Resumen: En el escenario contemporáneo, el poder crítico de las ciencias sociales se ha visto cuestionado. Por un lado, reconocemos la democracia como una arena agonística (Mouffe), en la que el consenso significa la muerte. Por otro, la fragmentación de las demandas debilita los logros democráticos, vaciando la idea de emancipación. Destacamos los feminismos y las formas en que abordan el contenido emancipatorio de las políticas identitarias. Señalamos el peligro de confundir la afirmación de las identidades con el término identitarismo, en connivencia con esencialismos que pueden conducir al extremismo. Sin embargo, nos esforzamos por demostrar que la crítica, en sentido ecuménico, no produce un antagonismo entre emancipación e identidad, exponiendo preliminarmente la diversidad de argumentos desde la teoría crítica feminista, el feminismo post-estructuralista hasta los feminismos negros, que nunca han sido tan elocuentes. Finalmente, proponemos la escucha como condición básica para quien quiera llamarse parte del proyecto de las teóricas críticas. Resumen contemporáneo cuestionado lado Mouffe, Mouffe , (Mouffe) muerte otro democráticos identitarias identitarismo extremismo embargo ecuménico identidad feminista postestructuralista post estructuralista negros elocuentes Finalmente críticas (Mouffe

Abstract: In the contemporary scenario, the critical power of the social sciences has come under challenge. On the one hand, democracy is acknowledged as an agonistic arena (Mouffe) where consensus might mean its demise. On the other hand, the fragmentation of demands weakens democratic achievements, undermining the concept of emancipation. To understand this, we focus on feminisms and their approaches to the emancipatory content of identity politics. We discuss the dangers of conflating the affirmation of identities with the term “identitarianism,” which, in complicity with essentialisms, poses a risk of extremisms. In other perspective, we seek to demonstrate how criticism, in an ecumenical sense, does not generate an antagonism between emancipation and identity, presenting the diversity of arguments from feminist critical theory to post-structuralist feminism and black feminisms that have never been so eloquent. Finally, we propose “listening” as a foundational condition for those who intend to self-identify as part of the project of critical theories. Abstract scenario challenge hand Mouffe (Mouffe demise achievements this politics identitarianism, identitarianism “identitarianism, which essentialisms extremisms perspective criticism sense poststructuralist post structuralist eloquent Finally listening “listening selfidentify self identify theories “identitarianism

Resumo: No cenário contemporâneo, a potência crítica das ciências sociais tem sido desafiada. De um lado, reconhecemos a democracia como arena agonística (Mouffe), em que o consenso significa sua morte. De outro, a fragmentação das demandas fragiliza as conquistas democráticas, esvaziando a ideia de emancipação. Destacamos os feminismos e os modos como lidam com o conteúdo emancipatório das políticas identitárias. Atentamos para o perigo de se confundir a afirmação das identidades com o termo identitarismos em conivência com essencialismos que podem derivar em extremismos. Buscamos, porém, demonstrar que a crítica, em sentido ecumênico, não produz um antagonismo entre emancipação e identidade, expondo em caráter preliminar a diversidade dos argumentos desde a Teoria Crítica feminista, passando pelo feminismo pós-estruturalista, até os feminismos negros que nunca foram tão eloquentes. Propomos, por fim, a escuta como condição basilar para quem pretende se autodenominar parte do projeto das teóricas críticas. Resumo contemporâneo desafiada lado Mouffe, Mouffe , (Mouffe) morte outro democráticas identitárias extremismos Buscamos porém ecumênico identidade feminista pósestruturalista, pósestruturalista pós estruturalista, estruturalista pós-estruturalista eloquentes Propomos fim críticas (Mouffe

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Abstract Introduction. “Green mold,” caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the phytosanitary issues that limits citrus production. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used, which have lost effectiveness due to resistance developed by the fungus. An alternative is the use of endophytic fungi with biocontrol action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites (SM) from endophytic fungi (EF) on the mycelial inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and the effectiveness of disease control in mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulata) post-harvest. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2022, using a completely randomized experimental design in the Plant Health Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Peru. For the antibiosis test, secondary metabolites were extracted from ten strains of EF from the genera Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp., where mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (%) was evaluated. SMs were sprayed at 15 % (v/v) concentration on mandarin fruits that were disinfected and inoculated with the pathogen by spraying (1x 105 CFU/cc). Additionally, a commercial biocontrol, a vegetable oil, and a fungicide were used. After 6 and 9 days, disease incidence (%) and severity index (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated. Results. Secondary metabolites from strains the HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium), and HSA-1 (Trichoderma) showed the highest mycelial inhibition with 95.05 %, 87.51 %, and 47.47 %, respectively. In mandarin fruits treated with SMs from strains HEA-109 and HSA-1, there was a control of 80 % and 55 %, respectively. Conclusions. SMs from EF were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. digitatum and reduces disease progression in mandarin fruits post-harvest.

