Resumen Introducción : Los retrasos en el tratamiento anti microbiano adecuado de las bacteriemias prolongan la estadía hospitalaria, aumentan la mortalidad e in crementan los costos. Aún hoy en día se requiere un tiempo considerable para obtener la identificación y antibiograma de los microorganismos en los hemocul tivos positivos. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de la implementa ción del panel BCID2 de FilmArray® (FA) sobre el tiempo de inicio de tratamientos antimicrobianos adecuados y sobre los costos potenciales de los mismos. Métodos : Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los hemocultivos positivos de pacientes hospitalizados, procesados por FA y por metodología tradicional. Se evaluaron los cambios de antimicrobianos en base a los resultados del FA. Se calcularon los días de reducción de tratamiento antimicrobiano y el ahorro potencial en el uso de los mismos, teniendo en cuenta también los costos del FA. Resultados : Se analizaron 87 episodios de bacte riemia. En 42 (48.3%) de ellos se desescaló el trata miento a antimicrobianos de menor espectro, en 7 (8%) se escaló a antimicrobianos de mayor espectro, en 8 (9.2%) se cambió el antimicrobiano sin variar el espectro y en 30 (34.5%) no se realizaron cambios con los resultados del FA. Los cambios de antimicrobianos se realizaron en promedio 2.3 días más rápido que con los métodos convencionales. Se calculó un ahorro potencial de US$ 7408. Conclusión : La implementación del panel BCID2 de FilmArray ® permitió adecuar los tratamientos antimi crobianos más rápidamente acortando la duración de los tratamientos empíricos de amplio espectro, lo cual resultó costo-efectivo.

Abstract Introduction : Delay in initiating appropriate anti microbial therapy prolongs hospitalization, increases in-hospital mortality, and raises economic costs. Cur rently, the identification and susceptibility testing of bacteria in positive blood cultures require a considerable amount of time. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the BCID2 FilmArray® (FA) panel on the timing of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and potential anti microbial costs. Methods : This is a retrospective observational study focused on positive blood cultures in hospitalized pa tients. FA processing was conducted concurrently with routine sample processing. Changes in antibiotic treat ments based on FA results were evaluated, and the re duction in antimicrobial therapy duration and associated cost savings were calculated. Results : Eighty-seven bacteremia episodes were ana lysed. In 42 (48%) of them antimicrobial therapy was de-escalated to narrower spectrum agents, while in 7 (8%) therapy was escalated to broader spectrum anti microbials. Additionally, in 8 (9%) antimicrobials were switched without changing spectrum and in 30 (34%) no changes were made based on FA results. Antimicrobial changes were made 2.3 days faster than with routine sample processing resulting in calculated potential sav ings of US$ 7408. Conclusion : The implementation of FA facilitated a faster administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, leading to a reduction in the duration of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobial therapy and subse quent economic savings.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to the achievements of modern medicine and one of the most effective measures to counteract it is antimicrobial use optimization programs (AMS), in which the microbiology laboratory is one of the main components. The effective application of information technology in the processes is fundamental, but there is little information in Latin America on the development and articulation of technological tools to support AMSs. This consensus makes recommendations on the management of microbiological data for decision making. In Part I, recommendations on the use of a computerized microbiological data management system in clinical practice, data and reporting requirements in the microbiology laboratory, as well as the contents of the advanced quality management system in the laboratory are presented. In Part II, the information requirements for AMS management in intermediate, initial, and advanced stages by the laboratory and pharmacy are discussed; as well as the integration of the AMS team with the Infection Prevention and Control Committee and the information for AMS management at the management level.

Resumen La resistencia antimicrobiana es una amenaza para los logros de la medicina moderna y una de las medidas más efectivas para contrarrestarla son los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos (PROA), en el cual el laboratorio de microbiología es uno de los principales componentes. La aplicación efectiva de tecnología de la información en los procesos es fundamental, pero existe poca información en Latinoamérica sobre el desarrollo y la articulación de las herramientas tecnológicas para apoyar los PROA. Este consenso hace recomendaciones sobre la gestión de los datos microbiológicos para la toma de decisiones. En la Parte I, se presentan las recomendaciones en cuanto al uso de un sistema informatizado de gestión de datos microbiológicos en la práctica clínica, los requerimientos de datos y de reporte en el laboratorio de microbiología, y los contenidos del sistema de gestión de calidad avanzado en el laboratorio. En la Parte II, se discuten los requerimientos de información para la gestión de PROA en estadios intermedios, iniciales y avanzados por el laboratorio y la farmacia; así como la integración del equipo de PROA con el Comité de Prevención y Control de Infecciones y la información para la gestión de PROA a nivel gerencial.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to the achievements of modern medicine and one of the most effective measures to counteract it is antimicrobial use optimization programs (AMS), in which the microbiology laboratory is one of the main components. The effective application of information technology in the processes is fundamental, but there is little information in Latin America on the development and articulation of technological tools to support AMSs. This consensus makes recommendations on the management of microbiological data for decision making. In the first part, recommendations on the use of a computerized microbiological data management system in clinical practice, data, and reporting requirements in the microbiology laboratory, as well as the contents of the advanced quality management system in the laboratory are presented. In the second part, the information requirements for AMS management in intermediate, initial, and advanced stages by the laboratory and pharmacy are discussed; as well as the integration of the AMS team with the Infection Prevention and Control Committee and the information for AMS management at the management level.

