Abstract Shrimp and prawns, Ecuador's leading non-oil export product, need the support of public funds loans, which need to improve their credit-granting processes. This study externalizes the two non-conformities during investment project evaluation. The first concerns the expected benefits and cost projections against the time-series analysis and EBITDA of this proposal. The second bias arises when comparing two bibliometric analyses of the co-occurrence of terms used in quantitative evaluation for leveraging investment projects between 2016 and 2020, between one hundred affiliated open-access Latin American scientific documents and 150 international articles on cash flow models. Not considering WACC and working capital management within the framework analysis led to significant deviations in key business viability metrics such as NPV and IRR. There was a discussion on the sustainable practices of the Ecuadorian shrimp sector.

Resumen Los camarones ecuatorianos, primeros en exportación no petrolera, necesitan de los créditos públicos y estos deben mejorar sus procesos. Se exteriorizan dos inconformidades cuando evalúan proyectos de inversión; la primera en la proyección de los beneficios y los costos esperados frente a la propuesta de análisis de series temporales y del EBITDA respectivamente. La segunda, en la conformación de los modelos de flujos de caja descontados no incluyendo al WACC y el capital de trabajo; esto se corrobora en dos análisis bibliométricos de coocurrencia de términos más usados para análisis financieros entre los años 2016 a 2020, abarcó a 100 documentos científicos de acceso abierto de afiliación latinoamericana contra 150 artículos internacionales. La contrastación de las cifras comprobó, mediante una simulación numérica, que la ausencia de ambas, WACC y capital de trabajo, afecta significativamente a las métricas del VAN y la TIR. Se discutió sobre la sostenibilidad del sector.

Abstract The critical importance of wetland ecosystems is highlighted, as they provide essential services such as regulating the hydrological cycle, flood control, and filtering pollutants. Globally, 64 % of wetlands have been lost since 1970, with Asia being the most affected region. Agricultural expansion, urban development, and aquaculture are some of the main drivers of the degradation of these ecosystems, particularly mangroves, which play a key role in climate change mitigation. In Costa Rica, wetlands under inventory represent 6.01 % of the national territory, and although the country has made progress in their protection, with 49 % of wetlands falling under some category of protected wild area, challenges remain, such as agricultural expansion, livestock farming, and sedimentation. At the international level, the Ramsar Convention has been key to wetland conservation efforts, with over 2.57 million km2 protected. However, additional efforts are needed to mitigate the threats to these ecosystems, especially in the context of climate change.

Resumen Se resalta la importancia crítica de los ecosistemas de humedales, que proporcionan servicios esenciales, como la regulación del ciclo hidrológico, el control de inundaciones y la filtración de contaminantes. En el nivel global, se ha perdido un 64 % de los humedales desde 1970, con Asia siendo la región más afectada. La expansión agrícola, el desarrollo urbano y la acuicultura son algunas de las principales causas de la degradación de estos ecosistemas, especialmente de los manglares, que cumplen una función clave en la mitigación del cambio climático. En Costa Rica, los humedales bajo inventario representan el 6.01 % del territorio nacional, y aunque el país ha avanzado en su protección, con el 49 % de los humedales bajo alguna categoría de área silvestre protegida, persisten desafíos, como la expansión agrícola, la ganadería y la sedimentación. En el plano mundial, la Convención Ramsar ha sido clave en los esfuerzos de conservación de humedales, con más de 2.57 millones km2 protegidos. Sin embargo, se necesitan esfuerzos adicionales para mitigar las amenazas a estos ecosistemas, especialmente en el contexto del cambio climático.

