RESUMEN Este artículo reflexiona críticamente sobre el uso de cámaras de red como tecnologías de vigilancia en el contexto de las actuales sociedades de control. El análisis se desarrolla a través de la práctica de observación y recopilación de imágenes provenientes de dispositivos de vigilancia que se transmiten en línea de forma desprotegida. Si estas cámaras no se aseguran debidamente, pueden ser vistas e incluso operadas en forma remota por cualquier persona o robot que esté conectado a Internet. De allí que sus transmisiones puedan ser objeto de usos no previstos e intervenciones anónimas de diversa índole. El trabajo dialoga con estudios clásicos y contemporáneos sobre el tema e indaga el funcionamiento técnico de estos dispositivos, su relación con las prácticas de vigilancia y los discursos de seguridad contemporáneos, su exposición en Internet y el potencial político derivado de los riesgos que promueve su vulnerabilidad.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the use of network cameras as surveillance technologies in the context of today's control societies. The analysis is through the practice of observation and collection of images from surveillance devices that are transmitted online in an unprotected way. If these cameras are not properly secured, they can be viewed and even operated remotely by any person or robot connected to the Internet. Hence, their transmissions can be subject to unintended uses and anonymous interventions of various kinds. The work dialogues with classic and contemporary studies on the subject and investigates the technical functioning of these devices, their relation with surveillance practices and contemporary security discourses, their exposure on the Internet and their political potential derived from the risks promoted by their vulnerability.

RESUMO Este artigo reflete criticamente sobre o uso de câmeras de rede como tecnologias de vigilância no contexto das atuais sociedades de controle. A análise é desenvolvida através da prática de observação e coleta de imagens de dispositivos de vigilância que são transmitidas online de forma desprotegida. Se essas câmeras não estiverem devidamente protegidas, pode ser visto e até mesmo operado remotamente por qualquer pessoa ou robô conectado à Internet. Assim, as suas transmissões podem estar sujeitas a utilizações imprevistas e intervenções anónimas de vários tipos. O trabalho dialoga com estudos clássicos e contemporâneos sobre o assunto e indaga o funcionamento técnico desses dispositivos, sua relação com as práticas de vigilância e discursos de segurança contemporâneos, sua exposição na Internet e o potencial político derivado dos riscos promovidos pela sua vulnerabilidade.

Résumé En acceptant la « crise permanente » des humanités, des réflexions sont faites sur les fractures sociales et politiques dans les sociétés occidentales d’après-guerre. La crise de la démocratie et les réseaux sociaux en ligne sont associés à une atteinte au bien commun, au « chaos » conditionné par le manque de contrôle sur les flux d’informations et par les mécanismes de persuasion dans une société ouverte. Dans ce contexte, on sugère l’utilité potentielle des humanités et de l’éducation libérale pour améliorer la démocratie. En outre, on suggère aussi que les humanités médicales ont un rôle à jouer dans la construction d’un professionnel de santé éthiquement vigilant, résilient et interventionniste. Enfin, des références critiques à l’idéologie méritocratique de la société néolibérale sont exposées, avec des impacts négatifs sur les processus de quantification et d’évaluation anonyme dans le milieu universitaire, ainsi que sur l’état de santé de ses professionnels.

Resumo Aceite a “crise permanente” das humanidades, são feitas considerações sobre as fraturas sociais e políticas nas sociedades ocidentais do pós-guerra. A crise da democracia e as redes sociais online são associadas a um prejuízo do bem comum, a um “caos” condicionado pela ausência de controlo sobre os fluxos informativos e pelos mecanismos de persuasão numa sociedade aberta. Neste contexto, é sugerida a utilidade potencial das humanidades e da educação liberal no aperfeiçoamento da democracia. É ainda sugerido que as humanidades médicas têm um papel na construção de um profissional de saúde eticamente vigilante, resiliente e interventivo. Finalmente, são expostas referências críticas à ideologia meritocrática da sociedade neoliberal, com reflexos negativos nos processos de quantificação e avaliação anónima na academia, bem como no estado de saúde dos seus profissionais.

