Abstract Background: Roadside plants grow along transportation routes, and are little studied. Questions: What is the richness of roadside angiosperms? What is the percentage of native and introduced species for roadside angiosperms? Species studied: Native and introduced roadside angiosperms. Site and years of study: Chalma-Malinalco roadside, municipality of Malinalco, State of Mexico, Mexico, May 2008-April 2009. Methods: Angiosperm species were collected along the road right-of-way during 24 biweekly walks. Additionally, species were listed and their cover estimated in 14 sampling sites (4 m2 each). Results: We recorded 327 species. Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae were the families with the highest richness of genera and species. Native species were dominant (85.9 %), whereas introduced species grouped 14.1 %; the latter came mainly from the Old World. About 70 % of the species were herbs. Bouteloua repens and Eleusine indica had the highest cover and frequency, respectively. Conclusions: The roadside flora was rich in angiosperms, mostly herbs, and with a dominance of native plants. Introduced grasses played an outstanding role in terms of frequency. It is necessary to continue with floristic, ecological and ethnobotanical research, among others, on this group of plants that has been scarcely studied.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las plantas viarias crecen en las orillas de vías de comunicación y han sido poco estudiadas. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la riqueza de las angiospermas viarias? ¿Cuál es el porcentaje de especies nativas e introducidas entre las angiospermas viarias? Especies de estudio: Angiospermas viarias nativas e introducidas. Sitio y años de estudio: Carretera Chalma-Malinalco, municipio de Malinalco, Estado de México, México, mayo 2008-abril 2009. Métodos: Se recolectaron las especies de angiospermas en el derecho de vía de la carretera a través de 24 recorridos quincenales. Adicionalmente, se enlistaron las especies y se estimó su cobertura en 14 cuadros de muestreo (4 m2 cada uno). Resultados: Se registraron 327 especies. Asteraceae, Fabaceae y Poaceae fueron las familias con mayor riqueza de géneros y especies. Las especies nativas fueron dominantes (85.9 %), mientras que las introducidas agruparon el 14.1 %; éstas últimas procedieron principalmente del Viejo Mundo. Alrededor del 70 % de las especies fueron hierbas. Bouteloua repens y Eleusine indica presentaron mayor cobertura y frecuencia, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La flora viaria era rica en angiospermas, la mayoría hierbas y con dominancia de plantas nativas. Los pastos introducidos tenían un papel sobresaliente en cuanto a frecuencia. Es necesario continuar con investigaciones florísticas, ecológicas, etnobotánicas, entre otras, sobre este grupo de plantas que ha sido escasamente estudiado.

