Abstract Phytopathogenic nematodes are a threat for agriculture, they cause plant diseases and economic losses worldwide. Currently, the pursuit of compounds of biological origin for nematode biocontrol has become a priority as an environmentally friendly alternative. Microorganisms-derived compounds have several strategies to reduce the populations of infectious juvenile nematodes. Although microorganisms and their metabolites are the focus of literature reports reviews on nematicidal control, interactions between fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, as well as the compounds that are generated in such interactions, are not highlighted. The aim of this review was to discuss the latest advances on chemical compounds secreted by microorganisms and their interaction mechanisms for biological control of phytopathogenic nematodes. Results were organized based on: i) mode of action, ii) infection process, iii) nematicide compounds, iv) interactions and field applications, and v) current challenges. The scope of this review contributes to a better comprehension of the versatility of bacterial and fungal compounds for their use in the development of management plans for nematode control.

Resumen Los nematodos fitopatógenos son una amenaza para la producción agrícola, causando enfermedades en las plantas y pérdidas económicas en todo el mundo. En la actualidad, la búsqueda de compuestos de origen biológico para estos nematodos, como una alternativa amigable con el ambiente, se ha convertido en prioridad. Los compuestos derivados de microorganismos cuentan con diferentes mecanismos de acción para reducir las poblaciones de juveniles infecciosos de nematodos. A pesar de que la literatura reporta revisiones sobre los microorganismos y sus metabolitos nematicidas, no se destacan las interacciones entre hongos, bacterias y nematodos, así como de los compuestos que se generan en tales interacciones. El objetivo de esta revisión fue discutir los avances recientes sobre compuestos químicos secretados por microorganismos y mecanismos de interacción para el control biológico de nematodos fitopatógenos. Los resultados se organizaron en función de i) mecanismos de acción, ii) proceso de infección, iii) compuestos nematicidas, iv) interacciones y aplicaciones a las soluciones en campo y v) desafíos actuales. El enfoque de esta revisión contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la utilidad de los compuestos producidos por bacterias y hongos que permitan incorporarlos en el desarrollo de planes de manejo para el control de nematodos.

Resumo No atual contexto de patógenos fúngicos resistentes emergentes tais como Candida albicans e Candida parapsilosis, a descoberta de novos agentes antifúngicos é uma questão urgente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antifúngico da 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida contra cepas clínicas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis resistentes a fluconazol. A atividade antifúngica da substância foi avaliada in vitro através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), concentração fungicida mínima (CFM), ruptura e inibição da formação de biofilme, ensaios de sorbitol e ergosterol, e associação entre esta molécula e antifúngicos comuns, anfotericina B e fluconazol. O produto teste inibiu todas as cepas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis, com uma CIM variando de 128 a 256 µg.mL-1, e uma CFM de 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. Também inibiu até 92% da formação de biofilme e causou a ruptura de até 87% de biofilme pré-formado. A 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida não promoveu atividade antifúngica pela ligação ao ergosterol da membrana celular fúngica, tampouco danificou a parede celular. Antagonismo foi observado ao combinar esta substância com anfotericina B e fluconazol. A substância exibiu atividade antifúngica significativa ao inibir tanto as células planctônicas quanto o biofilme das cepas resistentes ao fluconazol. Sua combinação com outros antifúngicos deve ser evitada e seu mecanismo de ação deve ser estabelecido.

Abstract In the current context of emerging drug-resistant fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, discovery of new antifungal agents is an urgent matter. This research aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide against fluconazole-resistant clinical strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The antifungal activity of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide was evaluated in vitro by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), inhibition of biofilm formation and its rupture, sorbitol and ergosterol assays, and association between this molecule and common antifungal drugs, amphotericin B and fluconazole. The test product inhibited all strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, with a MIC ranging from 128 to 256 µg.mL-1, and a MFC of 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. It also inhibited up to 92% of biofilm formation and rupture of up to 87% of preformed biofilm. 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide did not promote antifungal activity through binding to cellular membrane ergosterol nor it damages the fungal cell wall. Antagonism was observed when combining this substance with amphotericin B and fluconazole. The substance exhibited significant antifungal activity by inhibiting both planktonic cells and biofilm of fluconazole-resistant strains. Its combination with other antifungals should be avoided and its mechanism of action remains to be established.

