ABSTRACT: This study identified and monitored the population fluctuations of insect vectors of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in experimental orchards in the North and Northwest Regions of the State of Paraná. The experiments were conducted in the cities of Londrina and Paranavaí at the Experimental Research Stations of the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brazil. The study period was from September 2019 to March 2021. In the experiments conducted in Londrina and in Paranavaí, yellow passion fruit plants were grown in trellis systems. Moericke traps were used to capture insects, and collections were performed weekly. Aphids were identified using a taxonomic identification key. The numbers of aphids present in each region were compared, and the populations were correlated with the climate and local precipitation. A total of 1522 and 1340 winged aphids were observed in the experiments in Londrina and Paranavaí, respectively. In Londrina, moderate positive correlations were observed between the number of insects and the maximum and average temperatures, while negative correlations were observed between the number of insects and the minimum temperature and precipitation. In contrast, in Paranavaí, the correlation between aphids and abiotic factors was negative, where maximum temperature was strongly correlated. In both regions, the following seven species of aphid vectors of CABMV were detected: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Uroleucon ambrosiae. The population fluctuations of these species were influenced by variations in temperature and precipitation. ABSTRACT aphidborne borne (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brazil 201 2021 systems weekly key compared precipitation 152 134 respectively temperatures contrast regions detected fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 15 13 2 1

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e monitorar as flutuações populacionais de insetos vetores do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) em pomares experimentais nas Regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Paraná. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas cidades de Londrina e Paranavaí nas Estações de Pesquisa Experimental do Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brasil. O período de estudo foi de setembro de 2019 a março de 2021. Nos experimentos realizados em Londrina e em Paranavaí, plantas de maracujá amarelo foram cultivadas em sistema de latada. Foram utilizadas armadilhas Moericke para captura dos insetos e as coletas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os pulgões foram identificados por meio de uma chave de identificação taxonômica. Os números de pulgões presentes em cada região foram comparados e as populações correlacionadas com o clima e a precipitação local. Foram observados 1.522 e 1.340 pulgões alados nos experimentos de Londrina e Paranavaí, respectivamente. Em Londrina, foram observadas correlações positivas moderadas entre o número de insetos e as temperaturas máxima e média, enquanto correlações negativas foram observadas entre o número de insetos e a temperatura mínima e precipitação. Em contrapartida, em Paranavaí, a correlação entre pulgões e fatores abióticos foi negativa, onde a temperatura máxima estava fortemente correlacionada. Em ambas as regiões foram detectadas as seguintes sete espécies de pulgões vetores do CABMV: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Uroleucon ambrosiae. As flutuações populacionais dessas espécies foram influenciadas pelas variações de temperatura e precipitação. RESUMO aphidborne aphid borne CABMV (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brasil 201 2021 latada semanalmente taxonômica local 1522 1 522 1.52 1340 340 1.34 respectivamente média contrapartida negativa correlacionada fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 152 52 1.5 134 34 1.3 2 15 5 1. 13 3

Abstract The use of fungi and bacteria with pathogenic capacity towards insects is considered a sustainable agroecological alternative for efficient pest control, as they are microorganisms of easy production in industrial scale, formulation and use. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate four entomopathogenic formulations in the control of Brevicoryne brassicae L., a key pest of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments, plus an absolute control and 4 replicates. The variables evaluated were the number of dead and live aphids per plant and the number of infested plants. The commercial formulations Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo and Yurak containing strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae and Bauveria bassiana respectively, are the ones that were used by spray application to the crop in two seasons: planting, season August-December 2019 and August-December 2021. Among the results, M. anisopliae was recorded with up to 91.11 % efficiency, followed by B. bassiana with 89.50 % and Bs with 79.38 % in the reduction of populations under field conditions. In the laboratory, Btk and M. anisopliae reached 100 % mortality in a period of seven days, so it is concluded that in the medium term, entomopathogenic fungi in the field are more efficient in aphid control; however, in controlled conditions Btk is also efficient.

