Abstract: This essay offers critical considerations of historicism alongside other disciplines of modernity. I frame the exercise as a close and careful engagement - over more than three decades - with the work of Dipesh Chakrabarty, who has raised key questions around historicism in his influential Provincializing Europe. My endeavour has five steps. To begin with, I provide a brief sketch of Dipesh’s oeuvre. Second, I trace how Chakrabarty’s provocations can be read as pointing toward post-coloniality and modernity as necessarily contradictory, contended, and contingent procedures and perspectives. Third, the essay tracks pathways that PE haltingly intimates and partially illuminates, but that the work chiefly shies of treading. Fourth, this allows me to open up instead the different registers of historicism, the hermeneutical, and the analytical, including their mutual interplay and formidable entanglements, as formative of modern knowledges. Fifth and finally, these steps help foreground my own explorations of modernity, which access but also exceed Chakrabarty’s concerns. Here, braiding together theory and narrative, anthropology and history, I focus on modern institutionalized non-nomothetic human sciences. These formations of knowledge intimate not just modern disciplines but disciplines of modernity. Such contradictory and contrary disciplines are founded in the interplay between the Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment, progressivism and romanticism, the analytical and the hermeneutical, and empire and nation.

Resumen Este ensayo aborda consideraciones críticas sobre el historicismo junto con otras disciplinas de la modernidad. Esbozo este ejercicio como un diálogo estrecho y cuidadoso -a lo largo de más de tres décadas- con la obra de Dipesh Chakrabarty, quien ha planteado cuestiones clave en torno al historicismo en su influyente publicación Provincializing Europe (en adelante, PE). Mi trabajo consta de cinco pasos. Para empezar, haré un breve resumen de la obra de Dipesh. En segundo lugar, analizaré cómo los postulados de Chakrabarty se pueden leer en tanto apuntan hacia la poscolonialidad y la modernidad como procedimientos y perspectivas necesariamente contradictorias, contendientes y contingentes. En tercer lugar, el ensayo explora los caminos que PE sugiere de forma vacilante e ilumina parcialmente, pero que se abstiene de recorrer por completo. En cuarto lugar, esto me permite ampliar los diferentes registros del historicismo, la hermenéutica y la analítica, incluyendo su interacción mutua y sus formidables entrelazamientos como elementos formativos de los saberes modernos. En quinto y último lugar, estos pasos contribuyen a poner en primer plano mis propias exploraciones sobre la modernidad, que responden pero también exceden las preocupaciones de Chakrabarty. Aquí, entrelazando teoría y narrativa, antropología e historia, me centro en las ciencias humanas modernas institucionalizadas no nomotéticas. Estas formaciones de conocimiento no sólo implican disciplinas modernas, sino disciplinas de la modernidad. Estas disciplinas contradictorias y contrarias se fundan en la interacción entre la Ilustración y la Contrailustración, el progresivismo y el romanticismo, lo analítico y lo hermenéutico, y el imperio y la nación.

Abstract. From an interpretative perspective, we reflect on the dichotomous and predominantly urban character of night in its broad sense. Through the analysis of the relationship between urban space and performance, we propose to examine the uses and meanings -both sym bolic and social- of urban night, which are expressed through lived experiences in a social space and time characterized by differentiated access, inequalities, and specific imaginaries that particularize and diversify cultural practices. Although the vast diversity and totality of nocturnal practices are evidently unmanageable, we introduce a methodological tool for their approach and analysis: a distinction between two broad, interrelated, complementary spheres with liminal boundaries that allow us to differentiate the uses and meanings of night, with an emphasis on labor practices. These spheres are: the private/everyday night (the nocturnal - noctis) and the social night that disrupts everyday margins (nocturnality - noctem).

Resumen. A partir de una perspectiva interpretativa, reflexionamos sobre el carácter dicotómico y predominantemente urbano de la noche en su sentido amplio. Mediante el análisis de la relación entre espacio urbano y performan ce, proponemos abordar los usos y significados -simbólicos y sociales- de la noche urbana, expresados a través de la experiencia vivida en un espacio y tiempo social cuyos accesos diferenciados, desigualdades e imaginarios particularizan y diversifican las prácticas culturales. Así, aunque la gran diversidad y totalidad de las prácticas nocturnas resulta evidentemente inabarcable, introducimos como herramienta metodológica para el acercamiento y su análisis, una distinción entre dos amplias esferas interrelacionadas, complementarias y con fronteras liminales que nos permiten diferenciar los usos y significados de la noche con énfasis en las prácticas laborales: la noche privada / cotidiana (lo nocturno - noctis) y la noche social que trastoca los márgenes cotidianos (la nocturnidad - noctem).

