Abstract Introduction. Beekeeping in Honduras is an important activity for the livestock sector, threatened by the presence of pests and diseases that affect its development and production. Objective. To determine the parasitic load of Varroa destructor and Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. associated with hygienic behavior, productivity, and the presence of other pests in Apis mellifera hives in the municipality of Tomalá, Lempira department, Honduras. Materials and Methods. A study was carried out on 57 samples from hives in 19 apiaries to determine the infestation rate of V. destructor. The average infection rate of Vairimorpha spp. was determined using the Cantwell method. Additionally, the association between parasitic loads and productivity, hygienic behavior, and the presence of other pests was determined through a stratified analysis based on whether or not treatment against Varroa spp. was used. Associations were determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results. The infestation rates for V. destructor in dispersal and larval stages were 3.48 % and 6.82 %, respectively. The use of chemical treatment showed no association with the infestation rate of V. destructor in either larvae or a dults (p≥0.05). The presence of the small hive beetle (SHB) was associated with a higher infestation of V. destructor in larvae (p<0.007) in untreated hives. The infection range of Vairimorpha spp. was classified as very light with 5×104 spores per sample. The Vairimorpha spp. load showed no association with the mentioned variables (p≥0.05). Conclusion. The results indicate that varroosis is a disease of importance in the municipality of Tomalá, Lempira department, Honduras, associated with hygienic behavior and the presence of SHB in the hives. Nosemosis showed a very light infection.

Resumen Introducción. La apicultura en Honduras es una actividad importante para el sector pecuario, amenazada por la presencia de plagas y enfermedades que afectan su desarrollo y producción. Objetivo. Determinar la carga parasitaria de Varroa destructor y Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. asociadas al comportamiento higiénico, productividad y presencia de otras plagas en colmenas de Apis mellifera en el municipio de Tomalá, departamento de Lempira, Honduras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio en 57 muestras de colmenas de 19 apiarios, para determinar la tasa de infestación de V. destructor. La tasa media de infección de Vairimorpha spp., se determinó mediante el método de Cantwell. Además, se determinó la asociación entre las cargas parasitarias y la productividad, comportamiento higiénico y presencia de otras plagas, mediante un análisis estratificado según el uso o no de tratamiento contra Varroa spp. La determinación de asociaciones se realizó mediante las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados. Las tasas de infestación para V. destructor en fase de dispersión y larval fueron de un 3,48 % y un 6,82 %, respectivamente, el uso de tratamiento químico no mostró asociación con la tasa de infestación de V. destructor en larvas ni en adultos (p≥0,05), la presencia del pequeño escarabajo de las colmenas (PEC), se asoció con una mayor infestación de V. destructor en larvas (p<0,007) en las colmenas sin tratamiento. El rango de infección de Vairimorpha spp. se encontró dentro de la clasificación muy ligera con 5×104 esporas por muestra, la carga de Vairimorpha spp. no mostró asociación con las variables mencionadas (p≥0,05). Conclusión. Los resultados indican que varroasis es una enfermedad de importancia en el municipio de Tomalá, departamento de Lempira, Honduras, asociada con el comportamiento higiénico y la presencia de PEC en las colmenas. Nosemosis presentó una infección muy ligera.

Abstract Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is one of the most common types of skin cancer worldwide. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers associated with CSCC progression could aid in the early detection of high-risk squamous cell carcinoma and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression patterns of silent mating type Information Regulation 2 homolog 6 (SIRT6) in CSCC and its clinical significance. Methods The protein expression level of SIRT6 in tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between SIRT6 expression and clinicopathological parameters in CSCC patients was analyzed. The relative expression of SIRT6 in CSCC cell lineage and tissue specimens was determined by western blotting and PCR. The effect of SIRT6 silencing on cell proliferation was evaluated using cell counting kit 8. Wound healing, transwell method, and flow cytometry were used to investigate the migration, invasion, and cell cycle distribution/apoptosis of CSCC cells after SIRT6 silencing, respectively. Western blot was used to detect the expression of EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition), cycle, apoptosis, and other related proteins. Results The high expression of SIRT6 was correlated with the location of cancer tissue and Broder staging in CSCC patients. Knockdown of SIRT6 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of CSCC cells, and promoted their apoptosis, with cells blocked in G1 phase. Study limitations No animal experiments were conducted to further verify the results. Conclusion Decreased expression of SIRT6 can inhibit the occurrence and development of CSCC. (CSCC worldwide Therefore highrisk risk strategies SIRT (SIRT6 significance immunohistochemistry analyzed PCR 8 healing method migration distributionapoptosis distribution apoptosis respectively EpithelialMesenchymal Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition, Transition , Transition) proteins G phase results (SIRT