Resumen El uso de hongos y bacterias con capacidad patogénica hacia los insectos se considera una alternativa agroecológica sostenible de lucha eficiente contra las plagas por ser microorganismos de fácil producción en escala industrial, formulación y uso; entonces, el objetivo ha sido evaluar cuatro formulados entomopatógenos en el control de Brevicoryne brassicae L, plaga clave de la col (Brassica oleracea L.), en diseño de bloques completos al azar de 4 tratamientos, sumado un testigo absoluto y 4 réplicas, siendo las variables evaluadas la cantidad de pulgones muertos y vivos por planta y cantidad de plantas infestadas. Los formulados comerciales Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo y Yurak que contenían cepas de Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae y Bauveria bassiana, respectivamente, son los que fueron utilizados mediante la aplicación por aspersión al cultivo en dos épocas de siembra, temporada agosto-diciembre 2019 y agosto-diciembre 2021. Entre los resultados se registró al M. anisopliae con hasta 91,11 % de eficiencia, seguida por B. bassiana con 89,50 % y Bs con 79,38 % en la reducción de las poblaciones en condiciones de campo; en laboratorio el Btk y M. anisopliae alcanzaron el 100 % de mortalidad en un lapso de siete días, por lo que se concluye que a mediano plazo los hongos entomopatógenos en campo resultan ser más eficientes en el control del pulgón, sin embargo, en condiciones controladas el Btk también es eficiente.

Abstract In sampling of pests with low densities, it is common to obtain a large number of zeros, which is difficult to manage since the Poisson and negative binomial probability distributions are not suitable for modeling and equations to estimate the optimal sample size are not available. In this study model the excess of zeros by estimating parameters through the methods of moments and maximum likelihood of the zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial distributions, and to derive equations to calculate the optimal sample size. Systematic sampling was used to select 100 trees per grove of Río Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad) at Finca Sayula, Veracruz, Mexico (latitude 19.20722, longitude -96.35194), from June to July 2021 and January 2022. The number of leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) and aphids (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) present in three leaves per shoot per tree, considered as a sample unit, was counted. Simulations were performed in RStudio with different proportions of zero (0.1, 0.4, and 0.6) to compare the parameters obtained in the field using the methods of moments and maximum likelihood. Equations were derived to estimate the optimal sample size in studies of pests with low densities, based on the zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial probability distributions. The method of moments yields optimal sample sizes smaller than those obtained by maximum likelihood, because they distinguish the origin from zero, so its use is recommended.

Resumen En muestreos de plagas con densidades bajas es común obtener gran cantidad de ceros, lo que es difícil de manejar, ya que las distribuciones de probabilidad Poisson y binomial negativa no son adecuadas para su modelación y no se dispone de ecuaciones para estimar el tamaño de muestra óptimo. En este estudio se modelo el exceso de ceros mediante la estimación de parámetros a través de los métodos de momentos y de máxima verosimilitud de las distribuciones Poisson cero inflado y binomial negativa cero inflado, y derivar ecuaciones para calcular el tamaño de muestra óptima. Se utilizó muestreo sistemático para seleccionar 100 árboles por huerto de toronja (Citrus paradisi Macfad) Río Red, en la Finca Sayula, Veracruz, México (latitud 19.20722, longitud -96.35194), de junio a julio 2021 y enero 2022. Se contó el número de minadores (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) y pulgones (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) presentes en tres hojas por brote por árbol, consideradas como unidad muestral. Se realizaron simulaciones en RStudio con diferentes proporciones de cero (0.1, 0.4 y 0.6) para comparar los parámetros obtenidos en campo, mediante el método de los momentos y máxima verosimilitud. Se derivaron ecuaciones para estimar el tamaño de muestra óptimo en estudios de plagas con densidades bajas, a partir de las distribuciones de probabilidad Poisson cero inflado y binomial negativa cero inflado. El método de los momentos arroja tamaños de muestra óptimos menores a aquellos obtenidos mediante máxima verosimilitud, debido a que distinguen el origen del cero, por lo que se recomienda su uso.

Resumo As respostas funcionais de larvas de Chrysoperla carnea foram avaliadas em sete diferentes densidades de ninfas de 3º instar de Aphis craccivora e Gynaikothrips ficorum, a fim de descobrir a relação entre as densidades de predadores e suas presas, e sua capacidade de controle biológico de pulgões e tripes. Os resultados revelaram que todos os instares larvais testados de Ch. carnea apresentaram resposta de tipo II em relação à presa. Além disso, os coeficientes de taxa de ataque (a) e tempo de manejo (Th) diferiram entre os vários instares de crescimento do predador e para a espécie de presa. As larvas de 3º instar de Ch. carnea manifestaram a maior taxa de ataque (1,23 e 1,22) nas ninfas de 3º instar de A. craccivora e G. ficorum, respectivamente. Além disso, a maior taxa de predação máxima (Na máx.) (50,00 e 52,63) apresentou-se em ninfas de A. craccivora e G. ficorum, respectivamente, em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Assim, é possível concluir que o Ch. carnea pode ser considerado um agente de biocontrole promissor para o manejo de A. craccivora e G. ficorum.