Resumen La resistencia antimicrobiana es una amenaza para los logros de la medicina moderna y una de las medidas más efectivas para contrarrestarla son los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos (PROA), en los cuales el laboratorio de microbiología es uno de los principales componentes. La aplicación efectiva de tecnología de la información en los procesos es fundamental, pero existe poca información en Latinoamérica sobre el desarrollo y la articulación de las herramientas tecnológicas para apoyar los PROA. Este consenso, hace recomendaciones sobre la gestión de los datos microbiológicos para la toma de decisiones. En la Parte I, se presentan las recomendaciones en cuanto al uso de un sistema informatizado de gestión de datos microbiológicos en la práctica clínica, los requerimientos de datos y de reporte en el laboratorio de microbiología, así como y los contenidos del sistema de gestión de calidad avanzado en el laboratorio. En la Parte II, se discuten los requerimientos de información para la gestión de PROA en estadios intermedios, iniciales y avanzados por el laboratorio y la farmacia; así como la integración del equipo de PROA con el Comité de Prevención y Control de Infecciones y la información para la gestión de PROA a nivel gerencial.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Aeromonas sp., and Escherichia coli isolated from samples of yellow hake (Cynoscion acoupa). We analyzed 53 Aeromonas spp. and four E. coli isolates. We observed increased resistance of E. coli to levofloxacin and sulfa-trimethoprim as well as resistance of Aeromonas spp. to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime. The multiple antimicrobial resistance(MAR) index indicated multidrug resistance in 90.54% (n=48) of Aeromonas spp. isolates and in 50% (n=2) of E. coli isolates. One strain of Aeromonas spp. was resistant to all 11tested antimicrobials (MAR index = 1.00). In vitro,piperacillin + tazobactam was the most effective antimicrobial for E. coli,and cefepime and levofloxacin were the most effective antimicrobials for Aeromonas spp. Therefore, in case of illnesses caused by these microorganisms, these antimicrobials should be used. The multidrug resistance of Aeromonas spp. and E. coli in this study is elevated. This is worrisome considering the increase in bacteria resistant to multiple drugs, reducing the options for successful clinical antimicrobial use. sp sp. Cynoscion acoupa. acoupa . acoupa) 5 spp E sulfatrimethoprim sulfa trimethoprim ampicillin amoxicillinclavulanate, amoxicillinclavulanate amoxicillin clavulanate, clavulanate amoxicillin-clavulanate cefuroxime cefotaxime resistanceMAR MAR resistance(MAR 9054 90 54 90.54 n=48 n48 n 48 (n=48 50 n=2 n2 2 (n=2 tested 1.00. 100 1.00 1 00 1.00) vitropiperacillin vitro piperacillin coliand Therefore microorganisms used elevated drugs use 905 9 90.5 n=4 n4 4 (n=4 n= (n= 10 1.0 0 90. (n 1.