Resumen Introducción. El “moho verde” causado por Penicillium digitatum es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios que limita la producción en los cítricos. Para su control se utilizan fungicidas sintéticos, que han perdido eficacia, debido a la resistencia generada por el hongo. Una alternativa, es el uso de hongos endófitos con acción biocontroladora. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de metabolitos secundarios (MS) de hongos endófitos (HE) en la inhibición micelial de Penicillium digitatum y la eficacia de control de la enfermedad, en frutos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) después de la cosecha. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 2022, bajo un diseño experimental completo al azar, en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Perú. Para la prueba de antibiosis se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios de diez cepas de HE de los géneros Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. y Aspergillus sp., en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno (%). Se asperjaron MS a una concentración del 15 % (v/v) sobre frutos de mandarina que fueron desinfectados e inoculados con el patógeno por aspersión (1x105 UFC/cc). Adicionalmente, se utilizaron un biocontrol comercial, un aceite vegetal y un fungicida. Después de 6 y 9 días, se evaluaron la incidencia (%) y el índice de severidad (0,1,2,3) de la enfermedad. Resultados. Los metabolitos secundarios de las cepas HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium) y HSA-1 (Trichoderma) presentaron la mayor inhibición micelial con 95,05 %, 87,51 % y 47,47 %, respectivamente. En los frutos de mandarina tratados con los MS de las cepas HEA-109 y HSA-1, hubo un control del 80 % y 55 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los MS de HE tuvieron efecto en la inhibición micelial de P. digitatum y redujeron el avance de la enfermedad en frutos de mandarina después de la cosecha.

Summary: The use of rhizobacteria has the ability to colonize the root system, promote plant growth and biocontrol or suppress phytopathogenic fungi. The objective of this research was to select and analyze fluorescent rhizobacteria solubilizing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, producing lytic enzymes with antagonistic activity towards P. palmivora and L. theobromae. The bacteria were isolated from root and leaf tissue of endemic CCN-51 cacao cultivars from the provinces of Los Ríos, Santa Elena and Esmeralda. Characterization of antagonistic activity was based on the selection of proteolytic activity, siderophore production and fluorescent pigmentation under ultra violet light. In addition, antagonistic activity was performed using cell extracts. Nine bacterial strains (BF 567, FZ 9-7, LH 5-10, MH 4-20, MN 5-20, MN 5-19, AC3, PV-25) with protease production, siderophore production and fluorescence emission were selected. The ability of the bacteria to solubilize complex minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) was analyzed and their solubilization efficiency varied, ranging from 50 to 100 %. The antagonistic factor of cell supernatants from FZ 9-7, BF 567 and PV-25 inhibited mycelial growth toward P. palmivora and L. theobromae by 40, 60 and 85%, respectively. The use of rhizobacteria could be used as an alternative biofertilizer to chemical fertilizers and biological control of phytopathogenic soil fungi through their volatile emissions.