Resumo: A aquicultura é uma indústria global importante na prática do cultivo de organismos aquáticos para fornecer alimentos à população e impulsionar a economia dos países produtores. O Brasil se destaca na produção global de rãs-touro, mas essa atividade tem gerado problemas ecológicos e econômicos. A falta de regulamentação e controle pode ameaçar a biodiversidade, já que essas rãs atuam como vetores de patógenos como o fungo quitrídio Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) e o vírus Ranavirus (Rv). Tanto o Bd, quanto o Rv, estão associados a declínios e extinções em massa de anfíbios em todo o mundo. Estudos no Brasil identificaram alta prevalência desses patógenos em ranários, representando ameaças à indústria e ao ambiente. A ausência de regulamentação eficaz na ranicultura é um desafio, já que a quitridiomicose e a ranavirose são doenças de notificação obrigatória à Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, exigindo gestão dos impactos na produção de rã-touro. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi promover a articulação entre pesquisadores, órgãos públicos e líderes do setor, visando revisar as legislações existentes e propor medidas eficazes de biosseguridade. Realizamos extensivas revisões sobre a ranicultura no Brasil, participamos e promovemos reuniões com representantes governamentais e produtivos e nos engajamos ativamente nos Planos de Ação para a conservação de espécies. Nesse contexto, esforços foram feitos para mapear ranários e desenvolver propostas de biosseguridade visando o controle de patógenos. Concluímos que a colaboração entre setores é crucial para a elaboração e implementação de políticas eficazes. Além disso, apresentamos uma revisão detalhada da legislação vigente diretamente relacionada ao tema, visando facilitar a compreensão da situação atual no Brasil. A implementação e manutenção de regulamentações mais abrangentes, assim como a adoção de práticas sustentáveis na ranicultura, são essenciais para garantir a sustentabilidade da indústria e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Abstract: Aquaculture is a globally significant industry involved in the cultivation of aquatic organisms to provide food for the population and boost the economies of producing countries. Brazil stands out in the global production of bullfrogs, but this activity has generated ecological and economic problems. The lack of regulation and control can threaten biodiversity, as these bullfrog’s act as vectors for pathogens such as chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the virus Ranavirus (Rv). Both Bd and Rv are associated with declines and mass extinctions of amphibians worldwide. Studies in Brazil have identified a high prevalence of these pathogens in bullfrog farms, posing threats to both the industry and the environment. The absence of effective regulation in bullfrog farming is a challenge, as chytridiomycosis and ranaviruses are diseases that must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health, requiring management of impacts on bullfrog production. Therefore, our goal was to promote collaboration among researchers, public entities, and industry leaders, aiming to review existing legislation and propose effective biosecurity measures. We conducted extensive reviews on bullfrog farming in Brazil, participated in and organized meetings with government and industry representatives, and actively engaged in Species Conservation Action Plans. Within this context, efforts have been made to map frog farms and develop biosecurity proposals aimed at pathogen control. We conclude that intersectoral collaboration is crucial for the development and implementation of effective policies. Furthermore, we present a detailed review of the current legislation directly related to the topic to facilitate understanding of the current situation in Brazil. The implementation and maintenance of more comprehensive regulations, along with the adoption of sustainable practices in frog farming, are essential to ensure the industry’s sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

ABSTRACT The development of aquaculture through the cultivation of what are considered unconventional species is an option with the potential to solve the problem of food scarcity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance of juvenile Pomacea haustrum fed different commercial diets, and subjected to different levels of salinity. After seven P. haustrum spawn had hatched in the laboratory, the juveniles were randomly selected and transferred to the rearing containers. Two different commercial diets were offered: rabbit feed with a high proportion of ingredients rich in crude vegetable protein (VP), and dog food containing balanced levels of ingredients rich in crude vegetable and animal protein (MP). The selected juveniles were randomly stocked at different salinities (0, 2 and 4 parts per thousand - ppt). The experiment lasted 65 days. Twenty-one hours after the start of the experiment, 100% of the individuals reared at a salinity of 4 ppt had died. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the results for zootechnical performance (average final weight, weight gain, average final growth, specific growth rate, protein efficiency and apparent feed conversion) for animals reared in fresh water or at a salinity of 2 ppt, regardless of the type of diet. The origin of the protein in the diet had no significant effect on the zootechnical performance of the individuals; however, the salinity of the water impaired development of the animals in direct proportion to its concentration. scarcity P laboratory containers offered VP, VP , (VP) MP. MP . (MP) 0, 0 (0 ppt. ppt) 6 days Twentyone Twenty one 100 died p 0.05 005 05 gain rate conversion however concentration (VP (MP ( 10 0.0 00 1 0.

