Abstract Introduction. In Mexico, 85 % of the crops are white maize, 10 % white yellow and 5 % other colors. Biochemical studies of pigmented native maize have been carried out, but there is little information on colour-improved maize. Objective. To evaluate the phytochemical content and antimicrobial capacity of two pigmented maize hybrids grown at the Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui. Materials and methods. Extraction of biocompounds from a portion of the maize grains grown in southern Sonora, Mexico, during the summer-winter 2020 cycle was performed on red and purple maize hybrids. A thirty-part solution of ethanol, acetic acid and water was used. Proximal composition, anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content were determined by standardized methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methodologies. In addition, antimicrobial capacity and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Results. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins (340.98±5.21 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (173.68±24.23 mg gallic acid/100 g) compared to red maize. Flavonoids are more abundant in purple maize (575.10±27.88 mg quercetin/100 g). Both maize hybrids exhibited more than 50 % antioxidant capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals. Regarding antimicrobial activity, higher inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Salmonella (18 % and 47 %), and lower for Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella (19 % and 34 %) compared to gentamicin. Conclusion. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Both hybrids had an antioxidant capacity higher than 50 %. Antimicrobial activity was higher against E. coli and Salmonella, than against S. aureus and Shigella.

Resumen Introducción. En México, el 85 % de las siembras son maíces blancos, el 10 % amarillo blancos y el 5 % de otros colores. Se han realizado estudios bioquímicos de maíces nativos pigmentados, pero existe poca información en maíces mejorados en color. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de fitoquímicos y capacidad antimicrobiana de dos híbridos de maíz pigmentado cultivados en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Valle del Yaqui. Materiales y métodos. En granos de híbridos de maíz de color rojo y morado se realizaron las extracciones de biocompuestos a partir de una porción del maíz cultivado en el sur de Sonora, México, durante el ciclo verano-invierno 2020. Se utilizó una solución de etanol, ácido acético y agua en una proporción de treinta partes. La composición proximal, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides se determinaron mediante métodos estandarizados. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante las metodologías ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) y DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). Además, se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana y la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. El maíz morado presentó mayor contenido de antocianinas (340,98±5,21 mg/100 g) y polifenoles (173,68±24,23 mg de ácido gálico/100 g), en comparación con el maíz rojo. Los flavonoides son más abundantes en el maíz morado (575,10±27,88 mg de quercetina/100 g). Ambos híbridos de maíz exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante superior al 50 % frente a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana, se observó mayor inhibición para Escherichia coli y Salmonella (18 % y 47 %), y menor para Staphylococcus aureus y Shigella (19 % y 34 %) en comparación con la gentamicina. Conclusión. El maíz morado mostró mayor contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides. Ambos híbridos tuvieron una capacidad antioxidante mayor al 50 %. La actividad antimicrobiana fue mayor contra E. coli y Salmonella, que contra S. aureus y Shigella.

ABSTRACT The assembly of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) cannot be separated from the direction of qualitative character development. This is based on the role of qualitative characters in determining nutritional content and market segments. Therefore, the analysis of qualitative characters in the F4 multiple cross cayenne pepper population needs to be done in determining the direction of line development in the next generation. The purpose of this study was to identify the inheritance pattern of qualitative traits and genotype grouping from a population of F4 multiple cross lines. The research was conducted at the Experimental Field of Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. The study was designed with the concept of observation on 90 F4 multiple cross chili lines and three parental cultivars (Dewata F1, Bara and Ungara). Observations focused on 10 qualitative characters. The analysis showed that there are two types of diversity in this population, namely centralized diversity and distributed diversity. Centralized diversity consists of leaf color, book color, leaf shape, canopy density, stem color, fruit shape, and fruit tip shape. In contrast, characters that have a diverse distribution are crown color, young and old chili fruit color. The distribution results show three main groups, namely the Dewata-Bara group (27 genotypes), the Ungara group (16 genotypes) and the rest are groups outside of these two groups. Based on the whole study, the results of this evaluation are recommended as a consideration for the selection of F5 lines in supporting the direction of releasing chili cultivars from multiple cross.

