ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction between micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in patients with refractory primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: We included patients with primary open angle glaucoma with at least 12 months of follow-up. We collected and analyzed data on the preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes. The primary outcomes were a reduction of ≥20% of the baseline value (criterion A) and/or intraocular pressure between 6 and 21 mmHg (criterion B). Results: We included 128 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. The preoperative mean intraocular pressure was 25.53 ± 6.40 and 35.02 ± 12.57 mmHg in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The mean intraocular pressure was reduced significantly to 14.33 ± 3.40 and 15.37 ± 5.85 mmHg in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups at the last follow-up, respectively (p=0.110). The mean intraocular pressure reduction at 12 months was 11.20 ± 11.46 and 19.65 ± 13.22 mmHg in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The median preoperative logMAR visual acuity was 0.52 ± 0.69 and 1.75 ± 1.04 in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The mean visual acuity variation was −0.10 ± 0.35 and −0.074 ± 0.16 in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, respectively (p=0.510). Preoperatively, the mean eye drops were 3.44 ± 1.38 and 2.89 ± 0.68 drugs in the micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p=0.017), but those were 2.06 ± 1.42 and 1.02 ± 1.46 at the end of the study in the “slow cook” and micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation groups, respectively (p<0.001). The success of criterion A was not significant between both groups. Compared with 11 eyes (17.74%) in the “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation group, 19 eyes (28.78%) in the micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation group showed complete success (p=0.171). For criterion B, 28 (42.42%) and 2 eyes (3.22%) showed complete success after micropulse- and “slow cook” transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Both techniques reduced intraocular pressure effectively. Purpose slow cook openangle Methods 1 followup. followup follow up. up follow-up 20 ≥20 andor or B. B . B) Results 2553 25 53 25.5 640 40 6.4 3502 35 02 35.0 1257 57 12.5 p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 (p<0.001) 1433 14 33 14.3 340 3 3.4 1537 15 37 15.3 585 5 85 5.8 followup, up, p=0.110. p0110 p=0.110 110 (p=0.110) 1120 11.2 1146 46 11.4 1965 65 19.6 1322 13 22 13.2 052 52 0.5 069 69 0.6 175 75 1.7 104 04 1.0 010 10 −0.1 035 0.3 0074 074 −0.07 016 16 0.1 p=0.510. p0510 p=0.510 510 (p=0.510) Preoperatively 344 44 138 38 1.3 289 89 2.8 068 68 p=0.017, p0017 p=0.017 , 017 (p=0.017) 206 06 2.0 142 42 1.4 102 146 17.74% 1774 17 74 (17.74% 28.78% 2878 78 (28.78% p=0.171. p0171 p=0.171 171 (p=0.171) 42.42% 4242 (42.42% 3.22% 322 (3.22% Conclusion effectively ≥2 255 25. 64 4 6. 350 35. 125 12. p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 143 14. 34 3. 153 15. 58 8 5. p011 p=0.11 (p=0.110 112 11. 114 196 19. 132 13. 05 0. 7 1. 01 −0. 03 007 07 −0.0 p051 p=0.51 51 (p=0.510 2. p001 p=0.01 (p=0.017 17.74 177 (17.74 28.78 287 (28.78 p017 p=0.17 (p=0.171 42.42 424 (42.42 3.22 32 (3.22 ≥ p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 p01 p=0.1 (p=0.11 −0 p05 p=0.5 (p=0.51 p=0.0 (p=0.01 17.7 (17.7 28.7 (28.7 (p=0.17 42.4 (42.4 3.2 (3.2 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p=0. (p=0.1 − (p=0.5 (p=0.0 17. (17. 28. (28. 42. (42. (3. p<0 (p<0. p=0 (p=0. (17 (28 (42 (3 p< (p<0 p= (p=0 (1 (2 (4 ( (p< (p= (p