RESUMO: A regularização ambiental da piscicultura continental no Brasil está intimamente ligada à ocupação e uso do solo, as áreas utilizadas para a atividade estão em sua maioria inseridas em áreas de preservação permanente (APP), próximas a rios e nascentes. Esse cenário demonstra a relação entre a atividade e o cumprimento da lei, referente às questões florestais no país. Santa Catarina é um dos estados líderes na piscicultura e um dos primeiros a regulamentar o uso de áreas de preservação permanente (APPs). Assim, foi avaliada a viabilidade de uma proposta de compensação ambiental para regularizar o uso de APPs em Santa Catarina para a piscicultura. Os resultados mostraram que 74% das pisciculturas analisadas precisam regularizar a ocupação das estruturas de produção em APPs. Com relação ao índice proposto de compensação pelo uso em APP, o fator de compensação ambiental (FCA), por meio da avaliação dos mapas individuais e posterior avaliação integrada, todas as pisciculturas identificadas com passivos ambientais em ocupação apresentavam relações de 1:2 e 1:3, sendo este índice uma alternativa viável para a regularização ambiental da atividade. No entanto, propõe-se que o ECF seja aplicado a pequenas pisciculturas, de até quatro módulos fiscais e que tenham um perfil de ocupação mínima padrão em relação à área total da propriedade, conforme avaliado no presente estudo. RESUMO solo APP , (APP) nascentes lei país . (APPs) Assim 74 FCA, FCA (FCA) integrada 12 1 2 1: 13, 13 3, 3 1:3 entanto propõese propõe se propriedade estudo (APP (APPs 7 (FCA

ABSTRACT: The environmental regulation of continental fish farming in Brazil is closely linked to land occupation and use. Areas used for this activity are mostly located in permanent preservation areas (PPA), close to rivers and springs, demonstrating the necessity of regulating this activity for its compliance with public policy. Santa Catarina is a leading state in fish farming and one of the first to regulate the use of PPAs. The feasibility of a proposal for environmental compensation to regularize the use of PPAs in Santa Catarina for fish farming; was therefore, assessed. The results showed that 74% of the fish farms analyzed need to regularize the occupation of production structures in PPAs. Regarding the proposed index of compensation for use in PPAs, the environmental compensation factor (ECF), through evaluation of the individual maps and subsequent integrated evaluation, all the fish farms identified with environmental liabilities in occupation had ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, and this index is a viable alternative for environmental regularization of the activity. It was further proposed that ECF be applied to small fish farms of up to four fiscal modules and that they have a standard minimum occupancy profile in relation to the total area of the property, as assessed in the present study. ABSTRACT PPA, PPA , (PPA) springs policy therefore 74 ECF, (ECF) 12 1 2 1: 13, 13 3, 3 1:3 property study (PPA 7 (ECF

RESUMO: O objetivo foi avaliar parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos após teste em novo ambiente, e o desempenho zootécnico de Oreochromis niloticus classificado como proativo ou reativo. No experimento 1, machos de tilápia do Nilo com peso médio de 128,33 ± 34,17 g foram mantidos em sistema de recirculação de água (RAS). Imediatamente após a classificação, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 20 animais reativos e 20 proativos. No experimento 2 foram classificados 60 machos proativos e 60 reativos, com peso médio de 88,23 ± 21,59 g, os quais foram divididos nos seguintes tratamentos: PT (40 animais proativos), RT (40 reativos) MT (20 proativos + 20 reativos). Os animais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia durante 90 dias. No experimento 1, os animais reativos apresentaram maior hemoglobina e cortisol e menor quantidade de leucócitos. No experimento 2, o ganho em peso foi maior nos animais proativos (PT) e nos animais reativos (RT); porém, a melhor conversão alimentar foi obtida nos animais reativos. A taxa de sobrevivência foi menor no grupo de animais do tratamento MT. Já a hemoglobina e a glicose tiveram valores inferiores para os animais proativos e para aqueles que estavam misturados, no grupo MT. O colesterol foi superior nos animais PT. Conclui-se que variáveis como hemoglobina, cortisol, leucócitos e colesterol têm maior probabilidade de sofrer alterações entre traços de personalidade. Ainda, pode-se concluir que O. niloticus reativos e proativos, cultivados em ambientes separados, apresentam o mesmo potencial de ganho em peso, porém, a conversão alimentar dos reativos é melhor. RESUMO ambiente reativo 1 12833 128 33 128,3 3417 34 17 34,1 RAS. RAS . (RAS) classificação 6 8823 88 23 88,2 2159 21 59 21,5 tratamentos 40 (4 , proativos) (2 9 dias (PT (RT) porém misturados Concluise Conclui se personalidade Ainda podese pode separados 1283 12 3 128, 341 34, (RAS 882 8 88, 215 5 21, 4 ( (RT

