ABSTRACT: The success of endodontic treatments is related to the neutralization of bacteria and their toxins, inside and outside the root canal system of a tooth. Usually this is achieved, under ideal conditions, by means of a chemical-mechanical action (endodontic files and irrigation with appropriate solutions). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-known for their antibacterial properties, and, for this reason, the aim of this work was to modify the surface of Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) endodontic files with AgNPs, to confer them antimicrobial ability and avoid infections. For this purpose, the preparation and characterization of stable colloids of AgNPs were carried out. Ten NiTi files for endodontics (brand K3 XF, Sybron-Endo Keer) were divided into 2 groups; 5 for group 1 (control, files as received) and 5 for group 2 (files previously coated with AgNPs). Both groups were subjected to biofilm formation using a culture composed of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis, in an anaerobic environment. Endodontic files were successfully modified with silver nanoparticles, and, after exposure under anaerobic conditions to the selected microorganisms. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the proliferation of microorganisms on the surface of the control files. In contrast, the modified and coated files showed no biofilm formation, and the bacteria exhibited changes in cell wall morphology, likely associated with wall rupture and subsequent cell death. The coating of silver nanoparticles on the surface of the files shows to change the morphology of the bacterial wall, causing death and thus inhibition in formation of microbiological biofilms. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unlikely to be present under the anaerobic conditions used, the microbicidal effect of the nanoparticles indicates that ROS-promoted oxidative stress is not an important mechanism of action, and inactivation of thiol-containing proteins could be a more important mechanism.

RESUMEN: El éxito de los tratamientos de endodoncia está relacionado con la neutralización de las bacterias y sus toxinas, dentro y fuera del sistema de conductos radiculares de un diente. Habitualmente esto se consigue, en condiciones ideales, mediante una acción químico-mecánica (limas endodónticas e irrigación con soluciones adecuadas). Las nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) son conocidas por sus propiedades antibacterianas, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue modificar la superficie de limas endodónticas de Níquel-Titanio (NiTi) con AgNPs, para conferirles capacidad antimicrobiana y evitar infecciones. Se realizó la preparación y caracterización de coloides estables de AgNPs. Diez limas NiTi para endodoncia (marca K3 XF, Sybron-Endo Keer) se dividieron en dos grupos; 5 para el grupo 1 (control, limas tal como se recibieron) y 5 para el grupo 2 (limas previamente recubiertas con AgNP). Ambos grupos fueron sometidos a la formación de biopelículas utilizando un cultivo compuesto por Candida albicans y Enterococcus faecalis, en un ambiente anaeróbico. Las limas endodónticas se modificaron exitosamente con nanopartículas de plata y, después de la exposición en condiciones anaeróbicas a los microorganismos seleccionados. El análisis mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido reveló proliferación de microorganismos en la superficie de las limas de control. En contraste, las limas modificadas y recubiertas no presentaron formación de biopelículas, y las bacterias evidenciaron cambios en la morfología de su pared celular, posiblemente asociados a la ruptura de esta y a la consecuente muerte celular. El recubrimiento de nanopartículas de plata en la superficie de las limas cambia la morfología de la pared bacteriana, provocando la muerte y por lo tanto la inhibición en la formación de biopelículas microbiológicas. Dado que es poco probable que estén presentes especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) en las condiciones anaeróbicas utilizadas, el efecto microbicida de las nanopartículas indica que el estrés oxidativo promovido por ROS no es un mecanismo de acción importante, y la inactivación de proteínas que contienen tioles podría ser un mecanismo más importante.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens had motivated the search for plant-derived antimicrobial agents, such as essential oils. This work investigated the antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm properties of the essential oil from the inflorescence of Etlingera elatior and its major compounds. Dodecanal (42.46%) and 1-dodecanol (25.84%) were the major compounds. The oil, dodecanal and 1-dodecanol were active against Staphylococcus aureus, with minimum bactericidal concentrations of 124, 31 and 62 µg mL-1, respectively. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the essential oil had an inhibitory effect against a multidrug resistant isolate (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 4,000 µg mL-1). Dodecanal had an MIC of 60,000 µg mL-1 for all Candida species, but fungicidal activity was only detected for Candida albicans (minimum fungicidal concentration: 60,000 µg mL-1). 1-Dodecanol (60,000 µg mL-1) exhibited fungistatic activity for C. albicans. Biofilm inhibition linked to an anti-adhesive effect of the oil and dodecanal was only detected for the standard S. aureus isolate and C. albicans, respectively. In conclusion, the essential oil from the inflorescence of E. elatior and its major components were more active against nonresistant strains S. aureus. Essential oil, dodecanol and dodecanal showed excellent activity against S. aureus, however, these same materials showed low activity against P. aeruginosa.

