ABSTRACT In Ficciones barrocas, Carlos Gamerro develops the concept of “baroque fictions” (baroque fictions) to refer to fictional works in which one can perceive a playful strategy in which opposites encounter and displace each other. One of the baroque folds is constituted by the opposition between the original and the copy, and in more general terms, between the authentic and the apocryphal, both identified by Gamerro in the works of Miguel de Cervantes and Jorge Luis Borges. In this article I propose to extend this analysis, taking in addition the case of Argentinian author Washington Cucurto, another writer associated with the baroque. I argue that two different conceptions of literature and two equally different notions of the author are at play in these encounters between copy and original, authentic, and apocryphal and reality and fiction. While in Cervantes there is a notion of literature as private property and of the author as proprietor, Borges and Cucurto revindicate literature as plagiarism and a figure of the author as someone devoid of authority and originality, all of which invites us to think of an alternative organization of literary language as a common possession instead of a property.

RESUMEN En Ficciones barrocas, Carlos Gamerro acuña la expresión “ficciones barrocas” para referirse a narraciones en donde se percibe un juego de planos de la realidad en el que los opuestos se cruzan y desplazan mutuamente. Uno de esos planos está compuesto por la oposición copia/original --y en términos más generales, el encuentro entre lo auténtico y lo apócrifo-- que Gamerro identifica en las obras de Miguel de Cervantes y Jorge Luis Borges, entre otros. En este trabajo propongo profundizar en ese análisis, tomando, además, el caso de Washington Cucurto, otro autor fuertemente asociado con el barroco. Sostengo que en estos encuentros entre el original y la copia, entre lo auténtico y lo apócrifo, en Cervantes, Borges y Cucurto, lejos de mostrar una simple operación estética, se desprenden dos maneras de entender la literatura y el concepto de autor. Mientras en Cervantes está presente una noción de la literatura como propiedad privada y del autor como propietario, Borges y Cucurto reivindican la literatura como plagio --es decir, como usurpación de la propiedad-- y la figura de un autor desprovisto de autoridad y originalidad, lo que invita a pensar en otra forma de organizar el lenguaje literario como una posesión en común en lugar de una propiedad.

RESUMEN Desde la iconoclastia lectora de Sor Teresita y su pulsión iterativa disolvente del sentido textual a la combinación de lo invariante y lo fluido que Verde y Verdecito retoman del haikú japonés, Las nubes (1997) invierte el signo de la parodia aristofánica: si la comedia teatral griega se burla de las veleidades socráticas de los diletantes, Saer emprende una sutil exaltación de esos descartes del modelo civilizatorio occidental, expatriados de la República platónica. Esa caravana de autorretratos apócrifos vinculados a la vanguardia halla su mito de origen en esa curiosa mezcla de Juan L. Ortiz y Macedonio Fernández que encarna Washington Noriega en Glosa (1986), quintaesencia del escritor inorgánico y fragmentario, cuya inteligencia superior lo exime de los transitados caminos de la publicación y el reconocimiento. La narrativa de Juan José Saer se emplaza sobre esa paradoja: la del escritor al margen de las tendencias y el mercado que persigue, no obstante, la visibilidad.

ABSTRACT From the iconoclasm of Sor Teresita and the prevalence of her iterative drive to the combination of the invariant and the fluid that Verde and Verdecito take up from the Japanese haiku, The clouds (1997) reverses the sign of the aristofan parody: if the Greek theatrical comedy mocks the Socratic whims of the dilettantes, Saer undertakes a subtle exaltation of those discards by the western civilization model, expatriates of the Platonic Republic. This caravan of apocryphal self-portraits linked to the avant-garde finds its myth of origin in that curious mixture of Juan L. Ortiz and Macedonio Fernández that Washington Noriega plays in The sixty-five years of Washington (1986), quintessence of the inorganic and fragmentary writer whose superior intelligence exempts him from the transited roads of publishing and recognition. The narrative of Juan José Saer place itself on that paradox: that of the writer outside the tendencies and the market that seeks, nevertheless, to become visible.

Abstract La fazienda de Ultramar is a thirteenth-century text in which it is possible to recognise several hypotexts: apocryphal stories, historical accounts, and a mythological tale are structured by the descriptive narrative frame of medieval pilgrim guides or itineraria, which gives this early Castilian translation of the Bible a distinctive form. We will focus on one of these hypotexts: the Latin quotes that accompany and expand many biblical passages, which reveal the presence and influence of liturgical texts in the study of the Bible. Through the analysis of the interaction of these two sources (the Bible and liturgical chants), we will approach the translation process of this work, as well as its doctrinal background, hoping it will allow us to comprehend the cultural system its author inhabited and the techniques he incorporated as a translator and a compiler.

