Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. El “moho verde” causado por Penicillium digitatum es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios que limita la producción en los cítricos. Para su control se utilizan fungicidas sintéticos, que han perdido eficacia, debido a la resistencia generada por el hongo. Una alternativa, es el uso de hongos endófitos con acción biocontroladora. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de metabolitos secundarios (MS) de hongos endófitos (HE) en la inhibición micelial de Penicillium digitatum y la eficacia de control de la enfermedad, en frutos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) después de la cosecha. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 2022, bajo un diseño experimental completo al azar, en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Perú. Para la prueba de antibiosis se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios de diez cepas de HE de los géneros Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. y Aspergillus sp., en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno (%). Se asperjaron MS a una concentración del 15 % (v/v) sobre frutos de mandarina que fueron desinfectados e inoculados con el patógeno por aspersión (1x105 UFC/cc). Adicionalmente, se utilizaron un biocontrol comercial, un aceite vegetal y un fungicida. Después de 6 y 9 días, se evaluaron la incidencia (%) y el índice de severidad (0,1,2,3) de la enfermedad. Resultados. Los metabolitos secundarios de las cepas HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium) y HSA-1 (Trichoderma) presentaron la mayor inhibición micelial con 95,05 %, 87,51 % y 47,47 %, respectivamente. En los frutos de mandarina tratados con los MS de las cepas HEA-109 y HSA-1, hubo un control del 80 % y 55 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los MS de HE tuvieron efecto en la inhibición micelial de P. digitatum y redujeron el avance de la enfermedad en frutos de mandarina después de la cosecha.

Abstract Introduction. “Green mold,” caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the phytosanitary issues that limits citrus production. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used, which have lost effectiveness due to resistance developed by the fungus. An alternative is the use of endophytic fungi with biocontrol action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites (SM) from endophytic fungi (EF) on the mycelial inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and the effectiveness of disease control in mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulata) post-harvest. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2022, using a completely randomized experimental design in the Plant Health Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Peru. For the antibiosis test, secondary metabolites were extracted from ten strains of EF from the genera Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp., where mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (%) was evaluated. SMs were sprayed at 15 % (v/v) concentration on mandarin fruits that were disinfected and inoculated with the pathogen by spraying (1x 105 CFU/cc). Additionally, a commercial biocontrol, a vegetable oil, and a fungicide were used. After 6 and 9 days, disease incidence (%) and severity index (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated. Results. Secondary metabolites from strains the HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium), and HSA-1 (Trichoderma) showed the highest mycelial inhibition with 95.05 %, 87.51 %, and 47.47 %, respectively. In mandarin fruits treated with SMs from strains HEA-109 and HSA-1, there was a control of 80 % and 55 %, respectively. Conclusions. SMs from EF were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. digitatum and reduces disease progression in mandarin fruits post-harvest.

Resumen La antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides provoca defoliación, aborto de flores, lesiones en frutos y reduce la producción y calidad de maracuyá. Aunque es controlada con fungicidas químicos, éstos contaminan el medio ambiente y son peligrosos para la salud, por lo que se ha incrementado la investigación en el control biológico con Trichoderma spp. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron aislar, identificar, determinar la patogenicidad del agente causal de la antracnosis y evaluar el antagonismo frente a cepas nativas mexicanas: T. asperellum (TaCh y TaST), Trichoderma sp. (TsRV, TsCo, TsCh y TsLF); además, frente a especies foráneas: Trichoderma virens G-41® , T. harzianum T-22® , Trichoderma sp. (Bactiva®) y Trichoderma sp. (Fithan®), mediante la técnica de cultivo dual. Se evaluaron: el día del primer contacto entre hifas, el antagonismo y el porcentaje de esporulación e inhibición de Trichoderma spp., contra el hongo patógeno. De frutos de maracuyá infectados se aisló e identificó C. gloeosporioides, el cual provocó infección en los frutos sanos a los 10 días después de la inoculación del aislado fungoso. Trichoderma y el patógeno hicieron contacto entre 1,6 (TsLF) y 3,8 (TaST) días. Todas las cepas evaluadas excepto TsLF y Bactiva®, presentaron entre 97,56 y 100 % de esporulación. TsRV, TsCh, Fithan®, TaCh, G-41® y T-22® sobrecrecieron al patógeno y cubrieron toda la superficie del PDA (antagonismo 1). Asimismo, TsRV, Bactiva®, Fithan® y TaChinhibieron 88,1; 76,0; 73,5 y 72,8 % el crecimiento miceliar de C. gloeosporioidesy se consideran candidatas para el manejo integrado de la antracnosis en maracuyá.