Abstract The functional responses of Chrysoperla carnea larvae were evaluated at different seven densities of the 3rd instar nymphs of Aphis craccivora and Gynaikothrips ficorum in order to find out the relationship between predator densities and its prey by the, and also to find out their capability for biological control of aphids and thrips. Results revealed that all tested larval instars of Ch. carnea exhibited a type II response in relation to the prey. Moreover, the coefficients of attack rate (a) and handling time (Th) was differed among various growing instars of predator and for the prey species. The 3rd instar larvae of Ch. carnea manifested the highest attacking rate (1.23 and 1.22) on the 3rd instar nymphs of A. craccivora and G. ficorum, respectively. In addition it exhibited the highest maximum predation (Na max) (50.00 and 52.63) on A. craccivora and G. ficorum nymphs, respectively as compared with the other treatments. Accordingly, Ch. carnea could be considered as a promising bio-control agent for A. craccivora and G. ficorum management.

Resumo As pragas sugadoras perfurantes do pimentão causam perdas significativas em sua produção. Considerando os efeitos indesejáveis dos pesticidas sintéticos, foram realizados estudos de campo para avaliar o impacto de novos pesticidas contra pragas de insetos sugadores perfurantes do pimentão, bem como os seus efeitos sobre alguns predadores e a produção de pimentão durante as épocas 2021 e 2022. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que todos os pesticidas testados suprimiram efetivamente as populações de insetos sugadores após 1,7,14 e 21 dias de tratamento ao longo de duas pulverizações durante duas temporadas. O Imidaclopride mostrou-se superior a todos os outros tratamentos quando registrou-se redução média (%) (98,91 e 97,27%) & (94,8 e 95,19%), (86,23 e 76,64%) & (80,92 e 88,55%) e (77,68 e 78,44%) & (90,70 e 68,57%) em mosca branca, pulgões e tripes, respectivamente, nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após a temporada de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Quanto ao efeito colateral dos inseticidas testados sobre os inimigos naturais, o Dimetoato induziu a maior diminuição (60,85 e 69,33%) & (54,02 e 63,41%), (65,52 e 64,74%) & (59,23 e 58,38%) e (64,24 e 59,48%) & (61,66 e 60,8%) em Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii e Coccinella spp. nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após as temporadas de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Pelo contrário, Spintoram induziu o menor efeito em Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii e Coccinella spp., registrando porcentagem de diminuição (25,41 e 19,84%) e (15,02 e 12,50%), (11,94 e 11,24%) & (16,99 e 18,02%) e (18,73 e 15,07%) e (18,35 e 18,38%) nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após as temporadas de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Com relação ao efeito dos inseticidas testados na produção de pimenta, todos os inseticidas testados aumentaram a produção de frutos de pimenta verde em comparação com o controle. O Imidaclopride alcançou os maiores rendimentos de frutos ao longo de duas temporadas (6,43 e 6,52 toneladas/alimentado) com aumento percentual no rendimento de 34,53 e 36,04% em relação ao controle após duas temporadas 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. sintéticos 202 2022 1714 1 7 14 1,7,1 2 mostrouse mostrou se registrouse registrou % (% 98,91 9891 98 91 (98,9 97,27% 9727 97 27 94,8 948 94 8 (94, 95,19%, 9519 95,19% , 95 19 95,19%) 86,23 8623 86 23 (86,2 76,64% 7664 76 64 80,92 8092 80 92 (80,9 88,55% 8855 88 55 77,68 7768 77 68 (77,6 78,44% 7844 78 44 90,70 9070 90 70 (90,7 68,57% 6857 57 branca tripes respectivamente naturais 60,85 6085 60 85 (60,8 69,33% 6933 69 33 54,02 5402 54 02 (54,0 63,41%, 6341 63,41% 63 41 63,41%) 65,52 6552 65 52 (65,5 64,74% 6474 74 59,23 5923 59 (59,2 58,38% 5838 58 38 64,24 6424 24 (64,2 59,48% 5948 48 61,66 6166 61 66 (61,6 60,8% 608 carnea spp contrário 25,41 2541 25 (25,4 19,84% 1984 84 15,02 1502 15 (15,0 12,50%, 1250 12,50% 12 50 12,50%) 11,94 1194 11 (11,9 11,24% 1124 16,99 1699 16 99 (16,9 18,02% 1802 18 18,73 1873 73 (18,7 15,07% 1507 07 18,35 1835 35 (18,3 18,38% 1838 6,43 643 6 43 (6,4 652 6,5 toneladas/alimentado toneladasalimentado toneladas alimentado 3453 34 53 34,5 3604 36 04 36,04 20 171 1,7, ( 98,9 989 9 (98, 97,27 972 94, (94 951 95,19 86,2 862 (86, 76,64 766 80,9 809 (80, 88,55 885 5 77,6 776 (77, 78,44 784 4 90,7 907 (90, 68,57 685 60,8 (60, 69,33 693 3 54,0 540 0 (54, 634 63,41 65,5 655 (65, 64,74 647 59,2 592 (59, 58,38 583 64,2 642 (64, 59,48 594 61,6 616 (61, 25,4 254 (25, 19,84 198 15,0 150 (15, 125 12,50 11,9 119 (11, 11,24 112 16,9 169 (16, 18,02 180 18,7 187 (18, 15,07 18,3 183 18,38 6,4 (6, 6, 345 34, 360 36,0 17 1,7 98, (98 97,2 (9 95,1 86, (86 76,6 80, (80 88,5 77, (77 78,4 90, (90 68,5 60, (60 69,3 54, (54 63,4 65, (65 64,7 59, (59 58,3 64, (64 59,4 61, (61 25, (25 19,8 15, (15 12,5 11, (11 11,2 16, (16 18,0 18, (18 (6 36, 1, 97, 95, (8 76, 88, (7 78, 68, 69, (5 63, 58, (2 19, (1 12,

