Abstract In the modern practice of historiography, that is, scientific history, an ambiguous relationship with the past is established. This ambiguity takes the form of an aporia: at the same time that modern historiography reveals a more sophisticated historical consciousness, it also reveals the historical condition of all knowledge, including its own. Thus, while scientific historiography opens the subject of historicity, its epistemological aspirations, paradoxically, lead it to conceive the past as a pure field of external objectivity that has itself a stable and immutable identity outside of any socio-historical determination. In other words, the desire of scientific historiography to seek a foundation that allows the unequivocal apprehension and knowledge of what it avidly calls “historical reality”, can only be possible at the cost of excluding the notion of its own historicity.

Resumen La manera en que se practica la historiografía en la modernidad, esto es, la historia científica, instaura una relación ambigua con el pasado. Dicha ambigüedad toma la forma de una aporía: al mismo tiempo que la historiografía moderna va construyendo una conciencia de la historicidad más acabada, también va revelando la condición histórica de todo saber, incluido el suyo. Así, mientras la historiografía científica abre el tema de la historicidad, sus aspiraciones epistemológicas, paradójicamente, la llevan a concebir al pasado como un puro campo de objetividad exterior que cuenta con una identidad estable e inmutable fuera de toda determinación sociohistórica. Dicho de otra manera, el afán por parte de la historiografía científica de buscar un fundamento que permita aprehender y conocer inequívocamente aquello que llama con avidez la “realidad histórica”, sólo puede ser posible a costa de excluir su propia historicidad.

The common-law principle that no one should be a judge in his or her own cause is the basis upon which the rule against bias or apprehension of bias was founded. In constitutional parlance, this translates into the requirement that a judge or anyone under a duty to decide anything must be impartial, which is, in turn, the foundation for the recusal of a judge in adjudication. This cardinal principle of adjudication has produced an abundant case law indicating the circumstances in which a judge should, or ought to, recuse him- or herself on the ground of bias or reasonable apprehension of bias in common-law jurisdictions. This article focuses on the fundamental principles guiding the notion of recusal in the common-law courts. There is, first, a presumption of judicial impartiality, which is the preliminary but important hurdle an applicant for recusal of a judge must overcome. The inquiry proceeds no further if this presumption is not successfully rebutted early in the proceeding. The second hurdle is the test for recusal that the facts put forward in support of the allegation of bias or apparent bias must meet. This test is a two-dimensional reasonable standard test of a reasonably informed observer who would reasonably entertain an apprehension that the judge would (not might) be biased towards one party in the case. This test enables a court to determine whether the allegation of lack of judicial impartiality in any given case could lead to the recusal of the judge. The discussion that ensues is based on decided cases selected from specific Commonwealth jurisdictions where such matters have recently been dealt with. Indeed, these cases show that recusal of a judge in adjudication is, in practical terms, the application of the common-law principle of natural justice that a person cannot be a judge in his or her own cause. It is also a clear manifestation of the age-old adage that justice must not only be done, but must manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done.

RESUMEN: Los estándares internacionales de rendición de cuentas en materias de sostenibilidad ambiental y responsabilidad social (en inglés, International Accountability Standards) guían y evalúan el comportamiento de las empresas, para que estas se ajusten de manera voluntaria a ciertos principios normativos. Sin embargo, esta voluntariedad no puede basarse solo en la idea de que ser ético paga, pues muchas de las exigencias sociales y ambientales implican sacrificios de rentabilidad. La reflexión aquí planteada muestra que existen vacíos en la justificiación de los principios que pregonan los estándares, que condicionan su voluntariedad y repercuten negativamente tanto en la sociedad como en las mismas organizaciones. Nuestra discusión se centra en cinco de estos estándares, a saber: Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Human Rights Compliance Assessment (HRCA), el manual de indicadores Ethos, el Manual de Costa Rica y el Manual de Balance Social de la Asociación Nacional de Industriales de Colombia (ANDI), que han sido influyentes en Colombia e internacionalmente. El propósito de esta reflexión es mostrar que la utilización y aplicación de los estándares puede llevar a la manipulación de estos por parte de los empresarios y alejarlos de las obligaciones morales y éticas que tiene la empresa con sus stakeholders.