Abstract Anthocyanins are known as an antioxidant, and their water-soluble purple-colored pigments are very nutritive. Therefore, the present study investigated the antioxidant activity of black rice anthocyanins nano-composite against infertility induced by AlCl3 in rats. Anthocyanin silver nanoparticles (An-AgNPs) were prepared by reducing black rice anthocyanin with the metallic ions. Antioxidant activity (DPPH %) of anthocyanin was determined. Also, the morphology of (An-AgNPs) was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Albino rats were divided into five groups (negative control (NC): fed on basel diet, positive control (PC): treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) for seventy days, and three other groups treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) + An-AgNPs at 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, b.w/ day, respectively for seventy days. Serum testosterone, LH, FSH, and estradiol were measured. Additionally, Sperm motility, Sperm count (Testicular and Epididymal), fructose in semen, and semen quality were determined. The values of the anthocyanin component and DPPH radical scavenging activity obtained were 3603.82±6.11 mg CCE/g and 84.62±1.98, respectively. An-AgNPs shows tend to agglomerate, particles are uniform in size and shape, and the diameter of the particles ranges between 70nm to 130nm. LH, estradiol and testosterone levels increased significantly in rats treated with An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg b.w+ AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) also exhibited significantly higher sperm motility, sperm count, and daily sperm production, and decreased sperm transit rate than G2. In comparison to G2, animals treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) + An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg b.w(G3 to G5) had significantly higher semen and semen quality (P 0.05). We can conclude that the An-AgNPs showed a strong effect against infertility induced by AlCl3; this represents a suitable natural supply of biological substances for medicine and anthocyanins could be considered the ideal ingredients against oxidative stress-induced infertility. watersoluble water soluble purplecolored purple colored nutritive Therefore nanocomposite nano composite AlCl AnAgNPs An AgNPs (An-AgNPs ions % determined Also SEM. SEM . (SEM) negative NC (NC) diet PC (PC) 34 (3 mgkg kg bw days 10 15 2 b w b.w day LH FSH measured Additionally motility Testicular Epididymal, Epididymal , Epididymal) 360382611 3603 82 6 11 3603.82±6.1 CCEg CCE g 8462198 84 62 1 98 84.62±1.98 agglomerate shape nm 130nm production G2 G b.wG3 bwG3 bwG G3 b.w(G G5 P 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) stressinduced stress (SEM (NC (PC 3 ( 36038261 360 8 3603.82±6. 846219 9 84.62±1.9 wG3 wG b.wG 00 0.0 3603826 36 3603.82±6 84621 84.62±1. 0. 360382 3603.82± 8462 84.62±1 36038 3603.82 846 84.62± 3603.8 84.62 3603. 84.6 84.

Resumo As antocianinas são conhecidas como antioxidantes e seus pigmentos roxos solúveis em água são muito nutritivos. A partir dessa importante propriedade, o presente estudo investigou a atividade antioxidante do nanocompósito de antocianinas de arroz-preto contra a infertilidade induzida por AlCl3 em ratos. Nanopartículas de prata antocianina (An-AgNPs) foram preparadas reduzindo a antocianina do arroz-preto com os íons metálicos. A atividade antioxidante (DPPH%) da antocianina foi determinada. Além disso, a morfologia de (An-AgNPs) foi examinada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Ratos albinos foram divididos em cinco grupos: controle negativo (NC) - alimentados com dieta basal (G1); controle positivo (PC) - tratados com AlCl3 (34 mg/kg peso corporal) por setenta dias (G2), e outros três grupos (G3, G4 e G5) - tratados com AlCl3 (34 mg/kg pc) por kg de peso corporal) + An-AgNPs a 10, 15 e 20 mg/kg de peso corporal/dia, respectivamente, durante setenta dias, de testosterona sérica, LH, FSH e estradiol. Além disso, foram medidas a motilidade espermática, a contagem de espermatozoides (testicular e epididimal), a frutose no sêmen e a qualidade do sêmen, sendo todas determinadas. Os valores do componente antocianina e da atividade eliminadora de radicais DPPH obtidos foram 3.603,82±6,11 mg CCE/g e 84,62±1,98, respectivamente, em tamanho e forma, e o diâmetro das partículas variou entre 70 nm e 130 nm. Os níveis de LH, estradiol e testosterona aumentaram significativamente em ratos tratados com An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg de peso corporal + AlCl3 (34 mg/kg de peso corporal), tendo também exibido motilidade espermática, contagem de espermatozoides e produção diária de espermatozoides significativamente maiores, além de diminuição da taxa de trânsito espermático, do que o G2. Em comparação ao G2, os animais tratados com AlCl3 (34 mg/kg pc) + An-AgNPs 5, 10, 20 mg/kg pc (G3 a G5) apresentaram sêmen e qualidade do sêmen significativamente maiores (P 0,05). Podemos concluir que os An-AgNPs apresentaram forte efeito contra a infertilidade induzida por AlCl3, o que representa um fornecimento natural adequado de substâncias biológicas para uso na medicina. Ademais, as antocianinas podem ser consideradas os ingredientes ideais contra a infertilidade induzida pelo estresse oxidativo. nutritivos propriedade arrozpreto arroz preto AlCl AnAgNPs An AgNPs (An-AgNPs metálicos DPPH% (DPPH% determinada disso MEV. MEV . (MEV) NC (NC G1 G (G1) PC (PC 34 (3 mgkg G2 , (G2) G3, G3 G5 10 1 2 corporaldia dia corporal/dia respectivamente sérica LH espermática testicular epididimal, epididimal epididimal) determinadas 360382611 3 603 82 6 11 3.603,82±6,1 CCEg CCE g 8462198 84 62 98 84,62±1,98 forma 7 13 corporal, espermático 5 (G P 0,05. 005 0,05 0 05 0,05) medicina Ademais oxidativo (DPPH (MEV (G1 ( (G2 36038261 60 8 3.603,82±6, 846219 9 84,62±1,9 00 0,0 3603826 3.603,82±6 84621 84,62±1, 0, 360382 3.603,82± 8462 84,62±1 36038 3.603,82 846 84,62± 3603 3.603,8 84,62 360 3.603, 84,6 36 3.603 84, 3.60 3.6 3.