SUMMARY: Sex estimation from skeletal remains is crucial in forensic anthropology, with growing interest in the microscopic differences in bone structure between sexes. This study compared the Haversian canal (Osteonic canal) diameter (Diameter.Hc) and Haversian system (Osteon) diameter (Diameter.Hs) in the humerus, radius, and ulna of adult males and females in a Thai population. Transverse sections from the midshaft of each bone were obtained from 20 cadavers (10 males, 10 females), processed histologically, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results showed no significant differences in Diameter.Hc and Diameter.Hs between sexes or among the three bones within each sex (p > 0.05). However, both parameters were larger in humans compared to Assamese macaques, highlighting interspecific variations in bone microstructure. These findings suggest that Haversian canal and system diameters may not be reliable sex indicators in the Thai population. Nonetheless, the observed differences between humans and non-human primates underscore the importance of further research into interspecific variation in bone microstructure and its potential applications in forensic anthropology and comparative anatomy.

RESUMEN: La estimación del sexo a partir de restos esqueléticos es crucial en la antropología forense, con un interés creciente en las diferencias microscópicas en la estructura ósea entre sexos. Este estudio comparó el diámetro del canal osteónico (Canal de Havers) (Diámetro.Hc) y el diámetro de la osteona (Sistema de Havers) (Diámetro.Hs) en el húmero, el radio y la ulna de hombres y mujeres adultos en una población tailandesa. Se obtuvieron secciones transversales de la diáfisis media de cada hueso de 20 cadáveres (10 hombres, 10 mujeres), se procesaron histológicamente y se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas en Diámetro.Hc y Diámetro.Hs entre sexos o entre los tres huesos dentro de cada sexo (p > 0,05). Sin embargo, ambos parámetros eran mayores en los humanos en comparación con los monos asamés, lo que destaca las variaciones interespecíficas en la microestructura ósea. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los diámetros del canal osteónico y de la osteona pueden no ser indicadores de sexo confiables en la población tailandesa. No obstante, las diferencias observadas entre humanos y primates no humanos subrayan la importancia de realizar más investigaciones sobre la variación interespecífica en la microestructura ósea y sus posibles aplicaciones en antropología forense y anatomía comparada.

Abstract: Drawing on A. R. Radcliffe-Brown’s seminal work The Andaman Islanders, this article analyzes anger as a cultural focal point in a non-Western society. The discussion navigates various themes related to anger through an ethnographic dialogue. In the Andamanese worldview, anger is linked to the wrath of spirits and is regarded as an antisocial force. The study reveals that the interplay between different codes-mythological, techno-economic, symbolic, matrimonial, and acoustic-partially corresponds with the patterns noted by Lévi-Strauss in his Mythologiques series. Pandya’s thesis suggests that Andamanese rituals are designed to harness power to reconcile oppositions, particularly between humans and spirits. The text’s originality lies in highlighting the role of dance as a medium for communication between humans and spirits, aimed at soothing the spirits’ anger. The article also underscores Radcliffe-Brown’s identification of two foundational concepts in anthropology during his study of the Andaman Islands: first, the Durkheimian notion of organic solidarity, and second, a unique experience of solidarity expressed through dance. Dance is interpreted as a language of social integration, serving as a key cultural practice in countering the spirits’ wrath and the resulting destruction.