Resumen: El empleo de rizobacterias tiene la capacidad de colonizar el sistema radicular, promover el crecimiento en plantas y la capacidad biocontroladora o suprimir hongos fitopatógenos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue seleccionar y analizar las rizobacterias fluorescentes solubilizadoras de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, productoras de enzimas líticas de actividad antagonistas hacia P. palmivora y L. theobromae. Las bacterias se aislaron del tejido radicular y foliar de cultivares endémicos de cacao CCN-51 de las provincias de Los Ríos, Santa Elena y Esmeralda. La caracterización de la actividad antagonista se apoyó en la selección de actividad proteolítica, producción de sideróforos y pigmentación fluorescente bajo luz ultra violeta. Además, se realizó la actividad antagonista mediante los extractos celulares. Se seleccionaron nueve cepas bacterianas (BF 567, FZ 9-7, LH 5-10, MH 4-20, MN 5-20, MN 5-19, AC3, PV-25) con producción de proteasa, sideróforos y emisión de fluorescencia. Se analizó la capacidad de las bacterias para solubilizar minerales complejos (nitrógeno, fosforo y potasio) su eficiencia de solubilización vario, oscilando entre 50 y 100%. El factor antagónico de los sobrenadantes celulares de FZ 9-7, BF 567 y PV-25 inhiben el crecimiento del micelio hacia P. palmivora y L. theobromae en un 40, 60 y 85%, respectivamente. La utilización de las rizobacterias podría usarse como biofertilizante alternativo a los fertilizantes químicos y control biológico de hongos fitopatógenos del suelo a través de sus emisiones volátiles.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto combinado de dos tácticas de biocontrol de plagas: la biofumigación con Brassicajuncea y la inoculación de Trichoderma harzianum, sobre el crecimiento in vitro del patógeno Phomopsis spp., agente etiológico de la cancrosis en el cultivo de pecán (Carya illinoinensis). Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en envases de poliestireno en dosis de 10 y 30 g. Luego, en cada uno de estos recipientes se introdujo una caja de Petri con un disco con micelio dePhomopsis spp. o T. harzianum o ambos hongos (cultivo dual). Se incubó en cámara de cultivo. Los parámetros evaluados fueron la superficie de las colonias y el porcentaje de inhibición miceliar de Phomopsis spp. Los datos se analizaron con estadística no paramétrica mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) B. juncea no afectó el crecimiento de T. harzianum; ii) la dosis de 30 g de B. juncea suprimió completamente el crecimiento de Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de Phomopsis spp.; iv) la combinación de T. harzianum y la biofumigación con 10 g de B. juncea mostró sinergia sobre el control del crecimiento de Phomopsis spp. La biofumigación con B. juncea, la aplicación de T. harzianum y la combinación de ambas técnicas podrían ser alternativas promisorias para el control biológico de Phomopsis spp.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the combined effect of two pest biocontrol strategies: biofumigation with Brassica juncea and inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum, on the in vitro growth of the pathogen Phomopsis spp., an etiological agent of canker disease in pecan crops (Carya illinoinensis). B. juncea plants were crushed and placed in polystyrene recipients in doses of 10 and 30 g. Then, a Petri dish was introduced to each recipient, with a disk with a grown mycelium of Phomopsis spp. or T. harzianum, or both fungi (dual culture). Treatments were incubated in a culture chamber. The parameters evaluated were colonies’ surface area and percentage of mycelial inhibition of Phomopsis spp. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicated that: i) B. juncea did not affect the growth of T. harzianum; ii) the 30 g dose of B. juncea completely suppressed the growth of Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis spp. colonies; iv) the combination of T. harzianum and biofumigation with 10 g of B. juncea showed synergy on the growth control of Phomopsis spp. Biofumigation with B. juncea, the application of T. harzianum, and the combination of both techniques could be promising alternatives for the biological control of Phomopsis spp.

Abstract Mexican native maize (Zea mays L.) is an emblematic food for Mexico, as it represents an important factor in terms of local economy, culture and biodiversity. Biotechnological techniques using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical agricultural inputs for corn production; however, it is important to emphasize that the ideal is to use native PGPB into the soil and/or crop where they are to be applied, since this ensures the PGPB adaptation and guarantees the colonization of the rhizosphere, improving crop yields. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to isolate native bacteria from soils cultivated with Mexican native maize and to demonstrate their biotechnological potential as PGPB in corn. Soil samples were taken from the municipality of Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico and 40 isolates were obtained, of which 18 showed more than 90% germination of maize seeds. In addition, four isolates showed increases of 20 to 30 % in total shoot length and increases of 25 to 100 % in total plant dry weight. The mechanisms associated with maize growth promotion were phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid and siderophore production, as well as antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium and Colletotrichum). Therefore, we conclude that the native PGPB isolated in the present study have biotechnological potential for use in Mexican native maize in the region.

Resumen El maíz criollo (Zea mays L.) es un alimento emblemático para México, ya que representa un factor importante en cuanto a economía local, cultura y biodiversidad. Las técnicas biotecnológicas donde se emplean bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV), son una alternativa sostenible al uso de insumos agrícolas químicos para la producción de maíz, sin embargo, es importante destacar que, lo ideal es utilizar BPCV nativas del suelo y/o cultivo donde se pretendan aplicar, ya que esto asegura la adaptación de las BPCV y garantiza la colonización de la rizosfera, mejorando los rendimientos productivos del cultivo. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente trabajo, fue aislar bacterias nativas de suelos cultivados con maíz criollo mexicano y demostrar su potencial biotecnológico como BPCV en maíz. Se tomaron muestras de suelo cultivado con maíz criollo mexicano, del municipio de Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México y se lograron obtener 40 asilados, de los cuales 18 indujeron la germinación de las semillas de maíz en más del 90 %. Además, cuatro aislados mostraron incrementos del 20 al 30 % en la longitud total del brote y aumentos del 25 hasta el 100 % en el peso seco total de las plantas. Los mecanismos asociados a la promoción del crecimiento del maíz fueron los de, solubilización de fosfatos, producción de ácido indol acético y de sideróforos, así como el antagonismo contra hongos fitopatógenos (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium y Colletotrichum). Por lo cual, concluimos que las BPCV nativas aisladas en el presente estudio, tienen potencial biotecnológico para su uso en maíz criollo mexicano de la región.