ABSTRACT: Purple-fleshed sweet potato is a tuber rich in anthocyanins, which are phenolic pigments that confer color and present bioactive capacity. Moreover, its incorporation into dairy products can bring technological and functional benefits. Thus, this article evaluated the impact of the addition of lyophilized purple-fleshed sweet potato powder- LP (0% - Control, 2%, and 4%) on the physical, chemical, and technological characteristics of Greek yogurt. LP showed in vitro antioxidant and bioactive capacity by DPPH (20.64 ± 1.61 μmol TE g-1), FRAP (112.93 ± 4.38 μmol TE g-1), total phenolic content (103.66 ± 3.35 mg GAE g-1), and total anthocyanin content (51.10 ± 1.87 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside 100 g-1). Additionally, the assays demonstrated that the LP has 16.82 ± 0.63% of resistant starch. The fortification of Greek yogurt with LP reduced the syneresis, indicating that LP increased the water retention capacity. LP also inhibited the post-acidification process, increasing apparent viscosity, hardness, and gumminess, and promoting a stable pink coloration throughout the storage (P < 0.05). At the 4% level, the yogurt was firmer and showed greater chewiness, which is highly desirable for Greek yogurt. Therefore, the results suggested that lyophilized purple-fleshed sweet potato powder is a potential multifunctional natural ingredient. ABSTRACT Purplefleshed Purple fleshed anthocyanins Moreover benefits Thus purplefleshed purple 0% 0 (0 Control 2 2% 4 physical chemical 20.64 2064 20 64 (20.6 161 1 61 1.6 g1, g1 g , g-1) 112.93 11293 112 93 (112.9 438 38 4.3 103.66 10366 103 66 (103.6 335 3 35 3.3 51.10 5110 51 10 (51.1 187 87 1.8 3glucoside glucoside g1. . Additionally 1682 16 82 16.8 063 63 0.63 starch syneresis postacidification post acidification process viscosity hardness gumminess P 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) level chewiness Therefore ingredient ( 20.6 206 6 (20. 1. g-1 112.9 1129 11 9 (112. 43 4. 103.6 1036 (103. 33 3. 51.1 511 5 (51. 18 8 168 16. 06 0.6 00 0.0 20. (20 g- 112. (112 103. (103 51. (51 0. (2 (11 (10 (5 (1

RESUMO: Batata-doce de polpa roxa é um tubérculo rico em antocianinas, as quais são pigmentos fenólicos que conferem cor e apresentam capacidade bioativa. Além disso, sua incorporação em produtos lácteos pode trazer benefícios tecnológicos e funcionais. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da adição de pó liofilizado de batata-doce de polpa roxa - LP (0% - Controle, 2% e 4%) nas características físicas, químicas e tecnológicas de iogurte tipo Grego. LP apresentou capacidade antioxidante e bioativa in vitro para DPPH (20.64 ± 1.61 μmol TE g-1), FRAP (112.93 ± 4.38 μmol TE g-1), teor de compostos fenólicos totais (103.66 ± 3.35 mg GAE g-1) e teor de antocianinas totais (51.10 ± 1.87 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside 100 g-1). Adicionalmente, os ensaios demonstraram que o LP possui 16,82 ± 0,63% de amido resistente. A fortificação do iogurte Grego com LP reduziu a sinérese, indicando que LP aumentou a capacidade de retenção de água, LP também inibiu o processo pós-acidificação, aumentando a viscosidade aparente, a dureza e a gomosidade, e promovendo uma coloração rosa estável durante todo o armazenamento (P < 0,05). No nível de 4%, o iogurte apresentou-se mais firme e com maior mastigabilidade, o que é altamente desejável para o iogurte tipo Grego. Assim, os resultados sugerem que o pó liofilizado de batata-doce de polpa roxa é um potencial ingrediente natural multifuncional. RESUMO Batatadoce Batata doce disso funcionais forma batatadoce batata 0% 0 (0 Controle 2 4% 4 físicas 20.64 2064 20 64 (20.6 161 1 61 1.6 g1, g1 g , 112.93 11293 112 93 (112.9 438 38 4.3 103.66 10366 103 66 (103.6 335 3 35 3.3 g-1 51.10 5110 51 10 (51.1 187 87 1.8 3glucoside glucoside g1. . Adicionalmente 1682 16 82 16,8 063 63 0,63 resistente sinérese água pósacidificação, pósacidificação pós acidificação, acidificação pós-acidificação aparente gomosidade P 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) apresentouse se mastigabilidade Assim multifuncional ( 20.6 206 6 (20. 1. 112.9 1129 11 9 (112. 43 4. 103.6 1036 (103. 33 3. g- 51.1 511 5 (51. 18 8 168 16, 06 0,6 00 0,0 20. (20 112. (112 103. (103 51. (51 0, (2 (11 (10 (5 (1