Resumen: A partir del estudio paradigmático The Andaman Islanders de A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, se presenta un análisis de la ira como foco cultural en una cultura no occidental. A lo largo del artículo se exponen temas vinculados a la ira a partir del diálogo entre las etnografías. La ira se asocia al enfado de los espíritus en la cosmovisión andamanesa y se concibe como un hecho antisocial. En las Andamán, la correlación entre diferentes códigos -mitológico, tecnoeconómico, simbólico, matrimonial y acústico- coincide parcialmente con lo apuntado por Lévi-Strauss en su serie de las Mitológicas. La tesis de Pandya plantea que el objeto de los rituales andamaneses es la obtención de poder para lograr la superación de contrarios, entre humanos y espíritus. La originalidad del texto se basa en el papel de la danza como agente de comunicación entre los humanos y los espíritus con la intención de calmar la ira de estos. También se subraya el descubrimiento de Radcliffe-Brown en las Andamán de dos elementos clave para la antropología: por un lado, la sociedad durkheimiana de solidaridad orgánica; por otro, una forma de vivir la solidaridad a través de la danza. La danza puede entenderse como un lenguaje de integración social. Por ello, constituye una de las actividades paradigmáticas de la cultura frente a la ira y la destrucción de los espíritus.

Resumo: Com base no estudo paradigmático The Andaman Islanders, de A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, é apresentada uma análise da ira como foco cultural em uma cultura não ocidental. Ao longo deste artigo, os temas da ira são apresentados em um diálogo entre as etnografias. A ira está associada ao enfado espiritual na visão de mundo andamanês e é concebida como evento antissocial. Nos andamaneses, a correlação entre diferentes códigos - mitológico, tecnoeconômico, simbólico, matrimonial e acústico - está parcialmente de acordo com o que Lévi-Strauss apontou em sua série das Mitológicas. A tese de Pandya é que o objetivo dos rituais andamaneses é obter poder para alcançar a superação de opostos, entre humanos e espíritos. A originalidade deste texto se baseia no papel da dança como agente de comunicação entre humanos e espíritos com a intenção de acalmar a ira dos espíritos. Ele também destaca a descoberta de Radcliffe-Brown em Andaman de dois elementos-chave para a antropologia: por um lado, a sociedade durkheimiana de solidariedade orgânica; por outro, uma forma de viver a solidariedade por meio da dança. A dança pode ser entendida como linguagem de integração social. Como tal, ela constitui uma das atividades paradigmáticas da cultura em face da ira e da destruição dos espíritos.

O campo digital pode ser visto de modo polissêmico, com dinâmicas de controle e vigilância, mas também como espaço criativo para emergência de novas sociabilidades. O presente trabalho enfatiza a segunda dimensão, investigando as contribuições das culturas digitais para o fortalecimento do campo social da Literatura de Cordel (LC) em suas articulações em redes, e na difusão e visibilidade dos seus atores sociais. A Literatura de Cordel  uma forma de poesia popular tradicional do Nordeste do Brasil, tem exibida uma nova vida nas mídias sociais. Muitos cordelistas divulgam seus projetos no Instagram, Facebook e YouTube para compartilhar seus legados e alcançar maior número de pessoas possível. Nessas mídias sociais circulam versos tradicionais de cordel, mas também adaptações para o ambiente digital, como vídeos de cordelistas recitando poemas, e até mesmo interações em tempo real com os seguidores. Isso tem contribuído para a preservação da tradição, da memória e identidade da LC e para a sua divulgação. O artigo investe na abordagem qualitativa da etnografia com observação participante para analisar os fluxos de interações de alguns cordelistas nas mídias sociais. Como resultado parcial, observa-se que as mídias sociais oferecem plataformas potentes para a divulgação e promoção de obras de Literatura de Cordel; bem como ambiente para encontros dos poetas e cordelistas em geral.

The digital field can be seen in a polysemic way, with dynamics of control and surveillance, but also as a creative space for emerging new sociabilities. This paper emphasizes the second dimension, investigating the contributions of digital cultures to strengthening the social field of Cordel Literature (LC) in its articulations in networks, and in the dissemination and visibility of its social actors. LC, a traditional form of popular poetry from the northeast of Brazil, has been given a new lease of life on social media. Many poets publicize their projects on Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube to share their legacies and reach as many people as possible. In these social media, traditional verses of Literatura de Cordel circulate, but also adaptations for the digital environment, such as videos of poets reciting poems, and even real-time interactions with followers. This has contributed to preserving the tradition, memory, and identity of the LC and its dissemination. This is a qualitative study that uses ethnography and participant observation to analyze the flow of interactions between some poets on social media. As a partial result, it was observed that social media offer powerful platforms for the dissemination and promotion of works of Cordel Literature, as well as an environment for meetings between poets and cordelistas in general.