Abstract Piercing sucking pests attacking sweet pepper plants cause significant losses to its yield. Considering the undesirable effects of synthetic pesticides, field studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of new pesticides against piercing sucking insect pests of sweet pepper, as well as, their effects on some predators and pepper yield along two seasons of 2021-2022. The obtained results indicated that all tested pesticides effectively suppressed the sucking insect populations (aphids, white fly, thrips) 1,7,14 and 21 days after treatment along two sprays during two seasons. Imidacloprid proved to be the superior one over all other treatments where it recorded mean reduction% (98.91 and 97.27%) & (94.8 and 95.19%), (86.23 and 76.64%) & (80.92 and 88.55%) and (77.68 and 78.44%) & (90.70 and 68.57%) in white fly, aphids and thrips, respectively at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. As for side effects of tested insecticides on natural enemies, Dimethoate induced the highest decrease (60.85 and 69.33%) & (54.02 and 63.41%), (65.52 and 64.74%) & (59.23 and 58.38%) and (64.24 and 59.48%) & (61.66 and 60.8%) on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. On contrary, Spintoram induced the lowest effects on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp, recording decrease percent (25.41 and 19.84%) & (15.02 and 12.50%), (11.94 and 11.24%) (16.99 and 18.02%) and (18.73 and15.07%) & (18.35 and18.38%) at1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. With respect to the effect of tested insecticides on pepper yield, all tested insecticides increased the yield of green pepper fruits compared with control. Imidacloprid achieved the highest fruit yields along two seasons 6.43 and 6.52 (ton / fed.4200 m2) with increase percent 34.53 and 36.04% in yield over control at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. 20212022. 20212022 2022. 2021-2022 aphids, (aphids fly thrips 1714 1 7 14 1,7,1 2 reduction 98.91 9891 98 91 (98.9 97.27% 9727 97 27 94.8 948 94 8 (94. 95.19%, 9519 95.19% , 95 19 95.19%) 86.23 8623 86 23 (86.2 76.64% 7664 76 64 80.92 8092 80 92 (80.9 88.55% 8855 88 55 77.68 7768 77 68 (77.6 78.44% 7844 78 44 90.70 9070 90 70 (90.7 68.57% 6857 57 st nd 202 enemies 60.85 6085 60 85 (60.8 69.33% 6933 69 33 54.02 5402 54 02 (54.0 63.41%, 6341 63.41% 63 41 63.41%) 65.52 6552 65 52 (65.5 64.74% 6474 74 59.23 5923 59 (59.2 58.38% 5838 58 38 64.24 6424 24 (64.2 59.48% 5948 48 61.66 6166 61 66 (61.6 60.8% 608 carnea contrary 25.41 2541 25 (25.4 19.84% 1984 84 15.02 1502 15 (15.0 12.50%, 1250 12.50% 12 50 12.50%) 11.94 1194 11 (11.9 11.24% 1124 16.99 1699 16 99 (16.9 18.02% 1802 18 18.73 1873 73 (18.7 and15.07% and1507 and15 07 18.35 1835 35 (18.3 and18.38% and1838 and18 atst 643 6 43 6.4 652 6.5 ton fed4200 fed 4200 fed.420 m2 m 3453 34 53 34.5 3604 36 04 36.04 2021202 2021-202 171 1,7, 98.9 989 9 (98. 97.27 972 94. (94 951 95.19 86.2 862 (86. 76.64 766 80.9 809 (80. 88.55 885 5 77.6 776 (77. 78.44 784 4 90.7 907 (90. 68.57 685 20 60.8 (60. 69.33 693 3 54.0 540 0 (54. 634 63.41 65.5 655 (65. 64.74 647 59.2 592 (59. 58.38 583 64.2 642 (64. 59.48 594 61.6 616 (61. 25.4 254 (25. 19.84 198 15.0 150 (15. 125 12.50 11.9 119 (11. 11.24 112 16.9 169 (16. 18.02 180 18.7 187 (18. and15.07 and150 and1 18.3 183 and18.38 and183 6. fed420 420 fed.42 345 34. 360 36.0 202120 2021-20 17 1,7 98. (98 97.2 (9 95.1 86. (86 76.6 80. (80 88.5 77. (77 78.4 90. (90 68.5 60. (60 69.3 54. (54 63.4 65. (65 64.7 59. (59 58.3 64. (64 59.4 61. (61 25. (25 19.8 15. (15 12.5 11. (11 11.2 16. (16 18.0 18. (18 and15.0 and18.3 fed42 42 fed.4 36. 20212 2021-2 1, 97. ( 95. (8 76. 88. (7 78. 68. (6 69. (5 63. 58. (2 19. (1 12. and15. and18. fed4 fed. 2021-