ABSTRACT Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed production using the aeroponic system has been widely implemented in Indonesia. However, aeroponic systems in tropical areas such as Indonesia faced obstacles in the form of high wilt attacks caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. This research aimed to control R. solanacearum wilt disease in an aeroponic system using various microbes. The research was carried out from September 2022 to January 2023. This research consisted of four stages, namely exploration and isolation of microorganisms, identification of microbial antagonism, testing of in vitro potential microbial antagonism and testing of selected microbial antagonism in the aeroponic system. The nutrients used in the aeroponic system contained R. solanacearum with a concentration of 104 CFU mL-1, while the concentration of the microbial solution used was 108 CFU mL-1. Pseudomonas fluorescence was consistently the best microbe both in vitro and in aeroponics, whereas Bacillus subtilis could only overcome wilt in vitro and could not overcome wilt in aeroponic system. Pseudomonas fluorescence required 5 min soaking time and could increase wilt with increasing soaking time. The consortium between B. subtilis and P. fluorescence with 10 min soaking time could overcome wilt by 85% and increase the number of tubers and tuber weight by 79% and 85%, respectively, so this prospective microbial consortium could be applied to aeroponic systems environmentally friendly in tropical areas with high R. solanacearum opportunities.

ABSTRACT The biblical characters Cain and Abel, protagonists in Gn 4,1-16, including the subsequent outcome between them, and due to the offering to the One who watched over them diligently, are among the most thought-provoking plots in the Old Testament, which is why we dedicate a brief reflection about the biblical anthropological intelligence observed more closely from the Caimic way of ministering ritual and labor, through which it is possible do compose the extensive formative scenario of related communities as well as imperial territories of the period in question. The vast theoretical repertoire on this biblical theme and the advances in archaeological excavations enhanced our understanding about the Caimic narrative. The animal sacrifice and the offering described in the passage signalize, in their internal antagonism, meaningful changes in the religious system, designating socioeconomical transformations and a theological response to these transformations. Within that framework, a new theological guidance is given to the sacrifice truly expected by the Lord. Abel 4,116, 4116 4,1 16, 4 1 16 4,1-16 diligently thoughtprovoking thought provoking Testament labor question narrative signalize antagonism system framework Lord 116 4,116 411 41 4, 4,1-1 11 4,11 4,1-

RESUMO As personagens Caim e Abel, protagonistas de Gn 4,1-16, e o subsequente desfecho narrativo entre elas, em função da oferta Àquele que os acompanhava diligentemente, estão entre as passagens mais instigantes do Antigo Testamento, motivo pelo qual dedicamos uma breve reflexão sobre a inteligência antropológica bíblica, observada mais detidamente a partir das atividades laborais e rituais do relato caímico, pelas quais é possível compor o extenso cenário formativo de comunidades afins assim como de territórios imperiais no período em questão. O vasto repertório teórico associado a esse tema bíblico e os avanços nas escavações arqueológicas nos permitem algumas elucidações centrais que o texto caímico nos proporciona. A prática sacrificial animal e a oferta descrita na passagem é sinal, em seu antagonismo, de alterações significativas no sistema religioso, que designam transformações socioeconômicas e uma resposta teológica a essas transformações. Com base nesse embate, se dá uma nova orientação teológica ao sacrifício, verdadeiramente esperado pelo Senhor. Abel 4,116, 4116 4,1 16, 4 1 16 4,1-16 elas diligentemente Testamento bíblica questão proporciona sinal antagonismo religioso embate sacrifício Senhor 116 4,116 411 41 4, 4,1-1 11 4,11 4,1-