Resumen La fazienda de Ultramar es un texto del primer tercio del siglo XIII en el que podemos reconocer numerosos hipotextos: relatos apócrifos, históricos y mitológicos están enmarcados por el modelo estructural descriptivo-narrativo de las guías de peregrinos o itineraria medievales, lo que hace de esta temprana traducción castellana de la Biblia un texto muy particular. Nos centraremos en uno de estos hipotextos: las citas latinas que acompañan y expanden algunos de los pasajes bíblicos, lo que revela la presencia e influencia de los textos litúrgicos en el estudio de la Biblia. Por medio del análisis de la interacción de estas dos fuentes textuales (la Biblia y los cantos litúrgicos), abordaremos el proceso de traducción de la obra, así como también su trasfondo doctrinal. De este modo, aspiramos a conocer el sistema cultural en que se ubicaba el autor y su modo de trabajo como traductor y compilador.

Abstract This article analyzes the reception of Tacitus’ Germania as a reliable historical document in Nazi Germany, and the reading operations that the National Socialist regime carried out on the work with the aim of installing it as a source of its ideology. Thence, it will be shown how the primary function of Germania was subverted from fiction to history by means of cutting, biased translation, apocryphal quotation, and dissociation with its immediate context of production. This produced an interpretation of Germania as a mirror of the official ideology of racial conflict in Germany during the 1930s.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza la recepción de la Germania de Tácito como documento histórico fidedigno en la Alemania nazi, y las operaciones de lectura que el régimen nacionalsocialista realizó sobre la obra con el objetivo de instalarla como fuente de su ideología. De allí, se demostrará cómo se subvirtió la función primordial de la Germania, de ficción a historia mediante el recorte, la traducción sesgada, la cita apócrifa y la desvinculación con su contexto de producción inmediato. Esto produjo una interpretación de la Germania como espejo de la ideología oficial de conflicto racial en la Alemania de la década de 1930.

This article forms part of a larger project on the apocryphal Book of Judith. It explores the performative nature of turmoil, trauma and tenacity as found in the second half of the book (9-16). The impetus for this investigation is the work done by same author on chapters 1-8 of Judith while focusing on a similar theme. The present article suggests that the exploration of the turmoil, trauma and tenacity to be found in chapters 1-8 does not comprehensively represent all aspects that this topic has to offer to the reader of Judith. The contention here is that the theme of turmoil, trauma and the resultant tenacity in the second half of Judith needs further scholarly exploration as it reveals contrasting developments regarding two rivalling camps, that is, the Israelites and the Assyrians. From a speech act interpretive angle, the article asserts that turmoil, trauma and tenacity are intentionally utilised as a literary tool for indicating honour (Israelites) and shame (Assyrians). This has the potential to persuade the reader to make choices and/or decisions as they read the story. CONTRIBUTION: The article is a continuation of my work on the first part of Judith (chapters 1-8), as indicated. Its main contribution rests on its unique approach to investigating the performative nature of trauma, turmoil and tenacity in the second part of the book, namely, chapters 9-16. The study of the theme of trauma, turmoil and tenacity in Judith is insightful and thought-provoking and does advance research around this fascinating book.

Abstract This article is a textual and contextual analysis of one of Father António Vieira’s apocryphal writings addressed to Portugal’s prince regent D. Pedro: the “Paper on the Parliament made by the Prince and Regent Dom Pedro.” Besides reinforcing Vieira’s authorship, this study sheds light on the way the Jesuit faced one of the worst moments in the history of the New Christian phenomenon in Portugal, after a host desecration in the Church of Odivelas in May 1671, when politics and anti-converso feelings became intertwined. Rhetoric and political messianism appear in this manuscript as tools to transform hatred of New Christians into empathy and support.

