Abstract Political institutions such as the European Commission and the Government of Spain have expressed their interest and willingness to lay the foundations for ethical governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In particular, they have proposed the promotion of reliable Artificial Intelligence through a set of guidelines and strategies. Despite the benefit provided by these political initiatives, it is not possible to fully appreciate a specific educational strategy that contributes to the generation of an ethical AI ecosystem based on trust. In this sense, the main objective of this work is to demonstrate that the teaching of applied ethics in engineering studies constitutes a commitment to professional strengthening, ethical governance and responsible research and innovation. To achieve this objective, first of all, some of the essential aspects that give significant value to the teaching of applied ethics will be detailed, highlighting the social responsibility that universities present in this field. Secondly, a classification of ethics subjects related to engineering in the environment of Spanish public universities will be shown. And, thirdly, a theoretical framework rooted in discursive ethics will be offered, promoting a civic perspective in the educational context of the professions.

Resumen Instituciones políticas como la Comisión Europea y el Gobierno de España han manifestado su interés y predisposición para sentar las bases de una gobernanza ética de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA). En particular, han planteado el impulso de una Inteligencia Artificial confiable a través de un conjunto de directrices y estrategias. A pesar del beneficio que reportan estas iniciativas políticas, no es posible apreciar en su conjunto una estrategia educativa específica que contribuya a la generación de un ecosistema ético de IA fundamentado en la confianza. En ese sentido, el objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en explicar que la enseñanza de la ética aplicada en los estudios de ingeniería constituye una apuesta para el fortalecimiento profesional, la gobernanza ética y una investigación e innovación responsables. Para alcanzar este objetivo, en primer lugar, serán detallados algunos de los aspectos esenciales que dotan de un valor significativo a la enseñanza de la ética aplicada, subrayando la responsabilidad social que presentan las universidades en este terreno. En segundo lugar, se mostrará una clasificación de las asignaturas de ética relacionadas con la ingeniería en el entorno de las universidades públicas españolas. Y, en tercer lugar, se ofrecerá un marco teórico enraizado en la ética discursiva, promoviendo una mirada cívica en el contexto educativo de las profesiones.

ABSTRACT The ethical complexity in sports practice has diverse perspectives that generate dilemmas when applying universal principles, in a competitive environment in constant evolution and with technological, social and cultural advances necessary, to establish a coherent and applicable ethical framework in the field of sports. The objective of this research was to analyze the ethical-sports perspectives and approaches present in bioethics applied to sports practice, in order to understand the emerging ethical dilemmas and current trends in this field. The research was theoretical, through a documentary review, in which the steps of searching and selecting scientific articles were followed; validated information was extracted from academic databases, the findings were systematically organized and finally a narrative synthesis was carried out. The diversity of ethical-sports approaches highlights the constant need to balance competitiveness with fundamental values, of how sport faces dilemmas that require a balance between the pursuit of sporting excellence and respect for integrity, equity and diversity; which challenges all actors to promote a more inclusive sports environment. It was concluded that sport evaluates multiple dimensions, including deontological ethics, equity for athletes and virtue; the importance of regulations to protect integrity, promote an ethical environment and address challenges in emerging sports competition and technology was highlighted.

RESUMEN La complejidad ética en la práctica deportiva tiene diversas perspectivas que generan dilemas al aplicar principios universales, en un entorno competitivo en constante evolución y con avances tecnológicos, sociales y culturales necesarios, para establecer un marco ético coherente y aplicable en el ámbito del deporte. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en analizar las perspectivas y enfoques éticos-deportivos presentes en la bioética aplicada a la práctica deportiva, con el fin de comprender los dilemas éticos emergentes y las tendencias actuales en este campo. La investigación fue de tipo teórica, a través de una revisión documental, en la que se siguieron los pasos de búsqueda y selección de artículos científicos; se extrajo información validada de bases de datos académicos, se organizaron sistemáticamente los hallazgos y finalmente se realizó una síntesis narrativa. La diversidad de enfoques ético-deportivos subraya la necesidad constante de equilibrar la competitividad con los valores fundamentales, de cómo el deporte enfrenta dilemas que requieren un equilibrio entre la búsqueda de la excelencia deportiva y el respeto por la integridad, equidad y diversidad; lo que desafía, a todos los actores, a promover un entorno deportivo más inclusivo. Se concluyó que el deporte evalúa múltiples dimensiones, incluidos la ética deontológica, la equidad para atletas y la virtud; se destacó la importancia de normativas para proteger la integridad, promover un ambiente ético y abordar los desafíos, en la competencia y tecnología deportivas emergentes.