Os movimentos de luta por amplificação dos direitos, entre eles o direito à moradia, marcam a transição democrática brasileira dos anos 1980 e têm grande impacto nas relações estabelecidas nas cidades brasileiras, em especial nas grandes metrópoles, onde a questão da moradia é atravessada por uma intensa disputa comercial de especulação imobiliária que precariza as condições de vivência dos ocupantes urbanos e dá luz as disputas daqueles que almejam moradia digna e melhores condições nas cidades. Em vistas disso, o presente artigo busca entender as dinâmicas existentes entre os movimentos sociais por moradia, em especial o MTST em Uberlândia-MG, e os fiéis evangélicos, analisando como o pentecostalismo elabora e reelabora a vivência dos ocupantes nesse espaço. Desde os anos 1990, com a ascensão dos grupos pentecostais nos espaços urbanos, novas dinâmicas sociais emergiram, redefinindo esses lugares que passam a se configurar a partir de outras maneiras e se constroem com e a partir desses novos atores, mas de que forma isso ocorre? Quais interesses estão em jogo? A pesquisa, ainda em andamento, inclui a aplicação de Survey para mapear características dos ocupantes, como renda, saúde, educação e preferências políticas, observação-participante na ocupação durante o ano de 2024 e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas recortando apenas evangélicos. Os dados provisórios revelam que 45% dos ocupantes são evangélicos, 65% dos respondentes não possuem preferência partidária e há uma significativa taxa de não votantes, mesmo em um movimento social ligado a um partido político (PSOL). 

The movements fighting to expand rights, including the right to housing, marked Brazil's democratic transition in the 1980s and had a major impact on the relationships established in Brazilian cities, especially in the large metropolises, where the issue of housing is crossed by an intense commercial dispute over real estate speculation that makes the living conditions of urban occupants precarious and gives rise to disputes among those who want decent housing and better conditions in the cities. In view of this, this article seeks to understand the dynamics between social movements for housing, especially the MTST in Uberlândia-MG, and the evangelical faithful, analyzing how Pentecostalism elaborates and re-elaborates the experience of the occupants in this space. Since the 1990s, with the rise of pentecostal groups in urban spaces, new social dynamics have emerged, redefining these places that are now configured based on other ways and are built with and from these new actors, but how does this happen? What interests are at stake? The research, which is still in progress, includes a survey to map the characteristics of the occupants, such as income, health, education and political preferences, participant observation in the occupation during the year 2024 and semi-structured interviews with only evangelicals. The provisional data shows that 45% of the occupiers are evangelicals, 65% of the respondents have no party preference and there is a significant rate of non-voters, even in a social movement linked to a political party (PSOL).

Resumo Os dispositivos estatais para o governo das águas no Brasil vêm sendo fortemente influenciados pelo discurso do desenvolvimento, tendo como principal instituição multilateral promotora o Banco Mundial, cujas diretrizes convergem para o afastamento das instituições estatais do papel de provedoras dos serviços de água e promovem a perda do controle sobre as águas por populações locais. Neste artigo, analiso a trajetória das políticas governamentais para a gestão das águas no Brasil a partir da instituição da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) à luz da literatura antropológica sobre grandes projetos de desenvolvimento, administração pública e o campo autodenominado de antropologia da água, observando o processo de criação e implementação de dispositivos institucionais que abrem caminho para a transformação da água em uma commodity. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de observação participante em avaliação oficial da PNRH e análise de relatórios de projetos do Banco Mundial. desenvolvimento Mundial locais artigo (PNRH commodity

Abstract State devices for water governance in Brazil have been strongly influenced by the development discourse, with the World Bank as the main multilateral institution that promotes it, whose guidelines converge towards the removal of state institutions from the role of providers of water services and promote the loss control over water by local populations. In this article, I analyze the trajectory of government policies for water management in Brazil from the institution of the National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) under the light of anthropological literature on large development projects, public administration and the self-declared field of anthropology of water, observing the process of creation and implementation of institutional devices that pave the way for the transformation of water into a commodity. The research was carried out through participant observation in an official evaluation of the NWRP and analysis of project reports from the World Bank. discourse it populations article (NWRP projects selfdeclared self declared commodity