RÉSUMÉ: Les normes internationales de responsabilité en matière de du-rabilité environnementale et de responsabilité sociale (en anglais, International Accountability Standards) guident et évaluent le comportement des entreprises, afin qu'elles s'adaptent volontairement à certains principes réglementaires. Toutefois, ce caractère volontaire ne peut se fonder uni-quement sur l'idée que l'éthique est rentable, car de nombreuses exigences sociales et environnementales impliquent des sacrifices de rentabilité. La réflexion présentée montre qu'il existe des lacunes dans la justification des principes qui proclament les normes, qui conditionnent leur caractere volontaire et ont un impact négatif sur la société et les organisations elles-mêmes. Notre discussion porte sur cinq de ces normes, à savoir: la Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), la Human Rights Compliance Assessment (HRCA), le manuel des indicateurs Ethos, le Manuel de Costa Rica et le Manuel de l 'équi libre social de l'Asociación Nacional de Industriales de la Colombie (ANDI), qui ont exercé une grande influence en Colombie et dans le monde. Le but de cette réflexion est de montrer que l'utilisation et l'application des normes peuvent amener les employeurs à les manipuler et les éloigner des obligations morales et éthiques que l'entreprise a envers ses parties prenantes.

ABSTRACT: International Accountability Standards on environmental sustainability and social responsibility guide and evaluate the behavior of companies, so that they voluntarily adjust to certain regulatory principles. However, this voluntariness cannot be based solely on the idea that being ethical pays, since many of the social and environmental demands imply sacrificing profitability. The reflection presented here shows the existence of gaps in the justification of the principles that proclaim the standards, which condition their voluntariness and negatively impact both society and organizations themselves. Our discussion focuses on five of these standards, namely: Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Human Rights Compliance Assessment (HRGA), the Ethos indicators manual, the Costa Rica Manual, and the Social Balance Guidelines of the Colombian National Industry Association (ANDI), which have been influential in Colombia and abroad. The purpose of this reflection is to show that the use and application of standards can lead to their manipulation by employers, placing them away from the moral and ethical obligations of a company with its stakeholders.

RESUMO: Os padrões internacionais de prestação de contas em matéria de sustentabilidade ambiental e responsabilidade social (em inglês, International Accountability Standards) orientam e avaliam o comportamento das empresas para que estas se ajustem, de maneira voluntária, a certos princípios normativos. Contudo, essa voluntariedade não pode estar baseada somente na ideia de que ser ético paga, pois muitas das exigências sociais e ambientais implicam sacrifícios de rentabilidade. A reflexão aqui proposta mostra que existem lacunas na justificativa dos princípios que estabelecem os padrões, que condicionam sua voluntariedade e repercutem negativamente tanto na sociedade quanto nas mesmas organizações. Nossa discussão está focada em cinco desses parâmetros: Global Reporting Initiative, Human Rights Compliance Assessment, Manual de Indicadores Ethos, Manual de Costa Rica e Manual de Balance Social da Associação Nacional de Industriais da Colômbia, que influenciam na Colômbia e no âmbito internacional. O propósito dessa reflexão é mostrar que a utilização e aplicação desses parâmetros pode levar à manipulação destes por parte dos empresários e afastá-los das obrigações morais e éticas que a empresa tem com seus stakeholders.