ABSTRACT: Phytoregulators have been used as grapevine defoliants in cluster zones to manage and improve grape quality and production. The present study evaluated the effect of the phytoregulator ethephon on the grapevine defoliation of the cluster region, Botrytis bunch rot (BBR) epidemiology, and the viticultural performance of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons, in the highland region of the Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Ethephon was applied in the bunch region of both sides of the grapevine vegetative canopy, at the phenological stage of beginning of ripening (BBCH-81) in five active ingredient doses (0 mg L-1 (control); 720 mg L-1; 1,440 mg L-1; 2,160 mg L-1; and 2,880 mg L-1), following a randomized block design with four replications and five plants per replication. The following parameters were evaluated: BBR epidemiology, vegetative, productive, and technological and phenolic maturation. The increasing ethephon doses significantly reduced the linear leaf drop and affected the technological and phenolic grape maturation parameters, improving the must pH, total polyphenols, color 420, 520, and 620 ղm, color intensity (°hue angle), and anthocyanin, and reducing the total solubre solids in the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine. However, this significant effect on the linear leaf drop and the technological and phenolic maturation parameters did not interfere with other vegetative, productive, and BBR epidemiology parameters evaluated in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the highland region of southern Brazil. ABSTRACT production (BBR Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon , 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/202 seasons State Brazil canopy BBCH81 BBCH 81 (BBCH-81 0 ( L1 L 1 L- control (control) 72 1440 440 1,44 2160 2 160 2,16 2880 880 2,88 L1, L-1) replication productive pH polyphenols 420 520 62 ղm °hue hue angle, angle angle) anthocyanin However 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/20 BBCH8 8 (BBCH-8 (control 7 144 44 1,4 216 16 2,1 288 88 2,8 42 52 6 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/2 (BBCH- 14 4 1, 21 2, 28 5 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/ (BBCH

RESUMO: Fitorreguladores tem sido usado como desfolhante na região dos cachos de videira no processo de manejo para melhoria da qualidade e produção de uva. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do fitorregulador etefon na desfolha localizada na região dos cachos, a epidemiologia da podridão cinzenta de cachos (PCC) e desempenho vitícola da cultivar “Cabernet Sauvignon”, durante as safras 2018/2019 e 2019/2020, na região de altitude do estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. O etefon foi aplicado na região dos cachos nos dois lados da copa vegetativa, no estádio fenológico de início da maturação (BBCH 81) em cinco doses do ingrediente ativo (0 mg L-1 (control); 720 mg L-1; 1,440 mg L-1; 2,160 mg L-1; and 2,880 mg L-1), seguindo um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e cinco plantas por repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros da epidemiologia da PCC e parâmetros vegetativos, produtivos e maturação tecnológica e fenólica. O aumento das doses de ethephon significativamente reduziu a queda linear de folhas na região dos cachos e afetou os parâmetros tecnológicos e fenológicos de maturação, melhorando o pH do mosto, polifenóis totais, coloração a 420, 520 e 630 nm, intensidade de cor (angulo °hue), antocianina e reduziu os sólidos solúveis totais na cultivar ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Contudo, este efeito significativo na queda linear das folhas e nos parâmetros tecnológicos e fenológicos não houve interferência com os outros parâmetros vegetativos, produtivos e epidemiológicos da PCC, avaliados nas condições edafoclimáticas de regiões de altitude do sul do Brasil. RESUMO uva (PCC Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon , Sauvignon” 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/2020 Catarina Brasil vegetativa BBCH 81 0 ( L1 L 1 L- control (control) 72 1440 440 1,44 2160 2 160 2,16 2880 880 2,88 L1, L-1) vegetativos fenólica mosto 420 52 63 nm angulo °hue, hue °hue °hue) Sauvignon. . Sauvignon’ Contudo 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/202 8 (control 7 144 44 1,4 216 16 2,1 288 88 2,8 42 5 6 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/20 14 4 1, 21 2, 28 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/2 2019/

Abstract The jabuticaba bark is rich in anthocyanins and fibers, and its use may be of industrial interest. In the food sector, its used as an ingredient in the production of fermented products, liqueurs or enriched flours. It also has pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The objective was to evaluate the effect of pretreatment and fresh use of jabuticaba peels in the extraction of total phenolic compound (TPC) and total anthocyanin (TA) contents with and without ultrasound assistance and in the sequential extraction of pectin from the residue. In the TPC and TA extraction, a 3x2 factorial design was used. For conventional anthocyanin extraction (CAE), occurred in an incubator under agitation. For ultrasound-assisted anthocyanin extraction (UAE) was utilized an ultrasonic homogenizer with probe (20 kHz, 160 W). The extracts were quantified (TPC, TA, antioxidant activity and color). The residues were characterized and used for sequential pectin extraction, which was quantified and characterized. The results were subjected to analysis of variance. Fresh jabuticaba peel is a residue that can be used to sequentially extract phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins and pectin. The use of ultrasound (UAE) was less efficient than CAE for extracting TPC and TA or performing sequential extraction on all pretreatment peels. fibers interest sector products flours applications (TPC (TA x 3x CAE, , (CAE) agitation ultrasoundassisted assisted UAE (UAE 20 (2 kHz 16 W. W . W) TPC, color. color color) variance compounds (CAE 2 ( 1

ABSTRACT. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most consumed leafy vegetable in Brazil. It is cultivated using at least four distinct systems, the most common of which are conventional and hydroponic systems. These systems provide different cultivation conditions for plants, causing physiological changes that are important for commercial production, such as nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation. However, only a few studies have compared the physiological aspects of these two cultivation systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior of ‘Rubinela’ lettuce plants grown in hydroponic and conventional pot systems, by comparing dry mass (DM) and fresh mass (FM) production, number of leaves (NF), stomatal density, and contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, sugars, and starch. Plants cultivated in hydroponic systems presented significant differences in chlorophyll content, producing more biomass than plants cultivated in conventional pot systems, probably because of better nutritional conditions, primarily with respect to macronutrients, provided by the nutrient solution of the hydroponic system. The lower water availability encountered by plants cultivated in conventional pot systems influenced the increased sugar and starch concentrations, as well as the anthocyanin content, which may be a strategy to mitigate the possible damage caused by hydric stress conditions. ABSTRACT Lactuca L. L Brazil production accumulation However ‘Rubinela Rubinela DM (DM FM (FM NF, NF , (NF) density carotenoids sugars content macronutrients system concentrations (NF