ABSTRACT: To evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters after testing in a new environment, and the zootechnical performance of Oreochromis niloticus classified as proactive or reactive. In experiment 1, male Nile tilapia with an average weight of 128.33 ± 34.17 g were kept in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Immediately after classification, blood samples were collected from 20 reactive and 20 proactive animals. In experiment 2, 60 proactive and 60 reactive males were classified, with an average weight of 88.23 ± 21.59 g, which were divided into the following treatments: PT (40 proactive animals), RT (40 reactive) MT (20 proactive + 20 reactive ). Animals were fed twice daily for 90 days. In experiment 1, reactive animals had higher amounts of hemoglobin and cortisol and lower amounts of leukocytes detected. In experiment 2, weight gain was greater in proactive animals (PT) and reactive animals (RT); however, the best feed conversion was obtained in reactive animals. The survival rate was lower in the MT treatment group of animals. Hemoglobin and glucose had lower values for proactive animals and for those that were mixed, in the MT group. Cholesterol was higher in animals PT. It is concluded that variables such as hemoglobin, cortisol, leukocytes and cholesterol are more likely to undergo changes between personality traits. Furthermore, it can be concluded that reactive and proactive O. niloticus, grown in separate environments, have the same potential for weight gain; however, the food conversion of reactive ones is better. ABSTRACT environment 1 12833 128 33 128.3 3417 34 17 34.1 RAS. RAS . (RAS) classification 2 6 8823 88 23 88.2 2159 21 59 21.5 treatments 40 (4 animals, , animals) (2 ) 9 days detected (PT (RT) however mixed traits Furthermore O environments better 1283 12 3 128. 341 34. (RAS 882 8 88. 215 5 21. 4 ( (RT