Antibiotic resistance raises concerns about their residues in food and the environment. To produce antibiotic-free dairy products, countries explore new strategies to reduce antibiotic doses in mastitis treatment. Lactoferrins (LF), iron-binding glycoproteins, exhibit species-specific glycosylation affecting their properties. While formulations of bovine lactoferrin have been tested with antibiotics showed synergistic properties increasing the antibacterial properties, other interactions of lactoferrin isoforms with antibiotics remain unclear. This study isolates, purifies, and characterizes buffalo lactoferrin (Bf-LF) and its interaction with amoxicillin. Bf-LF was purified using a Sephacryl S-100 column and monitored spectrofluorometrically. Spectroscopic analysis of Bf-LF interaction with amoxicillin reveals that increasing amoxicillin concentration reduces Bf LF fluorescence, indicating conformational changes. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant (KSV) and binding constant (Ka) measured at 298 K shows values around (2.79 ± 0.29) × 104 L mol-1 and (0.300 ± 0.04) × 104 L mol-1, respectively. UV-Vis spectroscopy shows a red shift (258.08 to 271.83 nm) implying Bf-LF-amoxicillin binding. In silico studies suggest polar interactions between amoxicillin and specific Bf-LF amino acids.

Abstract Rifampicin (RFP) is used for the treatment of chronic bone tuberculosis owing to its powerful and wide spectrum antibacterial activities. However, effective concentrations of RFP required to treat bone tuberculosis are maintained for a short time in vivo, and adverse reactions and bone defects may occur after surgery. Therefore, the construction of a new drug delivery system to overcome these problems is required. In this study, we designed, constructed, and demonstrated the applicability of a calcium phosphate cement scaffold loaded with RFP liposomes for the treatment of bone tuberculosis. RFP liposomes were prepared using a film dispersion method. The preparation method was optimized using the encapsulation rate as an indicator and the morphology, mean particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation rate, and drug loading of RFP liposomes were characterized. Calcium phosphate cement scaffolds were constructed using 3D printing technology and used as RFP liposome carriers for sustained-release drug delivery. Finally, some of the properties were verified in vivo through experiments in rabbits. The results indicated that composite scaffolds can provide sustained drug release and are a promising treatment option for bone tuberculosis.

Abstract Healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic may have led to the inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents and contributed to elevated multidrug resistance. The aim of this study was to analyze the consumption of antibacterial agents at a hospital complex from 2018 to 2021. Drug utilization study using antibacterial agents consumption data. The groups of antibacterial agents most consumed in the hospital complex were carbapenems, penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitors, beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins, glycopeptides, and fluoroquinolones. The drugs with a compound annual growth rate that increased by more than 20% from 2018 to 2021 were amikacin (50.12%), benzylpenicillin (24.33%), oral clarithromycin (51.06%), daptomycin (34.38%), polymyxin B (20.85%), and tigecycline (41.49%). According to the AWaRE classification, the antibacterial agents from the Watch group subjected to AWaRE exhibited increased consumption in all years of the study. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the access category. In turn, the consumption of antibacterial agents in the reserve category also increased. The pattern of antimicrobial consumption in the hospital complex showed increased consumption in medical clinics and intensive care units, with a predominance of carbapenems, penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitors, beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins, glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones, and polymyxin B, reflecting the care profile and influence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract The aim of the present study is to develop a chitosan based herbal formulation using rhubarb for wound healing. Wound healing is a dynamic process facilitating the regeneration or repair of broken tissue. Rhubarb is commonly used worldwide for their effective antiseptic, antifungal and antiviral properties. Rhubarb loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic cross-linking process with sodium lauryl sulphate. The optimized formulation was examined for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Wound healing effects of the developed formulation was studied on excision wound model in Wistar albino rats. Average particle size and zeta potential of chitosan nanoparticles varied from 93 to 2,225 nm and from+30.82 to -16.08 mV, respectively. On the basis of particle size, zeta potential, and % entrapment, Formulation C 4 (0.0595% chitosan, 0.535% cross-linker, and 1% drug) was selected among different checkpoint formulation and further studies were performed. Hydrogel was developed using a combination of polyvinylpyrrolidone and carboxymethyl cellulose. Nanoformulation based hydrogel showed significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity against tested pathogenic microbial strains in comparison to drug solution, as well as marketed formulations.