Abstract Syringa oblata is an important garden plant whose leaf colour turns from green to red in autumn when air temperature and daylength decrease. This study explored the reasons for leaf reddening by detecting phenotypic characteristics and pigment types and contents. With leaf reddening, luminance L* increased and chrominance a* decreased significantly. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents significantly decreased in accordance with the distribution change of green pigment in leaf cells. Conversely, the red pigment distribution increased and the total polyphenol, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin contents evidently increased. Anthocyanin accumulation was the important reason for leaf reddening. Of the anthocyanins detected in leaves, cyanidin and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside contents gradually increased with leaf reddening and were negatively correlated with L*. They were considered key anthocyanins influencing leaf colour. Apigenin and syringic acid were correlated with delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin, and they could be the anthocyanin co-pigments. Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside and taxifolin were more abundant polyphenols in leaves. In summary, anthocyanin accumulation and chlorophyll degradation occurred along with leaf reddening. Temperature, light, and other co-pigments influenced the anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents. This study provides evidence for applications of S. oblata as a coloured-leaf plant in gardens and as a source of active ingredients in the commercial market. decrease L cells Conversely polyphenol leaves delphinidin3Orutinoside delphinidinOrutinoside delphinidin 3 O rutinoside copigments. copigments co pigments. pigments Cyanidin3Oarabinoside CyanidinOarabinoside Cyanidin arabinoside summary Temperature light S colouredleaf coloured market Orutinoside Oarabinoside

RESUMO A classificação baseada em descritores morfológicos em alface é considerada uma atividade complexa e mostra-se eficiente para estudo de características fenotípicas. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o banco de germoplasma de alface biofortificada da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia utilizando descritores morfológicos convencionais e redes neurais artificiais. O experimento foi conduzido em campo. O delineamento experimental empregado foi de blocos casualizados, composto por 14 tratamentos (11 genótipos de minialface e as cultivares Purpurita, UDI 10.000 e Pira 72) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados nove descritores morfológicos. Após a aquisição dos dados, foram realizadas análises de matrizes de dissimilaridade, análise de componentes principais, construção de dendrogramas e análises de redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Os genótipos apresentaram variabilidade fenotípica quando comparados às linhagens parentais UDI 10.000 e Pira 72. A cor roxa das folhas e a presença de antocianinas em toda a superfície foliar foram predominantes entre os genótipos. Descritores como intensidade e cor das folhas, intensidade, coloração e distribuição de antocianinas foram os mais influentes na avaliação da variabilidade genética. O Mapa Auto-Organizável (SOM) demonstrou maior sensibilidade na discriminação entre genótipos em comparação ao Método de Grupos de Pares Não Ponderados com Média Aritmética (UPGMA). Enquanto o método de agrupamento UPGMA agrupou os genótipos em três agrupamentos, o método SOM agrupou em cinco agrupamentos. A utilização de análises de distância genética e dendograma SOM mostrou-se eficaz na seleção dos indivíduos UFU 215#1, UFU 215#2, UFU 215#6, UFU 215#10 e UFU 215#13, que estão agrupados com a cultivar UFU Mini Biofort. mostrase mostra se fenotípicas Portanto campo casualizados 1 11 (1 Purpurita 10000 10 000 10.00 72 repetições dados dissimilaridade principais RNA. RNA . (RNA) AutoOrganizável Auto Organizável (SOM UPGMA. (UPGMA) agrupamentos mostrouse mostrou 2151 215 215#1 2152 2 215#2 2156 6 215#6 21510 21513 13 215#13 Biofort ( 1000 00 10.0 7 (RNA (UPGMA 21 215# 100 0 10.

ABSTRACT The classification based on morphological descriptors in lettuce is considered a complex activity and proves to be efficient for studying phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the biofortified lettuce germplasm bank at the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia using both conventional morphological descriptors and artificial neural networks. The experiment was conducted in the field. The experimental design employed was a randomized complete block design, consisting of 14 treatments (11 genotypes of mini lettuce, and the cultivars Purpurita, UDI 10.000, and Pira 72) with four replications. Nine morphological descriptors were evaluated. Following the data acquisition, dissimilarity matrix analyses, principal component analysis, dendrogram construction, and artificial neural network (ANN) analyses were performed. The genotypes exhibited phenotypic variability when compared to the parental strains UDI 10.000 and Pira 72. The purple color of the leaves and anthocyanin presence across the entire leaf surface were predominant among the genotypes. Descriptors such as leaf intensity and color, as well as anthocyanin intensity, coloration, and distribution, were the most influential in assessing genetic variability. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) demonstrated greater sensitivity in discriminating between genotypes compared to the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). While the UPGMA clustering method grouped genotypes into three clusters, the SOM method grouped into five clusters. The use of genetic distance analyses and SOM dendrogram proved to be effective in selecting individuals UFU 215#1, UFU 215#2, UFU 215#6, UFU 215#10, and UFU 215#13, which are clustered with the cultivar UFU Mini Biofort. characteristics Therefore networks field 1 11 (1 Purpurita 10000 10 000 72 replications evaluated acquisition analysis construction ANN (ANN performed 10.00 coloration distribution SelfOrganizing Self Organizing (SOM UPGMA. . (UPGMA) clusters 2151 215 215#1 2152 2 215#2 2156 6 215#6 21510 215#10 21513 13 215#13 Biofort ( 1000 00 7 10.0 (UPGMA 21 215# 100 0 10.