Resumo O ensaio tem como objetivo introduzir o campo da antropologia do desenvolvimento, considerando suas trajetórias, assim como as complexas relações entre a antropologia e os processos de desenvolvimento. Para tal fim, busca reconstruir, sinteticamente, alguns dos episódios das relações históricas entre antropologia e desenvolvimento, atendendo a seus primeiros vínculos na forma da antropologia aplicada e posteriormente de antropologia para o desenvolvimento, até a antropologia do desenvolvimento e o campo maior dos estudos críticos do desenvolvimento. Nosso propósito também consiste em mostrar, sucintamente, as formas pelas quais a antropologia tem contribuído para a compreensão da produção do desenvolvimento, incluindo as formas de promoção de mudanças sociais e de diversos tipos de intervenções, especialmente no contexto das relações entre agências internacionais, Estados, políticas públicas e práticas sociais. trajetórias fim reconstruir sinteticamente mostrar sucintamente intervenções internacionais Estados

Abstract The essay introduces the field of development anthropology, considering its trajectories, as well as the complex relationships between anthropology and development processes. To this purpose, the essay reconstructs, synthetically, some of the episodes of the historical relations between anthropology and development, taking into account its first appearances linked to the applied anthropology and later as anthropology for development, them to the anthropology of development and the larger field of critical development studies. Our analysis also shows the ways in which anthropology has contributed to the understanding of the production of development, including the ways of promoting social changes and different types of interventions, especially in the context of relations between international agencies, states, policies and social practices. trajectories processes purpose reconstructs synthetically studies interventions agencies states practices

Abstract The field produces unique configurations of relationships between researcher and interviewee. Significant field records of in-depth interviews with security forces agents in Argentina are analyzed. We argue that the intersectionality between gender, generation and profession produces certain ways of understanding and acting in correspondence. We propose three moments that occur in this configuration: seduction, domination and escape. The results are analyzed from symbolic interactionism, gender theory, anthropology of emotions and psychoanalysis. interviewee indepth depth correspondence configuration seduction escape interactionism theory psychoanalysis

Resumen El campo produce configuraciones singulares de las relaciones entre quien investiga y quien es entrevistado. Se analizan registros de campo significativos de entrevistas en profundidad a agentes de fuerzas de seguridad en Argentina. Sostenemos que la interseccionalidad entre género, generación y profesión produce determinados modos de intelegir y actuar en correspondencia. Proponemos tres momentos que se desarrollan en dicha configuración: seducción, dominación y huida. Se analizan los resultados desde el interaccionismo simbólico, la teoría de género, la antropología de las emociones y el psicoanálisis. entrevistado Argentina género correspondencia configuración seducción huida simbólico psicoanálisis