Abstract Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides can cause defoliation, flower abortion, fruit lesions and reduce the production and quality of passion fruit. Although it is controlled with chemical fungicides, they contaminate the environment and are dangerous to health, which is why research into biological control with Trichoderma spp has increased. This research had the objectives of isolating, identifying and testing the pathogenicity of the causal agent of fruit anthracnose and comparing it with native Mexican strains: T. asperellum (TaCh and TaST), Trichoderma sp. (TsRV, TsCo, TsCh and TsLF); and, against foreign and commercial species: Trichoderma virens G-41®, T. harzianum T-22®, Trichoderma sp. (Bactiva®) and Trichoderma sp. (Fithan®), using the dual culture technique. The following was evaluated: the day of the first contact among hyphae, the type of antagonism and percentages of sporulation and inhibition of Trichodermaspp. against the pathogenic fungus. From infected diseased passion fruit fruits, C. gloeosporioides was isolated and identified, which caused infection in healthy fruits 10 days after inoculation of the fungal isolate. Trichoderma and the pathogen made contact between 1,6 (TsLF) and 3,8 (TaST) days. All the Trichoderma spp., strains evaluated, except TsLF and Bactiva®, presented abundant sporulation between 97.56 and 100 % of sporulation. The TsRV, TsCh, Fithan®, TaCh, G-41® and T-22® strains also had level 1 antagonism, overgrown the pathogen and covered the entire surface of the PDA (antagonism 1). Likewise, the strains TsRV, Bactiva®, Fithan® and TaCh caused the greatest inhibition with 88,1 inhibitions; 76,0; 73,5 and 72,8 % of the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides, respectively, and are considered the most promising candidates for the integrated management of anthracnose in passion fruit.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the combined effect of two pest biocontrol strategies: biofumigation with Brassica juncea and inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum, on the in vitro growth of the pathogen Phomopsis spp., an etiological agent of canker disease in pecan crops (Carya illinoinensis). B. juncea plants were crushed and placed in polystyrene recipients in doses of 10 and 30 g. Then, a Petri dish was introduced to each recipient, with a disk with a grown mycelium of Phomopsis spp. or T. harzianum, or both fungi (dual culture). Treatments were incubated in a culture chamber. The parameters evaluated were colonies’ surface area and percentage of mycelial inhibition of Phomopsis spp. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicated that: i) B. juncea did not affect the growth of T. harzianum; ii) the 30 g dose of B. juncea completely suppressed the growth of Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis spp. colonies; iv) the combination of T. harzianum and biofumigation with 10 g of B. juncea showed synergy on the growth control of Phomopsis spp. Biofumigation with B. juncea, the application of T. harzianum, and the combination of both techniques could be promising alternatives for the biological control of Phomopsis spp.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto combinado de dos tácticas de biocontrol de plagas: la biofumigación con Brassicajuncea y la inoculación de Trichoderma harzianum, sobre el crecimiento in vitro del patógeno Phomopsis spp., agente etiológico de la cancrosis en el cultivo de pecán (Carya illinoinensis). Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en envases de poliestireno en dosis de 10 y 30 g. Luego, en cada uno de estos recipientes se introdujo una caja de Petri con un disco con micelio dePhomopsis spp. o T. harzianum o ambos hongos (cultivo dual). Se incubó en cámara de cultivo. Los parámetros evaluados fueron la superficie de las colonias y el porcentaje de inhibición miceliar de Phomopsis spp. Los datos se analizaron con estadística no paramétrica mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) B. juncea no afectó el crecimiento de T. harzianum; ii) la dosis de 30 g de B. juncea suprimió completamente el crecimiento de Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de Phomopsis spp.; iv) la combinación de T. harzianum y la biofumigación con 10 g de B. juncea mostró sinergia sobre el control del crecimiento de Phomopsis spp. La biofumigación con B. juncea, la aplicación de T. harzianum y la combinación de ambas técnicas podrían ser alternativas promisorias para el control biológico de Phomopsis spp.