Resumo Este artigo discute três bases de multinotabilização das elites políticas (a familiar; a militante e profissional; a produção de bens simbólicos) e como se traduzem em trunfos mobilizáveis nas lutas políticas no Brasil. Mediante reflexão indissociavelmente analítica e empírica, propomos que a apreensão das multidimensionalidades e das intersecções entre domínios e práticas potencializa a investigação extensiva e intensiva dos princípios de funcionamento, de seleção e de hierarquização políticas, dos condicionantes e lógicas de atuação dos agentes, bem como dos processos de legitimação que incidem na composição dos profissionais da representação.

Abstract This article discusses three bases for political elites’ multinatobilization (family, militant and professional, production of symbolic goods) and how they translate into usable trumps in Brazilian political struggles. From an analytical and empirical reflection, we propose that the apprehension of its multiple dimensions and the intersections between domains and practices may lead to an extensive and intensive investigation of political functioning principles, selection and hierarchization, of the agents’ conditioning and logics, as well as of the legitimacy processes that affect the composition of these representation professionals.

Abstract: This article is a summary of our recent research on an alternative way to study the theory of architecture by using known phrases and paragraphs whose didactic sense improve the apprehension of the main concepts and foundations of our discipline. Our outlook assumes that the extended analysis of an unique idea taken from its original prose may lead to debates and reflections with high theoretical and didactic value. So our intention is to approach these other little speeches, those other ways to say and teach adopting an open and fresh approach strategy to both content and theoretical exercise.

Resumen: Este artículo es una síntesis de nuestra reciente investigación, sobre una forma alterna de estudiar la Teoría de la Arquitectura mediante el uso de frases y párrafos conocidos, cuyo sentido didáctico mejoran la aprehensión de los principales conceptos y fundamentos de nuestra disciplina. Nuestra perspectiva supone que el análisis extendido de una idea excepcional, sacada de su prosa originaria, puede dar lugar a debates y reflexiones con alto valor teórico y didáctico. Así, nuestra intención es la de acercarnos a esos otros pequeños discursos, esas otras formas de decir y de enseñar adoptando una estrategia abierta y fresca de acercamiento, tanto al contenido como al ejercicio teorético.

An impulse purchase often occurs without consideration of the potential consequences, which may include non-usage of a product. When consumers establish that they have an inner contradiction between their values or opinions and their behaviour, unease or apprehension may lead to cognitive dissonance (after-purchase doubt or post-purchase reservations). Consumers often use shopping experiences and resulting impulse buying behaviour to satisfy a number of needs that do not fit into theories of economic utility. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the motivations behind the behaviour leading to impulsive buying of apparel merchandise among university students. A structured questionnaire containing 25 variables relating to impulsive buying behaviour was administered to three hundred and eighty-five students. Factor analysis produced four factors, namely, fashion involvement, hedonic motivation, emotional gratification and affect that influence impulsive buying behaviour with regard to buying apparel merchandise. Results show that male and female students differ with regard to the hedonic motivation and emotional gratification dimensions of impulsive buying tendencies. This study may assist marketers and retailers to understand impulsive buying behaviour in order to formulate appropriate marketing communication strategies and allocate marketing budgets.

Em 1999, o relatório do Instituto de Medicina (IOM), ao apontar que há significativa ocorrência de eventos adversos e que mais da metade dessas ocorrências eram ocasionadas por erro médico, suscitou inúmeras ações e pesquisas na área de Segurança do Paciente. As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS), um dos problemas enfrentados na área, é alvo de pesquisas que intentam criar procedimentos e estratégias no sentido de prevenir tais eventos. A higienização de mãos, por ser a medida mais simples no controle das IRAS e, paradoxalmente, a que possui mais baixo índice de adesão entre os médicos, é alvo de inúmeros programas e campanhas. A necessidade de reversão do quadro apontado tem gerado extensa literatura que, entre outros, identifica barreiras e fatores de risco para a baixa adesão a normas e procedimentos de higienização de mãos, como também busca compreender os aspectos comportamentais envolvidos. Este artigo apresenta alguns modelos teóricos explicativos voltados para a compreensão da dinâmica comportamental que envolve a consecução do erro e da violação e realiza uma análise com possibilidades à depreensão do processo. Por fim, considera-se que os modelos explicativos apresentados, conjuntamente, trazem contribuições passíveis de aplicação na prática e que a identificação e compreensão dos mecanismos de defesa coletivos levariam aos fatores que se encontram em jogo na baixa adesão aos procedimentos de higienização de mãos por parte dos médicos, a despeito das evidências existentes.

