Resumen Se llevó a cabo un estudio de gravimetría y magnetometría en la zona de influencia del volcán Puracé y la cadena volcánica de Los Coconucos (Colombia), con el fin de obtener dos modelos geofísicos 2D de las principales estructuras geológicas presentes en el área estudiada. En 2017 se midieron 272 puntos con datos de gravimetría, magnetometría y coordenadas con el Sistema Global de Navegación por Satélite (GNSS por sus siglas en inglés) en la zona mencionada, condicionada por su topografía montañosa, vegetación densa de bosque alto andino y vías de difícil acceso. A partir de las anomalías gravimétricas y magnéticas obtenidas y con la información geológica disponible, se formularon dos modelos 2D con base en dos perfiles, uno paralelo al trazo del Lineamiento Coconucos y el otro perpendicular al primero, ambos pasando por el cono activo del volcán Puracé. La interpretación de estos modelos, en conjunto con la geología de la zona, permitieron modelar cuerpos que se proponen como las estructuras internas de la caldera de Chagartón, de los volcanes Pre-Puracé y el Puracé Actual y parte de las cámaras magmáticas de los otros centros eruptivos de la cadena volcánica de Los Coconucos. Estas estructuras volcánicas al parecer están separadas por límites o zonas de debilidad que sugieren fallas en profundidad por donde se emplazaron dichos cuerpos de magma. La configuración interna del volcán Puracé y los centros eruptivos cercanos, propuesta en este trabajo, también proporciona información importante para la interpretación de la evolución de la Cadena Volcánica de Los Coconucos.

Abstract A gravimetry and magnetometry study was performed in the Puracé volcano and Los Coconucos volcanic chain (Colombia) influence zone, in order to obtain two 2D geophysical models of the main geological structures beneath of the studied area. During 2017, 272 points were measured, with data of gravimetry, magnetometry and coordinates with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the field work was conditioned by the mountainous topography, dense high Andean forest vegetation and difficult access roads. Founded on the gravity and magnetic anomalies and with the available geological information, two 2D models were formulated with two profiles, one parallel to Coconucos Lineament and the other perpendicular to the first, both passing through the active cone of the Puracé volcano. The interpretation of these models, together with the geology of the area, allowed the modeling of bodies that are proposed as the internal structures of the Chagartón caldera, the Pre-Puracé and Actual Puracé volcanoes, and part of the magmatic chambers of the other eruptive centers of the Los Coconucos volcanic chain. These volcanic structures are apparently separated by limits or zones of weakness that suggest faults in depth and where these magma bodies were emplaced. The internal configuration of the Puracé volcano and the nearby eruptive centers, proposed in this work, also provides important information for the interpretation of the evolution of the Los Coconucos Volcanic Chain.

Abstract A persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare anomaly and it is an embryologic remanent of the internal iliac artery, occurring in five different forms, depending on its relationship with the superficial femoral artery (SFA). Physicians must acknowledge the existence of this anomaly, and it should be included in the differential diagnosis of lower limb ischemia. We present the case of a 56-year-old female who presented with a popliteal artery acute ischemic event. Angiography showed a hypoplastic right SFA with a patent PSA vascularizing the lower extremity. A conventional embolectomy through a P1 popliteal incision was auspiciously performed. A magnetic resonance angiography confirmed a PSA of the right lower extremity during the post-operative period. At 12-month follow-up, the patient is well and asymptomatic.

Resumen Una arteria ciática persistente es una anomalía rara y un remanente embriológico de la arteria ilíaca interna. Se presenta en cinco formas diferentes, dependiendo de su relación con la arteria femoral superficial. Los médicos deben reconocer la existencia de esta anomalía y debe incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial de isquemia de miembros inferiores. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 56 años que consultó por un evento isquémico agudo de la arteria poplítea. La angiografía mostró una arteria femoral superficial derecha hipoplásica con una arteria ciática permeable persistente que vascularizaba la extremidad inferior. Se realizó auspiciosamente una embolectomía convencional a través de una incisión poplítea P1. Una angiografía por resonancia magnética confirmó una arteria ciática persistente de la extremidad inferior derecha durante el postoperatorio. A los 12 meses de seguimiento, la paciente se encuentra bien y asintomático.