Resumo Este artigo sobre o “Papel nas Cortes que fez o Príncipe-Regente Dom Pedro, depois Rei de Portugal, seu autor o Padre António Vieira da Companhia,” é uma análise textual e contextual de uma das obras apócrifas do Padre António Vieira, endereçada ao Príncipe-Regente de Portugal D. Pedro. Além de reforçar a autoria de Vieira, este estudo revela como o Jesuíta confrontou um dos piores momentos na história do fenômeno Cristão-novo em Portugal, após a profanação de hóstias na igreja de Odivelas, em maio de 1671. Naqueles dias, quando questões políticas e sentimentos anti-conversos se entrelaçaram, a retórica e o messianismo político afloram naquele manuscrito para transformar o ódio contra os Cristãos-novos em empatia e apoio.

Resumen Desde la academia histórica se suele desdeñar los relatos históricos de la memoria considerándolos como apócrifos o poco confiables de veracidad. Sin embargo, no se puede negar que cada historia contada por los historiadores y cada relato narrado en la tradición mantienen un eje principal que le da coherencia a la trama del acontecimiento. Ambas formas de contar una misma historia nacen de un hecho o proceso del pasado que se convierte en discurso. Es así que en este artículo se propone establecer que ninguna forma de historia debe desdeñarse, sino que se intenta mostrar que los relatos de la memoria, como un texto abierto, deben comprenderse dentro de contextos narrativos históricos, y demostrar, en consecuencia, que existe un paralelismo entre ambas formas de evocar una misma historia, para así determinar que la historia oral, en ocasiones, no es tan apócrifa como se suele pensar. El elemento de análisis es un relato de fundación de un pueblo guanajuatense que se centra en el contexto de la historia del Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Abstract The historical academy tends to scorn the historical accounts of memory, considering them apocryphal or unreliable in terms of veracity. However, it cannot be denied that each story told by historians, and each story told in tradition, maintain the main axis that gives coherence to the plot of the event. Both ways of telling the same story stem from a past event or process that becomes a discourse. Thus, in this article, we propose to establish that neither form of history should be disdained, but on the contrary, we try to consider that memory stories as an open text, should be understood within historical narrative contexts, and consequently demonstrate that there is a parallelism between both forms of evoking the same story and thus determine that oral history, sometimes, is not as apocryphal as it is usually thought. The element of analysis is an account of the founding of a Guanajuato town that focuses on the context of the history of the Royal Inland Road.

Abstract It is often claimed that the use of depth psychology in the interpretation of ancient texts is irrelevant and methodologically unsound. Several typical Jungian archetypes, such as the shadow, the primordial mother, and the hero, were identified, interpreted and commented on from a post-Jungian perspective. The apocryphal Book of Baruch has typically been studied as a prime example of penitential prayer in the late Second Temple Period. In this study, the book was approached from the perspective of post-Jungian literary criticism. While Jungian literary criticism has become unfashionable as a result of Jung's anti-feminist and anti-Semitic ideas, the usefulness of his theory to criticise itself was demonstrated. Although Jung's work is haunted by racism, anti-feminism, and antisemitism, his work may still be useful for literary criticism from a psychological perspective. CONTRIBUTION: The article demonstrated the value of the depth psychological approach to the interpretation of biblical material

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epigraphs are language phenomena that occur in various areas of knowledge and in the scientific field they are a fundamental part of the language and historical culture of science. Theoretically based on Information Science, Sociology of Science, Literature and Linguistics, this article defends the idea that epigraphs in scientific texts can be part of the science reward system because, like citations, they signal the importance and contribution of epigraphed authors to the field of knowledge in which they belong. Objectives: To scrutinize theories and methodologies about the meaning of epigraphs in scientific texts; develop and apply a model for the analysis of epigraphs inserted in doctoral theses in the field of Information Science. Method: Exploratory and descriptive research based on bibliometric and content analysis. Results: The theoretical notes addressed the origin and functions of epigraphs; the analysis model included information related to the epigraph, the epigraphed and the epigrapher. The types (authentic, inexact, apocryphal, autograph and anonymous), genre (prose, poetry), functions (direct, oblique and epigraph-effect), implicit scientific, literary, religious, political and institutional discourses of the epigraphs and the authors most epigraphed were identified. Conclusion: The analysis of the epigraphs demonstrated strategies of legitimation, affiliation and intellectual influences of the epigraphers and the scientific recognition of the epigraphed for the field of knowledge in which they belong. Introduction Science Linguistics because citations belong Objectives Method Results epigraph epigrapher authentic, authentic (authentic inexact apocryphal anonymous, anonymous , anonymous) prose, prose (prose poetry, poetry poetry) direct, direct (direct epigrapheffect, epigrapheffect effect epigraph-effect) literary religious identified Conclusion legitimation epigraph-effect