Abstract Recognizing the state of “permanent crisis” in the Humanities, considerations are made about the social and political fractures in post-war Western societies. The crisis of democracy, together with online social media, are associated with both an impairment to the common good and a “chaos” conditioned by the absence of control over information flows and the mechanisms of persuasion in an open society. Given this context, humanities and liberal education programs seem potentially useful for improving democracy. In addition, the role of medical humanities is highlighted in the construction of an ethically vigilant, reflective, resilient and intervening health professional. Finally, the present article presents critical references to the ideology of meritocracy of neoliberal societies, with negative effects in the processes of quantification and anonymous evaluation in Academics, as well as in the health of the professionals being discussed.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the current practice patterns for assessing and managing upper lid ptosis among members of the Latin American and Spanish societies of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Methods: An e-mail was sent to invite members of both societies to participate in this anonymous web-based survey. The survey collected data on surgeons’ demographics and four other sections: upper lid ptosis preoperative evaluation, surgical preferences, postoperative management, and complications. The frequency and proportions of the responses were then statistically analyzed. Results: The survey was responded by 354 experienced oculoplastic surgeons, 47.7% of whom generally performed more than 20 upper lid ptosis surgeries annually. Of those respondents, 244 (68.9%) routinely check for dry eye preoperatively. Less than half of the respondents (47.4%) perform the phenylephrine test for congenital or acquired ptosis. Mild upper lid ptosis was reported to be usually corrected with conjunctival mullerectomy (43.6%). Severe upper lid ptosis was reported to be usually corrected with frontalis surgery (57%), followed by anterior levator resection, mainly supramaximal resection (17.5%). In cases of severe congenital ptosis, the main reason for surgery was to alleviate the risk of amblyopia (37.3%). An anterior approach was reported to be usually (63.3%) used to manage involutional ptosis associated with dermatochalasis. Common complications comprised undercorrection after levator resection (40%) or frontalis suspension (27.5%). Conclusions: This study reports the current practice patterns among Spanish and Latin American oculoplastic surgeons in upper lid ptosis diagnosis and treatment. Surgeons can use this study data to compare disease management with their colleagues. Purpose Surgery Methods email e mail webbased web based sections evaluation preferences analyzed Results 35 477 47 7 47.7 2 annually 24 68.9% 689 68 9 (68.9% preoperatively 47.4% 474 4 (47.4% 43.6%. 436 43.6% . 43 6 (43.6%) 57%, 57 57% , (57%) 17.5%. 175 17.5% 17 5 (17.5%) 37.3%. 373 37.3% 37 3 (37.3%) 63.3% 633 63 (63.3% dermatochalasis 40% 40 (40% 27.5%. 275 27.5% 27 (27.5%) Conclusions treatment colleagues 47. 68.9 (68.9 47.4 (47.4 43.6 (43.6% (57% 17.5 1 (17.5% 37.3 (37.3% 63.3 (63.3 (40 27.5 (27.5% 68. (68. (47. 43. (43.6 (57 17. (17.5 37. (37.3 63. (63. (4 27. (27.5 (68 (47 (43. (5 (17. (37. (63 ( (27. (6 (43 (17 (37 (27 (1 (3 (2

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prática e tratamento da ptose da pálpebra superior por membros das sociedades latino-americanas e espanhola de Cirurgia Plástica Ocular. Métodos: Os membros das referidas sociedades foram convidados por e-mail para responder a um questionário eletrônico garantindo o anonimato. O questionário constou de dados demográficos do cirurgião e outras quatro seções: avaliação pré-operatória da ptose da pálpebra superior, preferências cirúrgicas, conduta pós-operatória e complicações. Estatística descritiva foi utilizada para análise da frequência e proporções percentuais. Resultados: Trezentos e cinquenta e quatro experientes cirurgiões oculoplásticos dos quais 47,7% realizam mais de 20 cirurgias de ptose da pálpebra superior por ano responderam ao questionário. Na avaliação pré-operatória, 68,9% realizam testes para olho seco, mas o teste da fenilefrina é feito por menos da metade dos entrevistados (47,4%). A ptose da pálpebra superior leve geralmente é corrigida por conjuntivo-mullerectomia (43,6%), a ptose da pálpebra superior grave por cirurgia do músculo frontal (57%) ou ressecção da aponeurose do levantador via anterior, principalmente usando a supramáxima (17,5%). O principal motivo para operar a ptose congênita grave é o risco de ambliopia (37,3%). A ptose involucional associada à dermatocálase costuma ser corrigida pela via anterior (63,3%). Hipocorreção é complicação comum após a ressecção da aponeurose do levantador (40%) ou suspensão ao frontal (27,5%). Conclusões: As práticas atuais dos cirurgiões oculoplásticos espanhóis e latino-americanos para diagnóstico e tratamento de ptose da pálpebra superior foram relatadas. Os dados apresentados podem ser usados para comparar a abordagem dos cirurgiões com a de seus pares. Objetivo latinoamericanas latino americanas Ocular Métodos email mail anonimato seções préoperatória pré operatória cirúrgicas pósoperatória pós complicações percentuais Resultados 477 47 7 47,7 2 préoperatória, operatória, 689 68 9 68,9 seco 47,4%. 474 47,4% . 4 (47,4%) conjuntivomullerectomia conjuntivo mullerectomia 43,6%, 436 43,6% , 43 6 (43,6%) 57% 57 (57% 17,5%. 175 17,5% 17 5 (17,5%) 37,3%. 373 37,3% 37 3 (37,3%) 63,3%. 633 63,3% 63 (63,3%) 40% 40 (40% 27,5%. 275 27,5% 27 (27,5%) Conclusões latinoamericanos americanos relatadas pares 47, 68, 47,4 (47,4% 43,6 (43,6% (57 17,5 1 (17,5% 37,3 (37,3% 63,3 (63,3% (40 27,5 (27,5% (47,4 43, (43,6 (5 17, (17,5 37, (37,3 63, (63,3 (4 27, (27,5 (47, (43, ( (17, (37, (63, (27, (47 (43 (17 (37 (63 (27 (1 (3 (6 (2