Resumo Em uma escala global o Sorghum bicolor (L.) é uma das culturas mais importantes, ocupando o quinto lugar entre todos os cereais. É cultivada na África, Ásia, Oceania e Américas, onde serve como fonte de alimento e ração para humanos e animais, respectivamente. No entanto, a produção é limitada por vários fatores, incluindo pragas e doenças. Entre as pragas que atacam o sorgo, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), comumente chamado de pulgão verde dos cereais, é a praga mais destrutiva do sorgo. O dano de S. graminum ao sorgo é agravado pelo déficit hídrico que favorece sua ocorrência. Informações limitadas sobre a distribuição espacial da praga e seus inimigos naturais impedem o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo ecologicamente corretas. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a distribuição espaço-temporal de S. graminum e seu inimigo natural Coccinella septempunctata (L.) durante a fase vegetativa e reprodutiva da cultura por meio de análise geoestatística. A distribuição espaço-temporal de S. graminum foi influenciada pelo estágio de desenvolvimento do sorgo, paisagem circundante e presença de seu principal predador C. septempunctata. Além disso, a abundância de C. septempunctata foi influenciada pela densidade de S. graminum. Os resultados deste estudo são necessários para o desenvolvimento de estratégias sustentáveis de manejo de pragas contra S. graminum.

Abstract At the global level, Sorghum bicolor (L.), is one of the most important crops, which ranks fifth among all cereals. It is cultivated in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas, where it serves as a source of food and feed for humans and animals, respectively. However, production is constrained by several factors including pests and diseases. Among the pests that are known to attack Sorghum, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), commonly called the green cereal aphid, is the most destructive pest of sorghum. S. graminum damage to sorghum is worsen by water deficit which favors its occurrence. Limited information on the spatial distribution of the pest and its natural enemies impedes the development of ecologically friendly management strategies. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of S. graminum and its natural enemy Coccinella septempunctata (L.) during the vegetative and reproductive stage of the crop using geostatistical analysis. The spatiotemporal distribution of S. graminum was influenced by Sorghum development stage, surrounding landscape, and presence of its main predator C. septempunctata. Moreover, the abundance of C. septempunctata was influenced by the density of S. graminum. The findings from this study are required for developing sustainable pest management strategies against S. graminum.

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é amplamente distribuído por todo o ecossistema de cerrado. Os frutos de C. brasiliense são utilizados na alimentação humana e constitui uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades. A perda de habitat provocada pelas mudanças de uso da terra coloca em risco a conservação de C. brasiliense. Insetos sugadores constituem um importante fator ecológico que, potencialmente, afeta o fitness de C. brasiliense em ambientes degradados. Além disso, as metodologias de amostragem de insetos para aplicação em estudos relacionados à conservação de C. brasiliense são pouco desenvolvidas. Neste estudo, o número de insetos sugadores (Hemiptera) e seus predadores foram avaliados em três estratos verticais do dossel de C. brasiliense. A distribuição das espécies sugadoras apresentou estratificação vertical ao longo da estrutura do dossel. O estrato basal do dossel apresentou o maior número de insetos sugadores Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), e seus predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aranhas (Araneae) e Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Os predadores distribuíram-se de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, ocorrendo em maior número nas partes do dossel com maior abundância de suas presas.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees are widely distributed throughout the Cerrado ecosystem. The fruits of C. brasiliense trees are used by humans for food and as the main income source in many communities. C. brasiliense conservation is seriously threatened due to habitat loss caused by the land-use change. Sucking insects constitute an important ecological driver that potentially impact C. brasiliense survival in degraded environments. In addition, insects sampling methodologies for application in studies related to the conservation of C. brasiliense are poorly developed. In this study, sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their predators were recorded in three vertical strata of Caryocar brasiliense canopies. The distribution of sucking species showed vertical stratification along the canopy structure of C. brasiliense. The basal part of the canopy had the highest numbers of sucking insects Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), spiders (Araneae), and Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Predators' distribution follows the resource availability and preferred C. brasiliense tree parts with a higher abundance of prey.