The South African food system is facing severe challenges as increasing hunger, rising food costs, lack of dietary diversity, child stunting, foodborne illnesses, food waste and an obesity epidemic coupled with malnutrition are observed. In this study, we aimed to establish the application of science and technology advances in the food and beverage industry in South Africa in response to food consumption pattern changes since 1994 and how they could be used to address food security challenges. We found that food consumption shifts have been towards sugar-sweetened beverages, processed and packaged food, animal-source foods and added caloric sweeteners, and away from vegetables. These dietary shifts are concerning as they relate to public health. Most commitments to improve the nutritional status of South Africans have been limited to corporate social investment strategies and should be extended into core business strategies. Furthermore, although the South African food and beverage industry has kept pace with developments in food manufacturing practices, there has been little experimentation with non-commercial novel technologies. The expert survey revealed that indigenous African crops and food waste recovery are the two most promising emerging food sources that could be available to South Africans in the shortest time frame. South Africa has many enabling drivers to become a global leader in food technology advances. However, many barriers need to be overcome for industry, academia and government to collaborate to advance novel food science and technologies to reach commercialisation. SIGNIFICANCE: • Drivers and consequences of food consumption changes in South Africa were modelled and broad food consumption trends between 1994 and 2009/2012 were identified. • For the first time, the Access to Nutrition Index methodology was applied to South African owned food companies to identify strategies to enhance nutrition practices. Companies need to do more to deliver affordable and accessible products. • Drivers and barriers in adopting advanced food science and technology were modelled. A collective ecosystem approach with industry, academia and government mobilisation around critical areas like hunger, malnutrition and poverty could be a way to tackle the failing food system.

ABSTRACT: The Amazonian manatee (Trichechusinunguis) is an aquatic mammal threatened with extinction. However, few studies have investigated the pathogens in this species, which may affect both animal and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichiacoli colonizing the nasal and rectal cavities of Amazonian manatees kept in captivity at the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Rectal and nasal swabs from 44 manatees of different ages were used in this study. The genus Staphylococcus was isolated from the nasal swabs of 32 (72.7%) animals, with two individuals harboring more than one species of Staphylococcus. S. sciuri was the most commonly isolated species. Resistance to penicillin was observed in 13 (40.6%) isolates, more frequent than the other antimicrobials tested (P = 0.01). E. coli was isolated from the rectal swabs of all animals, with phylogroup B1 being the most frequent among the strains obtained (P = 0.0008). Four isolates (6.8%) were positive for virulence factors, three of which were classified as enterotoxigenicE. coli (ETEC) and one as enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC). To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in Amazonian manatee samples. This study revealed nasal colonization by Staphylococcus spp., mainly S. sciuri, and diarrheagenicE. coli isolates, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. ABSTRACT Trichechusinunguis (Trichechusinunguis extinction However health frequency distribution spp INPA (INPA Amazonas Brazil 4 3 72.7% 727 72 7 (72.7% animals S 1 40.6% 406 40 6 (40.6% P 0.01. 001 0.01 . 0 01 0.01) E B 0.0008. 00008 0.0008 0008 0.0008) 6.8% 68 8 (6.8% factors enterotoxigenicE ETEC (ETEC enteropathogenicE EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) knowledge samples diarrheagenicE antimicrobialresistant resistant 72.7 (72.7 40.6 (40.6 00 0.0 0000 0.000 000 6.8 (6.8 (EPEC 72. (72. 40. (40. 0. 0.00 6. (6. (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