Abstract This is an opinion-based article that aims to reflect on the antagonism established between the National Policy of Integral Attention to Men’s Health (PNAISH) with specific focus on ED (Erectile Dysfunction), directed to access to medication. It is well-known that PNAISH presents objectives that go beyond sexual and reproductive health, especially, even after 13 years of its publication, since there was no incorporation of medications to treat ED within the SUS. This article was developed based on the scenario observed in the daily care of patients who undergo treatment in the Men’s Health Outpatient Service of a High-Complexity Hospital. According to this perspective, it is important to emphasize, that the prescription of medications within the SUS should faithfully follow the Rename; as recommended by Decree 7,508, observing the Resolution SS-83 of 2015, in the state of São Paulo. This establishes that the cost of dispensing medications not included in the SUS pharmaceutical assistance protocols, through judicialization, prescribed by a physician in the state health network, may be funded by the institution to which this physician is affiliated.

Resumo Trata-se de um artigo embasado em opinião que procura refletir sobre o antagonismo estabelecido entre a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem (PNAISH) com o recorte específico para DE (Disfunção Erétil) direcionado ao acesso de medicamentos. É notório que a PNAISH apresenta objetivos que vão além da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, sobretudo, mesmo após 13 anos de sua publicação, não houve incorporação de medicamentos para tratar DE no âmbito SUS. O artigo foi desenvolvido com base no cenário observado no dia a dia de atendimento aos pacientes que recebem cuidados no Serviço Ambulatorial da Saúde Masculina de um Hospital de Alta Complexidade. Isto por constatar a dificuldade dos médicos em prescreverem medicamentos para DE, por ausência de padronização no contexto SUS. Importante ressaltar, nesta perspectiva, que a prescrição de medicamentos no âmbito SUS deve seguir fidedignamente a Rename; conforme preconiza o Decreto 7.508 e, se atentar à Resolução SS-83 de 2015, vigente no estado de São Paulo. Ela estabelece que o custo da dispensação de medicamentos não contemplados na Rename, por meio da judicialização, prescritos por médico da rede estadual de saúde, poderá ser custeado pela instituição ao qual este esteja vinculado.

ABSTRACT Tomato is an important economic crop due to its consumption and production worldwide. However, like other crops, it is susceptible to pathogens, being necessary agrochemicals to prevent diseases and improve the production of fruits. Among the sustainable alternatives to crop production, microbial inoculants are used as biofungicide and biostimulants for plant development. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of seven Trichoderma spp. isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, T15, T17, and T19) against tomato pathogens in vitro experiments, and their potential to improve tomato growth. The Trichoderma spp. antagonism was investigated against Alternaria sp. 003/09, Botrytis sp. 006/13, Fusarium sp. 007/09, and Stemphylium sp. A73. Dual culture, volatile, and diffusible compounds activity tests showed that all new Trichoderma spp. tested could reduce the mycelial growth of all tested pathogens, highlighting T15 and T17 isolates. Seed and soil inoculation revealed very contrasting results: Trichoderma sp. T17 showed a beneficial effect when inoculated in soil, reducing the percentage of yellowish leaves, and increasing dry weight and stem diameter. Inoculation of Trichoderma sp. T17 in the seed increases hypocotyl and radicle lengths, and the seed vigor index. Finally, the strains studied present the potential to be used to develop biocontrol products.

ABSTRACT In this article, I propose a dialogical analysis of five online cartoons which reverberate the discourse of the former president of Brazil (2019-2022) at the UN in September 2020, when he called the international community to combat Christphobia. Named after the same term, the cartoons present a framework of interdiscursive antagonism between Christian and the former President of Brazil’s fanatic followers’ positions. Assuming that cartoons are a privileged discursive genre for understanding the dialogical resonances between interlocutors and discourses, this work approaches Christphobia as a responsive utterance in terms of scales of meaning. From the analysis, one can see a discursive game of incompatibility and estrangement, that makes room to a Christophobic “Other” in opposition to a persecuted “minority us,” as once presented during the UN discourse. There is an emphasis on a perception of religious intolerance as a result of the political agenda of the former president of Brazil’s religious-ideological alignment.