Resumen Introducción: El Documento Voluntades Anticipadas (DVA) es un referente bioético de calidad de atención en salud y garantía de cumplimiento de los derechos de autonomía, autodeterminación y dignidad de los pacientes. Este documento fue reglamentado en la última década, y actualmente, no existe evidencia sobre las actitudes y conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud sobre el uso de esta herramienta en la práctica clínica en Colombia. Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos y experiencias de los profesionales de la salud pertenecientes a seis sociedades científicas colombianas frente al derecho de suscribir el DVA e investigar sobre las barreras para la aplicabilidad del DVA en la práctica clínica diaria. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado mediante encuesta electrónica anónima y voluntaria en seis sociedades médicas colombianas. Se diseñó un cuestionario compuesto por cinco grupos de variables: generales, conocimiento de DVA, experiencias médicas y experiencias personales sobre voluntad anticipada y posibles limitaciones para su aplicación. Resultados: Participaron 533 profesionales. El 54 % (n = 286) afirmó no saber que existe la ley que regula el DVA en Colombia; un 34,33 % (n = 183) manifestó conocer los requisitos que debe cumplir dicho documento. En el último año, el 24 % de los profesionales recibió de sus pacientes uno o más DVA. Solo el 11,7 % de los profesionales de salud tenía un DVA elaborado. El 77,1 % de los encuestados perciben que el número de personas con DVA sigue igual después de aprobado y reglamentado el derecho de DVA. El 86,6 % de los profesionales de salud aseguraron respetar el DVA, aunque el paciente pueda beneficiarse de lo contrario. Conclusiones: La percepción general de los profesionales de la salud sobre el número de DVA suscrito por los pacientes sigue igual después de reglamentada la Ley en Colombia. Este estudio permitió evidenciar que los profesionales de la salud poseen poco conocimiento sobre el DVA. Es indispensable capacitar a todos los profesionales de salud sobre el DVA y la pronta implementación institucional de programas sobre Planificación de Decisiones Anticipadas (PDA). Ambas estrategias constituyen un desafío para la aplicabilidad de las VA en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction: The Advanced Directives Document (ADD) is a bioethical quality benchmark for healthcare and assurance of compliance with the rights of autonomy, self-determination and dignity of the patient. This document was established over the past decade and currently there is no evidence about the attitudes and knowledge of the healthcare professionals with regards to the use of this tool in clinical practice in Colombia. Objective: To describe the knowledge and experiences of healthcare professionals members of six Colombian Scientific Societies regarding the right to sign an ADD and explore the barriers to its applicability in clinical daily practice. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted using an anonymous and voluntary e-survey with the participation of six Colombian Medical Societies. A questionnaire was designed comprising five groups of variables: general, ADD knowledge, medical experiences and personal experiences regarding advanced directives and potential obstacles to its implementation. Results: 533 professionals participated in the survey. 54 % (n = 286) expressed their lack of awareness about the fact that there is law governing the ADD in Colombia; 34.33 % (n = 183) said they were familiar with the requirements of the document. Over the last year, 24 % of the professionals received one or more ADDs from their patients. Only 11.7 % of healthcare practitioners had themselves completed an ADD. 77.1 % of the professionals surveyed believe that the number of individuals with an ADD has not changed after the approval and regulation of the right to an advanced directives document. 