Resumen Este trabajo se centra en una construcción en español, censurada por los gramáticos, que combina la morfología de la pasiva perifrástica (ser + participio) con el multifuncional morfema reflexivo se y típicamente sirve para generalizar sobre procesos que afectan a clases de cosas o grupos de individuos (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida). El interés por la formación de la construcción nos lleva a situar su origen en una estructura regular del idioma, conocida como “impersonal refleja con oración pasiva”, en la que se marca la indeterminación del sujeto paciente (cuando se es amado…). Desde este punto de vista, la “desviación” que manifiesta la construcción en estudio radica en la introducción de un sujeto explícito, con el efecto de que se borra el carácter impersonal del modelo original y se altera a la vez la función de se, que pasa a relacionarse con la llamada pasiva refleja del español. En la segunda parte de nuestra investigación, nos proponemos arrojar luz sobre la productividad de la construcción anómala, que desplegaron nuestras búsquedas en Google, apuntando al papel instrumental que juega el participio en propiciar cambios de perspectiva entre acciones pasivas y estados resultantes. Analizamos algunos ejemplos que ayudan a corroborar nuestra hipótesis, destacamos la expansión de la construcción a contextos no-genéricos y, finalmente, nos damos a la tarea de explicar cómo la pasiva anómala llega a utilizarse con verbos intransitivos inacusativos, según reflejan los datos recopilados para nuestro estudio.

Abstract The present work focuses on a construction in Spanish, censured by grammarians, which combines the morphology of the analytical or periphrastic passive (ser ‘be’ + participle) with the multifunctional reflexive morpheme se and typically serves to generalize over processes affecting classes of things or groups of individuals (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida ‘Energy increases when (it is) contained’). Our interest in the genesis of the construction leads us to locate its source in a regular structure of the language, known as the “impersonal reflexive with a passive clause”, wherein se marks the unspecified identity of the patient subject (cuando se es amado…‘when one is loved...’). Viewed from this angle, the “deviant” feature of the construction in study thus resides in the introduction of an explicit subject, which has the effect of erasing the impersonal character of the source and of altering the function of se in ways that will impose a reference to the so-called reflexive passive of Spanish. In the second part of our research, we seek to account for the productivity of the anomalous construction, discovered through our perusal in Google, by calling attention to the instrumental role played by the participle in allowing shifts of perspective between passive actions and resulting states. We discuss some examples to corroborate our hypothesis, highlight the expansion of the construction to non-generic contexts and, as our final task, take on the challenge of having to explain how the anomalous passive comes to be used with intransitive unaccusative verbs, as evidenced in the data of our corpus.

Resumen Introducción. La formación de plántulas en condiciones controladas es fundamental para cultivar especies como la fresa. Dado que la tecnología de iluminación artificial LED ha permitido un mayor control de la luz, la variación de componentes como la longitud de onda y la intensidad pueden ser manipulados para generar plántulas con diferentes características. Sin embargo, es necesario generar información para el desarrollo de prácticas precisas y eficientes en el control de la luz. Objetivo. Evaluar la formación de plántulas de fresa en diferentes intensidades de luz LED violeta, azul y roja. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante 2020 en el Laboratorio de Genética Vegetal del Departamento de Agronomía de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México. Se recuperaron semillas de frutos de la variedad San Andreas y se sembraron plántulas en luz LED violeta, azul y roja a intensidades alta, media y baja. Se realizaron determinaciones de color del área del cotiledón, índice de saturación de color y ángulo Hue. Además, se midieron variables fisiotécnicas, químicas y actividad antioxidante. Resultados. Los tratamientos más adecuados fueron luz violeta de intensidades altas y medias; así como luz azul de alta intensidad, debido a que el porcentaje de germinación superó el 60 %. Las plántulas no se alargaron ni adelgazaron, presentaron las mayores áreas de cotiledones y concentraciones de clorofila. Además, estos tratamientos de luz consumieron en promedio 31,2 % menos energía eléctrica. Conclusiones. Además de la luz blanca, los tratamientos más adecuados para la formación de plántulas de fresa fueron la luz violeta a alta y media intensidad, así como la luz azul a alta intensidad. Se sugiere evaluar los tratamientos de luz violeta y azul en otros cultivares para confirmar el efecto positivo en las plántulas de fresa. La luz roja limitó la germinación y mostró mayor actividad antioxidante.