RESUMO A complexidade ética na prática do esporte tem diversas perspectivas que geram dilemas ao aplicar princípios universais, em um ambiente competitivo em constante evolução e com os avanços tecnológicos, sociais e culturais necessários para estabelecer uma estrutura ética coerente e aplicável no campo do esporte. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as perspectivas e abordagens ético-esportivas presentes na bioética aplicada ao esporte, a fim de compreender os dilemas éticos emergentes e as tendências atuais nesse campo. A pesquisa foi de natureza teórica, por meio de uma revisão documental, na qual foram seguidas as etapas de busca e seleção de artigos científicos; informações validadas foram extraídas de bancos de dados acadêmicos, as descobertas foram sistematicamente organizadas e, por fim, foi realizada uma síntese narrativa. A diversidade de abordagens éticas no esporte destaca a necessidade constante de equilibrar a competitividade com os valores fundamentais, como o esporte enfrenta dilemas que exigem um equilíbrio entre a busca da excelência esportiva e o respeito à integridade, equidade e diversidade, e desafia todos os atores a promover um ambiente esportivo mais inclusivo. Concluiu-se que o esporte avalia várias dimensões, inclusive a ética deontológica, a equidade para os atletas e a virtude; destacou-se a importância das regulamentações para proteger a integridade, promover um ambiente ético e enfrentar os desafios das competições e tecnologias esportivas emergentes.

This article reports on the rigour of a selection process for master's degree programmes in clinical and counselling psychology at an undisclosed university in South Africa over a six-year period (n=81). This was achieved by completing correlation and regression analyses between the six selection activities, the six course modules, and the course average in the student's M1 year. Results showed significant positive regressions between the metaphors activity, child psychopathology, and theory of psychological interventions modules, between the research task and neuropsychology, between the psychopharmacology and psychopathology modules, and between the problem-solving activity and the course average. The case study activity negatively predicted the ethics and practical work and applied and community psychology modules. The conclusion was that the selection process can be considered valid, as the skills assessed for most of the selection activities positively correlated and predicted the skills required to succeed both academically in the M1 year and as a practising psychologist. However, the case study activity required further investigation, as the skills that are purportedly assessed should correlate and positively predict the ethics and practical work module, which was not the case. Future studies should also investigate the usefulness of interviews during this process.

Abstract Introduction: Sex education is one of the basic pillars of human development because it enhances people’s autonomy and the development of full sexuality. Objective: This study sought to describe the perception regarding sex education of adolescents from two educational establishments in Talcahuano, Chile. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 309 students from two schools located in the Talcahuano Commune, Bío-Bío region, Chile. A self-report questionnaire was applied in person. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistics SPSS v.22 software. Results: 61.8% reported receiving sex education in their establishment and almost all considered it necessary to learn about it. 52.7% reported that their establishments generated instances to talk about sexuality. In relation to the topics that should be included in sex education, “Values, respect, ethics”, “Contraceptives and prevention of sexually transmitted infections” and “Love and affectivity” were the most preferred. Conclusion: Despite the existence of instances of sex education in educational establishments, and the transversal opinion that it is necessary to learn about this subject, there is a low perception regarding its adequacy.

Resumen Introducción: La educación sexual es uno de los pilares básicos del desarrollo humano por cuanto potencia la autonomía de las personas y el desarrollo de una sexualidad plena. Objetivo: Este estudio buscó describir la percepción respecto a la educación sexual de adolescentes de dos establecimientos educacionales de Talcahuano, Chile. Método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de carácter descriptivo con 309 estudiantes de dos colegios ubicados en la Comuna de Talcahuano, región del Bío-Bío, Chile. Se aplicó de forma presencial un cuestionario de autorreporte. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el software IBM Statistics SPSS v.22. Resultados: El 61,8% reportó recibir educación sexual en su establecimiento y casi la totalidad consideró necesario aprender sobre ello. Un 52,7% refirió que sus establecimientos generaban instancias para hablar de sexualidad. En relación con las temáticas que deberían ser incluidas en la educación sexual, «Valores, respeto, ética», «Anticonceptivos y prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual» y «Amor y afectividad» fueron las más preferidas. Conclusión: Pese a la existencia de instancias de educación sexual en los establecimientos educacionales y a la transversal opinión de que es necesario aprender sobre este tema, existe una baja percepción respecto a su suficiencia.