Abstract Z. kleinii is an endemic species in Brazil. No reports of popular use, regarding its chemical composition or biological activities were reported to date. The study aimed to investigated the chemical composition of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum kleinii leaves and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil was extracted from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation method, using a Clevenger apparatus, having a yield of 0.12% (v/m) volume of essential oil in relation to the amount of plant material. Quantitative analysis was performed by GC-MS and the results showed that the essential oil contains 30 compounds. The major compounds are monoterpene hydrocarbons, including β-phellandrene (37.80%), α-pinene (13.32%) and myrcene (10.05%). The essential oil showed no antibacterial activity against the strains tested (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis and S. aureus).

Schiff bases are diverse organic compounds with an azomethine structure (–C=N–), holding potential in both chemistry and biology. They serve as catalysts, stabilizers, and exhibit various biological activities. The molecular structure of Schiff bases influences their biological properties, including antimicrobial effects. Redox-active compounds with more negative potentials tend to be more effective against microbes. In one of our recent studies, we explored the antimicrobial properties of two Schiff bases derivatives, SB-1 ((E)-4-amino-3-((3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino) and SB-2 ((E)-2-((4-nitrobenzilidene)amino)aniline). SB-1 showed antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria, while SB-2 did not. The difference in their cyclic voltametric profiles, especially SB-1’s more negative reduction potential, prompted us to carry out further characterizations, including scan-rate studies, solvent analysis, and computational calculations. We found that SB-1, which presents a stable intramolecular hydrogen bond, undergoes irreversible oxidation, likely at the –NH2 group, and a quasi-reversible reduction via an intramolecular reductive coupling of the (–C=N–) azomethine group, supported by orbital theoretical calculations. This research sheds light on the potential applications of Schiff bases in antimicrobial contexts, guided by their redox properties and structure. –C=N–, CN –C=N– , C N biology catalysts stabilizers activities effects Redoxactive Redox active microbes studies derivatives SB1 SB 1 SB- E4amino33,5ditertbutyl2hydroxybenzylideneamino E4amino335ditertbutyl2hydroxybenzylideneamino Eaminoditertbutylhydroxybenzylideneamino E 4 amino 3 3,5 di tert butyl 2 hydroxybenzylidene 5 ((E)-4-amino-3-((3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino SB2 E24nitrobenzilideneaminoaniline. E24nitrobenzilideneaminoaniline Enitrobenzilideneaminoaniline nitrobenzilidene aniline . ((E)-2-((4-nitrobenzilidene)amino)aniline) Grampositive Gram positive bacteria not profiles SB1s SBs s characterizations scanrate scan rate analysis calculations SB1, 1, bond oxidation NH2 NH –NH group quasireversible quasi reversible (–C=N– contexts –C=N E4amino33 5ditertbutyl2hydroxybenzylideneamino ditertbutyl hydroxybenzylideneamino 35 3, nitrobenzilideneaminoaniline ((E)-2-((4-nitrobenzilidene)amino)aniline (–C=N Eamino E4amino3 ditertbutylhydroxybenzylideneamino E4amino

Coumarin derivatives possess diverse biological activities, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study concentrates on the synthesis of two new coumarins: the first derived from rhizomes of Luvunga scandens and the second from 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one via bromination facilitated by NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) reagent. Their antibacterial and anticancer properties were evaluated in vitro, alongside in silico docking targeting the chromen-2-one group. Bromination of compound 1 yielded novel compound 2, while compound 4 was efficiently synthesized from 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3) using NBS. Testing on lung, breast, and liver cancer cell lines indicated that compound 2 effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus at concentrations of 13.20 and 6.6 µM, respectively. It also demonstrated significant inhibition against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 50.37 ± 3.70 µM. Molecular docking revealed compound 2’s interaction with 2VF5 enzyme, elucidating its bacterial inhibition mechanism, with Gibbs energy and inhibition constant values of -7.42 kcal mol-1 and 3.62 µM, respectively. Additionally, compound 2 exhibited anticancer activity via alignment with topoisomerase 1 (3TOP): 1T8I, supported by molecular dynamics simulations illustrating strong ligand interactions. Analysis of pharmacophore kinetics highlighted the complex’s hydrophilic nature, indicating its potential therapeutic efficacy. activities antifungal antidiabetic antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory effects coumarins 7diethylamino4methyl2Hchromen2one diethylaminomethylHchromenone 7 diethylamino methyl 2H chromen one H Nbromosuccinimide N bromosuccinimide (N-bromosuccinimide reagent vitro chromen2one chromenone group 3 (3 lung 1320 13 20 13.2 66 6 6. µM respectively MCF7 MCF MCF- halfmaximal half maximal IC50 IC (IC50 5037 50 37 50.3 370 70 3.7 2s s VF 2VF enzyme mechanism 7.42 742 42 -7.4 mol1 mol mol- 362 62 3.6 Additionally 3TOP TOP (3TOP) 1T8I TI T I interactions complexs complex nature efficacy Hchromen ( 132 13. IC5 (IC5 503 5 50. 3. 7.4 74 -7. 36 (3TOP (IC 7. -7 -