Abstract Introduction. Seedlings formation under controlled conditions is crucial for cultivating species like strawberry. With LED artificial lighting technology allowing greater control over light, variations in components such as wavelength and intensity can be manipulated to generate seedlings with different characteristics. However, there is a need to generate information for the development of precise and efficient light control practices. Objective. The evaluate strawberry seedling formation under different intensities of violet, blue, and red LED light. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2020 at the Plant Genetics Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy at the Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Seeds from San Andreas variety fruits were collected, and seedlings were grown under violet, blue, and red LED light at high, medium, and low intensities. Color determinations of cotyledon area, Chroma saturation index, and Hue angle were performed. Additionally, physio-technical, chemical, and antioxidant activity variables were measured. Results. The most suitable treatments were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light, with germination range exceeding 60 %. Seedlings did not elongate or thin out and exhibited the largest cotyledons areas and chlorophyll concentrations. Furthermore, these light treatments consumed, on average, 31.2 % less electrical energy. Conclusions. In addition to white light, the most suitable treatments for strawberry seedlings formation were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light. It is suggested to evaluate violet and blue light treatments in other cultivars to confirm their positive effect on strawberry seedlings. Red light limited germination and showing higher antioxidant activity.

Abstract Introduction: Although the subclavian vein offers significant advantages over other approaches for ultrasound-guided central venous access, it is not the first choice in the pediatric population, mainly due to its proximity to the pleura and the subclavian artery. Objective: To assess the sonoanatomical characteristics of the subclavian vein and adjacent structures using the supraclavicular approach in a pediatric population. Materials and methods: Observational, intraoperative, cross-sectional study, between June 2021 and March 2022. The population consisted of ASA I, II and III children taken to non-emergent surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Images were acquired with the patients under general anesthesia, using a high-frequency linear probe to identify the subclavian vein and measure the anatomical landmarks. Results: A total of 67 children were recruited; mean age was 6 years (IQR: 2-12 years), with male sex predominance (61%). Median weight was 22 kg (IQR: 12.2-34 Kg) and median height was 115 cm (IQR: 88-142 cm). Measurements in relation to the vessel showed a mean distance from the skin of 0.70 cm (SD: 0.18 cm), while mean distance from the skin to the pleura was 1.31 cm (SD: 0.28 cm). Mean vein diameter was 0.49 cm (IQR: 0.40-0.63 cm). The mean hypothetical approach angle to the vessel was 22.09 degrees (SD: 4.37 degrees), while the approach angle to the pleura was 39 degrees (SD: 5.31 degrees). No concurrent visualization of the vein and artery was documented in any of the recorded sonoanatomy windows. The tests pointed to an average difference of 0.61 cm in vessel depth in relation to the pleura, and the angle of approach to the vessel was 16.91 degrees smaller when compared with the angle of approach to the pleura (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Using this technique, the supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein in children is safe and feasible, with an average skin-to-vessel distance of 0.70 cm, minimizing the risk of pleural puncture. Additional studies are required to optimize this technique in the pediatric population.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque la vena subclavia ofrece ventajas significativas sobre otros abordajes para el acceso venoso central guiado por ultrasonido, no se considera la primera opción en la población pediátrica, principalmente debido a su proximidad con la pleura y la arteria subclavia. Objetivo: Evaluar las características sonoanatómicas de la vena subclavia y sus estructuras adyacentes utilizando el abordaje supraclavicular en la población pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal durante el periodo intraoperatorio, desde junio de 2021 hasta marzo de 2022. Participaron niños ASA I, II y III sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos no emergentes bajo anestesia general. Se realizaron las imágenes bajo anestesia general, utilizando un transductor lineal de alta frecuencia para identificar la vena subclavia y medir características anatómicas. Resultados: Se reclutaron 67 niños, con una mediana de 6 años (RIQ 2-12 años), predominando el sexo masculino (61 %). La mediana de peso fue de 22 kg (RIQ12,2-34 kg) y la de estatura fue de 115 cm (RIQ 88-142 cm). Las mediciones del vaso mostraron una distancia media de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm (DE: 0,18 cm) y una de la piel a la pleura de 1,31 cm (DE: 0,28 cm). El diámetro de la vena tuvo una mediana de 0,49 cm (RIQ 0,40-0,63 cm). El ángulo hipotético de aproximación al vaso presentó una media de 22,09 grados (DE: 4,37 grados), mientras que el ángulo de aproximación a la pleura fue de 39 grados (DE: 5,31 grados). No se documentó la visualización simultánea de la arteria y la vena en ninguna de las ventanas sonoanatómicas registradas. Las pruebas indicaron una diferencia promedio de 0,61 cm en la profundidad del vaso respecto a la pleura, y 16,91 grados menos en el ángulo de aproximación al vaso comparado con el ángulo pleural (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Mediante esta técnica, el abordaje supraclavicular para punción de la vena subclavia en niños es seguro y viable, con una distancia promedio de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm, minimizando el riesgo de punción pleural. Se requieren estudios adicionales para optimizar esta técnica en la población pediátrica.