The article seeks to purvey a moral philosophical foundation to the apostolic letter. The apostolic letter speaks pointedly of the fatherhood crisis as an issue that needs moral philosophical atrention. The research will use two methods: the philosophical (content) analysis and applied ethical theories. Philosophical analysis is a general term for techniques typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition that involve breaking down philosophical issues in order to bring clarity, consistence, and coherence. The method is used to analyse concepts like parenthood, fatherhood and shepherdship. Applied ethics is a philosophical examination, from a moral point of view, of particular issues in private and public life which are matters of judgement. However, the punch line, 'Children today often seem orphans, lacking fathers', is a direct moral challenge that calls for the application of the ethical theory of hunhu/ubuntu because love is hunhu/ubuntu's character, nature and responsibility. From hunhu/ubuntu's view point, I argue that one must acquire personhood primarily first in order to be a father. In hunhu/ubuntu, personhood and fatherhood are dynamic concepts; morally achieved and acquired. Hunhu/ubuntu is not asking that we replace God as the author of our being, but rather that our being as persons in the world is substantially of our own making. As such, we have a victory to win, and the path to that victory lies in the part of our lived morality (hunhu/ubuntu). God created us, but we must mould ourselves into the persons that God wants us to be. CONTRIBUTION: The intention of this article is to encourage the 21st century generation to be good persons and hence be responsible fathers through drawing moral support and inspiration from hunhu/ubuntu and Saint Joseph

In this article Habermas's discourse ethics is critically interpreted. The article starts with a brief intellectual biography of Habermas (section 1), showing that his life and work has always had a strong ethical and political dimension - leading to the concept of discourse ethics. Next, it is indicated how Habermas's work in the 1970s culminated via four steps in his major philosophical work - the Theory of Communicative Action (section 2) published in 1981. In the next two sections Habermas Theory of Communicative Action is applied to ethics and morality in the form of his discourse ethics - the heart of this contribution (section 3). In this process the following four aspects of Habermas's discourse ethics are discussed: Its qualified Kantian deontological dimension, as well as its universalist, cognitivist, and formalist dimensions. In the following section (4) the discussion of discourse ethics is shifted to Habermas's theory of law, deliberative politics, and democracy which is a further application of ideas developed in his Theory of Communicative Action. The contribution then ends with some critical remarks on Habermas discourse ethics and sketch of law and politics (section 5) Three arguments are presented in this regard. First, Habermas argument is judged to be too closely related to abstract rationality. Secondly the distinction that Habermas makes between morality and ethics is critically investigated. Finally, the Habermasian use of justification in his argument is critically compared with the concept of application. These points of criticism, though, indicate that the debate on Habermas's discourse ethics is ongoing. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This article deals with the concept of discourse ethics (in the Kantian tradition of ethics) as developed firstly by Karel Otto Apel and later refined by Jurgen Habermas for his own purposes. The line of argumentation developed here has significant relevance for philosophy, moral theory, law, and theology. Discourse ethics can be considered as a contemporary version of Kantian deontological ethics after the linguistic turn

Resumen Introducción: El cierre de instituciones educativas a nivel mundial debido a la pandemia global de COVID-19 dio como resultado una educación a distancia que ha modificado la apreciación y la actitud de los estudiantes universitarios ante ciertos aspectos educativos. Se desconoce si este cambio afecta la actitud hacia la investigación Objetivo: Analizar la actitud hacia la investigación de los estudiantes de enfermería en un contexto educativo a distancia. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal correlacional, en 376 estudiantes inscritos de todos los años de enfermería de una universidad mexicana, excluyendo estudiantes de otras escuelas, en estancia académica o bajas. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas y el cuestionario actitud hacia la investigación en universitarios, con previa aprobación de un comité de ética y autorización por consentimiento informado. Resultados: Los estudiantes tuvieron una actitud hacia la investigación de mala a regular, 69-71% manifestó que los principales obstáculos para no investigar fueron falta de tiempo y conocimientos, consideraron que hacer investigación fue estresante y tedioso, 96-98% pensaban que saber citar, redactar y organizarse eran las principales habilidades a tomar en cuenta para investigar, con sentido ético y flexibilidad de pensamiento. Los estudiantes mostraron un decremento en la actitud conforme avanzaban de año en la universidad con p<0.05. Conclusiones: La actitud hacia la investigación de los estudiantes de enfermería a distancia, fue de mala a regular, por lo que el presente sienta las bases para futuras intervenciones en las cuales se trate de mejorar la actitud y disposición a la investigación a distancia.