Abstract: Background: The Dicotyledon Flora of Aguascalientes (DFA) was recently published. However, it was detected that the identification key to family level has problems and does not allow to identify all families that are found in this Mexican state. Questions and/or hypothesis: A dichotomous key for identifying all angiosperm families (sensu APG IV) found in Aguascalientes can be prepared. In addition, the families that are found in the municipalities of Jalisco and Zacatecas adjacent to Aguascalientes, can be incorporated into the key. Studied species: Angiosperm families. Study site and dates: Mexican state of Aguascalientes and surrounding municipalities of Jalisco and Zacatecas; years 2021-2023. Methods: The known angiosperm families found in Aguascalientes and adjacent municipalities of Jalisco and Zacatecas, were recorded by studying herbaria and the DFA. A key that included all documented families was prepared. The resulting key was gradually tested and improved, considering the genera and species found in the area under study. Results: A dichotomous identification key that included a total of 132 angiosperm families was obtained, 24 of which belong to monocots and 108 to dicots; only five of them were not found in Aguascalientes. Conclusions: The dichotomous identification key, due to its practical nature, is a tool that allows incorporating the taxa of interest, without strictly considering phylogenetic or evolutionary aspects that guide some classification systems. It is considered that the key is useful to reinforce the information provided in the DFA and to promote the study of the angiosperms found in this Mexican region.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Recientemente se publicó la Flora Dicotiledónea de Aguascalientes (FDA). Sin embargo, se detectó que la clave de identificación para familias tiene problemas importantes y no permite identificar todas las familias de dicotiledóneas presentes en el estado. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: Se puede elaborar una clave dicotómica para identificar todas las familias de angiospermas (sensu APG IV) registradas para Aguascalientes. Además, se pueden incorporar familias encontradas en municipios de Jalisco y Zacatecas adyacentes a la entidad. Especies de estudio: Familias de angiospermas. Sitio y años de estudio: Estado de Aguascalientes (México) y municipios aledaños de Jalisco y Zacatecas; años 2021-2023. Métodos: Se registraron las familias de angiospermas conocidas para Aguascalientes y municipios aledaños de Jalisco y Zacatecas, a través de la revisión de herbarios y de la FDA. Se elaboró una clave dicotómica para su identificación y se probó y mejoró de manera paulatina, tomando en cuenta los géneros y especies conocidos en el área en estudio. Resultados: La clave de identificación incluye 132 familias de angiospermas, de las cuales 24 pertenecen a monocotiledóneas y 108 a dicotiledóneas; solamente de cinco no se han registrado miembros en Aguascalientes. Conclusiones: La clave de identificación dicotómica, por su naturaleza práctica, es una herramienta que permite incorporar los taxones de interés, sin contemplar estrictamente aspectos filogenéticos o evolutivos que rigen algunos sistemas de clasificación. Se considera que esta clave es de utilidad para reforzar la información presentada en la FDA, así como para promover el estudio de las angiospermas de la región.

ABSTRACT Casselia, a small South American genus of Verbenaceae found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay, has often been misidentified within other angiosperm families. Based on a careful review of herbarium specimens plus fieldwork, the present study provides taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographical distribution alignments in Casselia, while also shedding light on the reasons why it is a poorly known and overlooked genus. The novelties encompass the redefinition of the boundaries of C. confertiflora, recognition of C. confertiflora var. laciniata at specific level, reestablishment of C. zelota as an accepted species with an epitype designation, as well as geographic distribution readjustment of the C. integrifolia and C. serrata. Consequently, Casselia comprises eight species, occurring along the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga domains. The only species with a narrow distribution is C. serrata. However, the genus is still poorly collected, and the species populations are not abundant. Furthermore, to aid in the recognition of Casselia and prevent misidentifications, a detailed description of the genus accompanied by plant photographs and an updated identification key are also provided. Brazil Bolivia Paraguay families fieldwork taxonomic nomenclatural C var level designation serrata Consequently Forest Cerrado domains However collected abundant Furthermore misidentifications provided

Abstract Repetitive sequences can lead to variation in DNA quantity and composition among species. The Orchidaceae, the largest angiosperm family, is divided into five subfamilies, with Apostasioideae as the basal group and Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae showing high diversification rates. Despite their different evolutionary paths, some species in these groups have similar nuclear DNA content. This study focuses on one example to understand the dynamics of major repetitive DNAs in the nucleus. We used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data from Apostasia wallichii (Apostasioideae) and Ludisia discolor (Orchidoideae) to identify and quantify the most abundant repeats. The repetitive fraction varied in abundance (27.5% in L. discolor and 60.6% in A. wallichii) and composition, with LTR retrotransposons of different lineages being the most abundant repeats in each species. Satellite DNAs showed varying organization and abundance. Despite the unbalanced ratio between single-copy and repetitive DNA sequences, the two species had the same genome size, possibly due to the elimination of non-essential genes. This phenomenon has been observed in other Apostasia and likely led to the proliferation of transposable elements in A. wallichii. Deep genome information in the future will aid in understanding the contraction/expansion of gene families and the evolution of sequences in these genomes. Orchidaceae family subfamilies rates paths content nucleus NextGeneration Next Generation NGS (NGS (Apostasioideae (Orchidoideae 27.5% 275 27 5 (27.5 L 606 60 6 60.6 A singlecopy single copy size nonessential non essential genes contractionexpansion contraction expansion genomes 27.5 2 (27. 60. 27. (27 (2 (