RESUMO Neste artigo proponho uma análise dialógica de cinco charges online tematizadas pelo termo cristofobia, que reverberam o discurso na ONU do ex-presidente do Brasil (2019-2022) em setembro de 2020. Nele o mandatário conclamava a comunidade internacional a combater a cristofobia. Nas charges, o sentido de perseguição a cristãos é tensionado, apresentando um quadro de antagonismo interdiscursivo entre posicionamentos cristãos e dos fanáticos seguidores do ex-presidente. Partindo da premissa de que a charge é um gênero discursivo privilegiado para compreender as ressonâncias dialógicas entre interlocutores e discursos, a cristofobia é trabalhada como enunciado que responde a escalas de sentido que se revelam na relação entre as enunciações observadas. Percebe-se nas charges um jogo discursivo de incompatibilidade e estranhamento que produz um Outro cristofóbico em oposição a um “nós minoritário” e perseguido, apresentado no discurso da ONU. Nesse arranjo enunciativo, ressalta-se uma percepção sobre intolerância religiosa como resultado da agenda política do alinhamento ideológico-religioso do ex-presidente do Brasil.

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

The purpose of this article is to situate the Community Health Agents strategy as a social intervention that may contribute to bridging the gap in health coverage. In doing this, we used the participation of nonprofit civil society as an analytical tool. Civil society is often neglected in debates about health, which tend to focus the analysis solely on the antagonism between public and private services. By examining this strategy through the lens of popular education in Brazil, we argue that this form of participation cannot be viewed as merely another technocratic solution, but should instead be understood within its cultural and historical context, emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity. Civil society’s participation in health matters has a longstanding history in Chile. Considering the reappropriation of public debates over the past decade, the agential aspect of this intervention could be articulated and potentially institutionalized.

Este artículo tuvo por objetivo situar la estrategia de Agentes Comunitarios de Salud adoptada recientemente en Chile como una intervención que podría contribuir a cerrar las brechas en salud. Para ello, empleamos como herramienta analítica la noción de participación de la sociedad civil, a menudo olvidada en los debates que contraponen los sistemas público y privado en el análisis de la salud. Al examinar esta iniciativa bajo el lente de la educación popular en Brasil, argüimos que esta forma de participación no puede plantearse como una intervención tecnocrática más, sino situarla en contexto, social e históricamente, donde la sensibilidad cultural es clave. En Chile, la participación ciudadana en salud tiene una larga tradición instalada y, en virtud de una reapropiación los discursos públicos en la última década, el aspecto agencial popular podría articularse e institucionalizarse.

O objetivo deste artigo foi situar a estratégia dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde recentemente adotada no Chile como uma intervenção que poderia contribuir para fechar as lacunas na saúde. Para tanto, empregamos como ferramenta analítica a noção de participação da sociedade civil, frequentemente negligenciada nos debates que opõem os sistemas público e privado na análise da saúde. Ao examinar essa iniciativa por meio das lentes da educação popular no Brasil, argumentamos que essa forma de participação não pode ser vista como apenas mais uma intervenção tecnocrática, mas deve ser colocada em um contexto cultural e histórico, no qual a sensibilidade cultural é fundamental. No Chile, a participação cidadã na saúde tem uma longa tradição e, em virtude de uma reapropriação dos discursos públicos na última década, a agência popular pôde ser articulada e institucionalizada.

ABSTRACT The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the ligninolytic enzymatic activity (LEA = laccase, manganese peroxidase [MnP] and lipase peroxidase [LiP]) of two Ganoderma spp. populations (ruderal and urban), determine the type of fungal interaction of each population in co-cultures with Trichoderma spp. strains, and quantify the LEA in the interactions. Seven ruderal and seven urban strains were isolated, their daily growth rate (DGR) and LEA were determined and compared. With three strains from each population with the best DGR, co-cultures with three Trichoderma spp. strains were established (T85, T98 and T99). Ruderal strains produce more MnP and LiP activities, but have lower DGR compared to urban strains. Laccase activity was the same in both populations. The most common interaction between Ganoderma spp. and Trichoderma spp. was the inhibition at contact. Ruderal strains of Ganoderma spp. (4R and 9R) when grown in monoculture did not show MnP activity; however, when they interact with Trichoderma spp., MnP was present (between 150 to 3000%) and increased LiP (between 13 to 51%) activities. In urban strains of Ganoderma spp. laccase (between 8 to 183%), MnP (between 24 to 144%) and LiP (between 5 to 6268%) activities increased in interactions with Trichoderma spp. The LEA in each population was variable, the most common interaction between Ganoderma spp. and Trichoderma spp. was block at contact with significant increases in LEA.