86.6 % of the practitioners said they respected the ADD, notwithstanding the fact that the patient could benefit otherwise. Conclusions: The overall perception of healthcare professionals with regards to the number of ADDs signed by patients is that the number has not changed after the approval of the Law in Colombia. This study evidenced that medical practitioners have a poor knowledge about the ADD and that there is a need to educate healthcare professionals about the ADD and to promptly implement institutional programs about Planning of Advanced Directives (PAD). Both strategies are challenging for the applicability of AD in Colombia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prática e tratamento da ptose da pálpebra superior por membros das sociedades latino-americanas e espanhola de Cirurgia Plástica Ocular. Métodos: Os membros das referidas sociedades foram convidados por e-mail para responder a um questionário eletrônico garantindo o anonimato. O questionário constou de dados demográficos do cirurgião e outras quatro seções: avaliação pré-operatória da ptose da pálpebra superior, preferências cirúrgicas, conduta pós-operatória e complicações. Estatística descritiva foi utilizada para análise da frequência e proporções percentuais. Resultados: Trezentos e cinquenta e quatro experientes cirurgiões oculoplásticos dos quais 47,7% realizam mais de 20 cirurgias de ptose da pálpebra superior por ano responderam ao questionário. Na avaliação pré-operatória, 68,9% realizam testes para olho seco, mas o teste da fenilefrina é feito por menos da metade dos entrevistados (47,4%). A ptose da pálpebra superior leve geralmente é corrigida por conjuntivo-mullerectomia (43,6%), a ptose da pálpebra superior grave por cirurgia do músculo frontal (57%) ou ressecção da aponeurose do levantador via anterior, principalmente usando a supramáxima (17,5%). O principal motivo para operar a ptose congênita grave é o risco de ambliopia (37,3%). A ptose involucional associada à dermatocálase costuma ser corrigida pela via anterior (63,3%). Hipocorreção é complicação comum após a ressecção da aponeurose do levantador (40%) ou suspensão ao frontal (27,5%). Conclusões: As práticas atuais dos cirurgiões oculoplásticos espanhóis e latino-americanos para diagnóstico e tratamento de ptose da pálpebra superior foram relatadas. Os dados apresentados podem ser usados para comparar a abordagem dos cirurgiões com a de seus pares.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the current practice patterns for assessing and managing upper lid ptosis among members of the Latin American and Spanish societies of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Methods: An e-mail was sent to invite members of both societies to participate in this anonymous web-based survey. The survey collected data on surgeons’ demographics and four other sections: upper lid ptosis preoperative evaluation, surgical preferences, postoperative management, and complications. The frequency and proportions of the responses were then statistically analyzed. Results: The survey was responded by 354 experienced oculoplastic surgeons, 47.7% of whom generally performed more than 20 upper lid ptosis surgeries annually. Of those respondents, 244 (68.9%) routinely check for dry eye preoperatively. Less than half of the respondents (47.4%) perform the phenylephrine test for congenital or acquired ptosis. Mild upper lid ptosis was reported to be usually corrected with conjunctival mullerectomy (43.6%). Severe upper lid ptosis was reported to be usually corrected with frontalis surgery (57%), followed by anterior levator resection, mainly supramaximal resection (17.5%). In cases of severe congenital ptosis, the main reason for surgery was to alleviate the risk of amblyopia (37.3%). An anterior approach was reported to be usually (63.3%) used to manage involutional ptosis associated with dermatochalasis. Common complications comprised undercorrection after levator resection (40%) or frontalis suspension (27.5%). Conclusions: This study reports the current practice patterns among Spanish and Latin American oculoplastic surgeons in upper lid ptosis diagnosis and treatment. Surgeons can use this study data to compare disease management with their colleagues.