RESUMO: O peixe-boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis) é um mamífero aquático ameaçado de extinção. Apesar disso, poucos estudos investigaram patógenos nessa espécie que podem impactar a saúde animal e humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência, distribuição e padrões de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus sp. e Escherichia coli pertencentes à microbiota nasal e retal de peixes-bois da Amazônia mantidos em cativeiro no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) (Amazonas, Brasil). Foram utilizados suabes retais e nasais de 44 peixes-boi de diferentes idades. O gênero Staphylococcus foi isolado do swab nasal de 32 (72,7%) animais, sendo que dois indivíduos apresentaram mais de uma espécie de Staphylococcus. S. sciuri foi a espécie mais comumente isolada. A resistência à penicilina foi observada em 13 (40,6%) isolados, sendo mais frequente do que os outros antimicrobianos testados (P = 0,01). Escherichia coli foi isolada dos suabes retais de todos os animais, sendo o filogrupo B1 o mais frequente entre as cepas obtidas (P = 0,0008). Quatro isolados (6,8%) foram positivos para fatores de virulência, três dos quais foram classificados como E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) e um isolado como E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar Staphylococcus spp. e E. coli de amostras de peixe-boi da Amazônia. O estudo revelou colonização nasal por Staphylococcus sp., principalmente S. sciuri, e por isolados diarreiogênicos de E. coli, incluindo cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos. RESUMO peixeboi peixe boi Trichechus inunguis extinção disso humana frequência sp peixesbois peixes bois INPA (INPA Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) 4 peixesboi idades 3 72,7% 727 72 7 (72,7% animais S 1 40,6% 406 40 6 (40,6% P 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) B 0,0008. 00008 0,0008 0008 0,0008) 6,8% 68 8 (6,8% virulência E ETEC (ETEC EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) spp 72,7 (72,7 40,6 (40,6 00 0,0 0000 0,000 000 6,8 (6,8 (EPEC 72, (72, 40, (40, 0, 0,00 6, (6, (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

Resumen: La introducción de la parafiscalidad para fortalecer los programas de salud animal en Colombia trajo profundos cambios en el gobierno del sector pecuario del país, al pasar de un modelo público a uno de cooperación público-privada. La investigación analiza los mecanismos de gobernanza que a partir de estos cambios se constituyeron en la ganadería, avicultura y porcicultura, con el fin de revisar la incidencia de los ajustes en los avances del control sanitario. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de casos múltiples de los fondos de fomento pecuario de los tres subsectores, en el que se evidencia que la parafiscalidad y el modelo de asociación público-privada han permitido la consolidación formal y en la práctica para el control de enfermedades en el país.

Abstract: The introduction of quasi-tax to strengthen animal health programs in Colombia brought profound changes in the government of the country’s livestock sector by moving from a public model to one of public-private cooperation. The research analyzes the governance mechanisms that were established in livestock, poultry, and pig farming, in order to review the incidence of adjustments in the progress of health control. For this purpose, a multiple case study of the livestock promotion funds of the three subsectors was carried out, which showed that quasi-tax and the public-partnership model have allowed formal and practical consolidation for disease control in the country.

Resumen: El estudio de la microbiota ha adquirido un nuevo enfoque de interés, ya que interviene en diversos procesos fisiológicos involucrados en el desarrollo y rendimiento de los animales domésticos. Participa en el eje-microbiota-intestino-cerebro, con procesos que rigen el sistema nervioso hacia el intestino y viceversa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la importancia de la microbiota gastrointestinal de pollos de engorda y gallinas de postura y su relación con procesos fisiológicos que afecten el desarrollo, rendimiento, comportamiento y salud. En el tracto gastrointestinal de estas aves se han identificado alrededor de 17 filos de bacterias, con microorganismos predominantes según el sitio anatómico dentro del tracto y por ende con diferente función, por ejemplo, buche: Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae; proventrículo: Clostridiaceae, Enterococcus; intestino: Escherichia, Streptococcus. Distintos factores intervienen en la colonización y desarrollo de la microbiota, desde el programa de alimentación y manejo, tipo de cama y densidad animal, entre otros. Existen microorganismos potencialmente patógenos que impactan negativamente en la microbiota y puedan llegar al consumidor, como Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis y Escherichia coli, de ahí su importancia al momento de trazar las directrices en las producciones pecuarias.

Abstract: There is an increasing interest in microbiota studies due to their relevance in physiological processes such as animal development and productivity. In addition, it its involved in the microbiota-intestinebrain axis that regulates the nervous system to the intestine and vice versa. This paper is aimed at identifying the importance of the broilers and laying hens’ gastrointestinal microbiota and its relationship with diverse physiological processes that intervene in the development, productivity, behavior, and health. There are 17 filos of bacteria within the poultry gastrointestinal tract, which are site dependent and have specific functions (Example; crop: Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae; proventriculus: Clostridiaceae, Enterococcus; intestine: Escherichia, Streptococcus). In addition, different factors affect the development of microbiota such as the feeding program, handling, kind of substrate, stocking density, among others. There are several potentially pathogenic microorganisms that impact microbiota negatively and may reach the final consumer such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Therefore, it is important to continue supporting poultry microbiota research and areas of opportunity to improve poultry production.