Abstract: Background: RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) system of eukaryotic cells and can be used as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) to target genes. Due to the complexity of plant cell structure and genome, using SIGS in plants has faced many barriers. Objective: We aimed to develop a delivery strategy and appropriate siRNA design to induce PTGS by SIGS. Methods: The rice Phytoene desaturase (OsPDS) gene was used as a model to test our SIGS. Three siRNAs (siPDS1, siPDS2, and siPDS3) targeting different regions of the OsPDS transcript were applied individually or mixed siPDS2+siPDS3 in solution with SilwetTM adjuvant. Treatments were applied using a micropipette in rice seedlings (V2-stage), with the addition of proper control treatments: untreated-check and adjuvant-check. Seedlings were accessed phenotypically, physiologically, and molecularly. Results: The most prominent phenotype was observed for siPDS1 and siPDS2+siPDS3. Reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll index and shoot dry mass were reduced after siPDS2+siPDS3 application, while increasing anthocyanin content. OsPDS was downregulated after siPDS1 application with no change in the non-treated upper leaf. Conclusions: Our siRNA design and delivery strategy efficiently delivered the siRNA inside the plant and promoted target PTGS and compatible phenotype. The system used in this experiment did not show systematicity in the plant, probably due to the fast oxidative stress that hindered the systematic effect. This is an advance on the SIGS and can be a valuable tool for PTGS to find new targets for RNAi. Abstract Background RNAi (RNAi posttranscriptional post transcriptional (PTGS sprayinduced spray induced (SIGS genes genome barriers Objective Methods (OsPDS siPDS1, siPDS (siPDS1 siPDS2 siPDS3 siPDS2siPDS3 siPDSsiPDS siPDS2+siPDS adjuvant V2stage, V2stage Vstage V2 stage , V (V2-stage) treatments untreatedcheck untreated check adjuvantcheck. adjuvantcheck check. adjuvant-check phenotypically physiologically molecularly Results growth content nontreated non treated leaf Conclusions effect (siPDS siPDS2siPDS (V2-stage

Abstract Chakhao is a popular pigmented black rice variety with remarkably high anthocyanin content. Due to its susceptibility to various biotic and abiotic stresses, its production has remained low. Here, two genes, Pi54 blast-resistant and OsSPL14, high-yielding genes of rice, were pyramided in a Chakhao landrace by crossing with CR Dhan 307. From a total of 147 F4 lines developed, 32 were identified with the positive alleles of both genes, of which 16 were black grain coloured, and their total anthocyanin content ranged from 30.19±2.19 to 240.31±2.62 mg 100 g-1 dried weight. Among these, ChM 68 F4 line had the highest anthocyanin content (240.31 ± 2.62 mg 100 g-1 of powdered grain) with more 118.96 mg 100 g-1 anthocyanin than the recipient parent, CHK13 (121.35±3.32 mg 100 g-1), making it a promising line to be released as a high-yielding and durable blast-resistant Chakhao variety in Manipur. stresses low Here Pi Pi5 blastresistant blast resistant OsSPL14 OsSPL highyielding yielding 307 14 F developed 3 1 coloured 3019219 30 19 2 30.19±2.1 24031262 240 31 62 240.31±2.6 10 g1 g g- weight these 6 240.31 24031 (240.3 262 2.6 11896 118 96 118.9 parent CHK CHK1 121.35±3.32 12135332 121 35 (121.35±3.3 g1, , g-1) Manipur OsSPL1 301921 30.19±2. 2403126 24 240.31±2. 240.3 2403 (240. 26 2. 1189 11 9 118. 121.35±3.3 1213533 12 (121.35±3. 30192 30.19±2 240312 240.31±2 240. (240 121.35±3. 121353 (121.35±3 3019 30.19± 240.31± (24 121.35±3 12135 (121.35± 301 30.19 (2 121.35± 1213 (121.35 30.1 ( 121.35 (121.3 30. 121.3 (121. 121. (121 (12 (1

RESUMEN En el procesamiento del café se generan residuos orgánicos, como la cáscara y pulpa de cereza de café, que no son aprovechados y, consecuentemente, impactan en el medio ambiente. Considerando el aprovechamiento de estos residuos, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de componentes bioactivos en pigmentos extraídos de la pulpa y cáscara de cerezas de café, de las variedades Catimor y Typica, así también, comparar el impacto de métodos de conservación de estos residuos (in natura, seco y congelado), sobre el contenido de antocianinas totales (CAT), polifenoles totales (PFT) y la capacidad antioxidante. Los pigmentos de la cáscara y pulpa de café fueron extraídos con metanol acidificado, y posteriormente, fueron determinados los espectros que corresponden a compuestos antociânicos, por espectroscopia UV-Visible y FTIR-ATR. Valores de CAT fueron determinados mediante el método pH diferencial, los PFT a través del método Folin-Ciocalteu, y la capacidad antioxidante con el método 2,2-Difenil-1-Picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Los resultados obtenidos para cáscara y pulpa: in natura, seca y congelada, de las variedades Catimor y Typica, revelan que el CAT muestra un rango de 35,16-10,16 mg cianidina 3-G/100g, el contenido de PFT de 1971,10-247,12 mg ácido gálico/100 g y la capacidad antioxidante por DPPH de 33,73-16,07 µmol trolox/g respectivamente. Los residuos secos de la variedad Catimor presentaron mayor actividad antioxidante, seguido de residuos in natura y congelados sin diferencia significativa entre ambos. De esta manera, los residuos del procesamiento del café poseen alto potencial agroindustrial como fuente de colorante natural.