Resumo Este artigo estuda a inserção social e a ação política das sociedades patrióticas portuguesas, durante o triénio liberal (1820-1823). Numa abordagem comparativa, explora as semelhanças e ligações das sociedades patrióticas portuguesas com idênticas instituições espanholas e analisa as diferenças e os pontos de contacto que mantiveram com a maçonaria. O quadro de intervenção das sociedades patrióticas, circunscrito às cidades de Lisboa e Porto, permite evidenciar o papel desempenhado por essas associações na disseminação do liberalismo e do constitucionalismo. Através de idênticos motivos e procedimentos, influentes figuras liberais secundadas por outros membros de sociedades patrióticas, na sua maioria cidadãos anónimos, contribuíram, com a sua participação cívica e política, para a defesa do executivo liberal. As sociedades patrióticas, funcionando como caixas de ressonância do constitucionalismo, desenvolveram campanhas de instrução cívica e fortaleceram a opinião pública liberal.

Abstract This paper examines the social insertion and political action of the Portuguese patriotic societies during the liberal triennium (1820-1823). By means of a comparative approach, the text explores the similarities and liaisons of Portuguese patriotic societies with their Spanish counterparts, pointing out their differences and points of contact with Freemasonry. Their circumscribed intervention, limited to the cities of Lisbon and Porto, highlights the role played by these societies in spreading liberalism and constitutionalism. Due to similar motives and using similar procedures, important liberal figures supported by other members of these societies, mostly anonymous citizens, contributed, with their civic and political participation, to defend the liberal executive. Operating as echo chambers for constitutionalism, the patriotic societies developed civic education campaigns and strengthened liberal public opinion.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el conocimiento, las percepciones, la actitud, las barreras y los facilitadores sobre el uso de los biosimilares entre los médicos que manejan enfermedades inmunológicas y los farmacéuticos de hospital. Método: Se diseñaron dos encuestas online anónimas, estructuradas y cerradas que se enviaron a 41 médicos (reumatólogos, dermatólogos y gastroenterólogos) y 32 farmacéuticos de hospital. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y relacionadas con la práctica clínica. También información sobre el nivel de conocimiento e importancia de los biosimilares, el acceso a los mismos, la actitud en la práctica clínica, y las percepciones, barreras y facilitadores con el uso de los mismos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta fue del 100% (farmacéuticos de hospital) y del 96% (médicos). Encontramos cierta falta de conocimiento sobre los biosimilares en aspectos clave como el cambio de un biológico de referencia a un biosimilar, la extrapolación de indicaciones, la intercambiabilidad o la sustitución. Hubo una gran variabilidad en los tipos y marcas comerciales de biosimilares entre hospitales. Observamos distintas preferencias, políticas y prácticas en los hospitales en relación con el uso de biosimilares. La percepción y actitud general hacia los biosimilares fue positiva. Los biosimilares se prescribían predominantemente en pacientes sin tratamiento biológico previo (esta indicación se consideraba adecuada y los participantes se sentían cómodos con ella). La reticencia al cambio en la práctica clínica fue común. Los principales obstáculos para el uso de biosimilares fueron la falta de confianza y de conocimientos. Los principales facilitadores el desarrollo de recomendaciones de asociaciones y sociedades científicas y la demostración de la eficacia de la intercambiabilidad. Se recogieron preocupaciones sobre la eficacia y seguridad a largo plazo de los biosimilares, la falta de datos en vida real, la falta de trazabilidad de los biosimilares o el riesgo de escasez de existencias de medicamentos biológicos de referencia. Conclusiones: Actividades formativas en biosimilares y una mayor evidencia podrían ayudar a aumentar el conocimiento, comodidad y el uso de los biosimilares por parte de los prescriptores.

Abstract Objective: To analyze knowledge, perceptions, attitude, barriers and facilitators of biosimilars uptake across physicians managing immune diseases and hospital pharmacists. Method: Two structured and closed anonymous online surveys were designed and sent to 41 physicians (rheumatologists, dermatologists, gastroenterologists) and 32 hospital pharmacists. Sociodemographic and clinical practice related variables were collected. We also gathered information about biosimilars knowledge and importance, access, attitude in clinical practice and perceptions, barriers and facilitators to biosimilars uptake. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Surveys response rate was 100% (hospital pharmacists) and 96% (physicians). We found certain lack of biosimilars knowledge about key aspects including switching, extrapolation, interchangeability or substitution. There was a great variability in the types and brands of biosimilars depending on the hospital. We observed several organization preferences, policies, and practices regarding biosimilars. General perception and attitude to biosimilars was positive. If used, biosimilars were predominantly prescribed in biologic treatment-naive patients (this indication was considered adequate and participants felt comfortable with it). Reluctance to switch in clinical practice was common. The main barriers to biosimilars uptake were the lack of confidence and knowledge. The main facilitators were the development of recommendations from professional associations and societies and the demonstration of interchangeability efficacy. We gathered concerns about biosimilar long term efficacy and safety, lack of real-life data, lack of biosimilars traceability or the risk of biologic reference medicines stock shortages. Conclusions: Biosimilar education and more evidence filling current gaps might help increase prescriber knowledge, comfort and use of biosimilars.