Abstract: In vitro propagation protocols for Theobroma cacao have focused on the multiplication of genotypes with the use of 2,4-diclorofenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the initial phase of the process. There are no reports of the use of indole-3-acetic acid (AIA) as a source of auxin. Due to risks for human health and the environment, international bans have been placed on the use of 2,4-D. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of AIA in combination with TDZ as inducers of embryogenic usfrom staminodes and petals of the Creole and Trinitarian genotypes of T. cacao. The results showed that the combination of AIA 1.0 mg L-1 and TDZ0.005 mg L-1 induced callus in 100 % of explants; the rest of the combinations of AIA and TDZ induced callus in 50 % and 80 % of explants. In conclusion, the use of AIA is useful for the formation of friable callus in in vitro cultures of T. cacao.

Abstract Introduction: Even though only a few species are considered to be dangerous, pests or vectors, the majority of invertebrates produce a feeling of aversion in humans. This has contributed to the delay in the development of ethical considerations as regards this group in contrast with vertebrates, with the exception of cephalopods. Objective: In the present study, we provide an overview of the current situation on animal ethics and welfare in order to contribute to the development of a framework for ensuring invertebrate welfare. Methods: Today, animal welfare is multidisciplinary in nature to a very high degree as it includes ethology, physiology, pathology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, nutrition, cognitive-neural, veterinary medicine, and ethics. Animal welfare is a complex concept, difficult to achieve successfully from one perspective. Results: As a consequence, we propose to include the five domains (nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and mental state) along with the three conceptions (basic health and functioning, affective state and natural living), as well as the 5R Principle (Replace, Reduction, Refinement, Respect and Responsibility) in seeking to achieve a comprehensive welfare state. Conclusions: We consider that in both research and animal production, the individual and collective ethical concerns coexist and, in fact, the main moral concern to account for is the collective one and that, within that collective view, the individual moral concern should be applied with responsibility and respect for the individual. Finally, we propose a practical example of invertebrate welfare production in sea urchin aquaculture with the aim of including animal production of invertebrates in this important discussion.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque sólo unas pocas especies son consideradas peligrosas, plagas o vectores, la mayoría de los invertebrados producen un sentimiento de aversión en el ser humano. Esto ha contribuido al retraso en el desarrollo de consideraciones éticas respecto a este grupo en comparación con los vertebrados, a excepción de los cefalópodos. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo, proporcionamos una visión general de la situación actual en materia de ética y bienestar animal con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de un marco para garantizar el bienestar de los invertebrados. Métodos: Hoy en día, el bienestar animal es de naturaleza multidisciplinaria en un grado muy alto, ya que incluye etología, fisiología, patología, bioquímica, genética, inmunología, nutrición, cognitivo-neural, medicina veterinaria y ética. El bienestar animal es un concepto complejo, difícil de lograr con éxito desde una sola perspectiva. Resultados: Como consecuencia, proponemos incluir los cinco dominios (nutrición, ambiente, salud, comportamiento y estado mental) junto con las tres concepciones (Salud básica y funcionamiento, estado afectivo y vida natural), así como el Principio 5R (Reemplazar, Reducir, Refinar, Respetar y Responsabilidad) en la búsqueda de alcanzar un estado de bienestar integral. Conclusiones: Consideramos que tanto en la investigación como en la producción animal coexisten las preocupaciones éticas individuales y colectivas y, de hecho, la principal preocupación moral a dar cuenta es la colectiva y que, dentro de esa visión colectiva, se debe aplicar la preocupación moral individual. con responsabilidad y respeto por la persona. Finalmente, proponemos un ejemplo práctico de producción de bienestar de invertebrados en la acuicultura de erizos de mar con el objetivo de incluir la producción animal de invertebrados en esta importante discusión.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes Calvo’s work based on his attempt to narrate the disease(s) outside the topics of biomedical discourse. His main objective is to explain how the main features of the jungle novel are subverted by making a vindication of the actions and rhetoric of the Amazonian healers. In this way, our analysis focuses on the healing practices that revolve around the ingestion of ayahuasca and how they are incorporated into Calvo's fiction not only as a dissemination of the knowledge of the vegetalistas but also resulting in the exposition of the core of the disease: the disharmonization of the subject and its breaking with the ties that, otherwise, would manage to grasp its macroscopic kinship with the animal and the plant. In conclusion, the record of the intimate that Calvo’s fiction puts into operation introduces not only another way of approaching the topic of illness but also transforming the travel diary through the jungle into a diary of the illness capable of stressing the sacred techniques of sorcerers and the imaginary of health understood from a secular perspective. Calvos Calvo s diseases disease disease(s discourse healers otherwise plant conclusion perspective