Resumo O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas e Escherichia coli isoladas de amostras de pescada amarela (Cynoscion acoupa). Foram analisados 53 isolados de Aeromonas spp. e quatro isolados de Escherichia coli. Foi verificada maior resistência de E. coli à levofloxacina e sulfa-trimetoprim; assim como houve resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados de Aeromonas spp. à ampicilina, amoxicilina-clavulanato, cefuroxima e cefotaxima. Os valores encontrados para o índice MAR, evidenciam multirresistência em 90,54% (n=48) dos isolados de Aeromonas spp. e em 50% (n=2) dos isolados de E. coli. Uma cepa de Aeromonas spp. apresentou resistência a todos os onze antimicrobianos testados (MAR = 1,00). A pesquisa mostrou que, no tratamento de infecções causadas por E. coli, a piperacilina-tazobactam é a mais eficaz in vitro. Para Aeromonas spp., os antimicrobianos mais eficazes in vitro foram cefepime e levofloxacina. Dessa forma, em caso de enfermidades ocasionadas por esse micro-organismo, seriam esses os antimicrobianos de eleição para o tratamento das infecções. A multirresistência dos isolados de Aeromonas spp. e E. coli foi considerada elevada. Este é um dado importante visto que o aumento do aparecimento de bactérias resistentes a múltiplas drogas é preocupante, diminuindo as opções de uso de antimicrobianos com sucesso clínico. Cynoscion acoupa. acoupa . acoupa) 5 spp E sulfatrimetoprim sulfa trimetoprim sulfa-trimetoprim ampicilina amoxicilinaclavulanato, amoxicilinaclavulanato amoxicilina clavulanato, clavulanato amoxicilina-clavulanato cefotaxima MAR 9054 90 54 90,54 n=48 n48 n 48 (n=48 50 n=2 n2 2 (n=2 1,00. 100 1,00 1 00 1,00) piperacilinatazobactam piperacilina tazobactam forma microorganismo, microorganismo micro organismo, organismo micro-organismo elevada preocupante clínico 905 9 90,5 n=4 n4 4 (n=4 n= (n= 10 1,0 0 90, (n 1,

Resumo A presença de bactérias patogênicas em alimentos é considerada a principal causa de doenças transmitidas por alimentos e deterioração da qualidade dos alimentos em todo o mundo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a eficácia de cinco óleos essenciais (OEs) contra patógenos de origem alimentar multirresistentes. No presente estudo, bactérias Gram-negativas (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas e Klebsiella) e as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus foram isoladas do leite cru e caracterizadas bioquimicamente. O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes antibióticos e OEs (tomilho, orégano, capim-limão, hortelã e alecrim) foi determinado usando o método padrão de difusão em disco. O estudo do antibiograma revelou que as bactérias Gram-negativas eram altamente resistentes à penicilina, enquanto o Staphylococcus era resistente à estreptomicina, amoxicilina e lincomicina. Foi observada resistência moderada à doxiciclina, amicacina, enrofloxacina, canamicina e cefixima. Os isolados foram encontrados menos resistentes à gentamicina, cloranfenicol e ciprofloxacina. Os OEs mostraram uma ampla gama de atividade antimicrobiana contra todas as bactérias, exceto P. aeruginosa. Destes, o tomilho foi mais eficaz contra a maioria das cepas bacterianas multirresistentes e formou a maior zona de inibição (26 mm) contra Escherichia seguido de óleo de orégano (18 mm) contra Staphylococcus (p<0,05). Klebsiella spp e Citrobacter spp apresentaram resistência ao óleo de menta e capim-limão, respectivamente. Os OEs como capim-limão, hortelã e alecrim foram menos ativos contra todas as bactérias. Os resultados do estudo recente sugerem o uso de OEs como agentes antibacterianos naturais para conservação de alimentos.

Abstract The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is considered as a primary cause of food-borne illness and food quality deterioration worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of five essential oils (EOs) against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens. In the current study Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella) and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus were isolated from raw milk and biochemically characterized. The anti-bacterial effect of different antibiotics and EOs (thyme, oregano, lemongrass, mint, and rosemary) was determined using the standard disc diffusion method. The antibiogram study revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to penicillin while Staphylococcus was resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin, and lincomycin. Moderate resistance was observed to doxycycline, amikacin, enrofloxacin, kanamycin and cefixime. Isolates were found less resistant to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. EOs showed a broad range of antimicrobial activity against all bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Of these, thyme was more effective against most of the multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and formed the largest zone of inhibition (26 mm) against Escherichia followed by oregano oil (18 mm) against Staphylococcus (p<0.05). Klebsiella spp and Citrobacter spp showed resistance to mint and lemongrass oil respectively. The EOs such as lemongrass, mint and rosemary were less active against all the bacteria. The findings of the recent study suggest the use of EOs as natural antibacterial agents for food preservation.