ABSTRACT Zinnia sp. and hairy beggartick (Bidens pilosa) plants exhibiting symptoms of possible virus infection were found in the municipality of Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, São Paulo State, Brazil. Flexuous filamentous particles and cytoplasmatic inclusions typical of potyvirus infection were observed by transmission electron microscopy, respectively, in leaf extracts and cells of symptomatic leaves. Infection of both plants with bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) was confirmed by RT-PCR using potyvirus universal primers, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. The nearly complete genome sequence of the Brazilian isolate, named BiMoV-BR, is 9700 nucleotides long and shares 95.6 % identity with the corresponding nucleotide sequence of a BiMoV isolate from the United States. BiMoV-BR was mechanically transmitted and caused systemic infection on plants of Zinnia sp., hairy beggarstick, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Myzus persicae transmitted the virus to Zinnia sp. plants with efficacy of 8 % and 42 %, using one and ten aphids per plant, respectively. This is the first detection of BiMoV in Brazil. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the distribution of this potyvirus in the country. sp Bidens pilosa dOeste, dOeste d Oeste, Oeste d’Oeste State Brazil microscopy respectively leaves (BiMoV RTPCR RT PCR primers amplicons BiMoVBR, BiMoVBR BR, BR 970 956 95 6 95. States beggarstick Helianthus annuus, annuus , annuus) Lactuca sativa. sativa . sativa) 4 plant country 97 9

ABSTRACT. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) can be transmitted by several aphid species in a semi-persistent mode, with Toxoptera citricida being the most efficient vector. In Brazil, mild CTV isolates are used for pre-immunization of citrus trees against severe isolates. We aimed to determine the capacity and efficiency of T. citricida in separating the viral complex into haplotypes from three well-characterized CTV isolates (PIAC, CS1, and Forte Rolândia). Single-aphid transmission assays were conducted to determine CTV transmission efficiency. The results showed that T. citricida transmitted only haplotypes from the PIAC and CS1 isolates, with efficiencies of 8 and 4%, respectively. Both isolates caused mild CTV symptoms in Brazil. However, isolate Forte Rolândia, which causes severe symptoms in citrus trees, was not transmitted by T. citricida. The detection of CTV haplotypes from PIAC and CS1 isolates in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plants after a single aphid transmission occurred at different time points. The first haplotype observed was from PIAC 150 days after citrus was challenged by a single aphid, followed by CS1 at day 210 after transmission. In addition, differences in the single-strand conformation polymorphism patterns between the CTV isolates and CTV haplotypes were determined, suggesting that an aphid can acquire and transmit only one CTV haplotype to citrus plants during phloem feeding. The study of the mechanism of transmission by the vector can increase our knowledge of the interactions among hosts, vectors, and pathogens, which are often neglected. ABSTRACT (CTV semipersistent semi persistent mode Brazil preimmunization pre immunization T wellcharacterized well characterized PIAC, (PIAC CS Rolândia. Rolândia . Rolândia) Singleaphid Single 4 4% respectively However sinensis points 15 21 addition singlestrand strand determined feeding hosts vectors pathogens neglected 1 2

ABSTRACT One of the tools used to investigate the influence of environmental contaminants and other stresses on the development of organisms is the analysis of morphometric traits used to detect changes in growth and size patterns. To evaluate the effects of the heavy metal lead (Pb) present in experimentally contaminated soil on the morphometric traits of the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) reared on cultivated Brassica oleracea L. (var. acephala), we analyzed three different metrics: morphometry, allometry, and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Additionally, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of these analyses in detecting environmental stress. We cultivated kale plants in soil contaminated with the maximum allowable limit of Pb for local soils in Brazil, and the colonization of plants by aphids occurred naturally under field conditions. After collection, we photographed and measured the antennae, tibiae, and total body length of aphids from the control and contaminated treatments. We observed no significant differences in the allometry and morphometric analysis, and the presence of the contaminant did not result in any observed FA. The study demonstrated that the morphometric trait analyses employed were not effective in detecting environmental stress resulting from field exposure of aphids to Pb in soil, since these insects suffered a reduction in their population density in the presence of Pb, as indicated in our previous findings. This result diverges from those found in studies conducted under laboratory conditions. We discussed mechanisms of metal accumulation, detoxification in aphids, and population aspects in natural conditions. patterns (Pb L (L. var. var (var acephala, acephala , acephala) metrics morphometry FA . (FA) Additionally Brazil conditions collection antennae tibiae treatments findings accumulation (L (FA

