ABSTRACT Monitoring the movements of ruminant animals is one of the most challenging tasks. In animals that act according to their habits, it is difficult to label such movements and transfer them to farmers. Monitoring and recording the movement and behavior of animals on a farm is an adopted method for successfully determining the duration of the estrus cycle in ruminant animals. The Internet is a technology that offers remarkable solutions for such applications. The aim of this study is to determine the hourly step counts and to find the estrus period in the most accurate way with a circuit design applied to the ankles of animals using an IoT-supported microcontroller. The data is transferred to the web environment wirelessly and monitored via wi-fi communication signals. This wireless wearable and network equipment determines the step count and monitors the animal's abnormal body temperature. An IoT-supported microcontroller provides wireless communication, high-speed data transmission, and low power consumption. Insemination was ensured by testing different animals on the application farm. The data is monitored in real-time, and the system gives an alert. Low cost, high reliability, and being able to be watched over the internet are the advantages of the system. This study helped develop new techniques and provided a low-cost proposition for testing wearable technologies on animals. tasks habits farmers applications IoTsupported IoT supported wifi wi fi signals animal s temperature highspeed speed transmission consumption realtime, realtime real time, time real-time alert cost reliability lowcost

RESUMO A monitorização dos movimentos dos animais ruminantes é uma das tarefas mais difíceis. Em animais que agem de acordo com os seus hábitos, é difícil rotular esses movimentos e transferi-los para os agricultores. A monitorização e o registo dos movimentos e do comportamento dos animais numa exploração é um método adoptado para determinar com êxito a duração do ciclo de cio em animais ruminantes. A Internet é uma tecnologia que oferece soluções notáveis para tais aplicações. O objectivo deste estudo é determinar as contagens horárias de passos e encontrar o período de cio da forma mais precisa possível com um design de circuito aplicado aos tornozelos dos animais utilizando um microcontrolador suportado pela IoT. Os dados são transferidos para o ambiente Web sem fios e monitorizados através de sinais de comunicação wi-fi. Este equipamento vestível e de rede sem fios determina a contagem de passos e monitoriza a temperatura corporal anormal do animal. Um microcontrolador suportado pela IoT fornece comunicação sem fios, transmissão de dados a alta velocidade e baixo consumo de energia. A inseminação foi assegurada através de testes com diferentes animais na quinta de aplicação. Os dados são monitorizados em tempo real e o sistema emite um alerta. O baixo custo, a elevada fiabilidade e a possibilidade de ser observado através da Internet são as vantagens do sistema. Este estudo ajudou a desenvolver novas técnicas e forneceu uma proposta de baixo custo para testar tecnologias vestíveis em animais. difíceis hábitos transferilos transferi los agricultores aplicações wifi. wifi wi fi. fi wi-fi animal energia aplicação alerta

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate several attempts to knock down neats and to correlate the success obtained with actions performed by the horse/rider sets through an analysis of public domain videos of vaquejadas. Approximately 300 videos were considered, and the groups were evaluated according to the competition category, that is, amateur/aspirant and professional, and the animals used in the test, that is, pulling or tracking of the neat. It was found that for the pull set in the professional competition category, only the characteristics of directing the cow on the track, and the guiding behavior and positioning in the pull were significant (p<0.01), while for the amateur/aspirant category, the characteristics of remaining in the pull after falling of the cattle and of the behavior at the gate had an effect (p<0.01). The characteristic of remaining in the pull after the fall of the neats, in the category of professional pulling athletes, exists in greater prevalence during the competition with 85.3%, while the characteristic of directing the neat to the side of the track is performed by 87.6% of the competitors. For the set used to track the cattle, the values of the dimensions 1 and 2 were 96.56% and 3.43%, respectively, which is 99.9% of the total variance of the data based on those selected for the final result of “earn the ox”. The use of multiple diversity analysis in this study of variables associated with the vaquejada set proved to be quite advantageous, and there was not much variation in the elements obtained with a greater weight in the determination of the final result. horserider horse rider vaquejadas 30 considered amateuraspirant amateur aspirant test p<0.01, p001 p p<0.01 , 0 01 (p<0.01) p<0.01. . athletes 853 85 3 85.3% 876 87 6 87.6 competitors 9656 96 56 96.56 343 43 3.43% respectively 999 99 9 99.9 earn ox. ox ox” advantageous p00 p<0.0 (p<0.01 8 85.3 87. 965 5 96.5 34 4 3.43 99. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 85. 96. 3.4 p<0 (p<0. 3. p< (p<0 (p< (p