Abstract Introduction: The shutdown of educational institutions worldwide due to the global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the need to provide distance education, which changed the appreciation and attitude of university students about certain aspects of education. Whether this change affects attitudes towards research is unknown. Objective: To analyze the attitude of nursing students towards research in a distance education context. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional correlational study conducted in 376 students enrolled in all the academic years of nursing at a Mexican university; students from other schools, students on academic stay or those who dropped out were excluded. Socio-demographic variables were measured and the questionnaire about attitude towards research of undergraduate students was applied after obtaining the approval of an ethics committee (1/2021) and authorization of the participants by informed consent. Results: Students had a poor to fair attitude towards research; 69-71% of the participants stated that the main obstacles regarding research were lack of time and knowledge; they considered that doing research is stressful and tedious; 96-98% of the participants thought that knowing how to cite, write and organize were the main skills to take into account when doing research, having a sense of ethics and flexibility of thought. Students showed a decline in good attitude as they progressed through the years at the university, with p<0.05. Conclusions: The attitude towards research of distance nursing students was poor to fair, so this study lays the groundwork for future interventions, in which an attempt is made to improve the attitude and disposition regarding distance research.

Abstrato Introdução: O encerramento de instituições de ensino em todo o mundo devido à pandemia global da COVID-19 resultou na necessidade de fornecer educação à distância, o que mudou a apreciação e a atitude dos estudantes universitários em relação a certos aspectos da educação. Se esta mudança afecta as atitudes em relação à investigação é desconhecida. Objetivo: Conhecer a atitude dos estudantes de enfermagem em relação à pesquisa em contexto educacional a distância devido ao COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal correlacional, em 376 estudantes inscritos em todos os anos de enfermagem numa universidade mexicana, excluindo estudantes de outras escolas, em estadia académica ou licença de ausência. As variáveis sociodemográficas foram medidas e o questionário de atitude em relação à investigação nos estudantes universitários, com a aprovação de um comité de ética (1/2021) e consentimento informado. Resultados: Os alunos tiveram uma atitude de pobre a regular em relação à pesquisa. 69-71% afirmaram que os principais obstáculos para não fazer pesquisa foram a falta de tempo e conhecimento, e consideraram fazer pesquisa estressante e tedioso. 96-98% consideraram que saber citar, escrever e organizar eram as principais competências a ter em conta para investigar, com sentido ético e flexibilidade de pensamento. Os estudantes mostraram um declínio na boa atitude à medida que progrediram ao longo dos anos na universidade (p<0,05). Conclusões: A atitude em relação à pesquisa dos estudantes de enfermagem na educação a distância, passou de ruim para regular, portanto o presente lança as bases para futuras intervenções em que se trata de melhorar a atitude e disposição para a pesquisa a distancia.

ABSTRACT The general objective of the research was to describe the practice of ethics and labor law of workers. It was developed from a quantitative approach. In addition, it was supported by documentary-bibliographic analysis, consisting of refereed articles, theses and standards, for their respective analysis and interpretation. The survey technique was used, which was applied to a sample of 164 servers and officials of the Local Educational Management Unit, Chepén, 2023. It is concluded that the practice of ethics in the labor law of the workers of the Chepén Local Educational Management Unit is directly related as evidenced in the results obtained. This leads to an efficient labor activity, related to the respect for individual and collective rights and values, which allows facing difficulties in the exercise of the public function.

RESUMEN El objetivo general de la investigación fue describir la práctica de la ética y el derecho laboral de los trabajadores. Se desarrolló desde el enfoque cuantitativo. Además, se apoyó en el análisis documental-bibliográfico, conformados por artículos arbitrados, tesis y normas, para su respectivo análisis e interpretación. Se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta, la cual fue aplicada a una muestra de 164 servidores y funcionarios de la Unidad de Gestión Educativa Local, Chepén, 2023. Se concluye que, la práctica de la ética en el derecho laboral de los trabajadores de la Unidad de gestión Educativa Local Chepén, guarda relación directa como se evidencia en los resultados obtenidos. Lo que conduce a una eficiente actividad laboral, guardando relación con el respeto de los derechos y valores individuales y colectivos, lo que permite enfrentar las dificultades en el ejercicio de la función pública.