ABSTRACT In the processing of coffee, organic residues are generated, such as coffee peel and cherry pulp, which are not used and, consequently, have an impact on the environment. Considering that these residues contain antioxidants, the objective of this research was to obtain natural colorants from Arabica coffee peels and pulp of the Catimor and Typica varieties, as well as to evaluate the impact of the conservation methods of these residues (in natura, dry and frozen) on the total anthocyanin content (CAT), total polyphenols (PFT) and antioxidant capacity. The colorants of the coffee peel and pulp were extracted with acidified methanol and the spectra corresponding to anthocyanin compounds were determined by UV-Visible and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The CAT was determined by the differential pH method, the PFT by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant capacity by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results obtained for peel and pulp: in natura, dry and frozen, of Catimor and Typica varieties, reveal that the CAT content shows a range of 35.16-10.16 mg cyanidin 3-G/100g, the PFT content of 1971.10-247.12 mg gallic acid/100 g and th6e antioxidant capacity by DPPH of 33.73-16.07 µmol trolox/g respectively. Thus, coffee processing residues have a high agroindustrial potential as a source of natural colorant, resulting that the dried residues of the Catimor variety have a higher antioxidant activity, followed by in natura and frozen residues, with no significant difference between the two.

Abstract The effects of melatonin application by itself and mixed with sucrose solution on vase life and physicochemical changes in amaryllis cut flowers were investigated. Amaryllis stems with flower buds at harvest points were placed into vases containing different maintenance solutions: Melatonin (Mt; 0.01 mM), Sucrose (Suc; 4%), Melatonin + Sucrose (Mt + Suc; 0.01 mM + 4%) and distilled water (Control). Each treatment consisted of five repetitions, with one inflorescence stem per vase. The vases remained at 22 ± 3 °C and constant lighting of 13 µmol m-2 s-1 for 14 days. Immersion of stems in Suc or Mt + Suc delayed the initial senescence processes of the amaryllis cut flower. Vase life was prolonged for additional 2 days compared to stems immersed in water (control), increasing from 10 to 12 days of conservation. Floral stem mass was kept more stable; the degradation of anthocyanin and flavonoid pigments was delayed; and the stability of phenolic compounds and total carbohydrates was maintained for 14 days. These findings confirm the role of melatonin as a preservative in cut flowers. However, its preservative effect was potentialized by the addition of sucrose to the water of the amaryllis cut flowers. More work needs to be carried out to investigate the physiological mechanisms promoted by the interaction of melatonin and sucrose in the regulation of senescence in amaryllis cut flowers, including the analysis of gene expression and activity of the antioxidant system. investigated solutions 001 0 01 0.0 mM, , mM) (Suc 4%, 4 4% Control. Control . (Control) repetitions C 1 m2 m m- s1 s s- control, control (control) conservation stable However system 00 0. (Control (control

Resumo O presente trabalho investigou os efeitos da aplicação de melatonina individualmente e misturada com solução de sacarose na vida de vaso e nas alterações físico-químicas de flores de corte de amarílis. Hastes de amarilis com botões florais em pontos de colheita foram colocadas em vasos contendo diferentes soluções de manutenção: Melatonina (Mt; 0,01 mM), Sacarose (Suc; 4%), Melatonina + Sacarose (Mt + Suc; 0,01 mM + 4%) e Água destilada (Controle). Cada tratamento constou de 5 repetições, sendo uma haste de inflorescência por vaso. Os vasos permaneceram a 22 ± 3° C e iluminação constante de 13 µmol m-2.s-1 durante 14 dias. A imersão das hastes em Suc ou Mt + Suc retardou os processos iniciais de senescência de flor de corte de amarílis, prolongando por mais 2 dias sua vida de vaso, em relação às hastes sem uso desses conservantes (controle). Aumentando de 10 para 12 dias de conservação. Pois mantiveram mais estáveis a massa fresca, retardaram a degradação de pigmentos antocianinas e flavonoides, bem como, mantendo a estabilidade dos compostos fenólicos e carboidratos totais ao final de 14 dias. Esses achados confirmam o papel da melatonina como conservante de flores de corte. Todavia, o seu efeito conservante foi potencializado em amarílis, associado à sacarose. Mais trabalhos necessitam ser realizados para investigar mais profundamente quais mecanismos fisiológicos promovidos pela interação melatonina e sacarose na regulação da senescência das flores de amarilis cortadas, incluindo análise de expressão de genes e atividade do sistema antioxidante. físicoquímicas físico químicas amarílis manutenção 001 0 01 0,0 mM, , mM) (Suc 4%, 4 4% Controle. Controle . (Controle) repetições 3 1 m2.s1 m2s1 ms m 2.s s m-2.s- controle. controle (controle) conservação fresca flavonoides Todavia cortadas antioxidante 00 0, (Controle m2 s1 m2.s m2s 2s m-2.s (controle