Abstract This article analyzes the social, family, and country relations between a Zapotec community on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the main cities where they emigrate to pursue higher education. At the same time, it shows the transformations in gender relations that have arisen because of these migratory processes for educational purposes. This work is part of a long-term investigation on the topic, carried out initially for my bachelor's and master's thesis and later as part of the development of my doctoral thesis from 2009 to 2013. Likewise, in the intermittent research that I have carried out to date, the results are expressed in various articles and book chapters. It is part of the studies of the anthropology of education and is based on the analytical perspective proposed by María Bertely (1997, 1998, 2004, 2019) on schooling processes, ethnogenesis, de facto autonomy, and synchronic/diachronic approach to understanding how micro and community processes, apparently isolated in time, are connected to structural, macro-social, global, and long-term processes, such as school, in its broadest sense. The methodology is based on the use of genealogy, ethnography, interviews, and participant observation as classic tools of anthropology. Among the results, we find that access to the school system, and specifically to higher education, serves as a tool for obtaining, manipulating, and preserving ethnic citizenship; for the transformation of ethnic and gender identities; and the formation of strategic alliances with the nation-state and its government policies. In that sense, the work represents an original study, analyzing the cases of Zapotec literate families of the middle and upper class, rare in Mexican anthropology. However, we will see that having class privileges does not exempt Zapotecs from experiencing racism, discrimination, and gender inequalities in the context of migration.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las relaciones sociales, familiares y de paisanaje entre una comunidad zapoteca del Istmo de Tehuantepec y las principales ciudades a donde emigran para escolarizarse a nivel superior. Al mismo tiempo, muestra las transformaciones en las relaciones de género que se han suscitado como resultado de estos procesos migratorios con fines educativos. Este trabajo se enmarca en una investigación de largo aliento sobre el tema, realizada en un primer momento, para mi tesis de licenciatura y maestría, y posteriormente para el desarrollo de mi tesis doctoral del año 2009 al año 2013. Asimismo, en las investigaciones intermitentes que he llevado a cabo hasta la fecha, cuyos resultados se expresan en diversos artículos y capítulos de libro. Se inscribe dentro de los estudios de la antropología de la educación y se fundamenta en la perspectiva de análisis propuesta por María Bertely (1997, 1998, 2004, 2019) sobre procesos de escolarización, etnogénesis, autonomía de facto, y enfoque sincrónico/diacrónico, para entender cómo procesos micro y comunitarios, aparentemente aislados en el tiempo, se conectan a procesos estructurales, macrosociales, de carácter global y de largo aliento, como es la escuela, en su sentido más amplio. La metodología está basada en el uso de la genealogía, la etnografía, la entrevista y la observación participante como herramientas clásicas de la antropología. Entre los resultados encontramos que el acceso al dispositivo escolar, y específicamente a la educación superior, funge como herramienta para la obtención, manipulación y preservación de la ciudadanía étnica; para la transformación de las identidades étnicas y genéricas; y la formación de alianzas estratégicas con el Estado-nación y sus políticas gubernamentales. En ese sentido, el trabajo representa un estudio original, al analizar los casos de las familias letradas zapotecas de clase media y alta, escasos en la antropología mexicana. No obstante, veremos que contar con privilegios de clase no exime a los zapotecos de experimentar racismo, discriminación y desigualdades de género en los contextos de la migración.

Abstract In this article, we recover and expand our lenses on the research experience in dialogue with a part of María Bertely's production. To do this, and about the academic spaces that we shared with María, we return to some nodal analyses and reflections around the lines of research that we have developed for several decades regarding indigenous schooling in urban and migration contexts in Mexico. Every day, this field of study becomes more important in the face of the growing migration of the indigenous population to the various cities of the national territory. Among its multiple causes and consequences, both structural and cyclical, we analyze its links and implications with the schooling context, mainly in this text referring to elementary education considering national and international public policies. Bertely was a pioneer in studies that addressed the relationship between school and indigenous migration in urban contexts. In the fabric of these debates, the authors developed a series of investigations that make visible the right to education with cultural and linguistic recognition, mainly of indigenous populations in schools of the general system of the national territory. The text, more than reflecting a state of knowledge on the subject, documents certain journeys that refer to epistemic and methodological transformations that occurred in educational anthropological research. Likewise, it seeks to contribute to public policies in the education, diversity, and interculturalism field, an approach that currently guides the entire educational system in Mexico.

Resumen En este artículo recuperamos y ampliamos nuestras lentes sobre la experiencia de investigación en diálogo con una parte de la producción de María Bertely. Para ello, y en referencia a los espacios académicos que compartimos con María, retomamos algunos análisis y reflexiones nodales en torno a las líneas de investigación que hemos desarrollado desde hace varias décadas referente a escolarización indígena en contextos urbanos y de migración en México. Este campo de estudio cobra cada día mayor importancia ante la creciente migración de población indígena a las diversas urbes del territorio nacional. Entre sus múltiples causas y consecuencias, tanto estructurales como coyunturales, analizamos sus vínculos e implicaciones con el contexto escolarizado, principalmente en este texto referido a la educación básica, a la luz de las políticas públicas nacionales e internacionales. Bertely fue pionera en los estudios que abordaron la relación entre escuela y migración indígena en contextos urbanos. En el tejido de estos debates, las autoras desarrollamos una serie de investigaciones que visibilizan el derecho a la educación con reconocimiento cultural y lingüístico, y en particular de poblaciones indígenas en escuelas del sistema general del territorio nacional. El trabajo, más que reflejar un estado del conocimiento sobre el tema, documenta ciertos recorridos que refieren a transformaciones epistémicas y metodológicas ocurridas en la investigación antropológica educativa. Asimismo, busca contribuir a las políticas públicas en el campo de la educación y la diversidad e intercultural, enfoque que en la actualidad orienta a todo el sistema educativo en México.