In 1999, the report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), pointed that there are significant adverse events and that more than half of these occurrences were caused by medical errors, provoking numerous actions and research on Patient Safety. Infections related to health care (IRAS), one of the problems faced in the area, are the subject of research that attempt to create procedures and strategies to prevent such events. Hand hygiene, because it is the simplest measure of control in IRAs and, paradoxically, the one with the lowest compliance rate among physicians, is the target of numerous programs and campaigns. The need to reverse this state has generated extensive literature that, among other things, indicates and identifies barriers and risk factors for poor adherence to standards and procedures for hands hygiene, but also seeks to understand the behavioral aspects concerned. This paper presents some theoretical models aimed at understanding the behavioral dynamics which involves the achievement of error and violation and carries out an analysis with the possibilities of apprehension of the process. Finally, it is considered that the explanatory models jointly presented bring contributions that can be applied in practice and that identifying and understanding the mechanisms of collective defense would lead to factors that are at stake in the low adherence to procedures, sanitation of hands among physicians, despite the existing evidence.

Em 1999, o relatório do Instituto de Medicina (IOM), ao apontar que há significativa ocorrência de eventos adversos e que mais da metade dessas ocorrências eram ocasionadas por erro médico, suscitou inúmeras ações e pesquisas na área de Segurança do Paciente. As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS), um dos problemas enfrentados na área, é alvo de pesquisas que intentam criar procedimentos e estratégias no sentido de prevenir tais eventos. A higienização de mãos, por ser a medida mais simples no controle das IRAS e, paradoxalmente, a que possui mais baixo índice de adesão entre os médicos, é alvo de inúmeros programas e campanhas. A necessidade de reversão do quadro apontado tem gerado extensa literatura que, entre outros, identifica barreiras e fatores de risco para a baixa adesão a normas e procedimentos de higienização de mãos, como também busca compreender os aspectos comportamentais envolvidos. Este artigo apresenta alguns modelos teóricos explicativos voltados para a compreensão da dinâmica comportamental que envolve a consecução do erro e da violação e realiza uma análise com possibilidades à depreensão do processo. Por fim, considera-se que os modelos explicativos apresentados, conjuntamente, trazem contribuições passíveis de aplicação na prática e que a identificação e compreensão dos mecanismos de defesa coletivos levariam aos fatores que se encontram em jogo na baixa adesão aos procedimentos de higienização de mãos por parte dos médicos, a despeito das evidências existentes.

In 1999, the report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), pointed that there are significant adverse events and that more than half of these occurrences were caused by medical errors, provoking numerous actions and research on Patient Safety. Infections related to health care (IRAS), one of the problems faced in the area, are the subject of research that attempt to create procedures and strategies to prevent such events. Hand hygiene, because it is the simplest measure of control in IRAs and, paradoxically, the one with the lowest compliance rate among physicians, is the target of numerous programs and campaigns. The need to reverse this state has generated extensive literature that, among other things, indicates and identifies barriers and risk factors for poor adherence to standards and procedures for hands hygiene, but also seeks to understand the behavioral aspects concerned. This paper presents some theoretical models aimed at understanding the behavioral dynamics which involves the achievement of error and violation and carries out an analysis with the possibilities of apprehension of the process. Finally, it is considered that the explanatory models jointly presented bring contributions that can be applied in practice and that identifying and understanding the mechanisms of collective defense would lead to factors that are at stake in the low adherence to procedures, sanitation of hands among physicians, despite the existing evidence.