ABSTRACT Objective: To aim at the preparation and characterization of a chitosan and betel leaf extract biopolymer followed by an assessment of mechanical and antibacterial properties. Material and Methods: A chitosan-betel leaf stock solution was prepared and dip-coated on thermoformed aligner cubes. The groups (five samples per group) involved were one control (only chitosan coating) and three test groups based on the duration of coating (coating with chitosan and betel extract coated for 5, 10, and 15 minutes, named B5, B10, and B15 respectively). The coating of the samples was confirmed by an FTIR test and anti-microbial properties were assessed by the disc diffusion method. Wear resistance assessment of the coating was carried out by scratch test. Results: Coating of the aligners with the extract was confirmed with FTIR. The zone of inhibition against S. mutans was noted to be the widest for aligners coated for 15 minutes (7± 0.5mm), and the intergroup difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The samples dip-coated for 15 minutes demonstrated the highest wear resistance (3.2 ±0.17 N) with statistically significant intergroup differences (p<0.05). Conclusion: Betel leaf extract prepared and incorporated with chitosan biopolymer was successfully coated on thermoformed aligners. A higher antibacterial activity and scratch resistance were evident with aligners dip-coated for 15 minutes, owing to the antibacterial activity of Piper betel. Objective Methods chitosanbetel dipcoated dip cubes five group only 5 10 1 B5 B B10 B1 respectively. respectively . respectively) antimicrobial anti microbial method Results S 7± 7 (7 0.5mm, 05mm mm 0.5mm , 0 5mm 0.5mm) p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) 3.2 32 3 2 (3. 017 17 ±0.1 N Conclusion ( p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 3. (3 01 ±0. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 ±0 p<0 (p<0. ± p< (p<0 (p< (p

The aim of this work was to develop and characterize nisin-loaded polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers prepared by green electrospinning. The electrospinning operating parameters were optimized and nanofibers with 20,000 and 30,000 IU mL-1 of nisin were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging confirmed the formation of uniform, beadless nanofibers with diameters that ranged between 216 and 261 nm. Thermal stability studies showed that the electrospinning process led to the impairment of the crystalline structure of the polymer. Also, Raman spectroscopy tests revealed the interaction between nisin and PEO, while attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) showed that the addition of nisin did not alter the polymer backbone structure. In addition to this, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the semi-crystalline structure of nanofibers. Finally, the resulting nisin-loaded PEO nanofibers were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, confirming its antibacterial activity against this Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, we also report, apparently for the first time, the antibacterial activity of nisin-loaded PEO nanofibers against Bacillus subtilis. These results expand their applications as green antibacterial biomaterials in areas such as food systems and biomedicine. nisinloaded loaded (PEO 20000 20 000 20,00 30000 30 30,00 mL1 mL 1 mL- obtained SEM (SEM uniform 21 26 nm Also ATRFTIR ATR FTIR (ATR-FTIR Xray X ray XRD (XRD semicrystalline semi Finally aureus Grampositive Gram positive bacteria Moreover report time subtilis biomedicine 2000 2 00 20,0 3000 3 30,0 200 0 20, 300 30,

ABSTRACT Amikacin is the aminoglycoside with the broadest antibacterial spectrum. It was a product transferred to the Aica Laboratories Company, developing a small volume injection solution. The objective of the work was to validate the formulation process of the injection amikacin 500 mg. Three consecutive industrial batches were evaluated. The operating parameters, the operation qualification and performance were verified. Before and after the filtration process, the organoleptic characteristics, pH and assay were evaluated. The shelf life stability of the three batches was evaluated for 24 months. The working pressures and stirring speed met the established criteria, demonstrating the operation reproducibility. The verification of the weighing of each component of the injection and the integrity test of the filter media, in the three batches, demonstrated compliance with established specifications in the manufacturing process. Adherence with the quality specifications set for the product was evidenced, before and after filtration. The validated status of the manufacturing process of the injectable amikacin sulphate is demonstrated according to the existing conditions in the Aica Laboratories Company. The industrial batches of the selected formulation were physically, chemically and microbiologically stable for 24 months, stored at 30 ºC ± 2 ºC and 70 ± 5 % of relative humidity.