Resumen: Introducción: si bien varios estudios han abordado la comparación entre el tratamiento endovascular y el clipado quirúrgico de aneurismas rotos, no existe aún evidencia firme respecto a la utilización de una u otra técnica en términos de seguridad y mejor pronóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las distintas modalidades de tratamiento de la hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA) implementadas en Uruguay y su impacto sobre la curación del aneurisma y el pronóstico de los pacientes. Material y método: estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico que incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años que fueron asistidos por HSA espontánea aneurismática en Uruguay entre el 1 de noviembre de 2019 y el 31 de octubre de 2020. Fueron relevadas las características clínico-epidemiológicas y comorbilidades al momento del diagnóstico, el tipo de tratamiento recibido y variables de evolución clínica durante los siguientes seis meses. Los datos fueron procesados a través del software estadístico Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) y el nivel de significación utilizado en los test fue de 5%. Debido al carácter multicéntrico y nacional del estudio, debió ser sometido a evaluación por todos los comités de ética de las instituciones de salud participantes. Resultados: se observó un total de 211 casos en el período evaluado. La media de edad fue de 57 años con predominancia del sexo femenino (75%). En el 74% de los casos fue indicado algún tipo de tratamiento específico (43% cirugía abierta y 31% terapia endovascular), mientras al resto de los pacientes no se les pudo tratar el aneurisma por su grave situación neurológica; 52 pacientes tuvieron complicaciones vinculadas al tratamiento recibido, observándose una mayor proporción de estas en el caso de la cirugía abierta respecto a la terapia endovascular (42% vs 21,5%; p=0,008). Conclusiones: se observó una mayor tasa de complicaciones en el tratamiento quirúrgico, sin impacto en la morbimortalidad. De los factores predictores independientes de mala evolución clínica encontrados, el único vinculado al tipo de tratamiento fue la presencia de isquemia extensa.

Abstract: Introduction: While several studies have addressed the comparison between endovascular treatment and surgical clipping of ruptured aneurysms, there is still no definitive evidence regarding the use of one or the other in terms of safety and improved prognosis. The objective of this study is to analyze the various modalities of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treatment implemented in Uruguay and their impact on aneurysm resolution and patient prognosis. Method: This is a prospective, multicenter study that includes all patients over 18 years of age who were treated for spontaneous aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Uruguay between November 1, 2019, and October 31, 2020. We collected and examined clinical-epidemiological characteristics and comorbidities at the time of diagnosis, the type of treatment received, and clinical outcome variables over the following 6 months. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and a significance level of 5% was applied in the tests. Due to the multicenter and national nature of the study, it had to be submitted for evaluation to all the Ethics Committees of the participating healthcare institutions. Results: A total of 211 cases were observed during the evaluated period. The mean age was 57 years with a predominance of females (75%). In 74% of the cases, some form of specific treatment was recommended (43% open surgery and 31% endovascular therapy), while the remaining patients could not undergo aneurysm treatment due to their severe neurological condition. 52 patients experienced complications related to the treatment received, with a higher proportion of these in the case of open surgery compared to endovascular therapy (42% vs. 21,5%; p=0,008). Conclusions: A higher rate of complications was observed in the surgical treatment, with no impact on morbidity and mortality. Among the independent predictors of poor clinical outcomes identified, the only one related to the type of treatment was the presence of extensive ischemia.

Resumo: As campanhas de prevenção e promoção da saúde, bem como os avanços na medidas terapêuticas voltadas para pacientes neurocríticos conseguiram reduzir a incidência de pacientes com lesão cerebral aguda que evoluem para morte encefálica (ME). No entanto, na maioria dos países latino-americanos, os órgãos que podem ser perfundidos adequados para transplante (TX) vêm de doadores falecidos em ME. A doação em assistolia e em particular a doação em assistolia controlada (DAC), é uma opção aceita e válida para a obtenção de órgãos, o que contribuiria para a redução das listas de espera para transplantes. Durante o processo DAC, são aplicados conceitos com forte cunho bioético, que são fundamentais na o momento da tomada de decisão. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar esses conceitos, com o objetivo de oferecer ferramentas válidas à equipe de saúde, para os processos em que há deliberação moral como ocorre na doação de órgãos em assistolia controlada considerada parte integrante dos cuidados de fim de vida.

Resumen Los objetivos fueron evaluar el nivel de procrastinación académica del estudiantado de medicina del Paraguay en 2022 y describir sus características sociodemográficas. Se realizó un estudio observacional, de corte transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario de García-Martínez y Silva (2019)constituido por 22 preguntas basadas en la escala de Likert, el cual fue difundido por las redes sociales de estudiantes de universidades públicas y privadas del Paraguay entre mayo y octubre 2022 . El nivel de procrastinación se determinó por las dimensiones postergación de tareas, autorregulación académica e influencia de la tecnología, además, se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas. Las variables fueron sometidas a un análisis factorial exploratorio para indagar las dimensiones subyacentes, constructos o variables latentes observadas. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Se encuestaron 188 estudiantes, con predominio del sexo femenino (64.9%). La edad media fue 24 ± 4 años, un 31.9% reside en Asunción, 81.4% carece de ingresos económicos propios. En conclusión, se detectó procrastinación en 73 estudiantes (38.8%) de medicina. Se recomienda investigar las causas de esta situación.