The Sun continuously emits a plasma known as the solar wind, which propagates through interplanetary space. This plasma interacts with Earth’s magnetic field (CMT), forming the magnetosphere, a region where different types of plasma and currents coexist. When there is a variation in solar wind pressure, the magnetosphere undergoes compression or decompression, causing changes in the Chapman-Ferraro current at the magnetopause. These changes generate a magnetic field that is perceived almost instantly by magnetometers installed on satellites or at ground observatories. Compression leads to a sudden increase in the H component of the geomagnetic field, known as a Sudden Impulse (SI). SIs, when measured on the ground, exhibit different morphologies and amplitudes, as local ionospheric currents also influence them. Thus, this paper reviews the main theories on solar wind-magnetosphere coupling, considering models and experimental data. It also explores the diversity in the morphology of ground-measured SIs. The results highlight that, although the physical foundations of the coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere are well-established both theoretically and experimentally, some points remain under discussion, such as the influence of the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly on SIs. space Earths Earth s CMT, CMT , (CMT) coexist pressure decompression ChapmanFerraro Chapman Ferraro magnetopause observatories SI. SI . (SI) SIs amplitudes them Thus windmagnetosphere data groundmeasured wellestablished well established experimentally discussion (CMT (SI

O Sol emite continuamente um plasma conhecido como vento solar, que se propaga pelo espaço interplanetário. Esse plasma interage com o campo magnético da Terra (CMT), formando a magnetosfera, uma região onde diferentes tipos de plasma e correntes coexistem. Quando ocorre uma variação da pressão do vento solar, há uma compressão ou descompressão da magnetosfera, provocando alterações na corrente de Chapman-Ferraro na magnetopausa. Essas alterações geram um campo magnético que é percebido quase instantaneamente por magnetômetros instalados em satélites ou em observatórios terrestres através de um aumento repentino na componente H do campo geomagnético, denominado Impulso Súbito (SI, do inglês “Sudden Impulse”). Os SI, quando medidos em solo, apresentam morfologias e amplitudes diferentes, uma vez que também sofrem influência das correntes ionosféricas locais. Desta forma, o presente artigo revisa as principais teorias sobre o acoplamento vento solar-magnetosfera, considerando modelos e dados experimentais. Explora-se ainda a diversidade na morfologia dos SI medidos em solo. Os resultados obtidos destacam que, embora as bases físicas do acoplamento entre o vento solar e a magnetosfera estejam bem estabelecidas teórica e experimentalmente, alguns pontos continuam em discussão, tais como a influência da Anomalia Magnética da América do Sul nos SI. interplanetário CMT, CMT , (CMT) coexistem ChapmanFerraro Chapman Ferraro magnetopausa geomagnético (SI Sudden Impulse. Impulse . Impulse”) solo locais forma solarmagnetosfera, solarmagnetosfera solar-magnetosfera experimentais Explorase Explora experimentalmente discussão (CMT Impulse”

A existência do campo geomagnético é amplamente conhecida pela comunidade, pois desde a infância há o contato com as bússolas e a rosa dos ventos, evidenciando sempre sua utilidade para a localização no Globo, especialmente nos meios marinhos e aéreos. Apesar de mapeado há séculos, suas propriedades de declinação e inclinação costumam ser negligenciadas por meio da afirmação de que o desvio da bússola para o meridiano costuma ser pequeno – e tende a ser nas regiões equatoriais. Já outras propriedades, como a Anomalia Magnética do Atlântico Sul (SAMA) são pouco conhecidas da população. Este trabalho apresenta um olhar de média profundidade sobre o geomagnetismo, e disponibiliza uma ferramenta computacional cujo objetivo é diminuir a distância entre aspectos pouco conhecidos acerca do campo geomagnético e os alunos dos anos iniciais dos cursos de graduação nas áreas de ciências exatas e da Terra. comunidade ventos Globo aéreos séculos equatoriais SAMA (SAMA população geomagnetismo Terra