Abstract From a position as students, disciples, and collaborators of María Bertely, we reflect on her contributions to the gestation and development process of the project "Milpas Educativas: Socionatural Laboratories for good living". After specifying the locus of enunciation and the sources that support the analysis, the political and epistemological referents that are essential to understanding the essence of an educational project with a clear ethnopolitical and alter-globalization position are made explicit. These, in addition, allow us to appreciate the contributions of Bertely as coordinator and caretaker of the Intercultural Inductive Method and committed academic who felt mandated by the community educators of the Union of Teachers of the New Education for Mexico (UNEM) and the indigenous communities that appointed them. Subsequently, Bertely’s contributions to the gestation phase of the project are analyzed, emphasizing her efforts before the financing body and the resulting achievements. Next, we reflect on her contributions to the development process of Milpas Educativas, highlighting the political, epistemic, axiological, and pedagogical dimensions that characterized them. We conclude by presenting some of his most important legacies to Mexican and Latin American educational anthropology, emphasizing her political commitment to the indigenous cause.

Resumen Desde un posicionamiento en cuanto alumnos, discípulos y colaboradores de María Bertely, reflexionamos sobre sus aportes al proceso de gestación y desarrollo del proyecto “Milpas Educativas: Laboratorios Socionaturales vivos para el buen vivir”. Luego de precisar el locus de enunciación y las fuentes que sustentan el análisis, se explicitan los referentes políticos y epistemológicos que resultan fundamentales para comprender la esencia de un proyecto educativo con un claro posicionamiento etnopolítico y altermundista. Éstos, además, permiten valorar las contribuciones de Bertely como coordinadora y cuidadora del Método Inductivo Intercultural y académica comprometida y mandatada por los educadores comunitarios de la Unión de Maestros de la Nueva Educación para México (UNEM) y las comunidades indígenas que los nombraron. Posteriormente, se analizan sus aportes a la fase de gestación del proyecto, enfatizando en sus gestiones ante la instancia financiadora y en los logros resultantes. Enseguida, se reflexiona acerca de sus contribuciones en el proceso de desarrollo de Milpas Educativas, destacando las dimensiones políticas, epistémicas, axiológicas y pedagógicas que las caracterizaron. Se concluye presentando algunos de sus más importantes legados a la antropología educativa mexicana y latinoamericana, poniendo énfasis en su compromiso político con la causa indígena.

Abstract: As a result of the 50th anniversary of Folia Histórica del Nordeste, a journal founded in 1974, the main geographical contributions developed by the staff of the “Gabinete de Geografía” and, later, the Instituto de Geografía of the Facultad de Humanidades of the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, and by other colleagues from other Geography institutes of the country, are explored. Using a historical approach, the scientific articles published decade by decade are examined. From this corpus, the main approaches and problems that interested geographers from 1970 to 2019 are analyzed, highlighting the latest changes arising from the rich interdisciplinary crossroads with the fields of History, Economics, Anthropology, Urbanism, among others.

Resumen: A raíz del 50 aniversario de Folia Histórica del Nordeste, revista fundada en 1974, se exploran los principales aportes geográficos desarrollados por el personal del “Gabinete de Geografía” y, posterior, Instituto de Geografía de la Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, y por otros colegas procedentes de otros institutos de Geografía del país. Apelando a un abordaje histórico, se examinan los artículos científicos publicados década por década. A partir de ese corpus, se analizan los principales enfoques y problemas que interesaron a geógrafos desde la 1970 hasta 2019, destacando los últimas cambios surgidos a partir del rico cruce interdisciplinario con el campo de la Historia, la Economía, la Antropología, el Urbanismo, entre otros.