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza la obra de Calvo a partir de su intento de narrar la(s) enfermedad(es) por fuera de los tópicos del discurso biomédico. Su objetivo principal es dar cuenta de cómo se subvierten los rasgos principales de la novela de la selva al realizar una reivindicación del accionar y de la retórica de los curanderos amazónicos. De esta forma, nuestro análisis se centra en las prácticas curativas que orbitan alrededor de la ingesta de ayahuasca y en cómo son incorporadas a la ficción de Calvo no solamente como divulgación de los saberes de los vegetalistas, sino también dando por resultado la exposición del meollo de la enfermedad: la desarmonización del sujeto y su ruptura con los lazos que, de lo contrario, lograrían asir su parentesco macroscópico con lo animal y lo vegetal. En conclusión, el registro de lo íntimo que pone en funcionamiento la ficción de Calvo introduce otra forma de abordar el tópico de la enfermedad y, asimismo, transforma el diario de viaje por la selva en un diario de la enfermedad capaz de tensionar las técnicas sagradas de los brujos y el imaginario de lo saludable entendido desde una óptica secular. s la(s enfermedades enfermedad(es biomédico amazónicos vegetalistas contrario vegetal conclusión asimismo secular

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe the ownership of pets and knowledge of zoonoses among residents in the district of Bambamarca - Cajamarca, Peru, in 2022. In total, 394 surveys were carried out, 30.5% in the urban area (Bambamarca city) and 69.5% in the rural area (Llaucán, San Juan de Lacamaca, Chala and El Tuco). Of those surveyed, 54.8% were female, 20.8% had completed secondary school and the average age was 39.9 years. Besides, 58.4 and 35.5% of interviewees claimed to own dogs and cats, respectively. The person: dog ratio was 4:1 and person: cat was 6.7: 1; 45.2% of dog owners raised them as pets and 45% of cat owners raised them as rodent pest controllers; 67.9% of the dogs were males and 50.5% of the cats were females. The rate of sterilized animals was less than 4% in both species. In the case of dogs, 54.1% walked without restriction and 31.7% of cats were classified as «outdoor»; 50.3% of dog owners and 69.5% of cat owners mentioned performing internal deworming, and 45 and 61.5%, respectively, performed external deworming on a regular basis (at least every 3 months). Moreover, 58% of dogs and 12.8% of cats were reported to have been vaccinated against rabies in the last year. Ignorance of the meaning of the term zoonosis reached 95.4% of those surveyed; however, 90.4% said they knew that animals could transmit diseases to people, the most recognized being rabies (69.8%). It is concluded that it is necessary to develop health education campaigns so that pet owners develop responsible ownership and thus avoid negative impacts on public health and animal welfare.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la tenencia de animales de compañía y los conocimientos de zoonosis entre pobladores en el distrito de Bambamarca - Cajamarca, Perú, en 2022. Se realizaron 394 encuestas, siendo 30.5% en la zona urbana (Bambamarca ciudad) y 69.5% en la zona rural (Llaucán, San Juan de Lacamaca, Chala y El Tuco). De los encuestados, 54.8% fueron mujeres, 20.8% contaban con secundaria completa y la edad promedio fue de 39.9 años. El 58.4 y 35.5% de entrevistados aseguraron poseer perros y gatos, respectivamente. La relación persona: perro fue 4:1 y persona: gato de 6.7: 1. El 45.2% de poseedores de canes lo criaban como mascota y el 45% de poseedores de gatos los criaban como controladores de plaga de roedores. El 67.9% de los perros fueron machos y 50.5% de los gatos fueron hembras. La tasa de animales esterilizados fue menor al 4% en ambas especies. En caso de los perros, 54.1% paseaban sin restricción y 31.7% de los gatos se clasificaron como «outdoor». El 50.3% de tenedores de perros y 69.5% de tenedores de gatos mencionaron realizar desparasitaciones internas, y 45 y 61.5%, respectivamente, desparasitaban externamente de manera regular (al menos cada 3 meses). El 58% de perros y el 12.8% de gatos fueron reportados como vacunados contra la rabia el último año. El desconocimiento del significado del término zoonosis alcanzó al 95.4% de los encuestados; sin embargo, el 90.4% afirmó conocer que los animales podrían transmitir enfermedades a las personas, siendo la más reconocida la rabia (69.8%). Se concluye que es necesario desarrollar campañas de educación sanitaria a fin de que los propietarios de animales de compañía desarrollen una tenencia responsable y evitar de esta forma impactos negativos sobre la salud pública y el bienestar animal.