Resumen Introducción: No conocemos estudios sobre la microsporogénesis de la planta de cacao, y poco se sabe sobre la ultraestructura de sus granos de polen. Objetivo: Describir la microsporogénesis y ultraestructura de los granos de polen en T. cacao. Métodos: Procesamos más de 30 flores para cada etapa floral, teñidas con Safranina-Azul Alcian, PAS-Amidoblack y Lacmoid. Para la microscopía de transmisión procesamos las muestras en resina y las teñimos con azul de toluidina. Para microscopía electrónica de barrido, fijamos y deshidratamos en 2.2-dimetoxipropano, secamos hasta un punto crítico y recubrimos con oro. Resultados: Anteras diferenciadas por una masa celular en los extremos distales a los filamentos estaminales. Durante el desarrollo la pared de las anteras presenta varios estratos celulares y al madurar se reducen a la epidermis y al endotecio. Las células madre de microsporas se dividen por meiosis para formar tétradas. El tapete es secretor e intacto hasta que se liberan los granos, para luego degenerar. Los granos de polen son isopolares, esferoidales, pequeños, tricolpados. La ultraestructura presenta una esporodermis semitectada, con ornamentación reticulada, y un retículo heterobrochado con el muri sin ornamentación. La exina se deposita antes que la intina. Los orbículos son individuales, lisos y de tamaño variado. Hay abundante polenkit en el tectum y entre las columelas. La intina es delgada, pero se desarrolla ampliamente en las áreas del colpo, formando una intina interna compacta y una intina externa inusual con una apariencia columelada. Conclusión: La estructura y el desarrollo de las anteras siguen el patrón de las angiospermas. La microsporogénesis simultánea y la deposición centrípeta de la esporodermis se conocen de Malvaceae, pero los caracteres de la intina son nuevos para la familia.

Abstract Introduction: We know of no studies on the microsporogenesis of the cocoa plant, and little is known about the ultrastructure of its pollen grains. Objective: To describe microsporogenesis and ultrastructure of pollen grains in T. cacao. Methods: We processed over 30 flowers for each floral stage and stained with Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack and Lacmoid. For transmission microscopy we processed samples on resin and stained with toluidine blue. For scanning electron microscopy, we fixed and dehydrated in 2.2-dimethoxypropane, critically dried and coated with gold. Results: Anthers differentiated by a cellular mass at the ends distal to the staminal filaments. During development, the anther wall has several cellular layers reduced, at maturity, to the epidermis and endothecium. Microspore mother cells divide by meiosis to form tetrads. The tapetum is secretory and intact until the grains are released, to later degenerate. Pollen grains are isopolar, spheroidal, small, tricolpate. Ultrastructure has a semi-tectate sporodermis, with reticulate ornamentation, and heterobrochated reticulum with the muri without ornamentation. Exine is deposited before intine. The orbicles are individual, smooth, and varied in size. There is abundant pollenkitt on the tectum and between the columellae. The intine is thin, but develops widely in the colpus areas, forming a compact internal intine and an unusual external intine with a columellated appearance. Conclusion: Anther structure and development follows the angiosperm pattern. Simultaneous microsporogenesis and centripetal deposition of the sporodermis are known from Malvaceae, but intine characters are novel for the family.

Abstract Pozner, R.; D. Salariato, C. A. Zanotti, L. M. Zavala-Gallo & F. O. Zuloaga. 2023. Multiple access key to identify the families of Angiosperms of the Argentinian flora. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 115-138. Considering the progress of the Flora Vascular de la República Argentina project, we introduce the first interactive, multi-access key to the angiosperm families of the Argentinian Flora. The key is an open resource, built under Lucid ™ software, and available through the Flora Argentina site (https://clave.floraargentina.edu.ar/), with an on-line form for the user’s suggestions. We explain the advantages of multi-access keys versus dichotomous keys, briefly describe how the key was built, and how Lucid tools can be applied (Spanish version) for a better use of the key.