The rise in global migration means that immigrant learners have become an integral part of the South African schooling system. Educational transformation in South Africa has made diversity in schools a norm, with many schools having varied learners in terms of race, language, ethnicity, religion and culture. The move towards inclusive education should guarantee all learners, irrespective of their background, quality education. In this article I document the journey of immigrant learners in the context of South African schooling considering how inclusive their schooling experiences have been. The research was conducted at 2 primary schools (1 private and 1 public) in Durban using a qualitative, interpretive paradigm, narrative inquiry, a visual method, and semi-structured interviews to generate participants' narratives. The findings highlight the pressure experienced in the face of prejudice, discrimination and antagonism from local peers and teachers, which impeded immigrant learners' adaptation and success. The research also highlights the language barrier for those participants with limited proficiency in English. While the resilience of the immigrant learners is foregrounded, the findings highlight that inclusive education is not a reality for all schools in South Africa.

Abstract The discovery of penicillin is a widely known scientific event with great impact in the modern world. Who has not heard about Alexander Fleming's discovery? His brilliant observation of the inhibition of bacterial colonies in a Petri dish by a fungus of the genus Penicillium that accidentally fell on it has become a paradigm of genius and scientific discovery. An alternative view of this discovery is proposed in this historical note. For this purpose, the work carried out by the young French doctor Ernest Duchesne is used as a basis. He published his thesis entitled "Contribution to the study of vital competition in microorganisms: antagonism between molds and microbes", in 1897.

Resumen El descubrimiento de la penicilina es un evento científico ampliamente conocido y de gran repercusión en el mundo moderno ¿Quién no ha escuchado alguna vez sobre el descubrimiento de Alexander Fleming? Su célebre observación de la inhibición de colonias bacterianas en una placa de Petri por un hongo del género Penicillium, que cayó accidentalmente sobre ella, ha pasado a ser un paradigma de genialidad y descubrimiento científico. Se plantea en esta nota histórica una visión alternativa sobre este descubrimiento. Para ello, se utiliza como base el trabajo realizado con anterioridad por el joven médico francés Ernest Duchesne, quien publicó su tesis titulada "Contribución al estudio de la competición vital en microorganismos: antagonismo entre mohos y microbios", en 1897.

Resumen: El empleo de rizobacterias tiene la capacidad de colonizar el sistema radicular, promover el crecimiento en plantas y la capacidad biocontroladora o suprimir hongos fitopatógenos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue seleccionar y analizar las rizobacterias fluorescentes solubilizadoras de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, productoras de enzimas líticas de actividad antagonistas hacia P. palmivora y L. theobromae. Las bacterias se aislaron del tejido radicular y foliar de cultivares endémicos de cacao CCN-51 de las provincias de Los Ríos, Santa Elena y Esmeralda. La caracterización de la actividad antagonista se apoyó en la selección de actividad proteolítica, producción de sideróforos y pigmentación fluorescente bajo luz ultra violeta. Además, se realizó la actividad antagonista mediante los extractos celulares. Se seleccionaron nueve cepas bacterianas (BF 567, FZ 9-7, LH 5-10, MH 4-20, MN 5-20, MN 5-19, AC3, PV-25) con producción de proteasa, sideróforos y emisión de fluorescencia. Se analizó la capacidad de las bacterias para solubilizar minerales complejos (nitrógeno, fosforo y potasio) su eficiencia de solubilización vario, oscilando entre 50 y 100%. El factor antagónico de los sobrenadantes celulares de FZ 9-7, BF 567 y PV-25 inhiben el crecimiento del micelio hacia P. palmivora y L. theobromae en un 40, 60 y 85%, respectivamente. La utilización de las rizobacterias podría usarse como biofertilizante alternativo a los fertilizantes químicos y control biológico de hongos fitopatógenos del suelo a través de sus emisiones volátiles.