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in a commercial apple orchard (Malus domestica) with high woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) incidence, which is highly harmful to apple culture and infects the trunk, branch, roots, shoot, and fruit. Although the fungus Beauveria bassiana is widely reported as a control agent, there is no evidence of its control action against this pest. This case study was conducted under natural infestation conditions to evaluate the effective action of B. bassiana in E. lanigerum nymph mortality and aimed to evaluate the control potential of E. lanigerum treated with different formulation doses based on B. bassiana strain ICBBb252. The experimental unit consisted of ten plants in four randomized blocks, where one colony per plant was previously marked in an orchard (2500 plants/ha). The treatments consisted of applying the formulate in 100, 200, and 300 mL/ha dosages at a 109 spore/mL concentration and one control group; 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after application, the treatments were evaluated by counting the number of colonies alive. The control of woolly apple aphids by B. bassiana strain ICBBb252 was more effective at 200 and 300 mL/ha dosages and has no phytotoxic effects on plants. Malus domestica Eriosoma incidence trunk branch roots shoot fruit agent pest B E ICBBb blocks 2500 (250 plants/ha. plantsha plants/ha . ha plants/ha) 100 30 mLha mL 10 sporemL spore group 20 4 application alive ICBBb25 250 (25 3 1 2 ICBBb2 25 (2 (

Resumen La enfermedad del Sharka es causada por el virus de la viruela del ciruelo y transmitida mediante áfidos. Fue detectada por primera vez en Argentina en el año 2004 y es de importancia cuarentenaria en frutales de carozo. Para determinar qué especies de áfidos pueden actuar como potenciales vectores de esta enfermedad en nuestro país, se identificaron los ejemplares de pulgones en dos fincas de Prunus afectados por Sharka localizadas en la región de Cuyo y se describió su fluctuación estacional. Durante las temporadas 2011-2012 y 2012-2013, mediante el uso de trampas amarillas de agua (TAA), se colectaron semanalmente pulgones desde octubre (primavera) hasta abril (otoño), que fueron identificados mediante claves taxonómicas de áfidos alados. En total, 27 especies de áfidos fueron identificadas. La especie más dominante fue Myzus persicae (Sulzer). La población de esta especie mostró una fluctuación estacional con dos picos, uno en noviembre y otro en marzo.

Abstract Sharka is a disease of stone fruits, produced by the Plum Pox Virus and transmitted by aphids. It was detected for the first time in Argentina in 2004. In order to assess the aphid species that could act as a potential vector of this disease, we described the aphids community and seasonal fluctuation within two Prunus orchards affected by Sharka disease, located within two quarantine areas in Cuyo Region. Aphids were trapped weekly from October (spring) to April (autumn) during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, by using yellow water traps (TAA), and identified using winged aphid’s taxonomic keys. In total, 27 aphid species were identified. The most dominant species collected was Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Orchard-trapped population of this dominant aphid showed seasonal fluctuation with two peaks, November (spring) and March (autumn).

SUMMARY Thrips and aphids are among the important sanitary limitations to lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L.) production in the Green Belt of Córdoba (CVC) (Córdoba, Argentina). The objectives of this work were: a) to evaluate the attraction efficiency of blue, white and yellow sticky traps for thrips and aphids in lettuce crops, b) to characterize the correlation between the catches of aphids and thrips in the traps and the density of these insects in lettuce plants, and c) to determine the utility of chromatic adhesive traps for the evaluation of different pest management treatments. After two years of field tests (20182019 and 2019-2020) in conventional and agroecological farms in the CVC, it was determined that blue and white traps were the most effective against thrips, and yellow traps were the most effective against aphids. As for thrips, traps proved to be a useful tool for monitoring these pests since a positive correlation was observed between captures in traps and their density in the crop. The response of aphid populations for garlic extract and chemical control treatments did not differ statistically, suggesting the potential of this bioinput as a lettuce management tool in conventional crops.