Abstract This article aims to assess the limits of the debate on the crisis of hegemony in the United States in the 1970s. We raise the thesis that the crisis of this decade did not correspond to the supposed crisis of hegemony - despite the questions raised against it. We will argue that during the post-war period, the USA built the foundations of a global power that were consolidated during this and the following decade, through the foundation of the formatters parameters of the interstate system - security, currency/finance, production/technology. The crisis of the decade corresponds, therefore, not to a crisis of hegemony, but to the antagonism between the limits of the autonomy of National States and to the rise of a transnational economic order, whose vertex situated the American global power. 1970s s it postwar post war period security currencyfinance currency finance currency/finance productiontechnology production technology production/technology corresponds therefore order

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar os limites do debate acerca da crise de hegemonia dos Estados Unidos na década de 1970. Nossa hipótese é que a crise daquele período não correspondeu à crise de hegemonia - à revelia dos questionamentos a ela. Argumentaremos que, ao longo do pós-guerra, os EUA construíram as bases de um poder global que se consolidaram no decorrer daquela quadra e da seguinte, mediante o alicerçamento dos parâmetros formatadores do sistema interestatal - segurança, moeda/finanças, produção/tecnologia. A crise da década corresponde, por conseguinte, não à crise de hegemonia, mas ao antagonismo entre os limites da autonomia dos Estados Nacionais e a ascensão de uma ordem econômica transnacional, em cujo vértice se situa o poder global estadunidense. JEL: F40, F62, P16, N12. 1970 ela pósguerra, pósguerra pós guerra, guerra pós-guerra seguinte segurança moedafinanças moeda finanças moeda/finanças produçãotecnologia produção tecnologia produção/tecnologia corresponde conseguinte transnacional estadunidense JEL F40 F F62 P16 P N12 N 197 F4 F6 P1 N1 19 1

Abstract The fungus Rhizopus stolonifer causes the rotting of fruits and vegetables, so it is important to search for biological control alternatives. The objective was to perform antagonism and evaluate the antifungal activity of H. coffeata against R. stolonifer. The percentage reduction in mycelial growth (PRCM) and the type of antagonism of R. stolonifer were evaluated when growing it together with the antagonist strains, and the antifungal activity of the H. coffeata culture broth was evaluated. The PRCM was higher for H. coffeata and Daldinia sp.; they presented class 1 antagonism and contact inhibition since the mycelium of H. coffeata rolled up the hyphae of R. stolonifer. The three H. coffeata culture broths affected the growth of R. stolonifer, but it was more evident in the coculture, so through this system molecules can be obtained to be used in the bio-control of R. stolonifer.

Resumen El hongo Rhizopus stolonifer causa pudrición de frutas y verduras, por lo que es importante la búsqueda de alternativas de control biológico. El objetivo fue realizar antagonismo y evaluar la actividad antifúngica de H. coffeata contra R. stolonifer. Se evaluó el porcentaje de reducción del crecimiento micelial (PRCM) y el tipo de antagonismo de R. stolonifer al crecerlo junto con las cepas antagonistas y se evaluó la actividad antifúngica del caldo de cultivo de H. coffeata. El PRCM fue mayor para H. coffeata y Daldinia sp., presentaron antagonismo de clase 1, inhibición por contacto, ya que el micelio de H. coffeata enrolló las hifas de R. stolonifer. Los tres caldos de cultivo de H. coffeata presentaron efecto sobre el crecimiento de R. stolonifer, pero, fue más evidente en el cocultivo, por lo que mediante este sistema se puede obtener moléculas para utilizarse en el bio-control de R. stolonifer.

Abstract Phytopathogenic nematodes are a threat for agriculture, they cause plant diseases and economic losses worldwide. Currently, the pursuit of compounds of biological origin for nematode biocontrol has become a priority as an environmentally friendly alternative. Microorganisms-derived compounds have several strategies to reduce the populations of infectious juvenile nematodes. Although microorganisms and their metabolites are the focus of literature reports reviews on nematicidal control, interactions between fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, as well as the compounds that are generated in such interactions, are not highlighted. The aim of this review was to discuss the latest advances on chemical compounds secreted by microorganisms and their interaction mechanisms for biological control of phytopathogenic nematodes. Results were organized based on: i) mode of action, ii) infection process, iii) nematicide compounds, iv) interactions and field applications, and v) current challenges. The scope of this review contributes to a better comprehension of the versatility of bacterial and fungal compounds for their use in the development of management plans for nematode control.