Summary: The use of rhizobacteria has the ability to colonize the root system, promote plant growth and biocontrol or suppress phytopathogenic fungi. The objective of this research was to select and analyze fluorescent rhizobacteria solubilizing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, producing lytic enzymes with antagonistic activity towards P. palmivora and L. theobromae. The bacteria were isolated from root and leaf tissue of endemic CCN-51 cacao cultivars from the provinces of Los Ríos, Santa Elena and Esmeralda. Characterization of antagonistic activity was based on the selection of proteolytic activity, siderophore production and fluorescent pigmentation under ultra violet light. In addition, antagonistic activity was performed using cell extracts. Nine bacterial strains (BF 567, FZ 9-7, LH 5-10, MH 4-20, MN 5-20, MN 5-19, AC3, PV-25) with protease production, siderophore production and fluorescence emission were selected. The ability of the bacteria to solubilize complex minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) was analyzed and their solubilization efficiency varied, ranging from 50 to 100 %. The antagonistic factor of cell supernatants from FZ 9-7, BF 567 and PV-25 inhibited mycelial growth toward P. palmivora and L. theobromae by 40, 60 and 85%, respectively. The use of rhizobacteria could be used as an alternative biofertilizer to chemical fertilizers and biological control of phytopathogenic soil fungi through their volatile emissions.

Resumen El maíz criollo (Zea mays L.) es un alimento emblemático para México, ya que representa un factor importante en cuanto a economía local, cultura y biodiversidad. Las técnicas biotecnológicas donde se emplean bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV), son una alternativa sostenible al uso de insumos agrícolas químicos para la producción de maíz, sin embargo, es importante destacar que, lo ideal es utilizar BPCV nativas del suelo y/o cultivo donde se pretendan aplicar, ya que esto asegura la adaptación de las BPCV y garantiza la colonización de la rizosfera, mejorando los rendimientos productivos del cultivo. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente trabajo, fue aislar bacterias nativas de suelos cultivados con maíz criollo mexicano y demostrar su potencial biotecnológico como BPCV en maíz. Se tomaron muestras de suelo cultivado con maíz criollo mexicano, del municipio de Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México y se lograron obtener 40 asilados, de los cuales 18 indujeron la germinación de las semillas de maíz en más del 90 %. Además, cuatro aislados mostraron incrementos del 20 al 30 % en la longitud total del brote y aumentos del 25 hasta el 100 % en el peso seco total de las plantas. Los mecanismos asociados a la promoción del crecimiento del maíz fueron los de, solubilización de fosfatos, producción de ácido indol acético y de sideróforos, así como el antagonismo contra hongos fitopatógenos (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium y Colletotrichum). Por lo cual, concluimos que las BPCV nativas aisladas en el presente estudio, tienen potencial biotecnológico para su uso en maíz criollo mexicano de la región.

Abstract Mexican native maize (Zea mays L.) is an emblematic food for Mexico, as it represents an important factor in terms of local economy, culture and biodiversity. Biotechnological techniques using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical agricultural inputs for corn production; however, it is important to emphasize that the ideal is to use native PGPB into the soil and/or crop where they are to be applied, since this ensures the PGPB adaptation and guarantees the colonization of the rhizosphere, improving crop yields. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to isolate native bacteria from soils cultivated with Mexican native maize and to demonstrate their biotechnological potential as PGPB in corn. Soil samples were taken from the municipality of Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico and 40 isolates were obtained, of which 18 showed more than 90% germination of maize seeds. In addition, four isolates showed increases of 20 to 30 % in total shoot length and increases of 25 to 100 % in total plant dry weight. The mechanisms associated with maize growth promotion were phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid and siderophore production, as well as antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium and Colletotrichum). Therefore, we conclude that the native PGPB isolated in the present study have biotechnological potential for use in Mexican native maize in the region.