Abstract Introduction Functional endoscopic sinus surgery and endoscopic skull base surgery are frequently performed surgeries today. Nasal septal deviation is a common finding and can affect the surgical area. Therefore, it is important to examine the effect of this deviation on other anatomical structures. Objectıve The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the degree of nasal septal deviation and anterior skull base structures using computed tomography (CT). Methods A total of 312 patients (aged 18 to 65 years old) whose paranasal sinus CT images were available were included in the study. Measurements were obtained on images retrieved from Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) and Horos image archive systems in the bone window in the coronal and axial plane. Results The mean age of 312 patients was 33.00 years old (standard deviation [SD] 11.22 years). The presence of septal deviation was not associated with changes in olfactory fossa (OF) depths, Keros degrees, and the angle between the lateral lamella and the cribriform lamella. However, OF depths and Keros degrees on the deviated side of the septum were found to change at a significant level (p < 0.05). No significant association was observed between the degree of septal deviation and cribriform lamella-lateral lamella angle. Conclusion The study showed significantly increased OF depth and Keros degree on the deviated side of the nasal septum. Performing CT scans before endoscopic sinus surgery and endoscopic skull base surgery is important to increase the chances of a successful surgical outcome and to reduce complications. today area Therefore CT. . (CT) 31 aged 1 6 PACS (PACS plane 3300 33 00 33.0 standard SD [SD 1122 11 22 11.2 years. years) (OF However p 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) lamellalateral complications (CT 3 330 33. 112 2 11. 0.0 0.

Abstract: This article compares the cases of Brazil, Chile and Argentina -countries that experienced military coups, dictatorships, armed insurgencies and state terror in the sixties and seventies- with that of Mexico, where similar phenomena occurred, despite the country’s revolution that did away with military coups. The aspects emphasized in this comparative analysis are the political system, armed underground organizations, counterinsurgency and its death toll, the struggle for human rights and memory. It also includes a description of the Mexican Operation Condor -focused on the elimination of drug cultivation- in order to emphasize its similarities with its South American counterpart in spite of their lack of an organic connection. The general argument is that a comparative perspective offers a new angle from which to understand the causes and escalation of political violence in cases that have not been considered to be analogous by examining the juxtaposition of local, transnational and global contexts. This article is based on archival research, the contemporary press, interviews, official reports and secondary sources.

Resumen: En este artículo se comparan los casos de Brasil, Chile y Argentina, países que experimentaron golpes de Estado, dictaduras, insurgencia armada y terror estatal en las décadas de los sesenta y los setenta, con el de México, donde ocurrieron fenómenos similares a pesar de que el país tuvo una revolución que eliminó de escena los golpes militares. Los aspectos que se destacan en el análisis comparativo son el sistema político, las organizaciones armadas clandestinas, la contrainsurgencia y sus saldos, la lucha por los derechos humanos y la memoria. Asimismo, se incluye una descripción de la Operación Cóndor mexicana -enfocada en la eliminación de cultivos de droga- para enfatizar sus similitudes con su contraparte sudamericana, a pesar de que no había ninguna conexión orgánica entre ambas. El planteamiento general es que la perspectiva comparativa ofrece un nuevo ángulo para entender las causas y el escalamiento de la violencia política en casos que no se consideraban equiparables, al examinarse la yuxtaposición de los contextos local, transnacional y global. El artículo se basa en investigación de archivo y hemerográfica, entrevistas, informes oficiales y fuentes secundarias.