Resumo Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar por meio de análise de vídeos de domínio público de competições de vaquejadas, diversas tentativas de derrubada de rezes e correlacionar o êxito obtido com ações desempenhadas pelos conjuntos cavalo/ cavaleiro. Foram considerados aproximadamente 300 vídeos, sendo os grupos avaliados quanto à categoria de competição, Amador/Aspirante e Profissional, e aos animais utilizados na prova, Puxar ou Esteirar a rês. Verificou-se que para o conjunto de puxar, da categoria profissional de competição, apenas as características de direcionamento da rês na pista, comportamento na condução e posicionamento na puxada foram significativos (p<0,01), enquanto para a categoria amador/ aspirante houve efeito (p<0,01) para a característica de permanecer ou não na puxada após queda da rês e para o comportamento na porteira. A característica, permanecer na puxada após a queda da rês, na categoria de atletas puxadores profissionais, existe em maior prevalência em ações durante a prova com 85,3% dos casos, enquanto a característica de direcionar a rês para a lateral da pista é realizada por 87,6% dos competidores. Para o conjunto utilizado para esteirar a rês, os valores das dimensões 1 e 2 foram de 96,56% e 3,43%, respectivamente, totalizando 99,9% da variância total dos dados com base nos critérios selecionados para o resultado final de “Valeu o boi”. O uso da análise de correspondência múltipla no estudo de variáveis associadas ao sucesso em competições de vaquejada mostrou-se bastante eficaz, no que tange a diminuição do universo de elementos com maior peso de determinação no resultado final obtido. Objetivouse Objetivou se vaquejadas cavalo cavaleiro 30 competição AmadorAspirante Amador Aspirante Profissional Verificouse Verificou puxar p<0,01, p001 p p<0,01 , 0 01 amador (p<0,01 porteira profissionais 853 85 3 85,3 casos 876 87 6 87,6 competidores 9656 96 56 96,56 343 43 3,43% respectivamente 999 99 9 99,9 Valeu boi. boi . boi” mostrouse mostrou eficaz p00 p<0,0 (p<0,0 8 85, 87, 965 5 96,5 34 4 3,43 99, p0 p<0, (p<0, 96, 3,4 p<0 (p<0 3, p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT Global positioning and geographic information systems are essential for studying foraging animal behavior. This study aims to implement a fractal self-similarity and chaos game computational efficient methodology to determine the behavior-associated fractal using GPS data of activity sequences in spatial ranges of livestock movement trajectories in interaction with habitat factors. Six cows were randomly selected with an average weight of 480 kg, maintained under the same conditions, and a GPS-equipped collar was installed, programmed at intervals of 1 min and an average of 9 h daylight. Roughly 192810 registries and an average of 32135 signals per cow from trajectory tracking in spatial activity sequencing were used as a variable of interest in the fractal characterization methodology. Spatial patterns were evaluated using the Morán’s spatial autocorrelation indices, cluster, and non-parametric statistics, evaluating deterministic spatial patterns of preferential activities associated to spatial ranges of less than 7.1 m (resting 42 %, grazing 38 %). GPS information was refined through spatial ranges and changes in activities under resting, eating, traveling, and complementary schemes associated to the fractal displacement behavior of grazing cattle. This information was processed and mapped using fractal self-similarity rules in the Sierpinski triangle to determine the typical fractal of spatial activities per animal in the habitat. The particular fractal record of each bovine as a function of trajectory sequences was mapped for binary image matrices, registering a good classification (83 %) of the animals by breed and climatological cycle, using information from the sequencing of spatial activities associated to the preferred behavior in the habitat.