ABSTRACT Objetive: To analyze the sociodemographic characteristics and bone health in adult consumers of plant-based diets (PBL). Method: Individuals between 18 and 75 years old were invited to complete a self-administered survey through a digital platform. Results: A total of 1,151 participants completed the survey; the majority were women [n=958 (83.2%)], young [age (years): 18-25: 35.8%; 26-35:39.8% and 36-45:17.4%] and single (67.1%). The ABP consumption pattern was mainly represented by vegans (54.0%) followed by lacto-ovo-vegetarians (27.7%), the main reason for their food choice was the care of animal life (83, 5%). Adherence to ABP, as a function of time (years), was <1: 12.3%; 1-5: 67.4%; 10-15:14.8% and>15:5.5%. 16% of vegans reported having suffered fractures and 5.1% reported having had a densitometry. Of them, 88.1% responded with normal results and 11.8% presented osteopenia. No cases of osteoporosis were recorded in the survey. Vitamin B12 was the predominant supplement among ABP consumers (61.4%). Conclusions: PBL consumers constitute an important minority in our country, predominantly composed of women under 35 years of age, with a projection to increase in the coming years.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las características sociodemográficas y salud ósea en consumidores adultos de alimentación basada en plantas (ABP). Método: Se invitó a individuos entre 18 a 75 años a realizar una encuesta autoadministrada a través de una plataforma digital. Resultados : Un total de 1151 participantes completaron la encuesta; la mayoría fueron mujeres [n=958 (83,2%)], jóvenes [edad (años): 18-25: 35,8%; 26-35:39,8% y 36-45:17,4%] y solteras (67,1%). El patrón de consumo de ABP estuvo representado, principalmente, por vegano (54,0%) seguido por lacto-ovo-vegetariano (27,7%), la principal razón de su elección alimentaria fue el cuidado de la vida animal (83,5%). La adherencia a la ABP, en función del tiempo (años), fue <1: 12,3%; 1-5: 67,4%; 10-15:14,8% y>15:5,5%. 16 % de los veganos refirió haber sufrido fracturas y el 5,1 % refirió haberse realizado una densitometría. De ellos el 88,1 % respondió resultados normales y el 11,8 % presentó osteopenia. No se registró en la encuesta ningún caso de osteoporosis. La vitamina B12 fue el suplemento predominante entre los consumidores de ABP (61,4%). Conclusiones: Los consumidores de ABP constituyen una minoría importante en nuestro país, compuesta predominantemente por mujeres menores de 35 años, con proyección a aumentar en los próximos años.

Abstract 19. Gastrointestinal parasitism is very common in horses in northeastern Argentina, where it is often subclinical, leading to losses in body development and reduced animal performance. The objective of this study was to characterize the population of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses from the town of Gobernador Virasoro, Corrientes, used in the artisanal production of bricks. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study design was used and non-probability convenience sampling was performed. The number of eggs per gram of feces was determined by coprological examinations (modified McMaster technique), and all samples with the presence of gastrointestinal nematode eggs were considered positive. Morphologically, eggs of the order Strongylida were distinguished from eggs of Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi and the possible combinations between them. Parasitic genera of the order Strongylida were identified from pool coprocultures, differentiating between large and small strongyles. The results showed that 94.79% of the samples were positive, of which 83.43% corresponded to the order Strongylida only, 10.98% to the combination with eggs of P. equorum and 5.59% to the combination with eggs of O. equi. The highest average number of eggs belonged to the Strongylida order, with 90.55% corresponding to small strongyles. The results of this study suggest that gastrointestinal parasitism is a major problem in the working horse population of Gobernador Virasoro and could have a negative impact on animal health and performance.