ABSTRACT The use of CO2 sensors has been reported as an effective tool in the early detection of signs of deterioration, allowing good accuracy in decision-making about the quality of stored grains. The objective of this study was to quantify the CO2 levels produced by maize grains stored at ambient temperature in a prototype silo, with initial moisture contents of 14, 16 and 18% w.b., and to evaluate the quality of the product over time and the technical breakage. Analyses of moisture content, ash, proteins, lipids, Hue Angle (color), germination and electrical conductivity were performed. Inside the silos, the amount of CO2, relative air humidity and temperature were monitored every hour. Grain quality evaluations were carried out at four storage times (0, 30, 60 and 90 days). A completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with six replicates was used. Grains with higher moisture contents showed higher technical breakage and losses associated with CO2 emissions. Moisture content, protein, lipids, germination, bulk density, lightness and chroma decreased over time, while the electrical conductivity increased, resulting in greater damage to membranes and loss of quality of maize grains. Monitoring of CO2 in the grain mass is a good tool to assess the quality of grain, and higher initial moisture content caused greater level of CO2 emission and reduction in quality of maize grains. CO deterioration decisionmaking decision making silo 14 1 18 wb w b w.b. ash proteins lipids color, color , (color) performed silos hour 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 days. days . days) used emissions protein density increased w.b (color (

RESUMO O uso de sensores de CO2 tem sido reportado como uma medida eficaz na detecção precoce de sinais de deterioração, permitindo uma boa acurácia na tomada de decisão sobre a qualidade de grãos armazenados. Neste estudo objetivou-se quantificar os níveis de CO2 produzidos por grãos de milho armazenados em temperatura ambiente em silo protótipo, com teores de água iniciais de 14, 16 e 18% b.u., bem como avaliar a qualidade do produto ao longo do tempo e a quebra técnica. Foram realizadas análises de teor de água, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, Hue Angle (cor), germinação e condutividade elétrica. No interior dos silos foi monitorada a quantidade de CO2, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura a cada uma hora. As avaliações de qualidade dos grãos ocorreram em quatro tempos de armazenamento (0, 30, 60 e 90 dias). Foi usado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 × 4 e seis repetições. Os grãos mais úmidos apresentaram maior quebra técnica e perdas associadas a emissões de CO2. Os teores de água, proteína, lipídeos, germinação, massa específica aparente, L* e croma reduziram ao longo do tempo, enquanto que a condutividade elétrica aumentou, resultando em maior danificação das membranas e perda de qualidade dos grãos de milho. O monitoramento do CO2 na massa de grãos é uma boa ferramenta para avaliar a qualidade dos grãos, e maior teor de umidade inicial causou maior nível de emissão de CO2 e redução na qualidade dos grãos de milho. CO deterioração objetivouse objetivou se protótipo 14 1 18 bu b u b.u. cinzas proteínas lipídeos cor, cor , (cor) hora 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 dias. dias . dias) casualizado repetições proteína aparente L aumentou b.u (cor (

Resumen: El principal objetivo del presente estudio es estimar los factores de seguridad y la probabilidad de falla planar en los taludes de la Comuna Universitaria de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia). Se realiza un procesamiento estadístico de los datos recolectados durante 14 años de estudios geotécnicos. Se aplica la ecuación de talud infinito en una simulación de Monte Carlo para analizar escenarios típicos de entrada como cohesión, ángulo de fricción, nivel de aguas freáticas e inclinación de estratos con presencia de ceniza y llenos antrópicos. En la simulación se generan 5000 iteraciones para cada variable, obteniendo como resultado la representación de una herramienta para detección de condiciones que generan inestabilidad en los taludes de la comuna. Se concluye que para factores de seguridad aceptables calculados por métodos determinísticos, se pueden tener niveles de amenaza altos en función de probabilidad de falla por lo que los análisis probabilísticos se consideran conservadores y útiles en la detección temprana de desastres.

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to estimate the safety factors and the probability of planar failure in the slopes of the Comuna Universitaria of the city of Manizales (Colombia). Geotechnical data gathered over a period of 14 years is processed statistically. The infinite slope equation is applied through Monte Carlo simulations to assess typical input scenarios including cohesion, friction angle, groundwater level, and inclination of layers with the presence of ash and anthropogenic fills. The simulation involved 5000 iterations for each variable, resulting in a tool for detecting conditions causing instability in the slopes of the Comuna Universitaria. It is concluded that for acceptable safety factors calculated deterministically, it is possible to obtain high risk levels with relation to failure probability function, making probabilistic analyses conservative and useful for early warning detection.