The historical play Die pluimsaad waai ver, of Bitter begin ("The plume seeds are blown far, or Bitter beginning") by NP van Wyk Louw was commissioned for the Republic Festival of 1966 and holds a special place in the annals of Afrikaans theatre. Many who know the play and its history recall the polemical reception of the work when it was first performed on 25 May 1966 in Die Kleinteater ("The Little Theatre") in Pretoria and the then prime minister, Dr Hendrik Verwoerd, criticised both Louw's portrayal of the Afrikaner and his representation of the Anglo-Boer War history in the play. In the following decades, the play elicited further controversy, especially after Gerrit Olivier's criticism of Louw's Afrikaner-nationalist beliefs and Luc Renders's negative evaluation of Louw's entire dramatic output. Against the backdrop of these polemics, I argue in this article for a new appraisal of the play based on contemporary drama and theatre approaches with regard to dramatic performance reception. The discussion stresses three notable points. The first pertains to the many forms the reception of iconic works within a specific theatre tradition can take. For example, in the Afrikaans theatre tradition there are few plays, if any, that generated such vociferous responses from such a wide range of interested persons, both in and outside the circle of theatregoers and theatre practitioners. These responses ranged from the highest political office in Afrikaner politics (Verwoerd), to established theatre practitioners and literary figures, to anonymous letters, supposedly from the public, to newspaper editors and the like. Reception of the play was characterised by conflicting opinions, emotional statements and varying critical evaluations, all of which is fertile ground for students of contemporary drama and for theatre studies concerned with the reception of plays in the wider context of their societies (see, for example, Susan Bennet's seminal study in this regard: Theatre audiences: A theory of production and reception, 1997). The second point addresses the relationship between history and its dramatic representation in a play, which in the case of Die pluimsaad waai ver also led to divergent opinions in the year of its first performance. A substantial part of the polemic generated by the play boiled down to how Louw portrayed the historical events and figures important to many Afrikaners. Today most people (including theatregoers) realise that it is not a simple matter to determine historical facts and/or truths. One's own beliefs and ideological points of view influence and determine how one interprets incidents, developments and events (for example battles or wars) in historical and fictional works. The third point deals with the fact that the play was a commissioned work, requested for an important Afrikaner-nationalist festival (1966 Republic Festival). The function and role of occasional plays during the rise and heyday of Afrikaner nationalism has yet to be investigated in depth. However, a number of theorists have indicated that the popular plays always presented Afrikaner history and the participants (for example, the generals during the Anglo-Boer War) in a highly positive fashion (see Van Heerden 2009). However, Louw stated on various occasions that he wanted to break with the tradition that deals only with the heroic and write a play that presented more realistically what actually happen in times of war, the Anglo-Boer War in particular. Although Afrikaner nationalism was at its apex (1966) when Louw wrote the play, he adopted a new perspective and seemed to have realised that the era of the heroic occasional play had passed. Although Die pluimsaad waai ver, of Bitter begin invited severe criticism on the grounds of both ideological belief and dramatic and performative shortcomings, the play provides the contemporary drama and theatre researcher with an arresting case study in Afrikaans (and South African) drama and theatre history. Revisiting the play more than fifty years after its publication becomes a more rewarding experience for the contemporary researcher when it is approached as a theatrical document rather than a play for performance. In this play, we find reflected one of the biggest polemics in respect of audience reception and one of the most detailed documentations of this reception in the Afrikaans theatre history - a rich case study for the student of theatre reception and for the Afrikaans theatre historian!

In die annale van die Afrikaanse teatergeskiedenis beklee NP van Wyk Louw se historiese feesdrama, Die pluimsaad waai ver, of Bitter begin, wat as opdragwerk vir die Republiekfees in 1966 geskryf is, 'n besondere plek. Dié wat vertroud is met die werk en die geskiedenis daarom ken, is ook vertroud met die polemiese resepsie van hierdie werk kort ná die openingsopvoering op 25 Mei 1966 in Die Kleinteater (Pretoria) en die kritiek van die destydse Eerste Minister, dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, op Louw se uitbeelding in hierdie drama van die Afrikaner en die geskiedenis van die Anglo-Boereoorlog. In die dekades daarna het verdere polemieke rondom Louw ontstaan wat ook betrekking het op hierdie drama (onder andere die kritiek van Gerrit Olivier [1992] en Luc Renders [2002]). Teen die agtergrond van hierdie polemieke probeer ek om met ander fokuspunte iets nuuts te bring na die gesprek wat reeds in 1966 'n aanvang geneem het oor hierdie drama en waaroor gesprek na meer as vyftig jaar nog steeds moontlik is. Daar is drie aspekte wat uitstaan by 'n herbesoek aan NP van Wyk Louw se Die pluimsaad: eerstens die veelfasettigheid van die resepsie van ikoniese werke soos hierdie een binne 'n bepaalde teatertradisie, tweedens die verhouding tussen geskiedenis en die dramatiese uitbeelding/voorstelling daarvan in 'n teaterstuk, en derdens die drama se verbintenis met die tradisionele historiese geleentheidsdrama in Afrikaans.

El trabajo relaciona tres dimensiones que articulan las discusiones sobre el fútbol en América del Sur: hinchas, mercado y política interna. En primer lugar se presenta el debate desencadenado en torno al formato legal de las instituciones. Resulta necesario hacer esta primera escala sobre los clubes y sus modelos legales, para introducir de inmediato las formas de participación y organización que los actores involucrados encuentran en ésta área. Como las transformaciones económicas y políticas de los clubes no ocurren aisladamente, la segunda parte del trabajo explica las medidas que fueron incorporadas en el campo deportivo como parte de un proceso global de mercantilización. La tercera parte se centra en cómo los socios e hinchas expresan su descontento frente a las transformaciones estructurales y decisiones políticas tomadas por los dirigentes de los clubes

Ce travail met en rapport trois dimensions qui sont la base des débats sur le football en Amérique du Sud: supporters, marché et politique interne. En premier lieu, nous abordons le débat qui est déclenché par le format légal des institutions. Il faut passer par cette première étape sur les clubs et leurs modèles légaux pour introduire par la suite les formes de participation et d'organisation auxquelles les acteurs engagés se trouvent confrontés en la matière. Comme les modifications économiques et politiques des clubs n'ont pas lieu isolément, la seconde partie du travail se penche sur les mesures qui furent incorporées dans le domaine sportif comme partie d'un processus global de mercantilisation. La troisième partie porte sur la façon dont les associés et les supporters expriment leur mécontentement face aux modifications structurelles et aux décisions politiques prises par les dirigeants des clubs.