Resumo: No cenário contemporâneo, a potência crítica das ciências sociais tem sido desafiada. De um lado, reconhecemos a democracia como arena agonística (Mouffe), em que o consenso significa sua morte. De outro, a fragmentação das demandas fragiliza as conquistas democráticas, esvaziando a ideia de emancipação. Destacamos os feminismos e os modos como lidam com o conteúdo emancipatório das políticas identitárias. Atentamos para o perigo de se confundir a afirmação das identidades com o termo identitarismos em conivência com essencialismos que podem derivar em extremismos. Buscamos, porém, demonstrar que a crítica, em sentido ecumênico, não produz um antagonismo entre emancipação e identidade, expondo em caráter preliminar a diversidade dos argumentos desde a Teoria Crítica feminista, passando pelo feminismo pós-estruturalista, até os feminismos negros que nunca foram tão eloquentes. Propomos, por fim, a escuta como condição basilar para quem pretende se autodenominar parte do projeto das teóricas críticas. Resumo contemporâneo desafiada lado Mouffe, Mouffe , (Mouffe) morte outro democráticas identitárias extremismos Buscamos porém ecumênico identidade feminista pósestruturalista, pósestruturalista pós estruturalista, estruturalista pós-estruturalista eloquentes Propomos fim críticas (Mouffe

Resumen: En el escenario contemporáneo, el poder crítico de las ciencias sociales se ha visto cuestionado. Por un lado, reconocemos la democracia como una arena agonística (Mouffe), en la que el consenso significa la muerte. Por otro, la fragmentación de las demandas debilita los logros democráticos, vaciando la idea de emancipación. Destacamos los feminismos y las formas en que abordan el contenido emancipatorio de las políticas identitarias. Señalamos el peligro de confundir la afirmación de las identidades con el término identitarismo, en connivencia con esencialismos que pueden conducir al extremismo. Sin embargo, nos esforzamos por demostrar que la crítica, en sentido ecuménico, no produce un antagonismo entre emancipación e identidad, exponiendo preliminarmente la diversidad de argumentos desde la teoría crítica feminista, el feminismo post-estructuralista hasta los feminismos negros, que nunca han sido tan elocuentes. Finalmente, proponemos la escucha como condición básica para quien quiera llamarse parte del proyecto de las teóricas críticas. Resumen contemporáneo cuestionado lado Mouffe, Mouffe , (Mouffe) muerte otro democráticos identitarias identitarismo extremismo embargo ecuménico identidad feminista postestructuralista post estructuralista negros elocuentes Finalmente críticas (Mouffe

Abstract: In the contemporary scenario, the critical power of the social sciences has come under challenge. On the one hand, democracy is acknowledged as an agonistic arena (Mouffe) where consensus might mean its demise. On the other hand, the fragmentation of demands weakens democratic achievements, undermining the concept of emancipation. To understand this, we focus on feminisms and their approaches to the emancipatory content of identity politics. We discuss the dangers of conflating the affirmation of identities with the term “identitarianism,” which, in complicity with essentialisms, poses a risk of extremisms. In other perspective, we seek to demonstrate how criticism, in an ecumenical sense, does not generate an antagonism between emancipation and identity, presenting the diversity of arguments from feminist critical theory to post-structuralist feminism and black feminisms that have never been so eloquent. Finally, we propose “listening” as a foundational condition for those who intend to self-identify as part of the project of critical theories. Abstract scenario challenge hand Mouffe (Mouffe demise achievements this politics identitarianism, identitarianism “identitarianism, which essentialisms extremisms perspective criticism sense poststructuralist post structuralist eloquent Finally listening “listening selfidentify self identify theories “identitarianism