The existence of the geomagnetic field is widely known by the community, as since childhood there is contact with compasses and the compass rose, always highlighting its usefulness for location on the Globe, especially in marine and air environments. Despite being mapped for centuries, its declination and inclination properties are often overlooked through the claim that the compass deviation from the meridian is usually small – and tends to be in equatorial regions. Other properties such as the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) are little known to the population. This work presents a medium depth look at geomagnetism and provides a computational tool whose objective is to reduce the distance between little-known aspects about the geomagnetic field and students in the initial years of undergraduate courses in the areas of exact and Earth sciences. community rose Globe environments centuries regions SAMA (SAMA population littleknown sciences

Resumen El Lago de Cuitzeo se encuentra en la parte central del Cinturón Volcánico Trans Mexicano, en una región de extensión asociada al graben de Cuitzeo, en donde el ascenso magmático parece proporcionar las fuentes de calor que alimentan a las manifestaciones geotérmicas superficiales. Se observa una distribución profusa de andesitas a través del área de estudio de 50 × 50 km2. Se calculan inversiones 3D de los campos de gravedad y magnético para obtener distribuciones de densidad y susceptibilidad magnética hasta 7000 m de profundidad, de las cuales obtenemos y analizamos secciones N-S y E-W, obteniendo también geo-superficies que ayudan a caracterizar las áreas de anomalía de interés. Utiliza-mos datos derivados de observaciones satelitales de gravedad y magnetismo debido a sus características de alta resolución y cobertura uniforme del área de estudio. El análisis se inicia con la región de San Agustín del Maíz (SAM), que exhibe manifestaciones geotérmicas superficiales, para caracterizar sus propiedades de densidad y susceptibilidad, y después el análisis se extiende a toda el área de estudio. Varios sitios en donde afloran regiones de baja susceptibilidad magnética, como en 46 el caso de SAM, se sugieren como blancos potenciales de exploración geotérmica. Dos geo-superficies de densidad apuntan a dos volúmenes en donde material magmático puede estar emplazado, coincidiendo con la presencia de fallas geológicas activas. El análisis presentado aquí puede extenderse a regiones vecinas al Lago de Cuitzeo, y pueden constituir una metodología de exploración rápida y económica en distritos geotérmicos similares.

Abstract Cuitzeo Lake, in the central part of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt, is in an extensional region associated with the Cuitzeo graben, where magmatic ascent appears to provide the heat sources for the surface, geothermal manifestations. A profuse distribution of andesitic rocks is observed throughout the study area of 50×50 km2. Gravity and magnetic field 3D inversions are calculated to obtain density and magnetic susceptibility distributions to 7000 m depth, from which we analyze N-S and E-W cross-sections and obtain density and magnetic susceptibility geosurfaces that help characterize anomaly areas of interest. We use satellite-derived gravity and magnetic data in our evaluation, owing to their high-resolution characteristics and uniform coverage of the study area. Analysis initiates with the San Agustín del Maíz region (SAM), exhibiting surface geothermal manifestations, to characterize its density and susceptibility characteristics, then the analysis is extended to the whole study area. Several outcropping, low magnetic susceptibility regions, like the one associated with SAM, are suggested as potential geothermal targets. Density geosurfaces point to two volumes where magmatic material may intrude, coinciding with active geologic faults. The analysis presented here can be extended to neighboring regions in the Cuitzeo Lake area and may constitute a fast, unexpensive exploration methodology in similar geothermal districts.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las duplicaciones del aparato digestivo son una variante poco frecuente de malformación congénita. Si bien la mejora de los equipos de ecografía ha aumentado la tasa diagnóstica, solo el 30% se diagnostican antes del nacimiento. El diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones quísticas intraabdominales es amplio e incluye, por ejemplo, a los quistes de ovario, colédoco, mesenterio o pseudoquistes de meconio. El tratamiento es quirúrgico mediante la resección y restauración de la continuidad intestinal. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 32 años, con un embarazo previo y en el segundo trimestre del actual, con sospecha de un quiste de duplicación intestinal. El estudio genético no evidenció anomalía alguna. La lesión, de morfología quística tubular, fue aumentando progresivamente de tamaño conforme avanzaban las semanas de embarazo. En la semana 39 se indicó, por diabetes gestacional insulinodependiente, la inducción del parto. Nació un varón, asintomático, mediante parto eutócico, sin complicaciones. La ecografía abdominal, resonancia magnética nuclear y estudio del tránsito intestinal del periodo neonatal temprano confirmó el diagnóstico prenatal de sospecha. Mediante una laparoscopia exploradora, a las dos semanas de vida se practicó la resección del defecto que se reportó como: duplicación intestinal ileal, sin comunicación con la luz intestinal. El curso posoperatorio fue favorable. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico prenatal de quistes de duplicación en el aparato digestivo está en aumento debido a la mejoría en las técnicas de diagnóstico prenatal. La valoración multidisciplinaria es decisiva para procurar una adecuada vigilancia médica del embarazo y del recién nacido.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Duplications of the digestive tract are a rare variant of congenital malformation that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract. Although improved ultrasound equipment has increased the diagnostic rate, only 30% are diagnosed before birth. The differential diagnosis of intra-abdominal cystic lesions is broad and includes, for example, cysts of the ovary, common bile duct, mesentery or meconium pseudocysts. Treatment is surgical by resection and restoration of intestinal continuity. CLINICAL CASE: 32-year-old patient, with a previous pregnancy and in the second trimester of the current pregnancy, with suspicion of an intestinal duplication cyst. The genetic study did not reveal any abnormality. The lesion, of tubular cystic morphology, progressively increased in size as the weeks of pregnancy progressed. Induction of labour was indicated in week 39 due to insulin-dependent gestational diabetes. An asymptomatic male was born by euthecological delivery, without complications. Abdominal ultrasound, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and intestinal transit study of the early neonatal period confirmed the suspected prenatal diagnosis. By means of exploratory laparoscopy, at two weeks of life, resection of the defect was performed, which was reported as: ileal intestinal duplication, without communication with the intestinal lumen. The postoperative course was favourable. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal diagnosis of duplication cysts in the digestive tract is increasing due to improved prenatal diagnostic techniques. Multidisciplinary assessment is crucial to ensure adequate medical surveillance of the pregnancy and the newborn.