Abstract The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for monitoring forest plantations is a potential useful tool but requires proper planning. Two softwares, four processing tools options and four flight parameters were evaluated to obtain orthomosaics in forest plantations located in Costa Rica. It was found that Pix4Dmapper® software requires less time for image processing, especially when using computers with at least 15 GB of RAM. The number of images to process per hectare can be lowered by reducing the spatial resolution of the images and using a flight plot (2D). The WebODM® software produced more processing failures, but the generated orthomosaics had fewer omission areas than those generated with Pix4Dmapper®. The proportion of processing failures is related to the number of images to be processed and the spatial resolution of the images. The best combinations to obtain orthomosaics were achieved using Pix4Dmapper® with flights at 120 meters, using a camera angle of 90° and a combination of overlap between images of 80 % frontal and 70 % lateral.

Resumen El uso de vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANTs) para el monitoreo de plantaciones forestales es una herramienta potencialmente útil, pero requiere una adecuada planificación. Se evaluaron dos tipos de software, cuatro opciones de procesamiento y cuatro parámetros de vuelo para obtener ortomosaicos en plantaciones forestales ubicadas en Costa Rica. Se encontró que el software Pix4Dmapper® requiere menos tiempo para el procesamiento de imágenes, especialmente cuando el computador utilizado tiene al menos 15 GB de memoria RAM. El número de imágenes a procesar por hectárea se puede disminuir reduciendo la resolución espacial de las imágenes y usando un trazado de vuelo (2D). El software WebODM® produjo más fallos en el procesamiento, pero los ortomosaicos generados tuvieron menos áreas con omisiones que los generados con Pix4Dmapper®. La proporción de fallos en el procesamiento está relacionada con la cantidad de imágenes a procesar y la resolución espacial de las mismas. Las mejores combinaciones para obtener ortomosaicos se obtuvieron usando Pix4Dmapper® con vuelos a 120 metros, empleando un ángulo de cámara de 90° y una combinación de traslape entre imágenes de 80 % frontal y 70 % lateral.

Abstract Objetives: This work aims to evaluate the morphology of the pre-lacrimal recess (PLR) of the maxillary sinus (MS) in the Portuguese population. Material e Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of computed tomography images of the paranasal sinuses of 75 patients (150 sides). Multiple morphologic parameters of the MS and of the PLR were evaluated, such as the pneumatization of the MS, the width of the PLR, the thickness of the medial wall of the PLR and the angle of the piriform notch (APN). We also studied the relationship between the anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN) and the medial wall of the PLR. Results: None of the analyzed hypoplasic MS (6/250) had PLR. PLR was present in 86,2% and 88,0% of the normal and hyperplasic MS, respectively. The average width of the PLR was 4,90 +/- 1,69 mm. Its medial wall had an average thickness of 3,14 +/- 1,86 mm. There was an inverse association between the width of the PLR and the thickness of its medial wall (p<0,001). There was also an association between the degree of pneumatization of the MS and the thickness of the medial wall of the PLR. In hyperplasic MS this wall was significantly thinner (p=0,009). The APN had a mean amplitude of 43,94 +/- 12,14º. The ASAN was in a vulnerable position in almost 40% of the cases. Conclusion: The high variability of the anatomy of the PLR implies that a detailed morphologic evaluation of this region using CT scan in order to correctly select the patients that can benefit from a pre-lacrimal endoscopic approach.

Resumo Objetivos: Este trabalho pretende avaliar a morfologia do recesso pré-lacrimal (RPL) do seio maxilar (SM) na população portuguesa. Material e Métodos: Foi feita a análise retrospetiva de imagens de tomografias computorizadas (TC) de seios perinasais de 75 doentes (150 lados). Foram avaliados diversos parâmetros morfométricos do SM e do seu RPL, tais como o grau de pneumatização do SM, a largura do RPL, a espessura da parede medial do RPL, o ângulo da incisura piriforme (AIP) e ainda a relação do nervo alveolar anterior superior (NAAS) com a parede medial do RPL. Resultados: Nenhum dos SM hipoplásicos estudados (6/150) apresentava RPL, enquanto este se encontrava presente em 86,2% e 88,0% dos SM normais e hiperplásticos, respetivamente. A largura média do RPL foi de 4,90 +/- 1,69 mm. A espessura média da sua parede medial foi de 3,14 +/- 1,86 mm. Observou-se uma associação inversa entre a largura do RPL e a espessura da sua parede medial (p<0,001). Também o grau de pneumatização se relacionou com esta medida, sendo que seios hiperplásicos apresentaram uma espessura menor (p=0,009). A amplitude média do AIP foi de 43,94 +/- 12,14º. O NAAS encontrava-se numa posição vulnerável em cerca de 40% dos casos. Conclusões: A variabilidade morfológica do RPL impõe uma avaliação detalhada da sua anatomia na TC de forma a selecionar de adequadamente os doentes que poderão beneficiar de uma abordagem pré-lacrimal ao SM.