Resumo A Escherichia coli patogênica aviária (APEC) induz a colibacilose, uma doença aguda e sistêmica, resultando em perdas econômicas substanciais no setor avícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o padrão de resistência a antibióticos associado à frequente distribuição de genes de virulência em APEC O78:K80 que podem causar alterações patológicas em galinhas. O perfil do antibiograma mostrou alta resistência à eritromicina, cloranfenicol, tetraciclina, ampicilina e cotrimoxazol; resistência intermediária à ciprofloxacina, levofloxacina, enrofloxacina, norfloxacina, nitrofurantoína e cloridrato de doxiciclina; e sensível à amicacina, estreptomicina, gentamicina e colistina . A distribuição de genes de virulência identificou oito genes (irp-2, iutA, ompT, iss, iucD, astA, hlyF e iroN) por meio de uma reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional. A APEC O78:K80 causou concentrações significativamente altas de enzimas hepáticas, níveis séricos de interleucina-6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa em aves experimentais. Além disso, aves infectadas apresentaram hipoproteinemia, hipoalbuminemia e hiperglobulinemia. O exame de necropsia revelou peri-hepatite e pericardite fibrinosa, pulmões congestos, hemorragias equimóticas do intestino e granulomatose necrosante do baço. O exame histopatológico mostrou degeneração hepatocelular, necrose miocárdica, nefrite intersticial, hemorragias intestinais e linfopenia no baço. Este estudo é a primeira evidência para avaliar o perfil de resistência a antibióticos associado a genes de virulência e potencial clínico-patológico de APEC O78:K80 em galinhas no Paquistão, o que pode ser uma abordagem útil e rápida para prevenir e controlar a doença por meio do desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle.

Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) induces colibacillosis, an acute and systemic disease, resulting in substantial economic losses in the poultry sector. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern associated with frequent virulence gene distribution in APEC O78:K80 that may cause pathological alterations in chickens. The antibiogram profile showed high resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole, followed by intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and doxycycline hydrochloride, and sensitive to amikacin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and colistin. Virulence gene distribution identifies eight (irp-2, iutA, ompT, iss, iucD, astA, hlyF, iroN) genes through a conventional polymerase chain reaction. APEC O78:K80 caused significantly high liver enzyme concentrations, serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in experimental birds. Also, infected birds have hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Necropsy examination revealed fibrinous perihepatitis and pericarditis, congested lungs, intestinal ecchymotic hemorrhages and necrotizing granulomatosis of the spleen. Histopathological examination depicted hepatocellular degeneration, myocardial necrosis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal hemorrhages and lymphopenia in the spleen. This study is the first evidence to assess the antibiotic resistance profile linked with virulence genes and clinicopathological potential of APEC O78:K80 in chickens in Pakistan, which could be a useful and rapid approach to prevent and control the disease by developing the control strategies.

ABSTRACT The research evaluated the isolation, identification, and prospection of species-specific beneficial bacteria in fish farming of ornamental fish Betta splendens. For this, the microbiological material was obtained from the intestinal tract of healthy specimens, with bacterial growth in selective culture medium Man Rogosa Sharped (MRS). Sixteen strains were isolated based on the response of in vitro tests of catalase, Gram, nilin blue, hemolytic activity and antibiogram to pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enterococcus durans and Escherichia coli. Of the isolated strains C1BS and C5BS, they showed the best responses, which were later identified by the Maldi-TOF method as Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium. Due to the performance of lactic acid strains in in vitro tests and the bibliographic record of their performance as probiotics, the species have great potential for species-specific use in the ornamental production of Betta splendens. isolation identification speciesspecific specific splendens this specimens MRS. MRS . (MRS) catalase Gram blue hydrophila aeroginosa coli CBS C BS C5BS responses MaldiTOF Maldi TOF faecium probiotics (MRS

RESUMO A pesquisa avaliou o isolamento, a identificação e a prospecção de bactérias benéficas espécie-específico na piscicultura do peixe ornamental Betta splendens. Para isso, o material microbiológico foi obtido do trato intestinal de espécimes sadios, com crescimento bacteriano em meio de cultura seletivo Man Rogosa Sharped (MRS). Dezesseis cepas foram isoladas com base na resposta dos testes in vitro de catalase, Gram, azul de anilina, atividade hemolítica e antibiograma aos patógenos Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enterococcus durans e Escherichia coli. Das cepas isoladas, C1BS e C5BS foram as que apresentaram melhores respostas, as quais posteriormente foram identificadas, pelo método Maldi-TOF, como Lactobacillus plantarum e Enterococcus faecium. Devido ao registro bibliográfico e ao desempenho das cepas ácido lácticas nos testes in vitro, essas apresentam um grande potencial para uso probiótico espécie-específico na produção ornamental de Betta splendens. isolamento espécieespecífico espécie específico splendens isso sadios MRS. MRS . (MRS) catalase Gram anilina hydrophila aeroginosa coli CBS C BS respostas identificadas MaldiTOF, MaldiTOF Maldi TOF, TOF Maldi-TOF faecium (MRS