Resumen El cadmio es un contaminante que causa daños a los organismos, en plantas provoca un retraso en el crecimiento, altera la función fotosintética y la concentración de nutrientes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la influencia del Cd (0, 0,25, 0,50 y 1 µM) en el contenido de clorofila, daño estructural a la raíz, y la absorción y translocación de nutrientes (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe y Zn) en plantas de Phaseolus vulgaris var. Opus. Se observó un incremento en la clorofila a en concentraciones de 0,25 y 1 µM de Cd, la clorofila b aumentó en los tres tratamientos con Cd y el contenido de carotenoides disminuyó en todos los tratamientos. Las raíces mostraron daño estructural por el incremento del Cd. Con relación a los nutrientes, el Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn en hoja y el K en tallo aumentaron sus concentraciones al incrementar la dosis de Cd; contrariamente el K en raíz disminuyó al aumentar las concentraciones de Cd; para el caso del Fe disminuyó respecto al tratamiento control en todos los órganos evaluados. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el estrés por el Cd a bajas concentraciones estimula la síntesis de clorofila, además las diferentes concentraciones de este contaminante, provoca sinergismos y antagonismos en los diferentes órganos de P. vulgaris, lo que conlleva a desórdenes nutricionales. Al ser un cultivo de importancia mundial, investigar los mecanismos moleculares y transportadores de membrana en raíces de P. vulgaris expuestas al Cd, es importante para mejorar su resistencia al Cd.

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is a contaminant that causes significant damage to organisms. In plants, it results in growth delay, alters photosynthetic function, and affects nutrient concentrations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Cd (0, 0,25, 0,50, and 1 µM) on chlorophyll content, structural damage to the root, and the absorption and translocation of nutrients (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn) in Phaseolus vulgaris var. Opus plants. An increase in chlorophyll a was observed at Cd concentrations of 0.25 and 1 µM. Chlorophyll b increased across all Cd treatments, while carotenoid content decreased in all treatments. The roots exhibited structural damage as Cd concentrations increased. For nutrients, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in leaves, and K in stems, increased with higher Cd doses. Conversely, K in roots decreased with higher Cd concentrations, and Fe decreased compared to the control in all evaluated organs. Our results suggest that Cd stress at low concentrations stimulates chlorophyll synthesis and that varying Cd concentrations induce synergistic and antagonistic effects in different organs of P. vulgaris, leading to nutritional disorders. Given the global importance of this crop, studying the molecular mechanisms and membrane transporters in P. vulgaris roots exposed to Cd is crucial for enhancing its resistance to Cd.

ABSTRACT Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed production using the aeroponic system has been widely implemented in Indonesia. However, aeroponic systems in tropical areas such as Indonesia faced obstacles in the form of high wilt attacks caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. This research aimed to control R. solanacearum wilt disease in an aeroponic system using various microbes. The research was carried out from September 2022 to January 2023. This research consisted of four stages, namely exploration and isolation of microorganisms, identification of microbial antagonism, testing of in vitro potential microbial antagonism and testing of selected microbial antagonism in the aeroponic system. The nutrients used in the aeroponic system contained R. solanacearum with a concentration of 104 CFU mL-1, while the concentration of the microbial solution used was 108 CFU mL-1. Pseudomonas fluorescence was consistently the best microbe both in vitro and in aeroponics, whereas Bacillus subtilis could only overcome wilt in vitro and could not overcome wilt in aeroponic system. Pseudomonas fluorescence required 5 min soaking time and could increase wilt with increasing soaking time. The consortium between B. subtilis and P. fluorescence with 10 min soaking time could overcome wilt by 85% and increase the number of tubers and tuber weight by 79% and 85%, respectively, so this prospective microbial consortium could be applied to aeroponic systems environmentally friendly in tropical areas with high R. solanacearum opportunities.