Abstract: Introduction: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (also known as müllerian aplasia) is a rare congenital anomaly of the tract genital, of unknown etiology, characterized by the congenital absence of the uterus, cervix and upper portion of the vagina. Clinical case: A 16-year-old female patient with primary amenorrhea, normal hormonal profile, adequate sexual development Tanner 5, 46 XX karyotype. A magnetic sound is performed where the absence of the uterus and the proximal two-thirds of the vagina are detected. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance is a diagnostic test that provides great anatomical detail of the uterus and vagina, allowing to correctly characterize and classify Müllerian anomalies.

Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (también conocido como aplasia mülleriana) es una rara anomalía congénita del tracto genital, de etiología desconocida, se caracteriza por la ausencia congénita del útero, cérvix y porción superior de la vagina. Caso clínico: Paciente femenino de 16 años de edad que presenta amenorrea primaria, perfil hormonal normal, desarrollo sexual adecuado Tanner 5, cariotipo 46 XX. Se realiza resonancia magnética, donde se detecta ausencia de útero y de los dos tercios proximales de la vagina. Conclusión: La resonancia magnética es una prueba diagnóstica que brinda gran detalle anatómico del útero y vagina, permitiendo caracterizar y clasificar correctamente a las anomalías müllerianas.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los infartos cerebelosos ocurren habitualmente en el territorio de la arteria cerebelosa posteroinferior (PICA) y suelen ser predominantemente unilaterales. El compromiso simultáneo bilateral de la arteria PICA es considerado raro. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 67 años de edad que desarrolló un síndrome cerebeloso agudo secundario a un infarto cerebral en el territorio de ambas PICA, confirmado por medio de resonancia magnética nuclear cerebral. La fibrilación auricular paroxística no valvular fue la etiología más plausible después de que la angiografía cerebral digital descartó anomalías vasculares. Conclusión: este caso demuestra que el infarto bilateral en el territorio de ambas PICA puede ocurrir en el contexto de la embolia cardíaca, incluso en ausencia de una anomalía anatómica como es el origen de ambas PICA en un tronco común.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cerebellar infarcts usually occur in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and tend to be unilateral. Simultaneous bilateral involvement is extremely rare. Case report: We present the case of a 67-year-old male who developed an acute cerebellar syndrome secondary to acute infarction in the territory of both PICA confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Non-valvular paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was the most plausible etiology, after digital cerebral angiography ruled out vascular abnormalities. Conclusion: This case shows that bilateral infarction in the territory of both PICA can occur in the context of cardiac embolism, even in the absence of an anomalous common PICA.