Resumen Pozner, R.; D. Salariato, C. A. Zanotti, L. M. Zavala-Gallo & F. O. Zuloaga. 2023. Clave de accesos múltiples para identificar las familias de Angiospermas de la flora argentina. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 115-138. En vista del grado de avance del proyecto de la Flora Vascular de la República Argentina, se presenta la primera entrega de una clave interactiva de accesos múltiples para identificar las familias de Angiospermas de la Flora Argentina. Esta clave está construida en formato Lucid ™, es de uso abierto a través de la página web del proyecto Flora Argentina (https://clave.floraargentina.edu.ar/), con un formulario para el envío de sugerencias y correcciones por parte de los usuarios. Mencionamos las ventajas de las claves de accesos múltiples frente a las claves dicotómicas, explicamos cómo se realizó la construcción de la clave, y describimos las funciones básicas para su uso en línea.

Abstract Leaf anatomical features are widely used to better understand angiosperm taxonomy. However, such information is scarce for the family Myrtaceae. Aiming to fill this knowledge gap, we studied anatomical and micromorphological leaf characters of ten species of Psidium: P. cattleyanum, P. cauliflorum, P. corynanthum, P. guajava, P. guineense, P. macahense, P. myrtoides, P. oligospermum, P. ovale and P. sartorianum. Uniseriate epidermis, paracytic stomata, secretory cavities, and adaxial hypodermis are common among the studied species and are typical characteristics of Myrtaceae. The presence of three or more layers of palisade parenchyma and the absence of sclerenchyma are diagnostic characters of P. guajava. The abaxial epidermis of Psidium cattleyanum and P. macahense possess curved walls. Psidium corynanthum and P. macahense are the only species with sinuous anticlinal walls on both sides of the epidermis, with all other species having straight or curved walls. Open bicollateral vascular bundles are present in all the studied species except P. guineense. With the exception of P. cauliflorum, all the studied species possess druses. The absence of collenchyma in the adaxial face is exclusive to P. ovale. The leaf anatomy of P. macahense, P. corynanthum, P. oligospermum and P. ovale are described for the first time here. taxonomy However Myrtaceae gap P cauliflorum guajava guineense myrtoides sartorianum stomata cavities druses here

Resumo As características anatômicas foliares são amplamente utilizadas para melhor compreender a taxonomia entre as angiospermas. No entanto, tais informação são escassas para a família Myrtaceae. Com o objetivo de preencher esta lacuna de conhecimento, estudamos a anatomia foliar de dez espécies do gênero Psidium: P. cattleyanum, P. cauliflorum, P. corynanthum, P. guajava, P. guineense, P. macahense, P. myrtoides, P. oligospermum, P. ovale e P. sartorianum. A epiderme unisseriada, os estômatos paracíticos, as cavidades secretoras e a hipoderme adaxial são comuns entre as espécies estudadas e são características típicas de Myrtaceae. A presença de três ou mais camadas de parênquima paliçádico e a ausência de esclerênquima são caracteres diagnósticos de P. guajava. A epiderme abaxial de Psidium cattleyanum e P. macahense possuem paredes curvas. Psidium corynanthum e P. macahense são as únicas espécies com paredes anticlinais sinuosas em ambos os lados da epiderme, sendo que todas as outras espécies têm paredes retas ou curvas. Os feixes vasculares bicolaterais abertos estão presentes em todas as espécies estudadas, exceto em P. guineense. Com exceção de P. cauliflorum, todas as espécies estudadas possuem drusas. A ausência de colênquima na face adaxial é exclusiva de P. ovale. A anatomia foliar de P. macahense, P. corynanthum, P. oligospermum e P. ovale é descrita pela primeira vez neste trabalho. angiospermas entanto Myrtaceae conhecimento P cauliflorum guajava guineense myrtoides sartorianum unisseriada paracíticos curvas drusas trabalho