Abstract As main objectives, this research aims to determine the level of academic procrastination of medical students in Paraguay in 2022 and describe their sociodemographic characteristics. For this, the researchers conducted an observational cross-sectional study. Likewise, they applied the García-Martínez and Silva (2019) questionnaire, which was disseminated through the social networks of students from public and private universities in Paraguay between May and October 2022. Procrastination was determined with the dimensions of task postponement, academic self-regulation and the influence of technology using 22 questions, answered with a scale of Likert. Sociodemographic variables were also evaluated. The variables were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis to investigate the underlying dimensions, constructs, or latent variables observed. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. The researchers surveyed 188 students, with a predominance of females (64.9%). The average age was 24 ± 4 years, 31.9% reside in Asunción, and 81.4% lack their own economic income. Procrastination was detected in 73 students (38.8%). In conclusion, procrastination was detected in 38.8% of medical students; therefore, it is recommended to investigate the causes of this situation.

Resumo Objetivo. Analisar as percepções sobre a educação alternativa no projeto La Fábrica de Sueños (A Fábrica de Sonhos), voltado para o reflorestamento da consciência e a transformação cultural em meninos e meninas de sete anos de instituições educativas para o cuidado da natureza e convivência. Metodologia. A metodologia centra-se na sistematização da experiência vivida, recolhida através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, histórias e desenhos, junto de pais e mães de família, docentes, meninos e meninas. A análise foi feita com o programa Atlas ti, com base em pesquisa qualitativa e análise categorial. Coincidências, relações e correlações foram estabelecidos por meio de uma categoria central, reflorestamento da consciência, e cinco categorias axiais: empoderamento pessoal, ser humano, autoconsciência, convivência e relação com a natureza, que emergiram de experiências e compromissos educativos com foco na ética e pedagogia. Resultados. Constatou-se que a abordagem vivencial aplicada, especialmente o contato com a natureza e a arte, sensibiliza para novas aprendizagens a partir do estímulo à criatividade e imaginação, sendo motores para a livre expressão e narração de meninos e meninas. A Fábrica de Sonhos contribui para uma formação integral, e leva ao despertar de meninos e meninas na convivência com seu ambiente social e natural. A vivência fortalece o desenvolvimento do pensamento criativo, crítico e reflexivo que parte do empoderamento e compreensão do seu espaço de convivência.

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar las percepciones sobre la educación alternativa en el proyecto La Fábrica de Sueños - FS, orientada a la reforestación de la conciencia, y a la transformación cultural en niños y niñas de siete años de instituciones educativas para el cuidado de la naturaleza y la convivencia. Metodología. La metodología se centra en la sistematización de la experiencia vivida, recolectada mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, relatos y dibujos, de padres y madres de familia, personal docente, niños y niñas. El análisis se hizo con el programa Atlas ti, a partir de la investigación cualitativa y análisis categorial. Se establecieron coincidencias, relaciones y correlatos a través de una categoría central, la reforestación de conciencia, y cinco categorías axiales: empoderamiento personal, ser humano, conciencia de sí, convivencia y relación con la naturaleza, que emergieron de las experiencias y de las apuestas educativas centradas en lo ético y pedagógico. Resultados. El enfoque experiencial aplicado, en especial el contacto con la naturaleza y con el arte, sensibiliza hacia nuevos aprendizajes desde el estímulo a la creatividad y la imaginación, son motores para la libre expresión y narración de los niños y niñas. La Fábrica de Sueños, aporta a la formación integral, y conduce al despertar de los niños y niñas en convivencia con su entorno social y natural. La experiencia, fortalece el desarrollo del pensamiento creativo, crítico y reflexivo que parte del empoderamiento y comprensión de su espacio vital.

Abstract Aim. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of alternative education in the La Fábrica de Sueños (Dream Factory) project. The project aimed at the reforestation of consciousness and the cultural transformation in seven-year-old children from educational institutions for the care of nature and coexistence. Methodology. The methodology focuses on the systematization of an experience that parents, teaching staff, and children lived. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, stories, and drawings; it was analyzed with the Atlas ti program based on qualitative research and categorical analysis. Coincidences, relationships, and correlations were established through the central category of reforestation of awareness and the following five axial categories: personal empowerment, human being, self-awareness, coexistence, and relationship with nature. These five categories emerged from experiences and educational commitments, focused on ethics and pedagogy. Results. It was found that the applied experiential approach, especially the contact with nature and art, sensitizes toward new learning from the stimulation of creativity and imagination that are motors for children’s free expression and narration. The Dream Factory project contributes to comprehensive training and leads to the children’s awakening in coexistence with their social and natural environment. The experience strengthens the development of creative, critical, and reflective thinking that starts from the empowerment and understanding of children’s vital space.