Abstract Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWW) is a rare congenital anomaly of the female urogenital tract, characterized by the triad of bicorporeal uterus, obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. The most common symptoms are pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and an abdominal mass. Prompt surgical treatment is advisable. If not immediately possible, medical treatment should be initiated to induce amenorrhea. We describe a case of HWW with chronic pelvic pain and mild dysmenorrhea. The ultrasound revealed uterine duplication and a retro-uterine mass contiguous to the cervix. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed a genital tract anomaly. The patient was medicated with continuous oral estroprogestative and was proposed to surgery.

Resumo O Síndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) é uma anomalia congénita rara do trato urogenital feminino, caraterizada pela tríade de útero bicorporal, hemivagina obstruída e agenesia renal ipsilateral. Os sintomas mais comuns são a dor pélvica, dismenorreia e presença de massa abdominal. É recomendado o tratamento cirúrgico atempado. No caso de impossibilidade, deve ser iniciado tratamento médico para indução da amenorreia. Descreve-se um caso de HWW em doente com dor pélvica crónica e dismenorreia ligeira. Ecograficamente constatada duplicação uterina e a presença de uma massa retro-uterina contigua ao colo uterino. A ressonância magnética confirmou a presença de malformação uterina. A doente foi medicada com estroprogestativo oral contínuo e proposta para cirurgia.

Abstract Ectopic pancreatic tissue or heterotopic pancreas is a congenital or acquired anomaly in which there is pancreatic tissue not connected to the main gland. It has an uncertain prevalence since it is generally an incidental finding and is located mainly in the upper gastrointestinal tract. We present the case of a 51-year-old woman with jejunal ectopic pancreas with associated inflammatory changes, studied with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and subsequent histopathological confirmation.

Resumen El tejido pancreático ectópico o páncreas heterotópico es una anomalía congénita o adquirida en la cual encontramos tejido pancreático no conectado a la glándula principal. Presenta una prevalencia incierta, ya que por lo general es un hallazgo incidental y se ubica principalmente en el tracto gastrointestinal superior. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 51 años con páncreas ectópico yeyunal y cambios inflamatorios asociados, estudiada con tomografía computada y resonancia magnética, y posterior confirmación histopatológica.

Abstract Coarctation of the aorta is a rare congenital abnormality, with an incidence of 6-8% of all congenital heart problems. It is usually diagnosed in childhood during routine clinical examination and adults mostly present with hypertension. Various investigations like transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance angiography can help with diagnosis. Prognosis depends on age at presentation and the severity of coarctation. Treatment options available are open and endovascular repair. Extra-anatomical bypass is the preferred option in cases with unfavorable anatomy. Long term follow up is required post repair due to risk of restenosis and aneurysm formation. Here is a case in which a young female presented with hypertension, was diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta, and was treated a left subclavian artery to descending thoracic aorta bypass. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she had improvement in hypertension. abnormality 68% 68 6 8% 8 6-8 problems hypertension echocardiography tomography diagnosis Extraanatomical Extra anatomical anatomy formation 6-

Resumo A coarctação da aorta é uma anomalia congênita rara, com incidência de 6-8% entre todos os problemas cardíacos congênitos. É geralmente diagnosticada na infância durante o exame clínico de rotina, e os adultos normalmente apresentam hipertensão. Diversas investigações, como ecocardiografia transtorácica, tomografia computadorizada e angiorressonância magnética, podem auxiliar no diagnóstico. O prognóstico depende da idade na apresentação e da gravidade da coarctação. As opções de tratamento disponíveis são o reparo aberto e o reparo endovascular. O bypass extra-anatômico é a opção preferida em caso de anatomia desfavorável. O acompanhamento de longo prazo é necessário após o reparo devido ao risco de reestenose e formação de aneurisma. Descrevemos o caso de uma jovem do sexo feminino que apresentou hipertensão, a qual foi diagnosticada como coarctação da aorta. Foi realizada derivação da artéria subclávia esquerda para a aorta torácica descendente. O pós-operatório transcorreu sem intercorrências, e a paciente apresentou melhora da hipertensão. rara 68% 68 6 8% 8 6-8 congênitos rotina hipertensão investigações transtorácica magnética diagnóstico endovascular extraanatômico extra anatômico desfavorável aneurisma descendente pósoperatório pós operatório intercorrências 6-