Resumen En México, la resistencia a los antimicrobianos es difícil de abordar debido a la ausencia de un organismo regulador que controle de manera efectiva el uso y la venta de antimicrobianos; y la baja vigilancia de prescripción y automedicación. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de resistencia a antibióticos en bacterias aisladas de muestras clínicas en el Hospital General de Obregón, Sonora. En este estudio se recolectó información de los cultivos que se realizaron en el área de Microbiología del Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos y su resistencia a antibióticos, desde diciembre de 2016 hasta enero de 2018, en el Hospital General de Obregón, Sonora. Las infecciones por Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Staphylococcus aureus fueron las más frecuentes entre los pacientes de todos los servicios de atención. Bacterias, como E. coli y S. aureus mostraron resistencia a los antibióticos hasta en un 90 y 100 %. La bencilpenicilina fue el antibiótico al que se observó alta resistencia en el servicio de cuidados intensivos (100 %). En el presente estudio se encontró una alta resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos desde diciembre de 2016 hasta enero de 2018 y, en comparación con pocos estudios mexicanos, se ha mantenido sin cambios.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance in Mexico is difficult to address due to the absence of a regulatory instance that effectively control the use and sale of antimicrobials; and the low surveillance of prescription and self-medication. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics isolated from clinical samples in the General Hospital of Obregon, Sonora. Information was obtained from the culture logs processed and analyzed at the Microbiology area of the Clinical Laboratory and its resistance to antibiotics, from December 2016 to January 2018. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus infections were the most common among patients from all care services. Bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli, showed antibiotic resistance of up to 90 and 100 %. A high resistance was observed against benzylpenicillin at the intensive care unit service (100 %). High bacterial resistance to antibiotics was found from December 2016 to January 2018 in the present study, and this apparently remains unchanged in our country which was inferred by data reported by previous few Mexican studies.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue conocer la calidad e inocuidad del queso fresco que se expende en un mercado de la Ciudad de Riobamba con la finalidad de establecer si es apto para el consumo humano, el nivel de resistencia bacteriana y las repercusiones en la salud del consumidor, siguiendo procedimientos y normativas nacionales e internacionales. Se analizó la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus, Coliformes totales y Escherichia coli, con recuentos en Placas Petrifilm 3M, el procedimiento se manejó con tres diluciones consecutivas, las mismas que se inocularon, incubaron, cuantificaron, se realizaron las pruebas confirmatorias en Placas Petri y antibiograma utilizando el método Kirby Bawer. Los resultados fueron: 1,3x106 UFC/g de Staphylococcus aureus, 7x105 UFC/g de Escherichia coli y 8,5x105 UFC/g de Coliformes totales; después se comparó estadísticamente mediante el Test T de Student, demostrando que los valores sobrepasan los máximos permitidos para el consumo humano, lo cual indica una cadena agroalimentaria deficiente, en donde existe un gran nivel de contaminación del medio en el cual se procesan, transportan y expenden los quesos frescos, por ende se hace un llamado a las entidades municipales y gubernamentales de salud para que incluyan políticas de control y regulación.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the quality and safety of fresh cheese sold in a market in the city of Riobamba in order to establish whether it is suitable for human consumption, the level of bacterial resistance and the repercussions on consumer health, following national and international procedures and regulations. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms and Escherichia coli was analyzed with counts in 3M Petrifilm Plates, The procedure was handled with three consecutive dilutions, which were inoculated, incubated, quantified, and confirmatory tests were performed in Petri Plates and antibiogram using the Kirby Bawer method. The results were: 1.3x106 CFU/g of Staphylococcus aureus, 7x105 CFU/g of Escherichia coli and 8.5x105 CFU/g of total coliforms. Statistical comparisons were then performed using the Student's t-test. It was found that the levels exceed the maximum values allowed for human consumption, which indicates a deficient agri-food chain, where there is a high level of contamination of the environment in which fresh cheeses are processed, transported and sold. In this regard, a call is made to municipal and governmental health entities to include control and regulation policies.