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of species that make up the agrobiodiversity of homegardens (and the surrounding forest) of properties located in the periurban region of Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ten properties were selected through visits to fairs and the Municipal Agriculture Department. A semi-structured questionnaire and the free list technique were applied to the farmers and the species mentioned were classified using the APG III system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) and the platforms “The Plant List” and “Flora do Brasil 2020”. The data were analyzed using a non-parametric statistical analysis. The subjects interviewed were mostly women, originally from the southern region of the country, with an average age of 59 years, and have lived on the properties for more than 20 years. In total, 161 species were identified. Of these, one third are native and the rest exotic. The Shannon index (H’) for the total species was 4.87. The species are distributed in 55 families, Fabaceae being the most representative. The periurban agriculture presented in this research maintain a high richness of interspecific diversity and contribute to the food safety and economic security of farmers. forest Sinop Grosso Brazil Department semistructured semi structured Angiosperm Group List Flora 2020. 2020 . 2020” nonparametric non parametric analysis women country 5 years 2 16 identified these exotic H (H’ 487 4 87 4.87 families representative 202 1 (H 48 8 4.8 4.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade das espécies que compõem a agrobiodiversidade de quintais agroflorestais (e matas entorno) de propriedades situadas na região periurbana de Sinop, Mato Grosso. Foram selecionadas dez propriedades mediante visitas às feiras e junto à Secretaria de Agricultura Municipal. Aplicaram-se questionário semi-estruturado e a técnica da lista livre aos agricultores, sendo as espécies citadas classificadas com o sistema APG III (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) e uso das plataformas “The Plant List” e “Flora do Brasil 2020”. Os dados foram analisados mediante estatística não-paramétrica. Os agricultores informantes são a maioria mulheres, naturais da região Sul do país, com idade média de 59 anos, os quais vivem no local há mais de 20 anos. No total, 161 espécies foram identificadas. Destas, um terço são nativas e o restante exóticas. O Índice de Shannon (H’) para o total das espécies foi 4,87. As espécies estão distribuídas em 55 famílias, sendo Fabaceae a mais representativa. A agricultura periurbana apresentada nesta pesquisa mantém elevada riqueza de diversidade interespecífica e contribui para a segurança alimentar e econômica dos agricultores. entorno Sinop Grosso Municipal Aplicaramse Aplicaram se semiestruturado semi estruturado Angiosperm Group The List Flora 2020. 2020 . 2020” nãoparamétrica. nãoparamétrica não paramétrica. paramétrica não-paramétrica mulheres país 5 anos 2 16 identificadas Destas exóticas H (H’ 487 4 87 4,87 famílias representativa 202 1 (H 48 8 4,8 4,

Abstract The ALOG gene family, which was named after its earliest identified members ( Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1), encodes a class of transcription factors (TF) characterized by the presence of a highly conserved ALOG domain. These proteins are found in various plant species playing regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and morphological diversification of inflorescence. The functional characterization of these genes in some plant species has demonstrated their involvement in floral architecture. In this study, we used a genome-wide and phylogenetic approach to gain insights into plants’ origin, diversification, and functional aspects of the ALOG gene family. In total, 648 ALOG homologous genes were identified in 77 Viridiplantae species, and their evolutionary relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Our results suggested that the ALOG gene family underwent several rounds of gene duplication and diversification during angiosperm evolution. Furthermore, we found three functional orthologous groups in Solanaceae species. The study provides insights into the evolutionary history and functional diversification of the ALOG gene family, which could aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying floral architecture in angiosperms. LSH G1, G1 G , G1) TF (TF domain growth development inflorescence genomewide genome wide plants origin total 64 7 analyses evolution Furthermore angiosperms 6

Abstract Microgramma vacciniifolia, an epiphyte fern, hosts of two stem galls. One is induced by Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera), which can also induce galls in M. squamulosa and M. mortoniana. The alterations induced by T. polypodivora on M. vacciniifolia stem were compared to non-galled organs to evaluate the anatomical potentials of host ferns in response to a galling Lepidoptera. Histochemical and histometrical comparisons between galled and non-galled stems were performed to assess the processes leading to gall formation. M. vacciinifolia and M. squamulosa galls were anatomically similar, although their sizes differ, reflecting the growth potential of each host species. Simple structural alterations, such as hyperplasia of cortical and pericycle cells, occur during gall formation, while cell hypertrophy, common in more complex galls, was only detected on the pericycle. Meristele size remained unaltered in galls, but the pericycle appeared hyperplasic. The protective scales were broader in galls. A nutritive tissue with lipids, typical to Lepidoptera galls, was observed around the larval chamber, with small cells and meristematic activity. Starch, proteins, and reducing sugars accumulated in nutritive cells are uncommonly found in Lepidoptera galls. Despite simple structural alterations, T. polypodivora induced a gradient of primary metabolites, similar to angiosperm galls. fern Lepidoptera, , (Lepidoptera) M mortoniana T nongalled non formation differ species hypertrophy hyperplasic lipids chamber activity Starch proteins metabolites (Lepidoptera