ABSTRACT The canal of nuck cyst is a rare congenital anomaly caused by the persistence of the vaginalis process, which comes from the parietal peritoneum that accompanies the round ligament within the inguinal canal of women. The male equivalent would be hydrocele. This entity commonly causes confusion with an inguinal hernia since it manifests as an inguinal or even genital bulge and its usual diagnosis is by ultrasound, CT, magnetic resonance imaging and sometimes even intra-surgical. There is consensus that its treatment should be surgical. Knowledge of this pathology in primary care helps to make a better differential diagnosis. We report the case study of a young woman who came to the consultation with a painful groin lump that worsened with standing, and was partially reduced. A hernia was suspected that turned out to be a Nuck cyst.

RESUMEN El quiste del canal de Nuck es una anomalía congénita infrecuente producida por la persistencia del proceso vaginalis, que procede del peritoneo parietal que acompaña al ligamento redondo dentro del canal inguinal de la mujer. El equivalente masculino sería el hidrocele. Esta entidad frecuentemente produce confusión con una hernia inguinal, ya que se manifiesta como bulto inguinal o incluso genital y su diagnóstico habitual es por ecografía, tomografía axial computarizada (TAC), resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) y a veces incluso intraquirúrgico. Existe consenso en que su tratamiento debe ser quirúrgico. El conocimiento de esta patología en Atención Primaria ayuda a realizar un mejor diagnóstico diferencial. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer joven que acude a consulta con un bulto inguinal doloroso que empeora con la bipedestación y se reduce parcialmente, sospechoso de hernia, que resultó ser un quiste de Nuck.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tetralogy of Fallot is a pulmonary infundibulum stenosis, dextroposition of the aorta so that it rides on the ventricular septal defect and right ventricular hypertrophy, it is one of the most frequent congenital malformations with an incidence of 0.1/1000 live births. It can present associations with other cardiovascular and systemic malformations. When a fifth structural cardiac abnormality is added, it is called Pentalogy of Fallot. Objective: To describe a low prevalence congenital heart disease in clinical practice. Case report: This is the case of a 12 years old male patient, black skinned, with no family or personal history of heart disease, who is broght to the emergency room, by his mother, with polypnea, generalized peripheral cyanosis, hippocratic nails. He was placed in the genupectoral position and was medicated with propranolol. His condition was controlled. Echocardiogram study diagnosed he was having a Pentalogy of Fallot which was verified by cardiac magnetic resonance. Then, the child was transferred to Girasol Clinic for his surgical intervention, performed out 48 hours after his arrival. The surgery resulted satisfactory. It is possible to diagnose this disease during fetal life, in our case it was later, which is uncommon in the clinical practice. Conclusions: Early detection through cardiac magnetic resonance in this case and timely surgical treatment, allowed the survival of this adolescent with the diagnosis of pentalogy of Fallot.

RESUMEN Introducción: La tetralogía de Fallot es una estenosis infundíbulo pulmonar, dextroposición de la aorta de manera que cabalga sobre la comunicación interventricular del septum ventricular e hipertrofia ventricular derecha, es una de la más frecuente malformación congénita con una incidencia de 0,1/1000 nacidos vivos. Puede presentar asociaciones con otras malformaciones cardiovasculares y sistémicas. Cuando se agrega una quinta anomalía cardíaca estructural se denomina pentalogía de Fallot. Objetivo: Describir una cardiopatía congénita de baja prevalencia en la práctica clínica. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino, de 12 años de edad, de piel negra, sin antecedentes familiares o personales de cardiopatía, que acude al cuerpo de guardia en compañía de su madre con polipnea toma del estado general, cianosis periférica generalizada, uñas hipocráticas. Se coloca en posición genupectoral y se medica con propanolol, después de controlar el cuadro y diagnosticado por ecocardiograma como portador de una pentalogía de Fallot y comprobado por resonancia magnética cardiaca, se traslada para la clínica Girasol para intervención quirúrgica, realizada a las 48 horas de su llegada con resultado satisfactorio. En esta enfermedad es posible hacer el diagnóstico durante la vida fetal, en nuestro caso fue tardío, lo que es infrecuente en la práctica clínica. Conclusiones: La detección temprana a través de la resonancia magnética cardiaca en este caso y el tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno, permitió la supervivencia del adolescente con el diagnóstico de pentalogía de fallot.