RESUMEN La amikacina es el aminoglucósido de mayor espectro antibacteriano. Fue un producto transferido hacia la Empresa Laboratorios aica+, desarrollándose una solución parenteral de pequeño volumen. El objetivo del trabajo fue validar el proceso de formulación del inyectable amikacina 500 mg. Para ello se utilizaron tres lotes industriales consecutivos del inyectable. Se verificaron los parámetros de operación, la calificación de la operación y el desempeño. Los parámetros evaluados incluyeron las características organolépticas, pH y valoración, antes y después del proceso de filtración. Se evaluó la estabilidad de vida de estante durante 24 meses de los tres lotes. Se comprobó que las presiones de trabajo y la velocidad de agitación cumplieron con los criterios establecidos, demostrando la reproducibilidad de la operación. La comprobación de la pesada de todos los componentes del inyectable, demostró el cumplimiento de lo establecido, así como la prueba de integridad de los medios filtrantes empleados en el proceso de fabricación. Se evidenció el cumplimiento de las especificaciones de calidad establecidas para el producto, antes y después de la filtración. Se demuestra el estado validado del proceso de fabricación del inyectable de sulfato de amikacina, según las condiciones existentes en la Planta de Producción de Bulbos de la UEB Aica+. Los lotes industriales de la formulación seleccionada resultaron estables física, química y microbiológicamente durante 24 meses, almacenados a 30 ± 2 ºC y 70 ± 5 % de humedad relativa.

ABSTRACT Plant mucilage constitute a viable alternative to reduce dependence on inorganic products that are unfriendly to the environment, which the scientific community must promote to develop new products. The aim was to evaluate mucilage obtained from Triumfetta lappula, as a thickener in a shampoo formula. Prior to the extraction of the mucilage by hydration, phytochemical screening was carried out, which identified the presence of secondary metabolites through rapid coloring and precipitation reactions; and the viscosity of the mucilage (thickening material) was determined using a digital rheometer. For the shampoo, an experimental design of three factors at two levels was used, assessed with the viscosity response variable, and tabulated with the Statgraphics Centurion XV statistical software and foam control by test tube test. The mucilage contains tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenes important as antimicrobials; Its ability to absorb water forms a thick material of 1170 mPa.s, which as an ingredient in the shampoo allowed an average value of apparent viscosity of 1176 mPa.s and an average value of viscosity in the best treatment (T2) of 1530 mPa.s at pH 6,8; values that are within the viscosity range for commercial shampoos. Triumfetta lappula mucilage with the presence of alkaloids, tannins and triterpenes used as a natural thickener, emollient, moisturizing and antibacterial in a shampoo formula, offers satisfactory results that enable new lines of research for formulations of personal care products with important application projections. immediate.

RESUMEN Los mucílagos vegetales constituyen una alternativa viable para reducir la dependencia de productos inorgánicos poco amigables con el medioambiente, que la comunidad científica debe impulsar para desarrollar nuevos productos. El objetivo fue valorar mucílago obtenido de Triumfetta lappula., como espesante en una fórmula de champú. Previo a la extracción del mucílago por hidratación, se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico que identificó la presencia de metabolitos secundarios por reacciones rápidas de coloración y precipitación; y, la viscosidad del mucílago (material espesante) se determinó utilizando un reómetro digital. Para el champú, se utilizó un diseño experimental de tres factores a dos niveles, valorados con la variable respuesta viscosidad y tabulada con el software estadístico Statgraphics Centurion XV y el control de espuma mediante prueba de la probeta. El mucílago contiene taninos, alcaloides y triterpenos importantes como antimicrobianos; su capacidad para absorber agua forma un material espeso de 1170 mPa.s, que como ingrediente en el champú permitió un valor promedio de viscosidad aparente de 1176 mPa.s y un valor promedio de viscosidad en el mejor tratamiento (T2) de 1530 mPa.s a pH de 6,8; valores que están dentro del rango de viscosidad para champús comerciales. El mucílago de Triumfetta lappula con presencia de alcaloides, taninos y triterpenos utilizado como espesante natural, emoliente, hidratante y antibacterial en una fórmula de champú, ofrece resultados satisfactorios que viabilizan nuevas líneas de investigación para formulaciones de productos de aseo personal con importante proyección de aplicación inmediata.