Resumen 15. En el nordeste argentino son muy frecuentes las parasitosis gastrointestinales en los equinos, presentes de forma subclínica, provocando pérdidas en el desarrollo corporal y disminución en el rendimiento de los animales. El objetivo fue caracterizar la población de los nematodos gastrointestinales en equinos de la localidad de Gobernador Virasoro (Corrientes) a través del examen coprológico, utilizados como animal de trabajo en la fabricación artesanal de ladrillos. Se utilizó un diseño de estudio observacional transversal descriptivo, para ello se realizaron muestreos de conveniencia de tipo no probabilísticos. Se realizó el recuento de huevos por gramo de materia fecal mediante estudios coprológicos (técnica de McMaster modificada), donde se consideró como positivas a todas aquellas muestras con presencia de huevos de nematodos gastrointestinales. Se diferenció morfológicamente entre huevos del orden Strongylida y huevos de Parascaris equorum y Oxyuris equi, y las combinaciones que pudieran presentarse entre ellos. Los géneros parasitarios del orden Strongylida se identificaron a partir de coprocultivos en pool diferenciando entre grandes y pequeños estrongilos. El 94,79% de las muestras fueron positivas, de las cuales el 83,43% correspondieron únicamente al orden Strongylida, el 10,98% a la combinación con huevos de P. equorum, y el 5,59% a la combinación con huevos de O. equi. Los mayores promedios de recuentos de huevos pertenecieron al orden Strongylida, donde mediante coprocultivo se determinó que el 90,55% correspondió a pequeños estróngilos. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la parasitosis gastrointestinal es un problema importante en la población de equinos de trabajo de Gobernador Virasoro, y podrían tener un impacto negativo en la salud y el rendimiento de los animales.

Abstract 20. The growth of the aquaculture industry has been driven by the increasing global demand for food and concerns about the overexploitation of natural resources and environmental impact. To address these challenges, aquaculture has sought sustainable and innovative alternatives. In this context, the inclusion of insects, such as the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens), in the diet of fish and crustaceans emerges as a promising solution due to their high protein, lipid, and mineral content. This review article discusses the role of Soldier Fly meal in aquaculture. It examines the economic, nutritional, and environmental benefits of meal in aquatic animal diets, as well as recent research results on proper dosage, growth quality, gut health, and nutrient availability in various aquaculture species. It is emphasized that Black Soldier Fly meal offers nutritional benefits comparable to fish meal, being a rich source of protein and lipids, and its inclusion in the diet of aquatic species such as fish and crustaceans has shown improvements in growth, health intestine and the quality of the final products. Despite these advantages, it is noted that complete replacement of fishmeal with insect meal is not the ultimate solution, as challenges related to regulation, mass insect rearing, and nutrient composition may arise. However, Black Soldier Fly meal stands out as a valuable alternative to diversify and improve feed sustainability in the aquaculture industry, contributing to food safety and care for the environment.

Resumen 16. El crecimiento de la industria acuícola ha sido impulsado por la creciente demanda global de alimentos y la preocupación por la sobreexplotación de recursos naturales y el impacto ambiental. Para abordar estos desafíos, la acuicultura ha buscado alternativas sostenibles e innovadoras. En este contexto, la inclusión de insectos, como la Mosca Soldado Negra (Hermetia illucens), en la dieta de peces y crustáceos surge como una solución prometedora debido a su alto contenido de proteínas, lípidos y minerales. Este artículo de revisión analiza el papel de la harina de larvas de Mosca Soldado Negra en la acuicultura. Examina los beneficios económicos, nutricionales y ambientales de la harina en la dieta de los animales acuáticos, así como los resultados de investigaciones recientes sobre dosificación adecuada, calidad de crecimiento, salud intestinal y disponibilidad de nutrientes en diversas especies acuícolas. Se enfatiza que la harina de larvas de la Mosca Soldado Negra ofrece beneficios nutricionales comparables a la harina de pescado, siendo una fuente rica en proteínas y lípidos, y su inclusión en la dieta de especies acuáticas como peces y crustáceos ha demostrado mejoras en el crecimiento, la salud intestinal y la calidad de los productos finales. A pesar de estas ventajas, se señala que la sustitución completa de la harina de pescado por la harina de insectos no es la solución definitiva, ya que pueden surgir desafíos relacionados con la regulación, la crianza masiva de insectos y la composición de nutrientes. Sin embargo, la harina de larvas de Mosca Soldado Negra se destaca como una alternativa valiosa para diversificar y mejorar la sostenibilidad de la alimentación en la industria acuícola, contribuyendo a la seguridad alimentaria y al cuidado del medio ambiente.