Resumen Los nematodos fitopatógenos son una amenaza para la producción agrícola, causando enfermedades en las plantas y pérdidas económicas en todo el mundo. En la actualidad, la búsqueda de compuestos de origen biológico para estos nematodos, como una alternativa amigable con el ambiente, se ha convertido en prioridad. Los compuestos derivados de microorganismos cuentan con diferentes mecanismos de acción para reducir las poblaciones de juveniles infecciosos de nematodos. A pesar de que la literatura reporta revisiones sobre los microorganismos y sus metabolitos nematicidas, no se destacan las interacciones entre hongos, bacterias y nematodos, así como de los compuestos que se generan en tales interacciones. El objetivo de esta revisión fue discutir los avances recientes sobre compuestos químicos secretados por microorganismos y mecanismos de interacción para el control biológico de nematodos fitopatógenos. Los resultados se organizaron en función de i) mecanismos de acción, ii) proceso de infección, iii) compuestos nematicidas, iv) interacciones y aplicaciones a las soluciones en campo y v) desafíos actuales. El enfoque de esta revisión contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la utilidad de los compuestos producidos por bacterias y hongos que permitan incorporarlos en el desarrollo de planes de manejo para el control de nematodos.

Resumo No atual contexto de patógenos fúngicos resistentes emergentes tais como Candida albicans e Candida parapsilosis, a descoberta de novos agentes antifúngicos é uma questão urgente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antifúngico da 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida contra cepas clínicas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis resistentes a fluconazol. A atividade antifúngica da substância foi avaliada in vitro através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), concentração fungicida mínima (CFM), ruptura e inibição da formação de biofilme, ensaios de sorbitol e ergosterol, e associação entre esta molécula e antifúngicos comuns, anfotericina B e fluconazol. O produto teste inibiu todas as cepas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis, com uma CIM variando de 128 a 256 µg.mL-1, e uma CFM de 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. Também inibiu até 92% da formação de biofilme e causou a ruptura de até 87% de biofilme pré-formado. A 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida não promoveu atividade antifúngica pela ligação ao ergosterol da membrana celular fúngica, tampouco danificou a parede celular. Antagonismo foi observado ao combinar esta substância com anfotericina B e fluconazol. A substância exibiu atividade antifúngica significativa ao inibir tanto as células planctônicas quanto o biofilme das cepas resistentes ao fluconazol. Sua combinação com outros antifúngicos deve ser evitada e seu mecanismo de ação deve ser estabelecido.

Abstract In the current context of emerging drug-resistant fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, discovery of new antifungal agents is an urgent matter. This research aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide against fluconazole-resistant clinical strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The antifungal activity of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide was evaluated in vitro by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), inhibition of biofilm formation and its rupture, sorbitol and ergosterol assays, and association between this molecule and common antifungal drugs, amphotericin B and fluconazole. The test product inhibited all strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, with a MIC ranging from 128 to 256 µg.mL-1, and a MFC of 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. It also inhibited up to 92% of biofilm formation and rupture of up to 87% of preformed biofilm. 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide did not promote antifungal activity through binding to cellular membrane ergosterol nor it damages the fungal cell wall. Antagonism was observed when combining this substance with amphotericin B and fluconazole. The substance exhibited significant antifungal activity by inhibiting both planktonic cells and biofilm of fluconazole-resistant strains. Its combination with other antifungals should be avoided and its mechanism of action remains to be established.

Résumé Le débat sur le vote imprimé a suscité une grande mobilisation sur les réseaux sociaux numériques. Cette recherche examine si le discours favorable au vote imprimé, promu par un ensemble d’utilisateurs sur Facebook, peut être considéré comme une menace populiste pour la démocratie. Une proposition théorique est présentée : le populisme est une menace pour la démocratie lorsque son discours promeut l’antagonisme entre la souveraineté populaire et les mécanismes libéraux-représentatifs. L’enquête utilise des méthodes de minéralogie de texte et de réseaux sémantiques, abordant leurs utilités et leurs limites. Le corpus comprend 29 124 publications, produites par 6 277 utilisateurs. Il apparaît que le discours favorable, en plus de dominer en volume, se distingue dans l’ensemble des publications. Il est caractéristique du discours populiste, portant des éléments tels que l’antagonisme nous/eux, la théorie du complot, les valeurs attribuées au peuple et portées par «nous». Il est antidémocratique dans la mesure où il ne s’oppose pas seulement aux adversaires politiques, mais aussi aux organes de gouvernance et aux processus de la démocratie brésilienne. Une contribution de l’article est d’indiquer l’utilité des ressources de minéralogie de texte et de réseaux sémantiques lorsque les acteurs utilisent des formes d’interaction non institutionnelles pour menacer la démocratie. numériques dutilisateurs d utilisateurs Facebook lantagonisme l antagonisme libérauxreprésentatifs. libérauxreprésentatifs libéraux représentatifs. représentatifs libéraux-représentatifs Lenquête L enquête limites 2 12 publications 27 volume lensemble nouseux nous eux nous/eux complot «nous» soppose s oppose politiques brésilienne larticle article dindiquer indiquer lutilité utilité dinteraction interaction 1 «nous