Resumen: La frutilla (Fragaria ananassa) posee compuestos bioactivos de interés nutricional y elevada actividad antioxidante, que pueden conferir importantes beneficios a la salud humana. Sin embargo, son productos altamente perecederos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue deshidratar frutillas por secado convectivo, para extender su vida útil. Se ensayaron tres temperaturas del aire de secado: 60º, 70º y 80 ºC y una velocidad de 0,7 m/s. Para caracterizar las harinas obtenidas, se midió el color, la capacidad antimicrobiana y antioxidante, el contenido de antocianinas y de compuestos fenólicos totales (CPT), en extractos hidroalcohólicos generados por agitación. La harina de frutillas obtenida conservó o incrementó el contenido de CPT y la capacidad antioxidante, particularmente cuando la materia prima se deshidrató a 70 ºC. El contenido de antocianinas disminuyó y el color también fue modificado. Se evidenció la potencialidad de las harinas de frutillas para su aprovechamiento como ingrediente en la formulación de alimentos, por sus aportes de compuestos bioactivos.

Abstract: The strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) has bioactive compounds of nutritional interest and high antioxidant activity, which bestows important benefits to human health. However, they are highly perishable products. The objective of this work was to dehydrate strawberries by convective drying, to extend their useful life. Three drying air temperatures were tested: 60º, 70º and 80 ºC and a speed of 0.7 m/s. To characterize the flours obtained, the color, antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity, the content of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds (CPT) were measured in hydroalcoholic extracts, generated by shaking. The strawberry flour obtained preserved or increased the CPT content and the antioxidant capacity, particularly when the raw material was dehydrated at 70 ºC. The anthocyanin content decreased and the color was also modified. The potential of strawberry flours for its use as an ingredient in food formulation was evidenced, due to its contributions of bioactive compounds.

Resumen La irregularidad del color y el bajo calibre de las bayas en la uva de mesa en el desierto Sonorense representan un reto para su exportación. Se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de biorreguladores en el envero sobre el tamaño, peso, color y cambios cuticulares en la baya de uva de mesa cv. “Flame Seedless”. Se diseñaron ocho tratamientos: TEST (Testigo), ETH1 (Ethrel 100 mg L-1), ETH2 (Ethrel 250 mg L-1), AS (ácido salicílico 100 mg L-1), MEL (melatonina 25 mg L-1) y la combinación de ETH2+AS, ETH2+MEL y AS+MEL. El mayor peso se obtuvo en bayas tratadas con MEL, ETH2+MEL y AS+MEL (4.75, 5.46 y 5.14 g respectivamente), mientras el testigo alcanzó 3.75 g; se observó un comportamiento similar en tamaño, alcanzando un calibre extra en los tratamientos MEL y combinaciones. El índice de color (CIRG) más alto se obtuvo en las bayas tratadas con ETH con valores superiores a 2.0, mientras que los otros tratamientos fueron menores a este valor, ningún tratamiento alcanzó el CIRG óptimo (4-5). No se observaron diferencias (p ≤ 0.05) en el contenido de ceras intraculticulares, permeabilidad y grosor de la cutícula, en cambio en el contenido de ceras epicuticulares el testigo (0.64 mg cm-2) fue significativamente superior a los tratamientos, mientras que en el peso de la cutícula fue significativamente inferior con respecto a los tratamientos con reguladores. Los tratamientos aplicados no estimularon suficientemente la biosíntesis de antocianinas para producir un incremento significativo de color en las uvas tratadas, aunque se observó una mejora en el calibre de las bayas sin afectar las propiedades de la cutícula.

Abstract The irregularity of the color and the small size of berries in the Sonoran Desert table grapes represent a challenge for their export. The effects of the application of bioregulators at veraison were evaluated on the size, weight, color and cuticle changes in the berry of table grape cv. “Flame Seedless”. Eight treatments were evaluated: TEST (Control), ETH1 (Ethrel 100 mg L-1), ETH2 (Ethrel 250 mg L-1), AS (salicylic acid 100 mg L-1), MEL (melatonin 25 mg L-1) and the combination of ETH2+AS, ETH2+MEL and AS+MEL. A higher weight was obtained in berries treated with MEL, ETH2+MEL and AS+MEL (4.75, 5.46 and 5.14 g respectively), while the control weighed only 3.75 g; similar behavior was presented in the size of the berries in which they reached a superior caliber with the MEL and combinations treatments. The highest color index (CIRG) was obtained in ETH treated berries with values greater than 2.0, while the other treatments were lower, but no treatment reached the optimal CIRG (4-5). No differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in the content of intracuticular waxes, permeability and thickness of the cuticle; on the other hand, in the content of epicuticular waxes, the control (0.64 mg cm-2) was significantly higher than treatments and significantly lower in cuticle weight. The applied treatments did not sufficiently stimulate anthocyanin biosynthesis to produce a significant increase in color in treated grapes, although an improvement in berries size was observed without affecting cuticle properties.