Geotechnical engineers are routinely tasked with advising suitable stand-off distances below high-risk sections of slopes in open-pit mines that are identified to have potential to deform or collapse. Accurate prediction of failed material runout can mean the difference between continuous safe mining and unwanted high-potential incidents that result in loss of production, equipment damage, injury, or loss of life. This paper updates previous empirical relationships presented by the authors for estimating the volume and runout distance of excavated slope failures, in an open-pit mine operation, using slope geometry as the primary predictor. Cases are sourced from varying slope geometries (fall heights up to 385 m, slope angles up to 80°) and a range of commodities (iron ore, coal, nickel, gold, copper, boron, and limestone), excavated in sedimentary, banded-sedimentary, epithermal, and copper-porphyry deposits, across all six inhabited continents. Analysis of these cases identified positive correlations between slope height and runout distance, and slope height and failed material volume. In general, negative correlations were identified between Fahrböschung angle and slope height, and Fahrböschung angle and failed material volume; however, significant scatter is observed in these datasets. A definitive relationship could not be derived comparing Fahrböschung angle with failed material runout. Slope angle was also found to be a poor indicator of runout. Of the parameters analysed, slope height (i.e., fall height) was found to be the simplest and best predictor of runout distance. This paper presents new charts for predicting failed material runout distance for rock slopes. Relationships are defined for structurally and rock-mass driven slope failure mechanisms at average, 75%, and 95% prediction intervals.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the surgical anatomy of the kidney collecting system through a narrative review of the literature, highlighting its importance during diagnosis and its approach during surgical procedures for the treatment of renal stones. Material and Methods: We carried out a review about the anatomy of the kidney collecting system. We analyzed papers published in the past 40 years in the databases Pubmed, Embase and Scielo, and we included only papers in English and excluded case reports, editorials and opinions of specialists. Results: Renal collecting system could be divided in four groups: A1 – kidney midzone (KM), drained by minor calyx that are dependent on the superior or the inferior caliceal groups; A2 – KM drained by crossed calyx, one draining into the superior caliceal group and another draining into the inferior caliceal group; B1 – KM drained by a major caliceal group independent of both the superior and inferior groups; and B2 – KM drained by minor calyx entering directly into the renal pelvis. Some details and anatomic variations of the collecting system are related to clinical and radiological aspects, particularly perpendicular calyces, interpyelocalyx space, position of calyces in relation to renal border, classification of the renal collecting system, infundibular diameter and the angle between the lower infundibulum and renal pelvis. Conclusion: The knowledge of intra-renal collecting system divisions and variations as the angle between the renal pelvis and lower infundibula, position of the calices in relationship with renal edge and the diameter and position of the calyces are important for the planning of minimally invasive renal surgeries. Objective literature stones Methods 4 Pubmed Scielo reports specialists Results groups A KM, , (KM) B aspects space border Conclusion intrarenal intra infundibula surgeries (KM

Resumen: Se diseña y simula una antena de registro periódico fractal para un radar de penetración terrestre (GPR) con el fin de evaluar la detección de minas plásticas. El concepto de pseudo-ángulo de Brewster se considera en la simulación para forzar el componente de reflexión a un valor mínimo. La metodología se enfoca en la caracterización y modelado de los medios de transmisión y la mina plástica, además, se simula la presencia de la onda estacionaria en el sistema para evaluar la señal de retorno en la antena receptora del GPR. Como resultado se destaca la característica multibanda de la antena fractal log-periódica y la relación señal a ruido (SNR) de 10,17 dB obtenida para la frecuencia de resonancia de 1,35 GHz. Asimismo, el pseudoángulo de Brewster de 70,47° minimiza la reflexión de la onda electromagnética incidente en la transición entre dos medios dieléctricos, con pérdidas y dispersivos en frecuencia (espacio libre-tierra).