Resumo Introdução: a primeira gravidez é envolvida por várias questões, entre essas às relacionadas a amamentação. Embora seja consenso que a amamentação traga vários benefícios para mãe, sobretudo para o bebé, alguns obstáculos podem surgir e interromper o processo de amamentação. Objetivo: buscou-se analisar as dificuldades na amamentação de primíparas no período puerperal. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, no qual foram aplicados questionários com perguntas abertas e fechadas às puérperas primíparas no cenário da atenção primária a saúde. Foram analisadas informações de nove pacientes, por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin, que estrutura a análise em três fases: 1) pré-análise, 2) exploração do material e 3) tratamento dos resultados. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética de pesquisas com seres humanos. Resultados: foram identificadas quatro principais dificuldades referidas pelas puérperas: leite insuficiente, trauma mamilar, agarre incorreto e mamilo invertido. Considerações finais: o método de análise qualitativa foi essencial para identificar as dificuldades no processo de amamentação e, assim, permitir estratégias de promoção da saúde das lactantes de forma individualizada, compreendendo seus aspectos subjetivos.

Abstract Introduction: the first pregnancy is involved by several issues, including those related to breastfeeding. Although there is a consensus that breastfeeding brings many benefits to the mother, especially to the baby, some obstacles may arise and interrupt the breastfeeding process. Goals: It sought to analyze the breastfeeding difficulties of primiparous women in the puerperal period. Methodology: this is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, in which questionnaires with open and closed questions were applied to primiparous puerperal women in the setting of primary health care. Information from nine patients was analyzed using Bardin's content analysis, which structures the analysis into three phases: 1) pre-analysis, 2) material exploration and 3) treatment of results. The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee; Results: four main difficulties reported by the mothers were identified: insufficient milk, nipple trauma, incorrect attachment and inverted nipple. Conclusions: The qualitative analysis method was essential to identify the difficulties in the breastfeeding process and, thus, allow strategies to promote the health of lactating women individually, understanding their subjective aspects.

Positive consideration of software engineering codes of ethics by computing educators promotes inclusion in the teaching of software development courses. For computing educators, this is significant because they contribute immensely to the development of software engineering graduates, not only in terms of teaching technical skills but also in ethical development. This study aims to investigate the perceived importance of codes of ethics by lecturers who teach software development courses at a University of Technology in South Africa. The data was collected using an online survey from 103 educators from two computing departments in a South African UoT; 44 responses were received. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to evaluate the responses; the Pearson Chi-square test was applied to assess the level of association between variables of interest for more conclusive results in addressing the objective of the study. The results of this study indicated that the majority of participants were males; female participants amounted only to 18.2 per cent. Results also reported that most participants agreed with all the statements tested to determine the perceived importance of Software Engineering Codes of Ethics to educators. In addition, an association was presented between the importance of a software engineering code of ethics to an educator and three other variables (the need to teach students about ethical behaviour, an obligation for software engineers to consider the ethical implications of their systems and sex of the respondents) respectively. This study recommended that institutions of higher learning consider finding permanent ways of inculcating a culture of ethical conduct into its staff members, encouraging educators to take up professional memberships with professional bodies. These measures will ensure that software development educators are trained to maintain high standards within their profession, embracing the use and adherence to a code of ethics in the teaching of software development courses.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In developing countries, the existence of barriers to women's access to contraception generates low adherence to the use of different contraceptive methods. Objective: To describe the adherence and barriers in the use of contraceptive methods in a population of adult women. Methods: Quantitative, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of women over 18 years of age attended at a first level health center, to whom selection criteria were applied and voluntary consent was obtained for their participation. The study followed the Helsinki principles and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Peruvian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The instrument used was the IRB Study (Barriers to adolescent contraception adherence) with a Cronbach Alpha consistency of 0.79. Descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test were used for bivariate analysis. Results: A total of 353 women participated, the mean age was 24.6 ± 4.2 years; 65.7% were single and 19.5% were cohabiting; 58.4% reported university education; 73.7% were Catholic compared to 26.3% Evangelical. Male condoms (37.2%) and oral pills (23%) were the most commonly used methods. Fear of the side effects of contraceptives (66.2%) and travel to the health center for control (23.5%) were the main obstacles. Discussion: Age and sexual activity were factors associated with contraceptive adherence. Concern about weight gain, bleeding and health risk were the main barriers.