RESUMO O presente estudo avaliou o potencial probiótico in vitro de bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL) isoladas de queijo artesanal da Serra Geral (MG), com 14 e 21 dias de maturação, leite cru e pingo, utilizados em sua elaboração, e de bancadas de produção. As bactérias foram submetidas aos testes de antibiograma, à tolerância a ácido gástrico artificial e a sais biliares e ao antagonismo contra micro-organismos indicadores. Levilactobacillus brevis (Q521) e Lactococcus lactis (LLSG) apresentaram os melhores resultados e foram selecionados para a produção de leite fermentado. Apenas LLSG foi capaz de fermentar o leite. O produto apresentou qualidade microbiológica e físico-química adequada, exceto para os teores de proteína, segundo a legislação vigente para leites fermentados, demonstrando potencial tecnológico. A partir dos resultados apresentados, sugere-se que testes in vivo sejam realizados para que LLSG possa vir a ser utilizado como probiótico. ácidoláticas láticas BAL (BAL MG, MG , (MG) 1 2 maturação pingo elaboração antibiograma microorganismos micro organismos indicadores Q521 Q (Q521 (LLSG fermentado físicoquímica físico química adequada proteína fermentados tecnológico apresentados sugerese sugere se (MG Q52 (Q52 Q5 (Q5 (Q

Abstract External otitis is a common condition that usually has a multifactorial etiology. The present study was carried out in a veterinary clinic in the city of Fernando de la Mora in the year 2020 and the samples were processed in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Forty-eight canine patients who presented one or more clinical sign of otitis were examined, regardless of sex or breed, in order to determine the frequency of bacteria isolated in otitis, their sensitivity and resistance to antimicrobials. For this purpose, the samples were extracted by means of ear swabs, these were placed in tubes with Stuart transport medium, later. The identified species were: Staphylococcus spp. 19 (45%), Pseudomonas spp. 11 (26%), Streptococcus spp. 5 (12%), Proteus spp. 4 (10%), Escherichia coli 2 (5%) and Citrobacter koseri 1 (2%). With regard to sensitivity, the most frequent bacteria show sensitivity of ≥80% to fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, cephalosporins, beta-lactams in the case of Staphylococcus spp and, in the case of Pseudomonas spp. to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Regarding resistance, Staphylococcus spp. is resistant to penicillin (100%), and Pseudomonas spp. it is resistant to co-trimoxazole (100%). These data imply a commitment to vigilance in order to promote the control of antimicrobial resistance.

Resumen En una clínica veterinaria ubicada en la ciudad de Fernando de la Mora en el año 2020, fueron examinados 48 caninos que presentaron uno o más signos clínicos de otitis, sin distinción de sexo ni raza, con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de bacterias aisladas en otitis, su sensibilidad y resistencia a los antimicrobianos en pacientes caninos. Se extrajeron las muestras por medio de hisopados óticos para realizar el cultivo, aislamiento, identificación y posterior antibiograma. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: 38 muestras, presentaron crecimiento bacteriano correspondió al 78%. En 19 (45%) muestras se aisló al Staphylococcus spp., en 11 (26%) muestras Pseudomonas spp., 5 (12%) muestras presentaron Streptococcus spp., 4 (10%) correspondieron a Proteus spp., 2 (5%) Escherichia coli y de 1(2%) se asiló Citrobacter koseri. Los resultados del antibiograma indicaron, el Staphylococcus spp resultó sensible a: enrofloxacina en el (100%), clindamicina (94,7%), cefalexina (94,4%), oxacilina (89,4%), eritromicina (76,4%). La Pseudomonas spp. sensible a: gentamicina (en el 81,8%), ciprofloxacina (81,2%). El Streptococcus spp sensible a: ampicilina (100%), penicilina (100%), eritromicina (100%), cloranfenicol (100%), cefpodoxima (100%), enrofloxacina (100%). Por último, se halló al Staphylococcus spp. resistente a penicilina (100%), la Pseudomona spp. resistente a cotrimoxazol en el (100%) y el Streptococcus spp. no presentó ninguna resistencia.

RESUMEN: La fascitis necrosante (FN) cervical es una rara complicación de una infección proveniente de la cavidad bucal asociada a una alta morbimortalidad. Por lo anterior, es fundamental informar a la comunidad clínica y científica los casos de FN, su manejo terapéutico y las modificaciones morfofuncionales asociadas. Se describe un caso de FN cervical en una paciente de 60 años quien presentó una gran tumefacción dolorosa asociada a una lesión ulcerosa necrótica en la región anterior del cuello. El examen intraoral mostró un absceso periodontal en el área mandibular derecha y la tomografía computarizada mostró la extensión de la lesión hacia la región submandibular. Tras el tratamiento antibiótico empírico, se realizó un desbridamiento quirúrgico extenso y se extirparon los focos de infección oral. El desbridamiento reveló comunicación entre las regiones anatómicas profundas y superficiales del área submandibular, donde se colocó un drenaje Penrose. Las biopsias mostraron un infiltrado inflamatorio agudo asociado con regiones necróticas y hemorrágicas, confirmando el diagnóstico de FN. El antibiograma reveló resistencia al tratamiento empírico, por lo que el esquema antibiótico se sustituyó. Tras un segundo desbridamiento, se cerró el defecto con colgajos de avance fascio-mucocutáneos de base lateral manteniendo drenaje aspirativo. El positivo progreso del paciente permitió su alta 10 días después. Aun cuando se generó una gran modificación morfofuncional en el área tratada, la paciente no presentó dificultades para respirar, hablar, deglutir o movilizar el área cervical intervenida durante las sesiones de control. Este informe contribuye a la limitada literatura que describe los aspectos morfológicos que pueden facilitar o retrasar la propagación de la FN y las consecuencias asociadas a los trastornos morfofuncionales provocadas por el tamaño y profundidad de las intervenciones quirúrgicas requeridas por la FN, información relevante para el pronóstico integral a largo plazo del tratamiento de la FN.