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: In the past, this magazine has published an article dedicated to conventional fishing. However, over the years, Aquaculture has developed a lot, now constituting an important source for obtaining fish and other marine products. In addition, some companies also carry out processing, freezing and/or packaging, with tasks very different from the previous ones, but rich in occupational hazards. The aim of this review was to summarize the main published data on these two interconnected professional sectors, from the perspective of Occupational Health and Safety. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2024 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: Aquaculture can be defined as the production of aquatic organisms, including plants, fish, crustaceans, molluscs or ornamental species, for sport fishing and/or fish food; in a controlled environment, with protection from predators. It works in closed and marine environments, in fresh and salt water, as well as in structures of varying dimensions. It included facilities on the high seas and close to the coast, both for raising the fish and for processing (evisceration, skin removal, packaging and/or freezing). In terms of results, there is also information about some generic notions of the sector, particularities of some countries (sub-areas, statistics), main risk factors for the different tasks, some data relating to accident rates, as well as occupational diseases and protection measures are also summarized. Discussion and Conclusions: Several documents state that this was one of the sectors that has developed the most in recent years, to guarantee the food needs of the growing world population. However, there is no abundant bibliography specific to the sector, with an emphasis on Occupational Health and Safety, despite having tasks with very relevant risk factors, possibly associated with accidents and/or occupational illnesses and, perhaps, with protection measures not developed in its maximum exponent. Given that the sector is already reasonably implemented in our country, it would be interesting to explore some companies in the area, to study them and produce valid knowledge for professionals who have clients in this field.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: No passado a revista já publicou um artigo dedicado à Pesca convencional. Contudo, ao longo dos anos, a Aquacultura foi se desenvolvendo muito, constituindo agora uma fonte importante na obtenção de peixe e outros produtos marinhos. Para além disso, algumas empresas também acumulam a parte do processamento, congelamento e/ou embalamento, com tarefas muito díspares das anteriores, mas ricas em perigos laborais. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir os principais dados publicados sobre estes dois setores profissionais interligados, na perspetiva da Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2024 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Aquacultura pode ser definida como a produção de organismos aquáticos, incluindo plantas, peixes, crustáceos, moluscos ou espécies ornamentais, para pesca desportiva e/ou para alimento de peixes; num ambiente controlado, com proteção para os predadores. Ela funciona em ambientes fechados e marinhos, em água doce e salgada, bem como em estruturas de dimensão variável. Incluiu instalações em alto mar e junto à costa, quer para a criação do peixe, quer para processamento (evisceração, retirar a pele, embalar e/ou congelar). A nível de resultados da revisão são ainda resumidas algumas noções genéricas do setor, particularidades de alguns países (subáreas, estatísticas), principais fatores de risco das diversas tarefas, alguns dados relativos a sinistralidade, bem como doenças profissionais e medidas de proteção. Discussão e Conclusões: Vários documentos afirmam que este foi um dos setores que mais se desenvolveu nos últimos anos, de forma a garantir as necessidades alimentares da população mundial crescente. Contudo, não se encontra bibliografia abundante específica do setor, com enfase na Saúde e Segurança Laborais, apesar de ter tarefas com fatores de risco muito relevantes, eventualmente associados a sinistros e/ou doenças profissionais e, possivelmente, com medidas de proteção não desenvolvidas no seu expoente máximo. Dado o setor já estar razoavelmente implementado no nosso país, seria interessante explorar algumas empresas da área, no sentido de as estudar e produzir conhecimento válido para os profissionais que tenham clientes nessa área.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: Working in a Fish store presents relevant risk factors and occupational hazards; however, when researching the topic using different types of passwords, practically only documents associated with classic fishing, aquaculture and/or fish processing appear, but not exactly for places where it is sold to the public, although there is found here another type of fish processing. The aim of this review was to summarize what was published on the topic. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2024 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: In the past, most fish were cheaper than most meat, which is why they were consumed more frequently than today, where some fish reach very high cost values. However, fish consumption increased by around 3% annually between 1961 and 2017, more than other foods. The most developed aspect in terms of Results were Occupational Risk Factors (namely thermal discomfort, chemical and biological agents, allergens, falling to the same level and cuts). In a very summary way, some references were made to collective and individual protection measures. Discussion and Conclusions: The sector is frankly poorly studied by Occupational Health and Safety, so any approach carried out by teams with clients in this professional area would add significant and pertinent data to better guide Workers, Managers and Employers in Fishmongers.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: O trabalho em Peixaria apresenta fatores de riscos e riscos laborais relevantes; contudo, ao pesquisar o tema usando diversos tipos de passwords, praticamente só surgem documentos associados à pesca clássica, à aquacultura e/ou ao processamento do peixe, mas não propriamente para os locais onde este é vendido ao publico, ainda que também aqui se possa fazer outro tipo de processamento do pescado. Objetivou-se com esta revisão sintetizar o que se encontrou publicado sobre o tema. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2024 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Antigamente a generalidade dos peixes era mais barata que a generalidade da carne, pelo que eram consumidos com mais frequência do que hoje, sendo que alguns peixes atingem valores de custo muito elevado. Contudo, o consumo de peixe aumentou cerca de 3% anualmente, entre 1961 e 2017, de forma superior a outros alimentos. O aspeto mais desenvolvido a nível de Resultados foram os Fatores de Risco Laboral (nomeadamente o desconforto térmico, agentes químicos e biológicos, alérgenos, queda ao mesmo nível e corte). De forma muito sumária foram feitas algumas referências a medidas de proteção coletivas e individuais. Discussão e Conclusões: O setor está francamente mal estudado pela Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais, pelo que qualquer abordagem realizada por equipas com clientes nesta área profissional conseguiria acrescentar dados significativos e pertinentes para melhor orientar os Trabalhadores, Chefias e Empregadores de Peixarias.

RESUMEN Uno de los aspectos más importantes para una acuacultura sustentable es el manejo adecuado del alimento, para lo cual la mejor estrategia es la implementación de alimentadores automáticos que permiten optimizar las raciones de alimento y optimizar el rendimiento productivo. El presente estudio evaluó el impacto de la alimentación automática sobre la calidad del suelo en el cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei en tres piscinas experimentales en un periodo de tres meses; se evaluaron las cantidades de materia orgánica, carbono orgánico, pH, nitrógeno y la relación carbono-nitrógeno (C/N) para discernir si existen diferencias en los puntos de alimentación y de tipo pulmón. En los análisis finales no se observaron diferencias estadísticas (p ≥ 0.05) entre los puntosde alimentación y entre las piscinas. Estos resultados demuestran que la alimentación automática no provoca cambios en la calidad del suelo en el cultivo de L. vannamei.

ABSTRACT One of the most important aspects for sustainable aquaculture is the proper management of feed, for which the best strategy is the implementation of automatic feeders that allow optimizing feed rations and optimizing productive performance. The present study evaluated the impact of automatic feeding on soil quality in the cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei in three experimental pools in a period of three months; where were evaluated the amount of organic matter, organic carbon, pH, nitrogen and the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) to evaluate if there are differences in the feeding and lung-type zones. In the final analyzes no statistical differences (p ≥ 0.05) were observed in the parameters between the feeding areas and between the pools. These results demonstrate that automatic feeding does not cause changes in soil quality in the cultivation of L. vannamei.