Abstract: A fractal log periodic antenna for a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is designed and simulated to evaluate the detection of plastic mines. The Brewster pseudo-angle concept is considered in the simulation to force the reflection component to a minimum value. The methodology focuses on the characterization and modeling of the transmission media and the plastic mine, in addition, the presence of the standing wave in the system is simulated to evaluate the return signal in the receiving antenna of the GPR. As a result, the multiband characteristic of the log-periodic fractal antenna and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10,17 dB obtained for the resonance frequency of 1,35 GHz stand out. Likewise, the pseudo-Brewster angle of 70,47° minimizes the reflection of the incident electromagnetic wave in the transition between two dielectric media, with losses and dispersive in frequency (free space-ground).

Abstract Tree diseases contribute to significant economic and food losses in the agricultural sector. Early detection of phytosanitary problems in trees with non-destructive methods is essential to guarantee sustainable orange production. This study presents the findings of a designed methodology conducted to identify diseased orange trees in an orchard situated in the citrus belt of Mexico, specifically in the Rioverde region of San Luis Potosi. To accomplish this, we captured images using a multispectral camera with very high spatial resolution, which was mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle. These images were used to construct a georeferenced orthomosaic of the orchard. Six thematic classes were established to distinguish various health levels among the trees. We employed several supervised classification algorithms at the pixel level, including Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Maximum Likelihood (ML). Considering the classification accuracy achieved by each algorithm, they can be ranked as follows: Maximum Likelihood (ML) with 88.10%, Support Vector Machine (SVM) with 77.38%, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) with 76.19%, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) with 64.68%, and Random Forest (RF) with 61.90%. These results successfully identified the phytosanitary status of all the trees in the orchard with an acceptable level of accuracy, providing valuable management information for the grower.

Resumen Las enfermedades de los árboles contribuyen a importantes pérdidas económicas y de alimentos en el sector agrícola. La detección temprana de problemas fitosanitarios en árboles con métodos no destructivos resulta fundamental para garantizar la producción sostenible de naranja. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una metodología diseñada para la identificación de árboles de naranja enfermos en una huerta ubicada en el cinturón citrícola de México, particularmente en la región de Rioverde, San Luis Potosí. Para ello, se tomaron imágenes con una cámara multiespectral de muy alta resolución espacial instalada en un vehículo aéreo no tripulado con las que se construyó un ortomosaico georreferenciado. Se emplearon seis clases temáticas para identificar los diferentes niveles de sanidad. Se utilizaron diferentes algoritmos de clasificación supervisada a nivel píxel que incluyen Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), y Maximum Likelihood (ML). Considerando la exactitud de clasificación obtenida por cada uno de los algoritmos, se pueden ordenar de la siguiente manera: Maximum Likelihood (ML) con un 88,10%, Support Vector Machine (SVM) con un 77,38%, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) con un 76,19%, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) con un 64,68% y Random Forest (RF) con un 61,90%. Los resultados permitieron identificar el estado fitosanitario de todos los árboles de la huerta, con una exactitud aceptable y representan información valiosa de manejo para el productor.

Abstract The flotation mechanism of galena with xanthate as the collector is generally explained based on the mixed potential of the pulp, in which an anodic electron transfer reaction from the collector to the mineral is combined with an O2 cathodic reduction. Sodium sulphide, often used as a mineral activator, strongly influences the pulp's mixed potential, and depending on the dosage applied, it can become a galena depressor reagent. In this way, the current study assesses galena flotability in the absence of collector, as well as in the presence of the collector potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) and sodium sulphide. The effect of an extremely cathodic potential was also studied through the addition of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the effect of different stages in the oxidation of the galena surface on the flotability was investigated. Moreover, the zeta potential was measured and contact angle (wettability) tests were carried out. The contact angle measurements were taken for a distilled water, PAX solution and for a mixture of PAX and sodium sulphide solution on the oxidized and non-oxidized surface of galena. All the results showed that galena could be floated in all the PAX concentrations tested. It was observed that a moderate oxidation in the galena surface may contribute to an improvement of its flotation with PAX. However, extremely anodic and cathodic potentials cause flotability close to zero. The zeta potential results showed that sodium sulphide affected the interaction between PAX and galena. The measurements of the contact angle corroborated the results obtained in the microflotation tests. pulp O reduction activator pulps s applied reagent way (PAX peroxide investigated Moreover wettability (wettability out water nonoxidized non tested However zero