SUMMARY: Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare complication of oral cavity infection with high morbi-mortality. Given its low prevalence, adequately reporting cases of NF, its therapeutic management, and associated morphofunctional modifications to the clinical and scientific community is pivotal. To that end, we herein describe a case of cervical NF in a 60-year-old patient with comorbidities and patient presented large, painful cervical swelling associated with a necrotic ulcer lesion in the anterior neck region. Intraoral examination indicated a periodontal abscess in the right mandibular area, while computed tomography indicated the lesion’s extension from the right mandibular to the submandibular region. Following empirical intravenous antibiotic treatment, a broad surgical debridement was performed, and the foci of oral infection were removed. Debridement revealed communication between deep and superficial anatomical regions in the submandibular area, where we subsequently placed a Penrose drain. Biopsies showing acute inflammatory infiltrate associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic regions confirmed the diagnosis of NF. When an antibiogram revealed resistance to the empirical treatment, the antibiotic scheme was replaced with an adequate alternative. After a second debridement, we closed the defect with fascio-mucocutaneous advancement flaps with a lateral base while maintaining suction drainage. Having reacted positively, the patient was discharged 10 days after the operation. Despite an extensive morphofunctional change generated in the treated area, the patient showed no difficulties with breathing, phonation, swallowing, or mobilizing the area during control sessions. Altogether, this report contributes to the highly limited literature describing morphological aspects that can facilitate or delay the spread of infection or the morphofunctional disorders associated with the size and depth of surgical interventions for cervical NF, information that is relevant for the comprehensive, long-term prognosis of the treatment of NF.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos antibióticos comuns contra diferentes microrganismos em bovinos aparentemente saudáveis na província de Shandong e seus subúrbios. Um total de 220 amostras de esfregaço nasal foi coletado e cultivado para avaliação bacteriológica. Todos os isolados de bactérias após identificação preliminar foram submetidos a estudos de antibiograma seguindo o método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se no estudo que E. coli é o isolado mais comumente associado (21%), seguido por Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%) e Proteus spp (11%). Enquanto os estudos de antibiograma revelaram que o maior número de isolados bacterianos apresentou resistência à Ampicilina (95%), seguido por Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxima (85%) e Tetraciclina (95%) de (Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp). No caso de Pseudomonas spp. e Salmonella, a maior resistência foi apresentada pela Ampicilina (90%) seguida pela Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (80%), Cefixima (90%) e Eritromicina (80%). Em Shigella spp e Salmonella spp, a maior resistência foi demonstrada por Amoxicilina, Ceftazidima, Augmentina (60%) e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (50%). Conclui-se que estudos de antibiograma in vitro de isolados bacterianos revelaram maior resistência para Ampicilina, Augmentina, Cefuroxima, Cefixima, Tetraciclina, Eritromicina e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico. Os altos índices de resistência a antibióticos múltiplos (MARI) observados em todos os isolados neste estudo variaram de 0,6 a 0,9. O valor MARI de > 0,2 sugere várias bactérias resistentes a antibióticos e indica a presença de bactérias altamente resistentes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.