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficiencia antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de diversos quimiotipos de Lippia graveolens contra la cepa Aeromonas hydrophila resistente a la oxitetraciclina, la cual afecta principalmente a la acuicultura de tilapia (O. niloticus) en Guatemala. (Metodología) L. graveolens se colectó en tres departamentos de Guatemala, los aceites esenciales (AE) se obtuvieron mediante hidrodestilación y se caracterizaron mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC/MS). Posteriormente, se realizó un ensayo antimicrobiano utilizando pruebas de susceptibilidad en disco y dilución, y se evaluaron las interacciones sinérgicas entre los diferentes quimiotipos. Cada prueba se repitió res veces. (Resultados) El análisis evidenció la presencia de veintisiete compuestos en los AE obtenidos de los quimiotipos, siendo los monoterpenos la clase principal. Los principales constituyentes identificados fueron cis-dihidro-β-terpineol (8.84 %) en el quimiotipo I, carvacrol (51.82 %) en el quimiotipo II y timol (79.62 %) en el quimiotipo III. Todos los AE de los diferentes quimiotipos de L. graveolens demostraron capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de A. hydrophila. En particular, el quimiotipo timol obtuvo el efecto inhibitorio más fuerte contra el crecimiento bacteriano, con una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 92.4 µg/mL y una concentración mínima bactericida (B) de 184.8 µg/mL. Los resultados sugieren que no existe un efecto sinérgico o aditivo al combinar los diferentes quimiotipos de L. graveolens. (Conclusiones) Este estudio constituye el primer reporte sobre la actividad antimicrobiana de los diferentes quimiotipos de L. graveolens contra A. hydrophila resistente a la oxitetraciclina. Los hallazgos sugieren que el quimiotipo timol podría ser un tratamiento potencial para las infecciones en la acuicultura de tilapia en Guatemala.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de vários quimiotipos de Lippia graveolens contra a cepa Aeromonas hydrophila resistente à oxitetraciclina, que afeta principalmente a aquicultura de tilápia (O. niloticus) na Guatemala. (Metodologia) A L. graveolens foi coletada em três setores da Guatemala, os óleos essenciais (OE) foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e caracterizados por cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). Posteriormente, foi realizado um ensaio antimicrobianos por meio de testes de suscetibilidade de disco e diluição, e foram avaliadas as interações sinérgicas entre os diferentes quimiotipos. Cada teste foi repetido três vezes. (Resultados) A análise revelou a presença de vinte e sete compostos nos OEs obtidos dos quimiotipos, sendo os monoterpenos a classe principal. Os principais constituintes identificados foram cis-di-hidro-β- terpineol (8,84%) no quimiotipo I, carvacrol (51,82%) no quimiotipo II e timol (79,62%) no quimiotipo III. Todos os OEs dos diferentes quimiotipos de L. graveolens mostraram a capacidade de inibir o crescimento de A. hydrophila. Em particular, o quimiotipo timol obteve o efeito inibitório mais forte contra o crescimento bacteriano, com uma concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 92,4 μg/mL e uma concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de 184,8 μg/mL. Os resultados sugerem que não há efeito sinérgico ou aditivo ao combinar os diferentes quimiotipos de L. graveolens. (Conclusões) Este estudo é o primeiro relatório sobre a atividade antimicrobiana dos diferentes quimiotipos de L. graveolens contra A. hydrophila resistente à oxitetraciclina. Os resultados sugerem que o quimiotipo timol pode ser um tratamento em potencial para infecções na aquicultura de tilápia na Guatemala.

Abstract (Objective) This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil (EO) from diverse chemotypes of Lippia graveolens against oxytetracycline-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila, which primarily affects the tilapia aquaculture (O. niloticus) in Guatemala. (Methodology) L. graveolens were collected in three departments in Guatemala. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Subsequently, an antimicrobial assay was conducted using disk and dilution susceptibility tests and evaluation of synergistic interactions among the chemotypes. Each test was performed in triplicate. (Results) The analysis revealed the presence of twenty-seven compounds in the EO obtained from the chemotypes, with the main class being monoterpenes. The major constituents identified were cis-Dihydro-β-terpineol (8.84%) in chemotype I, carvacrol (51.82%) in chemotype II, and thymol (79.62%) in chemotype III. All EO chemotypes of L. graveolens demonstrated the ability to inhibit the A. hydrophila growth. Thymol chemotype exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against bacterial growth, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 92.4 µg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 184.8 µg/mL. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is no synergistic or additive effect when combining different chemotypes of L. graveolens. (Conclusions) This is the first report of L. graveolens chemotypes exhibiting antimicrobial activity against oxytetracycline-resistant A. hydrophila. The findings suggest that the chemotype thymol could be a potential treatment for infections in the tilapia aquaculture in Guatemala.