RESUMEN Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar la actividad enzimática ligninolítica (AEL = lacasa, manganeso peroxidasa [MnP]) y lipasa peroxidasa [LiP]) de dos poblaciones de Ganoderma spp. (ruderal y urbana), determinar el tipo de interacción fúngica de cada población en cocultivos con cepas de Trichoderma spp. y cuantificar la AEL en las interacciones. Se aislaron siete cepas ruderales y siete urbanas, se determinó y comparó su tasa de crecimiento diario (TCD) y su AEL. Con tres cepas de cada población con mejor TCD, se establecieron cocultivos con tres cepas de Trichoderma spp. (T85, T98 y T99). Las cepas ruderales presentaron más actividad MnP y LiP, pero menor TCD en comparación con las cepas urbanas. La actividad de la lacasa fue igual en ambas poblaciones. La interacción más común entre Ganoderma spp. y Trichoderma spp. fue la inhibición al contacto. Las cepas ruderales de Ganoderma spp. (4R y 9R) cuando crecen en monocultivo no presentaron actividad MnP; sin embargo, cuando interactúan con Trichoderma, la MnP se presentó (entre 150 a 3000 %) e incrementó la LiP (entre 13 al 51 %). En cepas urbanas de Ganoderma spp. la actividad lacasa (entre 8 a 183 %), MnP (entre 24 a 144 %) y LiP (entre 5 a 6268 %) aumentó en las interacciones con Trichoderma. La AEL en cada población fue variable, la interacción más común entre Ganoderma spp. y Trichoderma spp. fue el bloqueo al contacto con incrementos significativos en la AEL.

Abstract This aticle discusses the political and ideological discours of the Latin American Anticommunist Confederation (CAL) - a far-right organization that operated in the region from 1972-1984 -, approaching specifically its antagonism to Liberation Theology and the progressive clergy. Based upon documental research with primary sources, deposited in the Centro de Documentación y Archivo Para La Defensa de Los Derechos Humanos (CDYA), in the Museo de La Justicia, in Asunción (Paraguay), I seek to demonstrate how CAL, the regional chapter of the World Anticommunist League (WACL), furnished an space to gather extremist Catholics, contrary to the innovations promoted by the II. Vatican Council, against their progressive enemies inside the Church. Furthermore, the discourse that denounced the “communist infiltration” in the religious environment served as a articulation point between religious and repressors, police and military, associated with other discoursive elements, such as the critic of human rights, for example. In this way, I seek to contribute to the studies on the right-wing transnational networks, by indicating how CAL and WACL helped to form an international religious right.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o discurso ideológico da Confederação Anticomunista Latino-americana - organização de extrema-direita que operou na região entre 1972 e 1984 -, abordando especificamente seu antagonismo à Teologia da Libertação e ao clero progressista. Para tanto, trabalharei com documentação primária depositada no acervo do Centro y Archivo Para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos, do Museo de la Justicia del Paraguay. Com base em tais fontes, procurarei demonstrar como a CAL, capítulo latino-americano da Liga Mundial Anticomunista, forneceu um espaço de articulação continental de setores católicos extremistas, contrários as inovações do Concílio Vaticano II, para atacar seus inimigos progressistas no interior da Igreja. Mais do que isso, o discurso de denúncia da “infiltração comunista” nos meios religiosos serviu como ponto de articulação para a convergência entre religiosos e repressores, policiais e militares, associado a outros elementos discursivos, como a crítica aos direitos humanos, por exemplo. Desse modo, pretendo contribuir para os estudos sobre a conformação de redes transnacionais de direita, indicando como a CAL e a WACL contribuíram para a formação de uma direita religiosa internacional.