Abstract Salmon farming in the face of antimicrobial resistance and effects on human health and environment. Abstract: The present review compiles and analyzes studies of the last five years on antibiotic use in the salmon industry, reported effects on fish and humans, and impacts on the environment. There is a growing concern regarding the current management of veterinary therapeutic plans used for the treatment and control of bacterial infections. The main problems are related to the increase of resistance to antibiotics by pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria communities, horizontal transfer of resistance genes between bacterial cells, and a major number of cases of failed medical treatments in human and animal populations. Therefore, the challenges for the future will be to reduce dependence on antibiotics in animal production through research into alternatives technologies, the collection of epidemiological information from productive sectors that allow detailed monitoring in the different cultivation phases, biosafety measures from an approach of One Health, and strict supervision in the formulation of medicines by professionals in the animal area.

Resumen La salmonicultura frente a la resistencia de los antimicrobianos y los efectos sobre la salud humana y medio ambiente. Resumen: La presente revisión recopila y analiza estudios de los últimos 5 años sobre uso de antimicrobianos en la industria del salmón, efectos reportados en peces y seres humanos, y los impactos sobre el medio ambiente. Existe una creciente preocupación respecto al manejo actual de los planes terapéuticos veterinarios empleados para el tratamiento y control de infecciones bacterianas. Las principales problemáticas están relacionadas con el aumento en la resistencia hacia antimicrobianos por parte comunidades bacterianas patógenas y no patógenas, la transferencia horizontal de genes de resistencia entre células bacterianas y, un mayor número de casos de tratamientos médicos fallidos en poblaciones humanas y animales. Por lo tanto, los desafíos a futuro serán reducir la dependencia hacia los antimicrobianos en producciones animales mediante la investigación de tecnologías alternativas, la recopilación de información epidemiológica de sectores productivos que permitan realizar monitoreo detallado en las diferentes fases de cultivo, medidas de bioseguridad desde un enfoque de “One Health” y, una supervisión estricta en la formulación de medicamentos por parte de los profesionales en el área animal.

ABSTRACT: More and more countries are incorporating new safety, health and food safety regulations, responding to the growing concern about the use of antibiotic growth promoters (APC) in animal production, the scientific community has been forced to seek new alternatives that reduce or replace the use of (APC), with the ability to safeguard public health. Within these alternatives, phytobiotics are considered a very promising option, since they are natural substances made up of complex bioactive compounds. This document reviews the different applications and functionality of phytobiotics in animal production. Firstly, the main effects and mechanism of action are shown, highlighting and explaining their functionality as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, growth promoters, improvers of the organoleptic characteristics of foods and reduces the generation of gases that cause the greenhouse effect. Second, notable applications of phytobiotics to different species of zootechnical interest and their effect are reviewed. Finally, their bioavailability and the current and future challenges of phytobiotics are investigated.

RESUMEN: Cada vez más países van incorporando nuevas normativas de inocuidad, seguridad sanitaria y alimentaria, respondiendo a la progresiva preocupación por el uso de antibióticos promotores de crecimiento (APC) en producción animal; la comunidad científica se ha visto obligado a buscar nuevas alternativas que reduzcan o sustituyan el uso de APC, con la capacidad de salvaguardar la salud pública. Dentro de esas alternativas, los fitobióticos son considerados una opción muy prometedora, ya que son sustancias naturales constituidas por complejos compuestos bioactivos. Este documento revisa las distintas aplicaciones y la funcionalidad de los fitobióticos en la producción animal. En primer lugar, se manifiesta los principales efectos y mecanismo de acción, destacando y explicando su funcionalidad como antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios, antimicrobianos, promotores de crecimiento, mejoradores de las características organolépticas de los alimentos y reductores de la generación de gases causantes del efecto invernadero, Segundo, se revisan aplicaciones destacadas de los fitobióticos a las distintas especies de interés zootécnico y su efecto que estos tienen. Finalmente, se indaga su biodisponibilidad y los desafíos actuales y futuros de los fitobióticos.