Summary: This article initially set out to explore the composite notion of “sacred nature” from the assumption that its advocates can be found within an emerging environmental awareness. However, the term itself introduces the paradox of merging two orders of reality divided by Western thought. In this sense, the article offers an epistemological and ethical reflection. The epistemological reflection was enriched by an exploration of sanctity: here, nature appears as a hierophany where divine, human, and cosmic spheres converge, transcending the dichotomy between nature and the sacred. In the ethical reflection, three interconnected ideas were reviewed: the perception of nature’s sanctity based on a unitary and organic vision of reality; the reverential attitude toward nature implied in the latter perception; and the cosmic responsibility of humans to preserve the universe’s equilibrium. We conclude that a new cosmology and anthropology are emerging, but only in the form of myth, their logos still obscure. Therefore, examining the idea of sacred nature can unlock an experience and discourse able to turn the world into a home of reverential care.

Resumen El artículo se propuso indagar el término compuesto de naturaleza sagrada partiendo del supuesto que la naciente conciencia ecológica posee voces que abogan por ella. Sin embargo, la composición del término trae la paradoja de unir dos órdenes de realidad que occidente ha escindido. De esta manera, se expone una reflexión epistemológica y ética. La reflexión epistemológica se enriqueció con la pesquisa sobre lo sagrado. En ella se descubre a la naturaleza como una hierofanía donde convergen lo divino, lo humano y lo cósmico, por lo que se trasciende la dicotomía entre naturaleza y lo sagrado. En la reflexión ética se revisaron tres ideas interconectadas: la percepción de la sacralidad de la naturaleza se basa en una visión unitaria y orgánica de la realidad, esta percepción conlleva una actitud reverencial hacia la naturaleza que va acompañada de la responsabilidad cósmica del ser humano de mantener los equilibrios del universo. Se concluye que una nueva cosmología y antropología está emergiendo, pero están en el orden del mito, sus logos están todavía en la penumbra, de ahí que la indagación a la naturaleza sagrada puede abrir una experiencia y un discurso que permita hacer del mundo un hogar de cuidado reverencial.

Abstract: What should we do in the face of today’s socio-ecological crisis? I respond to this question by proposing relational responsibility as both a wellsuited ethical principle for guiding action in the kinds of situations that accompany this crisis and a notion that establishes an analytical framework for enriching our understanding of the parties and forces involved in such situations. To contextualize and demonstrate the potential of this notion this article draws upon discussions from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, such as philosophy, anthropology, economics, and psychology. The body of the article is divided into three sections. The first two sections aim to situate the discussion in the contrast between the two ways of conceiving the world that face each other when the socio-ecological crisis is approached from a relational responsibility perspective. While the first section examines the ideological foundations fueling this crisis, the second reflects on relationality, an alternative way of understanding the world that has recently been gaining ground in various academic disciplines. Then, the third section addresses relational responsibility within the context of relational ethics and the different ways in which responsibility is commonly understood. The article concludes with some final remarks on the value of relational responsibility in the context of the current socio-ecological crisis, as well as the challenges involved in its adoption in the present situation.

Resumen: ¿Qué hacer frente a la actual crisis socio-ecológica? Este artículo propone la noción de responsabilidad relacional como respuesta a esta pregunta, por tratarse de un principio ético idóneo para orientar la acción ante el tipo de situaciones implicadas en esta crisis; al mismo tiempo que brinda un marco analítico que enriquece las lecturas sobre las partes y fuerzas involucradas en dichas situaciones. Este artículo se vale de la integración y síntesis de reflexiones provenientes de múltiples disciplinas, tales como la filosofía, antropología, economía y psicología, para poner esta noción en contexto y mostrar su potencialidad. El cuerpo del artículo se divide en tres secciones. Las dos primeras tienen el propósito de situar la discusión en el contraste entre las dos formas de concebir el mundo que confluyen cuando la crisis socio-ecológica se aborda desde la responsabilidad relacional. Así, mientras la primera sección, examina los fundamentos ideológicos que alimentan esta crisis; la segunda, reflexiona sobre la relacionalidad, una forma alternativa de entender el mundo que, en el último tiempo, ha ido encontrando lugar en distintas disciplinas académicas. Luego, la tercera sección aborda la responsabilidad relacional en el contexto de la ética relacional y de las distintas formas en que se suele entender la responsabilidad. El artículo concluye con algunas notas finales sobre el valor de la responsabilidad relacional, en el contexto de la actual crisis socio-ecológica, así como de los desafíos que implica su adopción en la situación actual.