RESUMEN Trips y pulgones se encuentran entre las principales limitaciones sanitarias para la producción de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) en el Cinturón Verde de Córdoba (CVC) (Córdoba, Argentina). Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: a) evaluar la eficacia de atracción de trampas adhesivas de color azul, blanco y amarillo para trips y pulgones en el cultivo de lechuga, b) caracterizar la correlación entre las capturas de pulgones y trips en las trampas y la densidad de estos insectos en plantas de lechuga y c) determinar la utilidad de las trampas adhesivas cromáticas para la evaluación de distintos tratamientos sanitarios. Por medio de ensayos realizados durante dos campañas (20182019 y 2019-2020) en establecimientos productivos con manejo convencional y agroecológico, se determinó que las trampas azules y blancas fueron las más eficientes para trips, y las trampas amarillas para pulgones. En el caso de trips, pueden ser una herramienta útil para su monitoreo en el cultivo, en tanto se observó una correlación positiva entre capturas en trampas y su densidad en plantas. La respuesta observada en pulgones para ajo y control químico no difiere estadísticamente, lo que sugiere el potencial de este bioinsumo como alternativa para lechuga en planteos de manejo convencional.

Abstract This article analyzes two technological frameworks in dispute in the Agrifood Region of Central Cordoba: the conventional (CTF), with a dominant presence in the agricultural sector, and the agroecological (AETF), with a recent trajectory but with an expansive tendency. This work proposes to deal particularly with one of the technological artifacts proposed in the TAETF that can be constituted as an alternative productive practice to the conventional one regarding pest insects management. The methodology is framed within the qualitative paradigm, relevant social groups were selected in relation to pest insects management and control without chemical synthesis inputs and then, within these groups, key informants were identified. A first distinction was made between producers (conventional and agroecological) and professionals (extensionists and researchers). Conclusions on the performance of aphids control with a garlic-based botanical extract depends on the relevant social group. On one hand, there were valuable lessons learned by researchers, even though the results showed only positive trends: i) botanical extracts should not be thought of as direct substitutes for chemical synthetic inputs, ii) BE serve as an artifact that favors the transition on ways of thinking. On the other hand, for AE producers, the artifact works and allows them to confirm their trajectory and continuous accompaniment of other agroecological practices proposed by the AETF. While for conventional producers, it also works, but demands more labor, so its use is justified only in specific forms and at specific times.

Resumen Este artículo analiza dos Marcos Tecnológicos en disputa vigentes en la Región Agroalimentaria de Córdoba Centro: el convencional (MTC), con una presencia dominante en el sector agropecuario y el agroecológico (MTAE), con una trayectoria reciente pero con tendencia expansiva. El trabajo se propone abordar particularmente uno de los artefactos tecnológicos propuestos desde el MTAE en relación al manejo de insectos plaga que puede constituirse como una práctica productiva alternativa a la convencional. La metodología se enmarca en el paradigma cualitativo, se seleccionaron grupos sociales relevantes en relación al manejo y control de insectos y luego, dentro de estos grupos, se identificaron informantes clave. Se partió de una primera distinción: los productores (convencionales y agroecológicos) y profesionales (extensionistas e investigadores). Las conclusiones sobre el funcionamiento del artefacto extracto vegetal de ajo para el control de áfidos, depende del grupo social relevante. Por un lado, para los investigadores hubo valiosos aprendizajes, aún cuando los resultados presentaron únicamente tendencias positivas: i) los extractos vegetales no deben pensarse como sustitutos directos de los insumos de síntesis química, ii) sirven como un artefacto que favorece la transición en las formas de razonamiento. Por otro lado, para los productores AE, el artefacto funciona y les permite confirmar su trayectoria con el continuo acompañamiento de otras prácticas agroecológicas propuestas por el MTAE. Mientras que para los productores convencionales funciona, pero demanda más trabajo (mano de obra), por lo que su uso se justifica en formas y momentos determinados.

ABSTRACT Plant extracts are a great source of molecules with insecticidal activity and are used to control pests in various crop production systems. In this study, we evaluated the aphidicidal properties in vitro of the n-hexane extract of leaves of castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.; Euphorbiaceae) at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 kg m-3) against apterous adults of corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch) and the yellow sugarcane aphid (Sipha flava Forbes). The observed effects were dose-dependent, and the highest concentration evaluated (10 kg m-3) caused 82% mortality in R. maidis and 79% in S. flava. To identify chemical compounds, present in the extract we used mass gas chromatography, identifying 16 compounds. Palmitic acid was the major compound, with 45.34% abundance. The data obtained indicate the existence of insecticidal compounds in the castor-bean n-hexane extract, which could be used as an alternative bioinsecticide in the integrated management of these two aphid species.