Abstract: Digital platforms such as Uber, Rappi or Airbnb impose a labor model where workers are not recognized as such and do not have minimum rights. They are part of platform capitalism, a form of capital that uses digital technologies to impose a precarious employment relationship. However, faced with this model, application workers are beginning to organize and demand rights. In this article, I examine the ideology that platforms promote and the resistances of app distributors. I argue that, in the face of the imagined individualism of digital platforms, delivery people are recreating forms of community. They have not been passive or totally subaltern but are displaying different forms of antagonism and autonomy. The work is based on qualitative research with interviews of key informants and analysis of the documents of collectives of of groups of Mexican delivery men, both in Mexico City and in New York.

Resumen: Las plataformas digitales como Uber, Rappi o Airbnb imponen un modelo laboral donde los trabajadores no son reconocidos como tales y no cuentan con derechos mínimos. Forman parte del capitalismo de plataformas, una forma del capital que utiliza las tecnologías digitales para imponer una relación laboral precarizada. Sin embargo, frente a ese modelo los trabajadores de las aplicaciones comienzan a organizarse y demandar derechos. En este artículo examino la ideología que promueven las plataformas y las resistencias de los repartidores de aplicaciones. Sostengo que, frente al individualismo imaginado de las plataformas digitales, los repartidores están recreando formas de comunidad. No han sido pasivos ni totalmente subalternos, sino que están desplegando diferentes formas de antagonismo y autonomía. El trabajo está basado en una investigación cualitativa con entrevistas a informantes clave y análisis de los documentos de colectivos de repartidores mexicanos, tanto en la Ciudad de México como en Nueva York.

RESUMEN El uso del glifosato en la agricultura es de fundamental importancia para la conservación del suelo al evitar la utilización del arado para el control de malezas. Los coadyuvantes como surfactantes y reductores de pH pueden aumentar la eficacia del herbicida. Últimamente, entre los productores locales, se observa el uso de coadyuvantes de origen natural, resultantes de procesos de fermentación y/o condensación, en combinación con el glifosato, presuntamente posibilitando el control de malezas con dosis de glifosato reducidas. En este estudio se comparó la eficacia de dos coadyuvantes basados en compuestos naturales, el Ácido Piroleñoso (AP) y una solución producto de fermentación de hierbas, con diferentes dosis de glifosato, con un surfactante y reductor de pH comercial. Los resultados muestran la capacidad de reducción de pH de ambos coadyuvantes de origen natural, pero una tendencia de reducción de eficacia del glifosato para el AP y antagonismo con el glifosato para la solución producto de fermentación de hierbas, en comparación con el producto comercial. Según el conocimiento del autor, este es el primer reporte en la literatura científica del uso del AP como coadyuvante del glifosato.

ABSTRACT The use of glyphosate in sustainable agriculture is of fundamental importance for soil conservation by avoiding the plow. Adjuvants such as surfactants and pH reducers can increase the effectiveness of the herbicide. Lately, the use of adjuvants of natural origin, resulting from fermentation and/or condensation processes, as adjuvants for glyphosate, has been observed among local farmers, presumably making it possible to control weeds with glyphosate rates reduced by as much as 50%. In this study, the efficacy of two adjuvants based on natural compounds, Pyroligneous Acid and a herbs fermentation product solution, and their effect at different doses of glyphosate, are compared with a commercial surfactant and pH reducer. To the author's best knowledge, this is the first report in scientific literature of the use of Pyroligneous Acid as an adjuvant for glyphosate. The results show the pH reduction capacity of both adjuvants of natural origin, however a trend of reduced efficacy of glyphosate for Pyroligneous Acid and antagonism with glyphosate for the herbs fermentation product solution, compared to the commercial adjuvant, was observed.