RESUMO Introdução: Epígrafes são fenômenos da linguagem que ocorrem em várias áreas do conhecimento e no campo científico são parte fundamental da língua e da cultura histórica da ciência. Baseado teoricamente na Ciência da Informação, Sociologia da Ciência, Literatura e Linguística esse artigo defende a ideia que as epígrafes em textos científicos podem integrar o sistema de recompensas da ciência pois, assim como as citações, sinalizam a importância e a contribuição dos autores epigrafados para o campo de conhecimento no qual se inserem. Objetivos: Perscrutar teorias e metodologias sobre o significado das epígrafes em textos científicos; elaborar e aplicar um modelo de análise de epígrafes inseridas em teses doutorais da área de Ciência da Informação. Método: Pesquisa exploratória e descritiva fundamentada nas análises bibliométrica e de conteúdo. Resultados: As notas teóricas abordaram a origem e funções das epígrafes; o modelo de análise incluiu informações relacionadas à epígrafe, ao epigrafado e ao epigrafador. Foram identificados os tipos (autêntica, inexata, apócrifa, autógrafa e anônima), gênero (prosa, poesia), funções (direta, oblíqua e efeito-epígrafe), discursos implícitos (científico, literário, religioso, político e institucional) das epígrafes e os autores mais epigrafados. Conclusão: A análise das epígrafes demonstrou estratégias de legitimação, filiação e influências intelectuais dos epigrafadores e o reconhecimento científico dos epigrafados para o campo de conhecimento no qual se inserem Introdução Informação pois citações Objetivos Método conteúdo Resultados epígrafe epigrafador autêntica, autêntica (autêntica inexata apócrifa anônima, anônima , anônima) prosa, prosa (prosa poesia, poesia poesia) direta, direta (direta efeitoepígrafe, efeitoepígrafe efeito efeito-epígrafe) científico, (científico literário religioso institucional Conclusão legitimação efeito-epígrafe

This article aims to present a brief historical overview of interpretative theories and methods relevant to those books that are included in either the Protestant Apocrypha or the Catholic Deuterocanonical in the LXX (Septuagint) for the period 1891-2020. The aim of the article is not to give a complete description of all research on apocryphal/deuterocanonical books. The author's journey with the relevant literature commenced in 2006, when he was appointed as one of the translators of apocryphal texts for a new edition of the new Afrikaans Bible (2020). Initially, he felt trapped as if in a maze. However, as his research progressed and as he met and talked to LXX experts at that stage, the road began to seem less of an obstacle and more like a challenge. One of the important aspects that he discovered was that not every text in the LXX has a so-called Hebrew Vorlage. Although the author describes different approaches used to interpret LXX material, for example historical-grammatical methods, his focus is on South African LXX research that has made a unique contribution to the previous and existing research, especially by the researchers of the North-West University.CONTRIBUTION: The article briefly discusses several researchers who have made unique contributions to the LXX apocryphal/deuterocanonical research during the last decade. These scholars utilised different methods to interpret the LXX texts - methods that were not previously employed regularly if at all, for example narratology and narrative theory, cognitive linguistics, cultural anthropology, semiotic theory, rhetorical theory and performance theory

This article examines the early Christian reception of the apocryphal book Tobit, focusing on Greek and Latin Christian interpretations from the 2nd to the 5th century CE. The study asks: how did early Christians read Tobit and for what purposes? The article provides an overview of how and why Tobit ended up in the Christian Bible, whether canonical or apocryphal. It then examines how the figures of Tobit and his son, Tobias, function as a moral exemplum in early Christianity, especially related to almsgiving and financial management, burials and the care of the dead, marriage and parenthood, prayer, the suffering and endurance of Tobit, and the role of Tobit in the Christian understanding of angels. The article demonstrates that Tobit had a rich and diverse reception in early Christian biblical interpretation, especially in the Latin church of the West. CONTRIBUTION: This article investigates the historical reception of the apocryphal Book of Tobit in early Christian thought. The focus is especially on the varieties of thought regarding Tobit. The article provides an overview of how and why Tobit ended up in the Christian Bible, whether canonical or apocryphal. It then examines how the figures of Tobit and his son, Tobias, function as moral exempla.