RESUMEN El síndrome de interrupción del tallo hipofisario es una anomalía congénita de probable origen genético causante de hipopituitarismo, que radiológicamente se caracteriza por hipoplasia de la adenohipófisis, neurohipófisis ectópica e interrupción del tallo hipofisario. Suele presentarse con baja estatura y deficiencia de hormonas adenohipofisarias. El retraso en el diagnóstico se relaciona con alta morbimortalidad. Se reporta el caso de una mujer de 24 años que consulta por amenorrea primaria. Presentaba talla baja y ausencia de caracteres sexuales secundarios, con genitales infantiles. Los exámenes paraclínicos mostraron compromiso de dos ejes hipofisarios. Una resonancia magnética nuclear mostró hallazgos consistentes con síndrome de interrupción de tallo hipofisario.

ABSTRACT Pituitary stalk disruption syndrome is a congenital abnormality of probable genetic origin that causes hypopituitarism, which is radiologically characterized by adenohypophysis hypoplasia, ectopic neurohypophysis, and pituitary stalk disruption. It usually presents with short stature and adenohypophyseal hormone deficiency. The delay in diagnosis is related to high morbidity and mortality. The case of a 24-year-old woman who consulted for primary amenorrhea is reported. She had short stature and no secondary sexual characteristics, with infantile genitalia. Paraclinical examinations showed involvement of two pituitary axes. An MRI scan showed findings consistent with pituitary stalk disruption syndrome.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los cóndilos occipitales y procesos articulares superiores de atlas conforman la articulación atlanto-occipital, la que contribuye en la flexión y extensión de cabeza y cuello. La hipoplasia de cóndilo occipital (HCO) esuna anomalía del desarrollo poco frecuente, pudiendo presentarse aislada o como parte de un síndrome. Si bien el diagnóstico y manejo de una HCO corresponde al área médica, es posible que en ciertos casos esta anomalía pueda ser advertida por el odontólogo. Caso: Paciente sexo femenino, 23 años, asintomática, acude a realizarse una telerradiografía de perfil, previo a tratamiento de ortodoncia. En dicha radiografía se observóuna desproyecciónen sentido vertical del arco posterior de atlas. El informe radiográfico incluyó un diagnóstico presuntivo de HCO. Posteriormente se complementó con un examen de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC), que confirmó el diagnóstico de HCO derecho. Conclusión: La HCO puede observarse en una telerradiografía de perfil, y su diagnóstico puede realizarlo un radiólogo maxilofacial. La confirmación del diagnóstico debe realizarse con imágenes de TCHC para analizar las estructuras óseas, y con resonancia magnética para analizar los tejidos blandos circundantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Occipital condyles and articular processes of atlas vertebrae form the atlanto-occipital joint. This joint contributes to flexion and extension of head and neck. Hypoplasia of the occipital condyle (HCO) is an unusual developmental anomaly, being shown isolated or as a part of a syndrome. While diagnosis and clinical management of HCO corresponds to the medical area, some cases of HCO may be adverted by a dentist. Case: Female patient, 23 years old, asymptomatic, come to be undergone to a lateral cephalometric radiograph prior to an orthodontic treatment. In this image the posterior arch of the atlas was observed as not superimposed. In the radiographic report the presumptive diagnosis included HCO. This radiographic examination was complemented with a cone-beam computed tomography examination (CBCT), which confirmed the diagnosis of HCO. Conclusion: HCO can be seen on a lateral cephalometric radiograph, and the diagnosis can be performed by a maxillofacial radiologist. Confirmation of diagnosis should be done with CBCT images to analyze bone structures, and with magnetic resonance imaging to analyze surrounding soft tissues.