Resumo Objetivo. Determinar os efeitos de um Programa de Auto-liderança (PAL), composto por oito workshops e uma abordagem de aprendizagem experiencial, em estudantes de mestrado que têm uma pontuação alta no antagonismo TP. O objetivo é proporcionar uma aprendizagem mais abrangente aos estudantes por meio da incorporação do desenvolvimento de competências emocionais (DCE), e assim facilitar a atuação de um estilo de liderança mais pró-social. Metodologia. Foi conduzido um estudo quase experimental (n=126). Foram aplicados instrumentos de auto-relato de desenvolvimento de competências emocionais (DCE) (QDE_A35) de Bisquerra e Pérez-Escoda, bem como a subescala de amabilidade-antagonismo dos Big Five. Resultados. Os resultados dos testes ANCOVA revelaram mudanças significativas nos participantes com TP antagônicos, quando comparados ao outro grupo de estudantes que, tendo o mesmo traço de personalidade, não participaram no programa (grupo de controlo). As mudanças significativas foram observadas no (i) DCE total, e (ii) as subdimensões de consciência emocional (CoE), regulação emocional (ER) e autonomia emocional (EA). Pelo contrário, não foram observadas diferenças em competências sociais (CS) e bem-estar emocional (BE). Conclusão. O Programa de Autoliderança analisado mostra-se como uma formação que contribui claramente para o DCE de estudantes com notas altas em antagonismo.

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de un programa de autoliderazgo (PAL), formado por ocho talleres y un enfoque de aprendizaje experiencial, en estudiantes de nivel máster que tienen una puntuación elevada en el RP antagonismo. Con la finalidad de procurar un aprendizaje más integral del alumnado, incorpora el desarrollo competencial emocional (DCE) y facilita, con ello, el desempeño de un estilo de liderazgo más prosocial. Metodología. Diseño cuasi experimental ex post facto (n=126), se aplican los instrumentos autoinformados de desarrollo competencial emocional (DCE) (QDE_A35) de Bisquerra y Pérez-Escoda, así como la subescala de amabilidad-antagonismo del Big Five. Resultados. Las pruebas ANCOVA revelan cambios significativos en las personas participantes con RP antagónico, al compararlas con otro grupo de estudiantes que teniendo el mismo rasgo de personalidad no participaron en el programa (Grupo de Control), en: (i) DCE total, y (ii) las subdimensiones de consciencia emocional (CoE), regulación emocional (RE), y autonomía emocional (AE). Por el contrario, no se apreciaron diferencias en: competencias sociales (CS) y bienestar emocional (BE). Conclusión. El programa de autoliderazgo analizado demuestra ser una formación que contribuye de manera clara al DCE del alumnado con puntuaciones altas en antagonismo.

Abstract Objective. This study aims to understand the effects of an eight-workshop self-leadership program using an experiential learning approach on master’s students with high antagonistic personality traits scores. The study seeks to examine, more comprehensively, the impact of incorporating emotional competence development into a restricted technical competence approach, as a method to facilitate antagonistic students to develop prosocial leadership styles. Methodology. The quasi-experimental ex post facto design (n=126) study implemented self-reported instruments, including the Bisquerra and Pérez-Escoda for the Emotional Competences questionnaire (QDE_A35) and the agreeableness-antagonism sub-scale of the Big Five. Results. The ANCOVA tests revealed significant changes in antagonistic students who attended the self-leadership program (experimental group) compared to those who did not and formed part of the control group. Specifically, the experimental group showed changes in total emotional competence, as well as in the sub-dimensions of emotional awareness, emotional regulation, and emotional autonomy. However, no differences were reported in social competencies and emotional well-being. Conclusion. The self-leadership program analyzed in this study contributes to the development of emotional competence in students with high scores in antagonism.

Abstract Root-knot nematodes affect the production of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) and the use of antagonistic microorganisms is an option for their control. The objective was to evaluate native consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma spp. (TRI) for the management of M. incognita (Mi) in C. chinense. Five treatments established under protected conditions: AMF + Mi, TRI + Mi, AMF + TRI + Mi, Vydate 24% nematicide (Oxamil) + Mi and a control with only Mi. Each treatment had 15 replicates. The AMF + Mi treatment decreased the galling index, the number of eggs and females by 56, 48 and 26.29% in relation to Oxamil. The highest growth of the plants achieved with AMF + Mi with higher effects than the nematicide and control. The AMF + Mi and AMF + TRI + Mi treatments promoted better physiological functioning of the plants.