Resumo Microgramma vacciniifolia, uma samambaia epifíta, abriga duas galhas caulinares, uma delas induzida por Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera), que também induz galhas em M. squamulosa e em M. mortoniana. Alterações induzidas por T. polypodivora nos caules de M. vacciniifolia foram comparadas aos caules não-galhados, para avaliar os potenciais anatômicos das samambaias hospedeiras em resposta a um Lepidoptera galhador. Comparações histoquímicas e histométricas foram realizadas para avaliar os processos que levam à formação das galhas. As galhas de M. vacciinifolia e M. squamulosa são anatomicamente semelhantes, embora seus tamanhos diferem, refletindo o potencial de crescimento de cada espécie hospedeira. Alterações estruturais simples ocorrem durante a formação da galha, como hiperplasia das células corticais e pericíclicas, enquanto hipertrofia celular, comum em galhas mais complexas, é detectada apenas no periciclo. Os meristelos não têm o tamanho alterado, mas o periciclo apresenta hiperplasia. As escamas são mais largas nas galhas. Ao redor da câmara larval observa-se um tecido nutritivo com lipídios, típico das galhas de Lepidoptera, com células pequenas e atividade meristemática. Amido, proteínas e açúcares redutores também se acumulam nas células nutritivas, raramente relatado em galhas de Lepidoptera. Apesar das alterações estruturais simples, T. polypodivora induz o estabelecimento de um gradiente de metabólitos primários, semelhante ao observado em galhas de angiospermas. epifíta caulinares , (Lepidoptera) M mortoniana T nãogalhados, nãogalhados galhados, galhados não-galhados galhador semelhantes diferem hospedeira galha pericíclicas celular complexas alterado observase observa lipídios meristemática Amido nutritivas primários angiospermas (Lepidoptera

Abstract DOF (DNA binding with one finger) proteins are part of a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) gene family widely involved in plant development and stress responses. Many studies have uncovered their structural and functional characteristics in recent years, leading to a rising number of genome-wide identification study approaches, unveiling the DOF family expansion in angiosperm species. Nonetheless, these studies primarily concentrate on particular taxonomic groups. Identifying DOF TFs within less-represented groups is equally crucial, as it enhances our comprehension of their evolutionary history, contributions to plant phenotypic diversity, and role in adaptation. This review summarizes the main findings and progress of genome-wide identification and characterization studies of DOF TFs in Viridiplantae, exposing their roles as players in plant adaptation and a glimpse of their evolutionary history. We also present updated data on the identification and number of DOF genes in native and wild species. Altogether, these data, comprising a phylogenetic analysis of 2124 DOF homologs spanning 83 different species, will contribute to identifying new functional DOF groups, adding to our understanding of the mechanisms driving plant evolution and offering valuable insights into their potential applications. DNA finger plantspecific specific TF (TF responses years genomewide genome wide approaches species Nonetheless lessrepresented less represented crucial history diversity Viridiplantae Altogether 212 8 applications 21 2