Abstract Crayfish show locomotor activity modulated by environmental lighting. Yet, little is known about different light spectra stimulation effects on the locomotor activity of crayfish, and laboratory instruments are generally limited to the study of a single animal. As such, this research describes the development and implementation of the Crayfish-Tracking Motion Vision (CTMV) system, as a tool for experimentation. Based on artificial vision, this system allowed for the observation and recording of locomotor activity in one to four Procambarus clarkii crayfish that were placed in individual compartments. The effect of blue or green monochromatic light stimulation was explored in two groups of dark-adapted crayfish (with a total of 15 adult crayfish). Light-emitting-diodes of blue or green spectra were applied for 5 min while locomotor activity in crayfish was monitored in a large container. Both light pulses caused similar reaction times of locomotor activity (2.9 ± 3.5 s). Meanwhile, the displacement score of “blue light” animals (2.1 ± 0.9 m) was lower than that of “green light” animals (2.8 ± 0.6 m). In contrast, speed (1.1 ± 1 cm/s) and acceleration data (0 ± 0.8 cm/s2) of the two groups were similar. Finally, the locomotor activity decreased significantly when container size was decreased. These results showed that the CTMV system is appropriate for measuring the locomotor activities of multiple crayfish and suggested that both monochromatic lights induced different locomotor behavior in the crayfish. It has been postulated that this light-induced reflex activity, is caused by an interplay of the photoreceptor system output with a circadian system modulating light sensitivity and locomotor behavior in the crayfish. It can be inferred that the CTMV system will benefit subsequent studies focused on light-induced reflex activity in crustaceans.

RESUMO A acidose ruminal é uma doença fatal que reduz a produção de leite e a gravidez devido à digestão do gado e quando não é detectada. O diagnóstico desta doença pode ser alcançado através do monitoramento dos parâmetros nutricionais do gado. A tecnologia Internet das Coisas (IoT) é uma tecnologia usada neste tipo de processo, como monitoramento e rastreamento dentro do escopo da Indústria 4.0. Graças ao IoT, a coleta de dados, análise e etapas de processamento de dados são realizadas instantaneamente pela Internet. Nesta pesquisa, foi desenvolvido um sistema baseado em IoT que pode ser eficaz no diagnóstico da acidose ruminal aguda no gado e no monitoramento do controle de dados através do registro de parâmetros nutricionais. Os valores de pH e temperatura do rúmen foram medidos com um microcontrolador suportado por IoT, e os dados foram registrados no banco de dados no servidor usando. O circuito e o software foram testados primeiro no ambiente de laboratório e depois no rúmen do gado canulado. Os valores de pH e temperatura do rúmen foram medidos e registrados instantaneamente em certos intervalos (quando o animal estava ruminando, depois de beber água, depois de comer comida seca e enquanto estava em repouso). Quando o dispositivo é removido do rúmen, foi observado que o material plástico do tipo PLA usado no revestimento do circuito não se desgastou. O dispositivo foi útil na detecção precoce da doença de acidose de um animal alimentado com ração seca por mais de 2 horas antes de se transformar em epilepsia e forneceu intervenção precoce na regulação da ração.

ABSTRACT Rumen acidosis is a fatal disease that reduces milk and pregnancy yield due to digestion of cattle and when not detected. Diagnosis of this disease can be achieved by monitoring the nutritional parameters of the cattle. Internet of Things (IoT) technology is a technology used in these kinds of processes such as monitoring and tracking within the scope of Industry 4.0. Thanks to the IoT, data collection, analysis, and data processing stages are carried out instantly over the internet. In this research, an IoT-based system has been developed that can be effective in diagnosing acute rumen acidosis disease in cattle and monitoring the control of data by recording nutritional parameters. Rumen pH and temperature values were measured with an IoT-supported microcontroller, and the data were recorded in the database on the server using. The circuit and software were first tested in the laboratory environment and then in the rumen of the cannulated cattle. The pH and temperature values of rumen were measured and recorded instantaneously at certain intervals (when the animal was ruminating, after drinks water, after eating dry food, and while at rest). When the device is removed from the rumen, it has been observed that the PLA-type plastic material used in the coating of the circuit does not wear. The device was useful in the early detection of acidosis disease of an animal fed with dry feed for more than 2 hours before it turns into epilepsy and provided early intervention in the regulation of the ration.