Resumen La producción acuícola de camarón se ha expandido rápidamente en las últimas décadas, convirtiéndose en una importante actividad económica a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, algunas infecciones bacterianas y virales son un gran desafío para esta actividad. La Necrosis Hepatopancreática Aguda (AHPND) es una enfermedad bacteriana que afecta a los estanques de granjas camaroneras y se presenta durante los primeros 30 días después de la siembra en estanques de camarones, causando una mortalidad del 70 - 100 %. La microbiota tiene un papel importante en la producción del camarón y el control de enfermedades. En el presente estudio, los genes pirA y pirB fueron amplificados por PCR para confirmar tanto organismos positivos como negativos a AHPND en hepatopáncreas de camarones. Posteriormente se secuenciaron las regiones hipervariables ribosómicas (ARNr) V3-V4 del gen 16S utilizando la plataforma MiSeq. Los resultados demostraron una microbiota diversa en el grupo negativo a AHPND, compuesto principalmente por filos Proteobacteria, Firmicutes y Actinobacteria. Además, Proteobacteria fue el filo dominante en el hepatopáncreas infectado con AHPND, mientras que Firmicutes tendió a disminuir. Vibrio fue el género más abundante, prevaleciendo sobre algunos géneros como Corynebacterium, Weissella, Lactobacillus, Photobacterium y Geobacillus. Los resultados sugieren que la enfermedad de AHPND causa disbiosis en la microbiota hepatopancreática, y el filo Firmicutes podría requerir ser restaurado en dicho escenario.

Abstract Shrimp aquaculture has rapidly expanded in the last decades, representing an important economic activity worldwide; however, infections (bacterial and viral) are one of the biggest challenges in aquaculture activity. Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) is a bacterial disease that affects shrimp farm ponds and occurs during the first 30 days after stocking in shrimp ponds, causing mortalities of up to 70 - 100 %. Microbiota has an important role in shrimp aquaculture and disease control. In the present study, pirA and pirB genes were amplified by PCR to confirm AHPND and non-AHPND in shrimp hepatopancreas; samples were sequenced using the MiSeq platform targeting the V3-V4 16S ribosomal (rRNA) hypervariable regions. Results demonstrated a diverse microbiota in the non-AHPND group, mainly composed of phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Furthermore, Proteobacteria was the dominant phyla in the hepatopancreas infected with AHPND, while Firmicutes tended to decrease. Vibrio was the most abundant at the genus level, prevailing in some genera like Corynebacterium, Weissella, Lactobacillus, Photobacterium, and Geobacillus. Results suggest that AHPND causes dysbiosis in the hepatopancreatic microbiota, and the Firmicutes phylum could require to be restored under such scenario.

Abstract In the face of global warming, environmental pollution, population growth, and the degradation of biodiversity and natural resources, sustainable farming practices have become crucial and should be explored and implemented. Aquaponics is an agricultural system that integrates aquaculture and hydroponics in the application of sustainable farming technologies. The nitrogen-rich biomass produced by aquatic life is used to feed crops, while the feeding process also acts as a natural filtering system that maintains the habitat of aquatic life. This article divides the development history of aquaponics into three stages: the origin stage (before the 1960s), the initial stage (1960s), and the development stage (after the 2010s). Five typical aquaponic models are compared and analyzed. This work suggests that the basic theory of the aquaponic system should be studied thoroughly, and the intelligent and industrial development trends of the system should be explored. These studies can provide sufficient evidence and concrete references for large-scale applications of aquaponics.