RESUMEN Introducción: En los países en vías de desarrollo, la existencia de barreras de acceso de las mujeres a la anticoncepción genera baja adherencia al uso de los diferentes métodos anticonceptivos. Objetivo: Describir la adherencia y barreras en el uso los métodos anticonceptivos en una población de mujeres adultas. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo de corte trasversal, con una muestra no probabilística de mujeres mayores de 18 años atendidas en un centro de salud de primer nivel, a quienes se aplicó criterios de selección y se obtuvo consentimiento voluntario para su participación. El estudio siguió los principios de Helsinki y contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Sociedad Peruana de Obstetricia y Ginecología. El instrumento utilizado fue el IRB Study (Barriers to adolescent contraception adherence) con una consistencia Alfa de Cronbach de 0,79. Se usó estadística descriptiva y la prueba exacta de Fisher para el análisis bivariado. Resultados: Participaron 353 mujeres, la edad media fue 24,6 ± 4,2 años. El 65,7 % fueron solteras y 19,5 % convivientes; el 58,4 % refirió nivel de estudios universitarios; el 73,7 % son de religión católica frente al 26,3% de evangélicos. Los métodos más usados fueron el condón masculino con 37,2 % y las píldoras orales con 23%. Los principales obstáculos fueron el temor por los efectos colaterales de los anticonceptivos con 66,2% y el desplazamiento al centro de salud para su control con 23,5 %. Discusión: La edad y la práctica de actividad sexual son factores que estuvieron vinculados a la adherencia de los anticonceptivos. La preocupación por el aumento de peso, sangrado y riesgo para la salud fueron las principales barreras.

Resumo A participação pública é um mecanismo democrático fundamental para avaliar a qualidade do processo decisório envolvendo o licenciamento ambiental. A operacionalização da participação pública no licenciamento ambiental pode ocorrer por meios diretos ou indiretos, indicando maior ou menor capacidade de responsabilidade social na relação entre comunidades e empreendimentos que produzirão impactos ambientais que afetarão essas comunidades em maior ou menor extensão e abrangência. A viabilidade institucional e política de paralisar a voz dos atingidos pelo empreendedorismo no processo de licenciamento ambiental torna-se, assim, muito mais do que um procedimento democrático, mas uma forma de exercício bioético na relação entre atores sociais, Estado e agentes econômicos. O objetivo desta proposta é avaliar em que medida a participação pública no licenciamento ambiental referente ao Estudo Ambiental de Área Sedimentar (EAAS) da bacia marítima Sergipe-Alagoas/Jacuípe. A consulta pública é um mecanismo democrático de resolução de conflitos ambientais, e deve ser entendida como uma aposta ética aplicada na ação política, reconhecendo que direitos incorporados como direitos humanos. Para nosso objetivo eminentemente interdisciplinar, a Ciência Política, a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental e a Bioética são campos que mediam essa reflexão e nos permitem refletir os ajustes processuais necessários a um mecanismo democrático imperfeito. indiretos abrangência tornase, tornase torna se, se torna-se assim sociais econômicos EAAS (EAAS SergipeAlagoas/Jacuípe. SergipeAlagoasJacuípe Sergipe Alagoas/Jacuípe. Alagoas Jacuípe Sergipe-Alagoas/Jacuípe humanos interdisciplinar Política imperfeito SergipeAlagoas SergipeAlagoas/Jacuípe AlagoasJacuípe Alagoas/Jacuípe

ABSTRACT Public participation is a fundamental democratic mechanism to evaluate the quality of the decision-making process involving environmental licensing. The operation of public participation in environmental licensing may occur through direct or indirect means, indicating greater or less capacity for social accountability in the relationship between communities and enterprises that will produce environmental impacts that will affect these communities to a greater or lesser extent and scope. The institutional and political viability of paralyzing the voice of those affected by entrepreneurship in the environmental licensing process thus becomes much more than a democratic procedure, but a form of bioethical exercise in the relationship between social actors, the State and economic agents. The purpose of this proposal is to evaluate the extent to which public participation in environmental licensing regarding the Environmental Study of Sedimentary Area (EAAS) of the Sergipe-Alagoas/Jacuípe sea basin. The public consultation is a democratic mechanism for conflict environmental resolution, and it should be understood as an applied ethical bet on political action by recognizing that rights incorporated as human rights. For our eminently interdisciplinary aim, Political Science, Environmental Impact Assessment and Bioethics are fields that mediate this reflection and allow us to reflect the necessary procedural adjustments to an imperfect democratic mechanism. decisionmaking decision making means scope procedure actors agents EAAS (EAAS SergipeAlagoas/Jacuípe SergipeAlagoasJacuípe Sergipe Alagoas/Jacuípe Alagoas Jacuípe basin resolution aim Science SergipeAlagoas AlagoasJacuípe