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells (SCs) have regenerative potential and the possibility of being used in treating chronic diseases. EVs present lower risk of tumorigenicity and easily to isolation and storage. Therefore, this research aims to compare the morphological characteristics of the EVs (up to 150nm) derived from stem cells obtained from canine amniotic membranes in different passages during the in vitro culture. For this, cells from the amniotic membranes were isolated, cultured, and characterized. In order to answer our aim, the number of cells was normalized at each passage to generate conditioned media for EVs separation. The cells were differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic tissue, to characterize these cells as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Moreover, flow cytometry analysis was performed and showed that the MSC were positive for CD90, CD105 and negative for CD34, CD45, mesenchymal and hematopoietic markers, respectively. For EVs analysis, MSC in different passages (P0-P2) were culture until 80% of confluence, then the medium was replaced by EVs depleted medium. After 48h, culture medium was collected and centrifuged to separate EVs, followed by nanoparticle tracking analysis. The EVs were also characterized by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EVs were positive for Alix and negative for Cytochrome C as well as presented the traditional cup-shape by transmission electronic microscopy. Our results demonstrated that the concentration in the different passages was increased in P0 compared to P1 and P2 (p<0.05). No differences were found in EVs size (P0=132nm, P1=130nm and P2=120nm). Together, these results demonstrate that P0 of MSC is enriched of EVs when compared to later passages, suggesting that this passage would be the best to be applied in pre-clinical tests. Despite that, more studies are necessary to identify the EVs content and how the cells will respond to treatment with them.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance has been attributed to the overuse of antibiotics. To control the use of antibiotics, Brazil adopted the RDC 20/2011. A comparison the antibiotic-resistance profile of bacterial has provided important insights into resistance evolution. Enterococci are ubiquitous bacteria recommended to be used as a sentinel organism, in national surveillance systems, for tracking antimicrobial resistance through the food chain. The present study aimed to evaluate the diversity and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci collected from food in South Brazil in 2017 (pos-RDC 20/11) for comparison with isolated in 2007 (pre-RDC 20/11). A total of 310 enterococci were isolated from vegetables and products of animal origin, identified by PCR and MALDI-TOF, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for resistance genes. Enterococcus casseliflavus was dominant in vegetables and E. faecalis in products of animal origin. Enterococcal isolates in 2017 were mostly sensitive to ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin when compared to isolated collected in 2007. While resistance levels to most compounds remained relatively stable, multidrug resistance decreased by 24% during this period. Our results suggest that RDC 20/11 had a positive outcome in controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study provides baseline data to measure future changes in the prevalence of resistant enterococci.

Resumen Antecedentes: La tuberculosis bovina (TBB) y la brucelosis están asociadas con problemas persistentes en la ganadería Colombiana e incluso en los países desarrollados. La vigilancia de enfermedades en tiempo real es una estrategia clave para controlar y erradicar brotes de enfermedades infecciosas. Objetivo: Diseñar una herramienta epidemiológica para monitorear TBB y brucelosis en Colombia. Métodos: Se diseñó un panel de control interactivo para el mapeo de ambas enfermedades durante el periodo de observación entre los años 2004 y 2019. Resultados: El análisis de la herramienta mostró que las Provincias de Cundinamarca y Valle del Cauca han sido áreas epidémicas para TBB y brucelosis, respectivamente (p<0,001). Además, se encontró un aumento de la detección de casos de TBB en 2012 y de brucelosis durante 2019 (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Este panel epidemiológico permite el seguimiento de puntos críticos de TBB y tuberculosis, identificando sus tendencias a lo largo del tiempo, y proporciona información útil para las autoridades de sanidad animal que diseñan nuevas estrategias para los programas de control.

Resumo Antecedentes: A tuberculose bovina (TBB) e a brucelose estão associadas a problemas persistentes no campo da pecuária na Colômbia e até em países desenvolvidos. Portanto, a vigilância de doenças em tempo real é uma estratégia essencial para controlar e erradicar surtos de doenças infecciosas. Objetivo: Projetar uma ferramenta epidemiológica para monitorar a TB e a brucelose na Colômbia. Métodos: Um painel de controle interativo foi projetado para o mapeamento de ambas as doenças entre 2004 e 2019 como período de observação. Resultados: A análise da ferramenta mostrou que as Províncias de Cundinamarca e Valle del Cauca foram áreas epidêmicas para TBB e brucelose, respectivamente (p<0,001). Além disso, foi encontrado um aumento na detecção de casos em 2012 para TBB e brucelose durante 2019 (p<0,001). Conclusões: Esse painel epidemiológico poderia permitir o monitoramento de pontos críticos dessas doenças, identificando tendências ao longo do tempo, fornecendo informações úteis para as autoridades de saúde animal que elaboram novas estratégias para programas de controle.