Abstract The article states that we can establish apocryphal dialogues between twentieth century historiography and the books Against Interpretation and On Photography, as well as analogies with history as a discipline. It suggests that Sontag analyzes and classifies in Against Interpretation are modeled just like the documents that allow a historian to establish a dialogue with the past, in order to organize and interpret it; and that On Photography is a methodological proposal of how to understand the links between memory, image, classification and reality.

Resumen El artículo propone que es posible establecer diálogos apócrifos entre la historiografía del siglo xx y los libros Contra la interpretación y Sobre la fotografía de Susan Sontag, así como es posible construir analogías con el trabajo del historiador. Se plantea, por un lado, que los autores que Sontag analiza y clasifica en Contra la interpretación se modelan como los documentos que le permiten al historiador ingresar al pasado para ordenarlo e interpretarlo y, por otro, que Sobre la fotografía es una propuesta metodológica de cómo entender los vínculos entre memoria, imagen, clasificación y realidad.

RESUMEN. Se reconstruyen los planteamientos generales de la tradición clásica republicana y las causas históricas de crisis social y política que dieron origen a la reflexión sobre la constitución. Luego se examina su influencia al hilo de los hechos descritos por dos cartas apócrifas de Salustio a César, antes y después de que este se impusiera militarmente como dictador en Roma. La intención es revisar la construcción ideológica de la concordia civil para la res publica. Mediante tal análisis contextual y sus antecedentes teóricos, se arroja una nueva luz sobre el modo en que las cartas no solo dan forma a los tratados sobre el arte de gobernar, sino que conciben la posibilidad constitucional de una "monarquía republicana" para salvar el bien común ante los peligros de la guerra civil.

ABSTRACT. The general approaches of the classical republican tradition and the historical causes of the social and political crisis that originated deliberations on the constitution are reconstructed. Then, their influence is examined following the thread of the facts described by two apocryphal letters of Sallust to Caesar, before and after he was militarily established as a dictator in Rome. The objective was to review the ideological construction of the civil concord for the res publica. Through this contextual analysis and its theoretical background, a new light is cast on how the letters not only shape to treaties on the art of governing but also conceive the constitutional possibility of a "republican monarchy" to benefit the common good in the face of the dangers of civil war.

Abstract: Saint Joseph was extremely popular in New Spain but he hadn’t always been such a well defined and revered character. During premodernity his already imperceptible character in the canonical Scriptures was altered and certain apocryphal and legendary sources were exploited to create a negative version of the Patriarch. For this reason, when Sor Juana composed her set of villancicos to celebrate the Saint, she had many themes that she could take advantage of: the premodern legendary ones and those related to his reinvented figure. By means of an analysis of the carols to celebrate the Saint in 1690, the fusions of these two traditions are identified to underline the liberties that the Tenth Muse took when she composed this set of carols.

Resumen: San José tuvo una enorme popularidad en la Nueva España, pero no había sido siempre un personaje bien dibujado y reverenciado. En la premodernidad se trastocó su casi imperceptible carácter en los Evangelios canónicos y se aprovecharon las fuentes legendarias y apócrifas para crear una versión negativa del patriarca. Por esto, cuando Sor Juana compuso su juego de villancicos para festejar al santo, tenía muchos temas que podría explotar: los legendarios premodernos y los relacionados con su figura reinventada. Por medio de un análisis de los villancicos para celebrar al Santo en 1690, se identifican las fusiones de estas dos tradiciones para subrayar las libertades que tomó la Décima Musa en el momento de componer este juego de villancicos.

The Babylonian Exile was a historical catalyst compelling Jewish authors of the Second Temple period to deal with their respective situations in the course of history according to - or against - various predicaments from which they suffered in an unprecedented manner. Second Temple Jews were faced with the most fundamental uneasiness: it seemed that God abandoned his people owing to their breaking of the covenant. Therefore, it was important to reconceptualise their worldview into which creation, history, and covenant could be incorporated and which could vouchsafe the ongoing relationship with God to their respective situations. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: In this article, the worldview of Second Temple Judaism is reflected on by observing how different communities in Second Temple Judaism engaged the Song of Moses in Deuteronomy 31-32. This article focusses on the interpretations of this passage in Second Temple Judaism, with specific reference to selected texts from Qumran, Tobit, the Testament of Moses, Philo, Josephus and Sifre Deuteronomy. Implicated disciplines are Old Testament studies, Apocryphal studies, Dead Sea Scroll studies and New Testament studies.