ABSTRACT The biblical characters Cain and Abel, protagonists in Gn 4,1-16, including the subsequent outcome between them, and due to the offering to the One who watched over them diligently, are among the most thought-provoking plots in the Old Testament, which is why we dedicate a brief reflection about the biblical anthropological intelligence observed more closely from the Caimic way of ministering ritual and labor, through which it is possible do compose the extensive formative scenario of related communities as well as imperial territories of the period in question. The vast theoretical repertoire on this biblical theme and the advances in archaeological excavations enhanced our understanding about the Caimic narrative. The animal sacrifice and the offering described in the passage signalize, in their internal antagonism, meaningful changes in the religious system, designating socioeconomical transformations and a theological response to these transformations. Within that framework, a new theological guidance is given to the sacrifice truly expected by the Lord. Abel 4,116, 4116 4,1 16, 4 1 16 4,1-16 diligently thoughtprovoking thought provoking Testament labor question narrative signalize antagonism system framework Lord 116 4,116 411 41 4, 4,1-1 11 4,11 4,1-

RESUMO As personagens Caim e Abel, protagonistas de Gn 4,1-16, e o subsequente desfecho narrativo entre elas, em função da oferta Àquele que os acompanhava diligentemente, estão entre as passagens mais instigantes do Antigo Testamento, motivo pelo qual dedicamos uma breve reflexão sobre a inteligência antropológica bíblica, observada mais detidamente a partir das atividades laborais e rituais do relato caímico, pelas quais é possível compor o extenso cenário formativo de comunidades afins assim como de territórios imperiais no período em questão. O vasto repertório teórico associado a esse tema bíblico e os avanços nas escavações arqueológicas nos permitem algumas elucidações centrais que o texto caímico nos proporciona. A prática sacrificial animal e a oferta descrita na passagem é sinal, em seu antagonismo, de alterações significativas no sistema religioso, que designam transformações socioeconômicas e uma resposta teológica a essas transformações. Com base nesse embate, se dá uma nova orientação teológica ao sacrifício, verdadeiramente esperado pelo Senhor. Abel 4,116, 4116 4,1 16, 4 1 16 4,1-16 elas diligentemente Testamento bíblica questão proporciona sinal antagonismo religioso embate sacrifício Senhor 116 4,116 411 41 4, 4,1-1 11 4,11 4,1-

Resumen El hongo Rhizopus stolonifer causa pudrición de frutas y verduras, por lo que es importante la búsqueda de alternativas de control biológico. El objetivo fue realizar antagonismo y evaluar la actividad antifúngica de H. coffeata contra R. stolonifer. Se evaluó el porcentaje de reducción del crecimiento micelial (PRCM) y el tipo de antagonismo de R. stolonifer al crecerlo junto con las cepas antagonistas y se evaluó la actividad antifúngica del caldo de cultivo de H. coffeata. El PRCM fue mayor para H. coffeata y Daldinia sp., presentaron antagonismo de clase 1, inhibición por contacto, ya que el micelio de H. coffeata enrolló las hifas de R. stolonifer. Los tres caldos de cultivo de H. coffeata presentaron efecto sobre el crecimiento de R. stolonifer, pero, fue más evidente en el cocultivo, por lo que mediante este sistema se puede obtener moléculas para utilizarse en el bio-control de R. stolonifer.

Abstract The fungus Rhizopus stolonifer causes the rotting of fruits and vegetables, so it is important to search for biological control alternatives. The objective was to perform antagonism and evaluate the antifungal activity of H. coffeata against R. stolonifer. The percentage reduction in mycelial growth (PRCM) and the type of antagonism of R. stolonifer were evaluated when growing it together with the antagonist strains, and the antifungal activity of the H. coffeata culture broth was evaluated. The PRCM was higher for H. coffeata and Daldinia sp.; they presented class 1 antagonism and contact inhibition since the mycelium of H. coffeata rolled up the hyphae of R. stolonifer. The three H. coffeata culture broths affected the growth of R. stolonifer, but it was more evident in the coculture, so through this system molecules can be obtained to be used in the bio-control of R. stolonifer.