Abstract Background: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and brucellosis are associated with devastating losses in the livestock sector in Colombia and even in developed countries. Real-time disease surveillance is a key strategy to control and eradicate infectious disease outbreaks. Objective: To design an epidemiological tool for monitoring BTB and brucellosis in Colombia. Methods: An interactive platform for disease mapping of BTB and brucellosis during an observation period between years 2004 and 2019 was designed. Results: Our analysis showed that the provinces of Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca are regions affected by BTB and brucellosis epidemics, respectively (p<0.001). Furthermore, increased case detection of BTB was reported in 2012 and brucellosis in 2019 (p<0.001). Conclusions: This epidemiological platform allows tracking BTB and tuberculosis hotspots, identifying trends over time, and provides useful information to animal health authorities for designing new strategies in control programs.

Abstract Microbiological safety of fish is a concern of consumers, industries and regulatory agencies worldwide. Among the pathogenic microorganisms, Salmonella spp. is one of the main agents of foodborne diseases and should be absent in animal products. Rapid and accurate identification of pathogens in the supply chain is important for both quality assurance and tracking infectious agents within the chain. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of two rapid detection tests, as alternative methods to the conventional Salmonella detection method, as well as to verify the microbiological quality parameters of two commercially important fish species in the Amazon biome. The plate count of aerobic bacteria ranged from 7.76 x 104 to 8.71 x 107 CFU.g-1 for mesophiles and 1.70 x 106 to 4.27 x 108 CFU.g-1 for psychrotrophic whereas the maximum for this group of microorganisms in fresh fish is 106 CFU.g-1. Regarding the Staphylococcus count, the two species presented variations between 1.35 x 104 to 1.51 x 105 CFU.g-1. This represents unsatisfactory conditions of handling, storage and conservation of fish species. The immunoenzymatic and molecular methods have been shown to be reliable, fast and effective in the detection of Salmonella and for its high index of agreement with the conventional detection method. We also emphasize the convenience of multiplex PCR application due to the high sensitivity, specificity, speed and accuracy of Salmonella detection.

Ensuring food safety is a legal obligation of the manufacturer or of the entity that places the product on sale. Traceability is one of the tools that are used to ensure food safety. It allows the withdrawal of a dangerous or non-compliant product from the market and determines the source of a threat. The aim of the study was to compare the functioning and effectiveness of traceability systems in selected approved meat industry plants. The system functioning in a large meat processing plant, in which the circulation of documents was implemented in a computer system, was compared with two smaller ones, in which paper documentation was carried out, but supported by a computer system. In these plants, the traceability system was based on internal procedures. Properly developed traceability procedures and simulations support and enable response in a crisis. Computer systems streamline and facilitate the traceability process. However, the comparative analysis showed that the use of paper records allowed for efficient identification of the source of the threat. The possibility of performing product traceability was confirmed in these plants. Internal markings and codes and documentation flow, staff training, and awareness proved helpful.

Stock theft is among the major challenges faced by livestock farmers in South Africa. It has severe consequences especially for smallholder farmers, who collectively own a large share of the South African livestock herds but individually keep small herds. In recent years, technological improvements and innovations have made it possible to track livestock movements by using GPS animal tracking devices. Low-cost GPS has been developed and used elsewhere and in the local commercial sector. Given the well-known role of extension, i.e. information and technology dissemination, the possibility that smallholders adopt GPS animal tracking devices should be evaluated. However, very few studies have made a case for using this technology in curbing stock theft among smallholder farmers. This review therefore addresses the likelihood that smallholder livestock farmers in South Africa adopt GPS animal tracking devices to mitigate the impact of stock theft. Using a semi-systematic and a snowball literature review approach, we consulted and reviewed the relevant literature and official statistics relating to stock theft and smallholder livestock farming. Results from the reviewed literature suggest that the likelihood of GPS animal tracking device adoption by smallholders will depend on a) the awareness about the devices and how they work, b) the acuteness of stock theftfor a farmer and how livestock contributes the farmer's livelihood, and c) the income level, access to mobile phones and risk behaviour of farmers. Our literature findings identify areas for future research and may help agricultural extension personnel with future research topics.