Resumen El desafío más grande en el tratamiento de conductos es la eliminación de los microorganismos; por lo que se busca continuamente nuevas técnicas para alcanzar éxito en el tratamiento. Se determinó el efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico del aceite esencial ozonizado de sacha inchi, hidróxido de calcio en pasta y la combinación de ambas; se utilizó el método de difusión en agar, siendo el medio de cultivo para los Enterococcus faecalis infusión cerebro corazón y para la Candida albicans agar sabouraud, para determinar el efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico se midieron y se registraron los halos de inhibición que se formaron alrededor de los pocillos que contenían los medicamentos a las 24 horas y 48 horas. Obteniendo como resultado que el efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico del aceite ozonizado es mayor a las 6 horas proporcional a la mayor concentración de peróxido. El presente estudio mostró el efecto antibacterial del aceite ozonizado de sacha inchi que es superior frente al hidróxido de calcio y la combinación de ambas sustancias.

Abstract The biggest challenge in root canal treatment is the elimination of microorganisms; there- fore, new techniques are continually sought to achieve success. The agar diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal effect of ozonated Sacha Inchi essential oil, calcium hydroxide paste, and the combination of both. Brain heart infusion and sabouraud agar were the culture media for Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal effects were determined using the inhibition halos that formed around the wells containing the drugs at 24 hours and 48 hours. From the study, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the ozonized oil was greater after 6 hours, proportional to the higher concentration of peroxide. This study showed that the antibacterial effect of ozonated Sacha Inchi oil is superior to that of calcium hydroxide and the combination of both substances.

RESUMEN Introducción: La contaminación microbiológica de las aguas de los Hospitales puede estar asociada a la aparición de brotes de infecciones y los microorganismos resistentes a antimicrobianos pueden proliferar en aguas que no se tratan debidamente. Objetivo: Evaluar los perfiles de resistencia de cepas bacterianas aisladas en muestras de agua de Establecimientos Sanitarios. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se efectuaron pruebas de sensibilidad a 55 cepas bacterianas aisladas de muestras de agua potable de tanques y de agua tratada de pozos artesianos de Establecimientos Sanitarios de 22 distritos del Departamento Caaguazú. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron antibiogramas (Kirby-Bauer), técnicas fenotípicas y pruebas enzimáticas (Rapidec carba NP). Los resultados se interpretaron acorde al Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados: Se observaron mayormente perfiles de resistencia intrínsecos; en los aislados de Enterobacterales se hallaron Betalactamasas tipo AmpC, Betalactamasas de Espectro Extendido (BLEE) y Carbapenemasas, en los aislados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa se observaron Betalactamasas tipo AmpC. No obstante, se detectaron 13,3% aislados multidrogoresitentes de la especie complejo Enterobacter cloacae. Conclusión: Debido al hallazgo de cepas con alta resistencia antibiótica, se recomienda optimizar las técnicas de tratamiento del agua y de mantenimiento de las fuentes de suministro de agua, en los Establecimientos Sanitarios, con el fin de erradicar las bacterias resistentes y prevenir brotes infecciosos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Microbiological contamination of Hospital water can be associated with the appearance of outbreaks of infections and microorganism resistant to antimicrobials can proliferate in water that is not properly treated. Objetive: To evaluate the resistance profiles of bacterial strains isolated in water samples from Health Centers. Methodology: descriptive, cross-sectional study. Sensitivity tests will be carried out on 55 bacterial strains isolated in samples of drinking water from tanks and treated water from artesian wells of health centers in the 22 districts of the Department of Caaguazú. The techniques used were antibiograms (Kirby-Bauer), phenotypic techniques and enzyme tests (Rapidec carba NP). The results were interpreted according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Intrinsic resistance profiles were mostly observed; AmpC-type Beta-lactamases, Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases and Carbapenemases were found in the Enterobacterales strains. AmpC-type beta-lactamases were observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Nevertheless, 13.3% multidrug-resistant strains of the Enterobacter cloacae Complex species were detected. Conclusion: Due to the finding of strains with high resistance to the antibiotics tested, it is recommended to optimize water treatment techniques and maintenance of water supply sources, of Health Centers, in order to eradicate resistant bacteria and prevent infectious outbreaks.