ABSTRACT: In recent decades, Aeromonas hydrophila has emerged as a foodborne bacterial pathogen of public health concern, especially as it exhibits resistance to the major chemical sanitizers commonly used in the food industry. Meanwhile, this pathogen may be spread from diseased fish flesh through the contamination of equipment contact surfaces during food processing, thus posing a food safety risk. Thise determined the susceptibility profiles of retail fish-borne A. hydrophila isolates to 24 common antibiotics and five major sanitizers used in the food industry. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used to confirm all A. hydrophila isolates to the species level, and the agar diffusion method was applied to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. All isolates were confirmed to be A. hydrophila species. This bacterium was observed to have resistance to multiple antibiotics, with the highest resistance index being for those of the beta-lactam class. Additionally, the isolates showed high resistance to four of the five chemical sanitizers tested, with the highest resistance rate being toward sodium hypochlorite. The results suggested that A. hydrophila isolates with multiple resistance to the antimicrobials and main sanitizers used in the food industry can be found in retail fish sold in the Cuiabá region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. ABSTRACT decades concern Meanwhile processing risk fishborne borne A 2 level betalactam beta lactam class Additionally tested hypochlorite Grosso Brazil

RESUMO: Aeromonas hydrophila emergiu nas últimas décadas como um patógeno humano relevante. O fato desse patógeno alimentar emergente apresentar resistência antimicrobiana é um desafio considerável para as Agências de Saúde devido à resistência desta espécie aos principais sanitizantes químicos comumente utilizados na indústria alimentícia em que representa um risco à segurança dos alimentos, uma vez que pode contribuir para a disseminação desta bactéria na carne de peixes e levar à contaminação da superfície de contato dos equipamentos durante o processamento dos alimentos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os padrões de suscetibilidade de isolados de A. hydrophila de peixes comercializados no varejo a 24 antibióticos comuns e cinco principais sanitizantes utilizados nas indústrias alimentícias. Neste estudo, todos os isolados de A. hydrophila foram confirmados em nível de espécie pela técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). A técnica de difusão em ágar foi utilizada para determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana frente aos 24 antibióticos testados e para avaliar a suscetibilidade aos principais sanitizantes utilizados na indústria alimentícia. A partir dos resultados, todos os isolados foram confirmados como sendo da espécie A. hydrophila pela técnica de PCR molecular. Observou-se A. hydrophila com perfil de resistência a múltiplos antibióticos, em que os da classe dos Beta-Lactâmicos foram os antimicrobianos com maior índice de resistência. Além disso, a suscetibilidade aos sanitizantes apresentou alta resistência em quatro dos cinco sanitizantes testados, sendo o hipoclorito de sódio foi o sanitizante químico com maior índice de resistência entre os isolados deste estudo. Os resultados sugerem que isolados de A. hydrophila com perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos e aos principais sanitizantes utilizados na indústria alimentícia podem ser encontrados em peixes comercializados no varejo da região de Cuiabá/Mato Grosso. RESUMO relevante alimentos 2 alimentícias PCR. . (PCR) molecular Observouse Observou se BetaLactâmicos Beta Lactâmicos disso CuiabáMato Cuiabá Mato Grosso (PCR

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de bacteriuria asintomática, su adecuado tratamiento con base en el reporte del antibiograma de pacientes embarazadas que acudieron a control prenatal en una clínica privada. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos, descriptivo y transversal efectuado en mujeres embarazadas que acudieron a control prenatal en la consulta externa del Hospital Fray Juan de San Miguel de Uruapan, Michoacán, entre el 1 de enero de 2019 y el 31 de diciembre de 2021. Variables de estudio: edad de las madres, semanas de embarazo, embarazos, bacteriuria, agente causal, antibiótico indicado y respuesta al tratamiento. Para interpretar los resultados obtenidos se aplicaron estadística descriptiva, medidas de tendencia central y de frecuencias simples. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 227 embarazadas; de ellas, 49 tuvieron un urocultivo positivo. La prevalencia de bacteriuria asintomática fue de 21.59. Escherichia coli fue el agente causal más reportado. De los urocultivos de control 36 de 37 resultaron negativos y solo 1 de 37 fue positivo. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de bacteriuria asintomática de este estudio fue de 21.59% y el principal agente etiológico asilado E. coli en la mayoría de los casos, con sensibilidad a nitrofurantoína en la mayoría de los casos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, its adequate treatment based on the antibiogram report of pregnant patients who attended prenatal control in a private clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of a case series, descriptive and cross-sectional carried out in pregnant women who attended prenatal control in the outpatient clinic of the Hospital Fray Juan de San Miguel de Uruapan, Michoacán, between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2021. Study variables: mothers&apos; age, weeks of pregnancy, pregnancies, bacteriuria, causative agent, indicated antibiotic and response to treatment. Descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and simple frequencies were used to interpret the results obtained. RESULTS: A total of 227 pregnant women were studied; 49 of them had a positive urine culture. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 21.59. Escherichia coli was the most reported causative agent. Of the control urine cultures 36 of 37 were negative and only 1 of 37 was positive. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in this study was 21.59% and the main etiologic agent was E. coli in most cases, with sensitivity to nitrofurantoin in most cases.