This paper links three dimensions articulated by the discussions on football in South America: fans, the market, and internal politics. First, the frenzied debate regarding the institutions' legal format is presented. This first section on the clubs themselves and their legal models is necessary in order to later consider the different forms of participation and organization found by the actors involved in that sphere. Since the economic and political changes occurring in football clubs are not produced in isolation, the second part of this paper addresses those measures incorporated in the sporting realm as part of a global process of commercialization. The third section focuses on how club members and fans express their discontent regarding the structural transformations and decisions taken by club management

Este artículo de investigación se ocupa del estudio de la consolidación de empresas en el departamento de Boyacá, entre 1900 y 1930, el capital, la duración y el tipo de actores sociales vinculados, lo que a su vez nos aproxima al proyecto económico que se pretendió implementar en esta región colombiana. El trabajo se adscribe en la historia regional que da cuenta de las dinámicas propias que se generaron en cada región, para lo cual se partió de la revisión historiográfica sobre historia empresarial e historia regional que permitió comprender procesos de desarrollo particulares; posteriormente se realizó la revisión de los protocolos notariales, Notarías primera y segunda de Tunja 1900 - 1930, bajo la perspectiva de establecer el tipo de empresa, la coyuntura de consolidación y la incidencia en el ‘desarrollo' del departamento. En el Departamento de Boyacá se conformaron sociedades y compañías anónimas para comercializar productos, para la producción manufacturera, desarrollo de actividades financieras, pavimentación de vías y mejoramiento de la producción agrícola, así, tanto mercaderes como casas mercantiles fueron los generadores de recursos que pretendieron comercializar productos nacionales e internacionales, y posiblemente generar cambios en la producción y en el consumo de la región.

This research paper deals with the study of the consolidation of companies in the department of Boyacá, between 1900 and 1930, capital, duration and the type of social actors involved, which in turn approaches us closer to the economic project that was aimed to be implemented in this Colombian region. The work is ascribed in the regional history that gives account of its own dynamics that was generated in every region, for which the researcher took as point of departure a historiographical review of the business history and regional history for understanding processes of particular development; later on the review was conducted of notarial protocols , First and Second Tunja Notaries 1900 - 1930, under the perspective of establishing the type of company, the climate of consolidation and the impact on the "development" of the department. In the Departamento de Boyacá (department of Boyacá) societies and anonymous companies were formed to market products, for manufacturing, development of financial activities, road paving and improvement of agricultural production, thus, both merchants and merchant houses were the generators of resources that intended to market national and international products, and hopefully lead to changes in the production and consumption of the region products.

In today's world, various societies have witnessed the increasing tendency to the so-called "crisis of social and humanistic paradigms" or "crisis of human values" over which many people are concerned. Much was said about this topic in several settings and with different participating audiences during the first five-year period of this century in Cuba. The questionings are varied: the crisis of moral values has reached all the age groups? What are the really consensual ethical values of the Cuban society in the 21st century? What are the anti-values that coexist with them? Based on a literature review although not exhaustive it was decided to perform a cross-sectional exploratory study with 5 population groups classified into age groups; they were applied a qualitative methodology by using focal group and projective techniques and anonymous provision of primary information. Consensus was understood as 75 % of participants or more agreed upon the considered topics. The virtues that were stated as the most admired ones were sincerity and generosity and the most intolerable defects were selfishness and lie whereas the most perceived values were solidarity and justice and the perceived anti-values were selfishness and double-standard. Consequently, a plan of action was submitted to strengthen social ethical values and to build professional ethical values in the students and the young professionals of the health sciences.

En diferentes sociedades del mundo actual se ha agudizado la tendencia que ha preocupado a muchos sobre lo que se ha denominado "crisis de los paradigmas sociales y humanistas" o "crisis de valores". En Cuba, durante todo el primer quinquenio de este siglo XXI se ha hablado mucho acerca del tema en distintos escenarios y con auditorios diferentes. Varios han sido los cuestionamientos: ¿la crisis de valores morales ha afectado a todos los grupos etarios? ¿Cuáles son los valores éticos realmente consensuados por la sociedad cubana del siglo XXI? ¿Qué antivalores están coexistiendo con ellos? A partir de una revisión bibliográfica no exhaustiva se decidió realizar un estudio exploratorio, de corte transversal, con 5 grupos poblacionales, clasificados por grupos etarios, a quienes se aplicó una metodología cualitativa, haciendo uso de las técnicas de grupo focal y proyectiva; se garantizó el anonimato del ofrecimiento de la información primaria. Se entendió por consenso cuando el 75 % o más de los participantes coincidían. En este caso las virtudes que declararon admirar más son: la sinceridad y la generosidad, en tanto los defectos que no toleran en los demás son: el egoísmo y la mentira; mientras que los valores percibidos son: la solidaridad y la justicia; los antivalores percibidos son: el egoísmo y la doble moral. En consecuencia se propone un plan de acción para fortalecer valores éticos sociales y construir valores éticos profesionales con los estudiantes y jóvenes profesionales de las ciencias de la salud.