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar os limites do debate acerca da crise de hegemonia dos Estados Unidos na década de 1970. Nossa hipótese é que a crise daquele período não correspondeu à crise de hegemonia - à revelia dos questionamentos a ela. Argumentaremos que, ao longo do pós-guerra, os EUA construíram as bases de um poder global que se consolidaram no decorrer daquela quadra e da seguinte, mediante o alicerçamento dos parâmetros formatadores do sistema interestatal - segurança, moeda/finanças, produção/tecnologia. A crise da década corresponde, por conseguinte, não à crise de hegemonia, mas ao antagonismo entre os limites da autonomia dos Estados Nacionais e a ascensão de uma ordem econômica transnacional, em cujo vértice se situa o poder global estadunidense. JEL: F40, F62, P16, N12. 1970 ela pósguerra, pósguerra pós guerra, guerra pós-guerra seguinte segurança moedafinanças moeda finanças moeda/finanças produçãotecnologia produção tecnologia produção/tecnologia corresponde conseguinte transnacional estadunidense JEL F40 F F62 P16 P N12 N 197 F4 F6 P1 N1 19 1

Abstract This article aims to assess the limits of the debate on the crisis of hegemony in the United States in the 1970s. We raise the thesis that the crisis of this decade did not correspond to the supposed crisis of hegemony - despite the questions raised against it. We will argue that during the post-war period, the USA built the foundations of a global power that were consolidated during this and the following decade, through the foundation of the formatters parameters of the interstate system - security, currency/finance, production/technology. The crisis of the decade corresponds, therefore, not to a crisis of hegemony, but to the antagonism between the limits of the autonomy of National States and to the rise of a transnational economic order, whose vertex situated the American global power. 1970s s it postwar post war period security currencyfinance currency finance currency/finance productiontechnology production technology production/technology corresponds therefore order

Resumen Los nematodos fitopatógenos son una amenaza para la producción agrícola, causando enfermedades en las plantas y pérdidas económicas en todo el mundo. En la actualidad, la búsqueda de compuestos de origen biológico para estos nematodos, como una alternativa amigable con el ambiente, se ha convertido en prioridad. Los compuestos derivados de microorganismos cuentan con diferentes mecanismos de acción para reducir las poblaciones de juveniles infecciosos de nematodos. A pesar de que la literatura reporta revisiones sobre los microorganismos y sus metabolitos nematicidas, no se destacan las interacciones entre hongos, bacterias y nematodos, así como de los compuestos que se generan en tales interacciones. El objetivo de esta revisión fue discutir los avances recientes sobre compuestos químicos secretados por microorganismos y mecanismos de interacción para el control biológico de nematodos fitopatógenos. Los resultados se organizaron en función de i) mecanismos de acción, ii) proceso de infección, iii) compuestos nematicidas, iv) interacciones y aplicaciones a las soluciones en campo y v) desafíos actuales. El enfoque de esta revisión contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la utilidad de los compuestos producidos por bacterias y hongos que permitan incorporarlos en el desarrollo de planes de manejo para el control de nematodos.

Abstract Phytopathogenic nematodes are a threat for agriculture, they cause plant diseases and economic losses worldwide. Currently, the pursuit of compounds of biological origin for nematode biocontrol has become a priority as an environmentally friendly alternative. Microorganisms-derived compounds have several strategies to reduce the populations of infectious juvenile nematodes. Although microorganisms and their metabolites are the focus of literature reports reviews on nematicidal control, interactions between fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, as well as the compounds that are generated in such interactions, are not highlighted. The aim of this review was to discuss the latest advances on chemical compounds secreted by microorganisms and their interaction mechanisms for biological control of phytopathogenic nematodes. Results were organized based on: i) mode of action, ii) infection process, iii) nematicide compounds, iv) interactions and field applications, and v) current challenges. The scope of this review contributes to a better comprehension of the versatility of bacterial and fungal compounds for their use in the development of management plans for nematode control.