Abstract: Background and Aims: Parasitic plants represent approximately 1% of the world’s angiosperm diversity. The highest richness of parasitic plant species among angiosperms belongs to Orobanchaceae, the only family with three main nutritional stages: autotrophic, hemiparasitic, and holoparasitic. Hemiparasitic genera are the most diverse, unstudied, and sometimes neglected within Orobanchaceae. Pedicularideae, the largest tribe of hemiparasitic taxa in Orobanchaceae, contains several poorly known genera. One of these is Lamourouxia, a genus of 30 species distributed throughout the Americas, but mostly endemic to Mexico. Due to the lack of knowledge about the biogeographic patterns, endemism, and conservation status of Lamourouxia species, the objectives of this study were to estimate their species richness and endemism, determine the areas of endemism in the Americas, and assess their conservation status. Methods: Applying a taxonomic revision of physical and digitized herbaria specimens, citizen science observations, and scientific open access databases, we conducted biogeographic analyses for the whole genus. Moreover, the conservation status of all Lamourouxia species was assessed following the IUCN Red List guidelines. Key results: The highest species richness, highest weighted endemism, and corrected weighted endemism values occurred in southern Mexico. Three areas of endemicity were distributed throughout western Mexico. Four species were classified as Endangered (EN), and three as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the IUCN risk categories. Endemic and rarely recorded Lamourouxia species were mostly distributed in unprotected areas in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico. Conclusions: The Mexican Transition Zone is the center of diversification of Lamourouxia, and one third of the genus is endemic to this region. It is strongly encouraged to carry out actions to conserve threatened species of Lamourouxia, which are distributed in the Sierra Madre del Sur, the biogeographic province with the highest number of endemic species in Mexico.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las plantas parásitas representan aproximadamente 1% de la diversidad mundial de angiospermas. La mayor riqueza de especies de plantas parásitas pertenece a Orobanchaceae, la única familia con tres principales niveles nutricionales: autótrofo, hemiparásito y holoparásito. Los géneros hemiparásitos son los más diversos, desconocidos y olvidados dentro de Orobanchaceae. Pedicularideae, la tribu más grande de taxones hemiparásitos, contiene varios géneros escasamente estudiados. Uno de esos es Lamourouxia, con 30 especies distribuidas en América y mayormente endémicas de México. Debido al vacío de conocimiento de los patrones biogeográficos, endemismo y estado de conservación de sus especies, los objetivos de este estudio fueron estimar la riqueza de especies y endemismo, determinar las áreas de endemismo en América y evaluar su estado de conservación. Métodos: Con la revisión taxonómica de ejemplares de herbario físicos y digitalizados, observaciones de ciencia ciudadana y bases de datos científicas de acceso libre, realizamos análisis biogeográficos para Lamourouxia. También evaluamos el estado de conservación de sus especies siguiendo los lineamientos de la Lista Roja de la UICN. Resultados clave: Los más altos valores de riqueza de especies, endemismo ponderado y endemismo ponderado corregido se encontraron en el sur de México. Tres áreas de endemismo se distribuyen en el occidente de México. Cuatro especies fueron clasificadas en la categoría de riesgo de la UICN “amenazada” y tres como “críticamente amenazada”. Las especies endémicas y raramente registradas de Lamourouxia se encuentran distribuidas principalmente en áreas sin protección de la Sierra Madre del Sur, México. Conclusiones: La Zona Mexicana de Transición es el centro de diversificación de Lamourouxia y un tercio del género es endémico de esta región. Se recomienda implementar acciones para conservar las especies amenazadas de Lamourouxia que se distribuyen en la Sierra Madre del Sur, la provincia biogeográfica con el mayor número de especies endémicas de México.

Abstract Argentinean fossil woods have been studied since the end of the XIX century and numerous publica tions have dealt with this type of fossil. A database of 324 records including fossil woods from the Carboniferous to the Pleistocene found in Argentina (including Malvinas/Falkland Islands) was built. The publications about fossil wood records through 134 years (1884-2021) can be divided into three periods, i) publications by non-Argentine researchers (1884-1940), ii) sporadic publications by researchers from Argentina (1941-1999), and iii) frequent publications by researchers from Argentina (2000-2021). The database has updated information (i.e., age, syn onyms, repository). Most of the records are gymnosperms (57 %, including among others, conifer-like woods, cycads, pteridosperms, and corystosperms), and the remaining are angiosperm woods (43 %). The latter appeared in the Cretaceous and are dominant in the Cenozoic, reflecting the worldwide expansion of angiosperms since the Cretaceous. The majority of the records are from Patagonia, and Cretaceous-Cenozoic. The trend indicates that many more articles dealing with fossil woods will be published in the next years.