Mass media have often been described as the “new public space” of the current democratic societies (Ortega, 2003: 61). The increased popularity of New Information and Communication Technologies (NICT) is certainly motivating a change in the paradigm: according to the Society of Devisers, it is linked to the notion of collectiveness, it is demystified and fragmented. That is to say, it is taken out of the journalistic showcases and transformed into something alive, incomplete, accessible and multiple. The new society, fissured and emotionally hyperactive, is crossed by the mirror-neurons. This society of anonymous individuals gives public space triggering bursts of energy and enables, in the multidirectional map of devisers, its own central nervous system, although in close connection with the human body. In the next article of revision, the authors describe some of the characteristics which define the advent of that social emergence.

Based on the results of two large RCTs, guidelines from NRP/AAP, ILCOR, ACOG, and from Argentinean scientific societies for intrapartum and postpartum management of pregnancies with Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid (MSAF) have radically changed. However, there are no data as to current delivery room management of infants born through MSAF. Objectives. 1) To assess current delivery room approaches in infants born through MSAF in Argentina; 2) To evaluate the adherence to NRP/AAP recommendations among different centers. Design/methods. A 20-question anonymous web-mail based survey was sent to 121 institutions with ≥ 500 births a year. Results. The response rate was 63% representing 182,540 deliveries/year (26% of the total number of births in the country). Among the surveyed institutions, 24% were located in the city of Buenos Aires and 72% were public hospitals. Although no longer recommended, the following procedures are frequently performed: 1) Oro-nasopharingeal suctioning of meconiumstained infants before the delivery of the shoulders: sometimes, 50% of centers; always, 7 %. 2) Routine tracheal suctioning in vigorous infants, 30%. 3) Glottis exposure under laryngoscopy, 13 % for thin-consistency MSAF and 43% for thick-consistency MSAF. On the contrary, and although strongly recommended, only 69% of depressed infants have tracheal suctioning before ventilation. Up to 7% of centers perform other non recommended procedures such as chest compression and pressure over the larynx, to avoid breathing, and gastric lavage. Conclusions. In spite of not being currently recommended, intrapartum suction and postnatal intubation and suction of vigorous infants with MSAF are commonly performed in Argentina while in depressed newborns the latter procedure is not always carried out. Our study confirms the frequent gaps observed between scientific evidence, guidelines and clinical practice.

Introducción. Las guías de las sociedades científicas internacionales para asistencia intraparto y posparto de nacimientos con líquido amniótico meconial (LAM) cambiaron radicalmente en los últimos años en base a dos grandes estudios aleatorizados. En la Argentina no hay información acerca de las prácticas que se realizan en estos nacimientos. Objetivos. 1) Conocer qué prácticas se utilizan en la recepción de recién nacidos con antecedente de LAM. 2) Evaluar el grado de adherencia a las recomendaciones actuales. Material y métodos. Encuesta anónima vía internet a centros del país con ≥ 500 nacimientos anuales. Se contactaron 121 instituciones. Resultados. Respondieron 76/121 (63%) correspondientes a 182 540 nacimientos anuales (26% del total de la Argentina). De las respuestas, 24% fueron de Ciudad de Buenos Aires y 72% de hospitales públicos. Se realizan frecuentemente los siguientes procedimientos no recomendados: 1) Aspiración orofaríngea y nasofaríngea antes del desprendimiento de los hombros: en el 50% a veces y en el 7% siempre; 2) Aspiración endotraqueal de rutina en niños vigorosos, 30% de los centros; 3) Laringoscopia de rutina para visualizar las cuerdas vocales en el 13% de LAM fluido y 41% de LAM espeso. Por el contrario, y a pesar de ser una recomendación formal, la aspiración endotraqueal de niños deprimidos antes de comenzar con la ventilación se realiza sólo en el 69% de los casos. Un 7% de los centros encuestados realiza otros procedimientos no recomendados, como compresión torácica y presión sobre la laringe para evitar que el niño respire y también el lavado gástrico. Conclusiones. La aspiración orofaríngea y nasofaríngea antes del desprendimiento de los hombros y la intubación y aspiración posnatal de niños vigorosos con LAM se realizan frecuentemente en la Argentina, pero esta última maniobra no siempre se lleva a cabo en los niños deprimidos. La adherencia a guías nacionales e internacionales de prácticas es muy variable. El estudio confirma la brecha frecuentemente observada entre la evidencia, las guías y la práctica clínica.