Resumen El objetivo principal fue identificar la frecuencia de las patologías comúnmente encontradas en los grandes animales de las diferentes explotaciones ganaderas del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Entre los años 2008 y 2015, fueron evaluados clínicamente, epidemiológicamente y con pruebas diagnósticas, 2795 bovinos y 513 equinos con el fin de establecer su respectivo diagnóstico y la estrategia de manejo adecuada. Los datos fueron clasificados por especie y sistema afectado, siendo los bovinos los de mayor casuística (84,5%), seguido por los equinos (15,5%). Razón por la cual se describen las condiciones patológicas más frecuentes encontradas en estos animales y sus causas probables. Los casos más destacados fueron para ambas especies en el sistema Hematopoyético, donde los hematropicos endoglobulares (Babesia spp y Anaplasma spp) fueron la principal causa. El 5% de los pacientes recibió tratamiento quirúrgico, siendo la piel y anexos los más intervenidos, mientras que el 95% de los casos recibió tratamiento médico. La casuística atendida en el área de médico-quirúrgica entre los años 2008 y 2015 fue elevada, por lo que se hace necesario el seguimiento de los problemas que aquejan a los grandes animales en el Departamento de Córdoba y se recomienda la impartición de cursos cortos en centros de adiestramiento para los medianos y pequeños productores, con el fin de que mejoren los sistemas de manejo y profilaxis de los animales de trabajo y producción.

Abstract The main objective was to identify the frequency of diseases commonly encountered, was conducted large animals from different farms in the department of Cordoba, Colombia. Between 2008 and 2015, were evaluated clinical, epidemiological and laboratorial, 2795 cattle and 513 horses in order to establish their respective diagnosis and appropriate management strategy. The data were classified by species and affected system, with cattle having more patients (84.5%), followed by horses (15.5%). Therefore the most common pathological conditions found in these animals and their probable causes are described. Among them, the most important for both species were the Hematopoietic system where endoglobular hematropicos (Babesia sp. and Anaplasma sp.) were the main cause. 5% of the patients received surgical treatment, with the skin and exhibits the surgery, while 95% of cases received medical treatment. Cases seen in the medical-surgical area between 2008 and 2015 was high, so tracking problems facing large animals in the Department of Córdoba is necessary and delivery of short courses is recommended training centers for small and medium producers, in order to improve management systems and prophylaxis of animal work and production.

Moringa oleifera is a tree with high potential to meet nutritional deficiencies in tropical production systems, especially in ruminants due to its nutritional value, palatability, biomass production and adaptability to harsh conditions. This systematic review aimed to highlight the effect of fodder consumption in the ruminal dynamics. A search protocol was implemented to systematize the process for tracking the information. The search identified studies related to the effect of consumption of M. oleifera on rumen dynamics in terms of digestibility and degradability of dry matter, production ofgases and changes in microbial population. Seventeen bibliographic databases were searched yielding 28 articles and 15 rated as acceptable quality for the purpose of this study. It was concluded that there was a high variability in the results published which is related to the diversity of conditions in the studies, material used and mixtures with other forages and concentrates, as well as the methodologies and techniques used.

Moringa oleifera es un árbol con alto potencial para suplir deficiencias alimenticias en sistemas productivos tropicales, especialmente en rumiantes, ya que cuenta con aceptables valores nutricionales, buena palatabilidad, adaptabilidad a condiciones agrestes y alta producción de biomasa. El presente estudio es una revisión sistemática sobre el efecto del consumo de M. oleifera en la dinámica ruminal. Se planteó un protocolo de búsqueda que permitió sistematizar el proceso para el rastreo de información. La búsqueda identificó trabajos sobre el efecto del consumo de forraje de esta planta sobre ladinámica ruminal, en cuanto a digestibilidad y degradabilidad de la materia seca, producción de gases y cambios en población microbiana. Se consultaron 17 bases de datos bibliográficas, obteniéndose 28 artículos y 15 calificados como de calidad aceptable para el tema del estudio. Se concluye que hay una alta variación en los resultados publicados, lo cual está relacionado con la diversidad de las condiciones en que se desarrollan los estudios, el material empleado y las mezclas con forrajes y concentrados, así como las metodologías y técnicas utilizadas.