Resumen Ante el calentamiento global, la contaminación ambiental, el crecimiento demográfico y la degradación de la biodiversidad y los recursos naturales, las prácticas agrícolas sostenibles se han vuelto cruciales y deben ser exploradas y aplicadas. La acuaponía es un sistema agrícola que integra la acuicultura y la hidroponía para aplicar tecnologías agrícolas sostenibles. La biomasa rica en nitrógeno producida por la vida acuática se utiliza para alimentar los cultivos, mientras que el proceso de alimentación también actúa como un sistema de filtrado natural que mantiene el hábitat de la vida acuática. Este artículo divide la historia del desarrollo de la acuaponía en tres etapas: la etapa de origen (antes de la década de 1960), la etapa inicial (década de 1960-2010) y la etapa de desarrollo (después de la década de 2010). Se comparan y analizan cinco modelos típicos de acuaponía. Este documento sugiere que se estudie a fondo la teoría básica del sistema de acuaponía y se exploren las tendencias de desarrollo inteligente e industrial del sistema. Estos estudios pueden proporcionar pruebas suficientes y referencias concretas para las aplicaciones a gran escala de la acuaponía.

ABSTRACT. Including probiotic yeasts, such as Debaryomyces hansenii, in fish diets improves aquaculture production and fish health. Some fish-isolated yeasts, like Candida tropicalis, produce antimicrobial metabolites. However, there have been no reports on their in vivo effects. We evaluated the effects of dietary administration of both yeasts on growth, survival, digestive enzyme activity, expression of intestinal barrier genes, and intestinal microbiota composition in Atractosteus tropicus juveniles. We administered diets with three concentrations of C. tropicalis (104, 106, and 108 CFU g-1), three with D. hansenii (103, 105, and 107 CFU g-1), and a control diet without yeast for 45 days. We also evaluated the antagonistic capacity of both yeasts against fish pathogens in vitro. Results showed that lower doses of C. tropicalis (104 CFU g-1) and D. hansenii (103 CFU g-1) improved growth, survival, and lipase activity. However, C. tropicalis compromised intestinal barrier integrity by reducing zo-1 expression and increasing il-8 expression while altering the microbiota to favor Desulfovibrionaceae. Conversely, D. hansenii enhanced intestinal barrier integrity by increasing the expression of muc-2, zo-1, and il-10 genes and decreasing il-8 expression without altering the microbiota, where Mycoplasma predominated. Both yeasts showed antagonistic activity against pathogens. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of C. tropicalis did not favor the intestinal health of the fish. Conversely, D. hansenii at a concentration of 103 CFU g-1 is recommended to improve the growth, digestive function, and health of A. tropicus juveniles.

ABSTRACT. Oreochromis niloticus is the most important aquacultural species worldwide. Several countries are interested in repopulating natural or artificial reservoirs with the fry of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) to develop new fisheries or to enhance the existing ones. However, as tilapia is considered an invasive species, it is essential to check the existence of the species in the place before releasing any fry. Characterization of tilapia species with meristic is unreliable because of existing morphological similarities among species. In this work, the composition of the tilapia species of Laguna El Mastranzo (LEM), Nayarit, Mexico, was explored for the first time through a molecular method using the mitochondrial DNA control region. Three tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus, and O. urolepis) were found in LEM, and it was confirmed that the two commercial strains (Aquamol and Spring) intended for repopulation were O. niloticus. Seven haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were obtained: three in LEM, three in Aquamol, and one in Spring strains. Before repopulating any reservoir, a molecular verification strategy is recommended to avoid spreading the species. The results of this work represent a glimpse into the genetic material of LEM, Nayarit, Mexico.

ABSTRACT. The objective was to evaluate the effect of probiotic consortium technology (PCT) on the performance of Penaeus vannamei juveniles in the biofloc system in a short time. The experiment had four treatments with four replicates. In each experimental unit, 35 animals (3.15 ± 0.53 g and 7.80 ± 0.54 cm) were stocked in a biofloc system for 35 days. The treatments were: control - control without probiotic; PCT1 - probiotic in the diet (3 mL kg-1) and water (0.5 ppm - three times a week); PCT2 - probiotic in the diet (3 mL kg-1) and water (1 ppm - daily), and PCT3 - probiotic in the water (1 ppm - daily). For water quality and Vibrio, no significant differences were observed among treatments (P > 0.05). Regarding the zootechnical performance, the treatments with the probiotic promoted higher final biomass, biomass gain, and a more efficient feed conversion rate (P < 0.05). The performance improvement promoted by the probiotic may be related to increased concentrations of amylases, chymotrypsin, and lipases in the hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). It was concluded that PCT2 promoted the best zootechnical performance of P. vannamei during the grow-out phase in the biofloc system.