Resumen La discusión sobre el voto impreso produjo una grande movilización en las redes sociales digitales. Esta investigación analiza si el discurso favorable sobre el voto impreso, promovido por un conjunto de usuarios en Facebook, puede ser clasificado como una amenaza populista a la democracia. Se presenta una proposición teórica: el populismo es una amenaza a la democracia cuando su discurso promueve el antagonismo entre la soberanía popular y los mecanismos liberales-representativos. La investigación emplea métodos de minería de texto y de redes semánticas, los cuales aborda en utilidades y límites. El conjunto de datos incluye 29.124 publicaciones producidas por 6.277 usuarios. Se muestra que el discurso favorable, además de dominar en volumen, se distingue en el conjunto de publicaciones. Este discurso es característico del discurso populista, involucrando elementos como el antagonismo nosotros/ellos, teoría conspirativa, valores atribuidos al pueblo y sostenidos por el “nosotros”. Es antidemocrático en la medida en que no antagoniza apenas adversarios políticos, sino también a los órganos gestores y procesos de la democracia brasileña. Una contribución de artículo es señalar la utilidad de los recursos de minería de texto y de redes semánticas cuando los actores emplean formas no institucionales de interacción para amenazar la democracia. digitales Facebook teórica liberalesrepresentativos. liberalesrepresentativos liberales representativos. representativos liberales-representativos límites 29124 29 124 29.12 6277 6 277 6.27 volumen nosotrosellos nosotros ellos nosotros/ellos conspirativa nosotros. . “nosotros” políticos brasileña 2912 2 12 29.1 627 27 6.2 “nosotros 291 1 29. 62 6.

Abstract Social media have been heavily mobilized by the debate over printed ballots (paper trail). This study examines whether discourse in favor of printed ballots, promoted by a set of Facebook users, can be framed as a populist threat against democracy. For that purpose, it advances a theoretical proposition: populism is a threat to democracy when its discourse opposes popular sovereignty to representative liberal mechanisms. The use of text mining and semantic network methods, addressed in utilities and limits, on a corpus including 29,124 posts produced by 6,277 users revealed the predominance of advocacy for printed ballots in a clearly distinctive set of posts. Their discourse is typically populist, including elements such as we-they antagonism, conspiratorial content, values attributed to “the people” and represented by a “we”. Also it is antidemocratic in its challenge to processes and managing bodies of Brazilian democracy, besides its own political opponents. The paper finally highlights the usefulness of text mining and semantic network resources to analyze situations in which actors employ non-institutional forms of interaction to threaten democracy. trail. trail . trail) purpose proposition mechanisms methods limits 29124 29 124 29,12 6277 6 277 6,27 wethey we they antagonism content people we. “we” opponents noninstitutional non institutional 2912 2 12 29,1 627 27 6,2 “we 291 1 29, 62 6,

Resumo A discussão sobre o voto impresso produziu grande mobilização nas redes sociais digitais. Esta pesquisa investiga se o discurso favorável sobre o voto impresso, promovido por um conjunto de usuários no Facebook, pode ser enquadrado como uma ameaça populista à democracia. Uma proposição teórica é apresentada: o populismo é uma ameaça à democracia quando seu discurso promove o antagonismo entre a soberania popular e os mecanismos liberais-representativos. A investigação emprega métodos de mineração de texto e de redes semânticas, os quais aborda em utilidades e limites. O corpus inclui 29.124 postagens, produzidas por 6.277 usuários. Revela-se que o discurso favorável, além de dominar em volume, distingue-se no conjunto de postagens. Ele é característico do discurso populista, portando elementos como o antagonismo nós/eles, teor conspiratório, valores atribuídos ao povo e portados pelo “nós”. É antidemocrático na medida em que não antagoniza apenas adversários políticos, mas órgãos gestores e processos da democracia brasileira. Uma contribuição do artigo é indicar a utilidade dos recursos de mineração de texto e de redes semânticas quando atores empregam formas não institucionais de interação para ameaçar a democracia. digitais Facebook apresentada liberaisrepresentativos. liberaisrepresentativos liberais representativos. representativos liberais-representativos limites 29124 29 124 29.12 postagens 6277 6 277 6.27 Revelase Revela volume distinguese distingue nóseles nós eles nós/eles conspiratório nós. . “nós” políticos brasileira 2912 2 12 29.1 627 27 6.2 “nós 291 1 29. 62 6.