Abstract Aims The behavior of laboratory animals has been studied through displacement, with different objectives by researchers. Methods Although different methods have already been used in the tracking of laboratory animals, manual tracking mode videogrammetry for 2D analysis of displacement has not been observed in animal studies. The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy and reliability of determining the displacement of Wistar rats by means of videogrammetry software Dvideo. The accuracy (between the known distance and distance traced) was determined by 3 different evaluators twice consecutive, by videoing a course of 10 meters in the enriched environment together with further analysis of the displacement of the midpoint marked on an apparatus. To calculate reliability (accuracy of the measurement system) and reproducibility (precision of the evaluators) to obtain the ratio of precision to tolerance (P/T), eight animals were filmed for 10 minutes in the enriched environment and analysis of distance covered by one of the animals by three different reviewers thrice consecutive. Results The results obtained in the course of 10 meters of the known distance demonstrated accuracy of 0.10 m, precision of 0.05 m, and bias of 0.07 m. In the reliability test during the 10 minutes of displacement (m) of animal, the ratio of precision to tolerance (P/T) = 0.1 m was found between three different evaluators, demonstrating adequate capacity of the measure. Conclusion The manual tracking mode of the Dvideo presented high reliability and it can be employed for the displacement analysis of studies with rat experimental models.

As pastagens naturais e biodiversas que suportam a pecuária extensiva são caracterizadas por marcada variação da biomassa das espécies botânicas presentes, e do seu estado fenológico ao longo das estações do ano. Nestas circunstâncias, a utilização do alimento e a ocupação do espaço da pastagem podem ser muito heterogéneas devido, entre outras causas, ao comportamento de pastoreio dos ruminantes. Uma gestão eficiente do pastoreio exige conhecimento sobre o mecanismo de ajuste do comportamento de pastoreio à pastagem. Embora exista tecnologia GNSS que possibilita a monitorização do comportamento de pastoreio, o seu custo de aquisição é elevado, limitando a sua aplicação a ensaios científicos. O presente trabalho revê os princípios que permitem a aplicação desta tecnologia e tem por objectivo estudar a utilização de recetores GNSS comerciais de baixo custo ("commercial of the shelf - COTS”: CatTrackTM). Foram utilizados seis recetores, durante seis períodos de recolha de dados, ao longo de dois meses de pastoreio contínuo de uma pastagem natural tendo sido a exactidão dos recetores de 14m e de 40m em testes estáticos e dinâmicos, respectivamente, a precisão de 3m e a fiabilidade de 80%. O equipamento testado permitiu diferenciar as actividades dos animais (pastoreio, repouso e trânsito), determinar a localização de ovinos em pastoreio, e caracterizar padrões, percursos e zonas preferenciais. Conclui-se que o equipamento COTS apresenta uma elevada relação qualidade/preço, pelo que pode vir a ser uma ferramenta importante para suporte das decisões que são essenciais a um maneio mais preciso da pastagem.

Extensive livestock production is supported by natural and biodiverse pastures, characterized by marked seasonal variation of biomass, plant species and growth stage. The use of the food resources and the occupation of grazing space can be very heterogeneous in such conditions due to ruminants grazing behaviour. Successful grazing and pasture management requires an understanding of the adjustment mechanism behind the grazing behaviour that enables adaptation to grazing conditions. Use of GNSS technology allows grazing data collection but although available, is expensive, limiting its application for research purposes. This paper reviews the principles for the application of this technology and was designed to study the use of inexpensive commercial GNSS receptors (commercial of the shelf - COTS: CatTrackTM"). Six receivers were used for six period’s collection data over two months of continuous grazing on a natural pasture. The accuracy of the receivers is 14m and 40m in static and dynamic tests, respectively. The precision was 3m and the reliability 80%. The tested equipment differentiates between animal activities (grazing, resting and transit). It also determines sheep locations, allowing the characterization of patterns, pathways and preferred areas. It is concluded that the COTS equipment has a high quality / price ratio, so it can become an important tool to support the decisions that are essential to a more precise pasture management.