Resumen Los nematodos agalladores afectan la producción de chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) y el uso de microorganimos antagonistas son una opción para su control. El objetivo fue evaluar consorcios nativos de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) y Trichoderma spp. (TRI) para el manejo de M. incognita (Mi) en C. chinense. En condiciones protegidas se establecieron cinco tratamientos: HMA + Mi, TRI + Mi, HMA + TRI + Mi, nematicida Vydate 24% (Oxamil) + Mi y un control solo con Mi. Cada tratamiento tuvo 15 repeticiones. El tratamiento HMA + Mi, disminuyó el índice de agallamiento, el número de huevos y hembras en un 56, 48 y 26.29% con relación al Oxamil. El mayor crecimiento de las plantas se logró con HMA + Mi con efectos superiores al nematicida y el control. Los tratamientos HMA + Mi y HMA + TRI + Mi promovieron mejor funcionamiento fisiológico de las plantas.

Resumen: Durante la presidencia de Bartolomé Mitre (1862-1868), la dinámica del Congreso no se centró en una relación entre gobierno y oposición, a pesar de las simpatías y alineamientos a favor y en contra del Ejecutivo que se dieron sobre los distintos temas. Ese funcionamiento se modificó durante la gestión de su sucesor, Domingo F. Sarmiento (1868-1874), quien debió enfrentar en las cámaras un grupo de adversarios variopinto, pero relativamente unificado, en el cual, desde mayo de 1869, se encontró también el propio Mitre. A través del análisis de documentos legislativos, correspondencia personal y prensa periódica, este trabajo examina cómo se produjo esa reorganización de las alianzas en el Congreso, así como las transformaciones institucionales que implicó. Pone el foco en la praxis legislativa de la Cámara Alta y en su relación con el Poder Ejecutivo durante el primer año de la administración Sarmiento.

Abstract: During the presidency of Bartolomé Mitre (1862-1868), congressional dynamics were not centered on an antagonism between government and opposition. This performance changed during the administration of his successor, Domingo F. Sarmiento (1868-1874), who had to face a heterogeneous but relatively unified group of adversaries in the chambers, including Mitre himself from May 1869. Through the analysis of legislative documents, personal correspondence, and the periodical press, this paper examines how this reorganization of alliances took place within Congress as well as the institutional transformations it implied. It focuses on the legislative praxis of the upper House and its relationship with the Executive Branch during the first year of Sarmiento’s administration.

Resumen En este breve ensayo se analiza someramente la resistencia al avance de la ciencia. Tradicionalmente se ha culpado a distintas instituciones, como el Estado (al no destinar suficientes recursos económicos) y la Iglesia (por oponerse a tratamientos o procedimientos novedosos), o inclusive a los temores legítimos o infundados de la población, de que la ciencia no logre avanzar tan rápidamente como podría. Luego de rescatar unos cuantos ejemplos de la historia de la medicina, de la fisiología y de la astronomía, en esta oportunidad se propone que la principal oposición al avance de la ciencia proviene necesariamente de sus propias filas. Se justifica la necesidad de un cuestionamiento pausado a las ideas novedosas a la vez que se advierte contra la resistencia excesiva. Se presentan además algunos ejemplos de la resistencia originada en la religión, antagonismo que podría o no estar justificado. Interesantemente, en esos ejemplos también se ha identificado una importante oposición desde la ciencia misma. Se concluye que la oposición a cambiar los paradigmas vigentes y abrazar el progreso podría ser una cualidad inherente a la ciencia, más que un defecto de la religión o de otras instituciones.

Abstract In this paper the resistance to the progress of science is briefly analyzed. The blame for suppressing the rapid advancement of science has traditionally been laid on various institutions such as the State (by not providing sufficient economic resources), and the Church (by opposing new treatments or procedures), or even the legitimate or unfounded fears of the population. Having recalled a few examples from the history of medicine, physiology, and astronomy, it is suggested that the main opposition to the progress of science necessarily comes from within its ranks. The need for a gradual questioning of novel ideas is justified while warning against excessive resistance. Some examples of resistance originating in religion are also presented, antagonism that may or may not be justified. Interestingly, in these examples, significant opposition from science itself has also been identified. In conclusion, the opposition to changing existing paradigms and embracing progress may be an inherent quality of science rather than a deficiency of religion or other institutions.