ABSTRACT In this article, I propose a dialogical analysis of five online cartoons which reverberate the discourse of the former president of Brazil (2019-2022) at the UN in September 2020, when he called the international community to combat Christphobia. Named after the same term, the cartoons present a framework of interdiscursive antagonism between Christian and the former President of Brazil’s fanatic followers’ positions. Assuming that cartoons are a privileged discursive genre for understanding the dialogical resonances between interlocutors and discourses, this work approaches Christphobia as a responsive utterance in terms of scales of meaning. From the analysis, one can see a discursive game of incompatibility and estrangement, that makes room to a Christophobic “Other” in opposition to a persecuted “minority us,” as once presented during the UN discourse. There is an emphasis on a perception of religious intolerance as a result of the political agenda of the former president of Brazil’s religious-ideological alignment. article 20192022 2019 2022 (2019-2022 2020 term Brazils s followers positions discourses meaning estrangement Other “Other minority us, us religiousideological ideological alignment 2019202 201 202 (2019-202 201920 20 (2019-20 20192 2 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

RESUMO Neste artigo proponho uma análise dialógica de cinco charges online tematizadas pelo termo cristofobia, que reverberam o discurso na ONU do ex-presidente do Brasil (2019-2022) em setembro de 2020. Nele o mandatário conclamava a comunidade internacional a combater a cristofobia. Nas charges, o sentido de perseguição a cristãos é tensionado, apresentando um quadro de antagonismo interdiscursivo entre posicionamentos cristãos e dos fanáticos seguidores do ex-presidente. Partindo da premissa de que a charge é um gênero discursivo privilegiado para compreender as ressonâncias dialógicas entre interlocutores e discursos, a cristofobia é trabalhada como enunciado que responde a escalas de sentido que se revelam na relação entre as enunciações observadas. Percebe-se nas charges um jogo discursivo de incompatibilidade e estranhamento que produz um Outro cristofóbico em oposição a um “nós minoritário” e perseguido, apresentado no discurso da ONU. Nesse arranjo enunciativo, ressalta-se uma percepção sobre intolerância religiosa como resultado da agenda política do alinhamento ideológico-religioso do ex-presidente do Brasil. expresidente ex presidente 20192022 2019 2022 (2019-2022 2020 tensionado expresidente. presidente. discursos observadas Percebese Percebe nós minoritário perseguido enunciativo ressaltase ressalta ideológicoreligioso ideológico religioso 2019202 201 202 (2019-202 201920 20 (2019-20 20192 2 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Tomato is an important economic crop due to its consumption and production worldwide. However, like other crops, it is susceptible to pathogens, being necessary agrochemicals to prevent diseases and improve the production of fruits. Among the sustainable alternatives to crop production, microbial inoculants are used as biofungicide and biostimulants for plant development. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of seven Trichoderma spp. isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, T15, T17, and T19) against tomato pathogens in vitro experiments, and their potential to improve tomato growth. The Trichoderma spp. antagonism was investigated against Alternaria sp. 003/09, Botrytis sp. 006/13, Fusarium sp. 007/09, and Stemphylium sp. A73. Dual culture, volatile, and diffusible compounds activity tests showed that all new Trichoderma spp. tested could reduce the mycelial growth of all tested pathogens, highlighting T15 and T17 isolates. Seed and soil inoculation revealed very contrasting results: Trichoderma sp. T17 showed a beneficial effect when inoculated in soil, reducing the percentage of yellowish leaves, and increasing dry weight and stem diameter. Inoculation of Trichoderma sp. T17 in the seed increases hypocotyl and radicle lengths, and the seed vigor index. Finally, the strains studied present the potential to be used to develop biocontrol products. worldwide However crops fruits development Thus spp T1, T1 T (T1 T2 T3 T4 T19 experiments sp 00309 003 09 003/09 00613 006 13 006/13 00709 007 007/09 A73 A culture volatile results leaves diameter lengths index Finally products (T 0030 00 0 003/0 0061 1 006/1 0070 007/0 A7 003/ 006/ 007/