturais por áreas agrícolas causou mudanças funcionais significativas nas comunidades de invertebrados aquáticos. Como os insetos aquáticos participam efetivamente dos processos ecológicos, alterações nas características funcionais dessas comunidades podem causar mudanças no funcionamento dos riachos. Resumo Atlântica Brasil solo ambiental Ephemeroptera, Ephemeroptera (Ephemeroptera Trichoptera e.g., eg g (e.g. alimentares mobilidade forma corpo. corpo . corpo) fuzzy RLQ temperatura, temperatura (temperatura pH DO agrícola. agrícola agrícola) 259 2 Phylloicus Anacroneuria Farrodes lado agricultura raspadores abrigos Itaura Helicopsyche ecológicos e.g. (e.g 25 e.g

Abstract: Aim Additive diversity partitioning has been used to explain the accumulation of diversity at different spatial scales with relative success. In lotic ecosystems, the spatial extent is extremely relevant in studies of diversity accumulation, because it encompasses environmental variation that causes changes in the observed communities. Despite of previous knowledge on the effect of extent on biological communities and diversity accumulation, little is known about the topic in aquatic insect communities in large rivers. In this context, we studied the effect of spatial extent and environmental variation on diversity components, alpha and beta, in Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) groups in Xingu River rapids. Methods The sampling was carried out in October 2015 in the dry period of the region, in nine rapids in the Xingu, Bacajá and Iriri rivers. At each collection site, five Surber samples were taken. We also recorded pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, water temperature, and geographic coordinates. We used additive diversity partitioning to separate the diversity components α and β. For the spatial component, we generated the spatial filters using PCNM (Principal Coordinates of Neighbour Matrices) and partitioned the variance between space and environment using partial Redundancy Analysis (pRDA). Results We collected 12,249 individuals in 27 genera within 11 families in the EPT orders. The greatest accumulation of diversity was observed among rapids of the river, when the β diversity in this spatial extent was greater than the expected. The spatial structure was an indirect effect at this extent, since it is a relevant drive to environmental variables. Conclusions The results indicate that the effect of spatial extent on rapids is a contributing factor in the diversity components of aquatic insect communities in large river rapids. To the conservation and management of this environment is necessary cover as many rapids as possible, since the preservation of only a few rapids can mean a substantial loss of regional diversity. Abstract success ecosystems rivers context beta Ephemeroptera (EPT 201 region site taken pH oxygen conductivity temperature coordinates component Principal Matrices pRDA. pRDA . (pRDA) 12249 12 249 12,24 2 1 orders expected variables possible 20 (pRDA 1224 24 12,2 122 12,

Resumo: Objetivo O particionamento aditivo da diversidade tem sido utilizado para explicar a acumulação de diversidade em diferentes escalas espaciais com relativo sucesso. Em ecossistemas lóticos, a escala espacial é extremamente relevante em estudos de acumulação de diversidade, pois engloba a variação ambiental que causa mudanças nas comunidades observadas. Apesar do conhecimento prévio sobre o efeito da escala nas comunidades biológicas e na acumulação de diversidade, pouco se sabe sobre o tema em comunidades de insetos aquáticos em grandes rios. Neste contexto, estudamos o efeito da escala espacial e da variação ambiental sobre os componentes da diversidade, alfa e beta, em grupos de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (EPT) em corredeiras do rio Xingu. Métodos A amostragem foi realizada em outubro de 2015, no período seco da região, em nove corredeiras nos rios Xingu, Bacajá e Iriri. Em cada local de coleta, foram coletadas cinco amostras de Surber. Também foram registradas as variáveis pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, temperatura da água e coordenadas geográficas. Usamos o particionamento aditivo da diversidade para separar os componentes de diversidade α e β. Para o componente espacial, geramos os filtros espaciais usando PCNM (Principal Coordinates of Neighbour Matrices) e particionamos a variância entre espaço e ambiente usando a análise de redundância parcial (pRDA). Resultados Foram coletados 12.249 indivíduos em 27 gêneros dentro de 11 famílias nas ordens EPT. O maior acúmulo de diversidade foi observado entre as corredeiras do rio, quando a diversidade β nessa escala espacial foi maior que a esperada. A estrutura espacial foi um efeito indireto nesta escala, uma vez que é um direcionador relevante para as variáveis ambientais. Conclusões Os resultados indicam que o efeito da escala espacial em corredeiras é um fator contribuinte nos componentes de diversidade das comunidades de insetos aquáticos em corredeiras de grandes rios. Para a conservação e manejo desse ambiente é necessário abranger o maior número possível de corredeiras, uma vez que a preservação de apenas algumas corredeiras pode significar uma perda substancial da diversidade regional. Resumo sucesso lóticos observadas contexto beta Ephemeroptera EPT (EPT Xingu 2015 região Iriri coleta Surber pH dissolvido elétrica geográficas Principal Matrices pRDA. pRDA . (pRDA) 12249 12 249 12.24 2 1 esperada ambientais regional 201 (pRDA 1224 24 12.2 20 122 12.