Resumen Las maderas fósiles argentinas han sido estudia das desde fines del siglo XIX y numerosas publicaciones incluyen este tipo de fósil. Se realizó una base de datos de 324 registros con las maderas fósiles del Carbonífero al Pleistoceno encontradas en Argentina (incluyendo las islas Malvinas/Falkland). Las publicaciones con registros de maderas realizadas en 134 años (1884-2021) pueden ser dividas en tres períodos, i) publicaciones por investigadores no argentinos (1884-1940), ii) publicaciones es porádicas de investigadores argentinos (1941-1999) y iii) publicaciones frecuentes de investigadores argentinos (2000-2021). La base de datos tiene la información actualizada (i.e., edad, sinónimos, repositorio). La mayoría de los registros son de gimnospermas (57 %, incluyendo entre otros, maderas tipo conífera, cícadas, pteridospermas y coristospermas) y las restantes son angiospermas (43 %). Estas últimas aparecieron en el Cretácico y son domi nantes en el Cenozoico, lo que refleja la expansión global de las angiospermas a partir del Cretácico. La mayoría de los registros son de la Patagonia y del Cretácico-Cenozoico. La tendencia indica que en los próximos años se publicarán muchos más artículos sobre maderas fósiles.

Abstract Background: Plants and bees have coevolved throughout geological time, establishing a mutualistic relationship that results in feeding/resource obtention by bees and the reproductive success of angiosperms. Questions and Hypotheses: What is the floristic composition of the vegetation visited by bees in the Caatinga? How are pollen grains from Caatinga bee plant species characterized? Do pollen grains of bee plant species present characters that could be associated with the pollination process? Studied species: We studied the pollen grains of 45 bee plant species belonging to 41 genera and 23 angiosperm families. Among the studied species, 37 % are endemic to Brazil, and eight species are endemic to the Caatinga biome. Study site and dates: Apiary within the Caatinga biome, in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Climate warm semiarid. Fieldwork was carried out between August 2016 and June 2017. Methods: Plants in bloom and being visited by Apis mellifera were collected during biweekly field expeditions, herborized, identified, and deposited at the HUNEB herbarium. Pollen grains were acetolyzed, characterized, and microphotographed under light microscopy. Results: Forty-five bee plants were collected and classified according to field observations and specialized literature. Pollen morphology was variable, and nine species had their pollen morphology described for the first time. The apertures of the studied pollen grains were mainly tricolporate (44 %), pantoporate (15 %), and inaperturate (13 %), and exine ornamentation was mainly (micro)reticulate (46 %) and (micro)echinate (33 %). Conclusions: Our results suggest that bee plants present a set of palynological characters that may favor entomophily.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Plantas y abejas coevolucionaron, resultando en la alimentación/obtención de recursos por parte de las abejas y el éxito reproductivo de las angiospermas. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la composición florística de la flora apícola en la Caatinga? ¿Cómo se caracterizan los granos de polen de las especies apícolas? ¿Los granos de polen de la flora apícola presentan características que facilitan la polinización? Especies de estudio: Se estudiaron los granos de polen de 45 especies apícolas vegetales pertenecientes a 41 géneros y 23 familias de fanerógamas. Entre las especies colectadas, el 37 % son endémicas de Brasil, con ocho especies exclusivas de la Caatinga. Sitio y años de estudio: Apiario en la Caatinga, Bahía, Brasil. Clima cálido semiárido. Colectas realizadas entre agosto de 2016 y junio de 2017. Métodos: Fueron colectadas las especies botánicas en floración que estaban siendo visitadas por las abejas Apis mellifera, posteriormente herborizadas, identificadas y adicionadas en la colección HUNEB. Los granos de polen fueron sometidos a acetólisis, caracterizados y fotomicrografados bajo microscopía óptica. Resultados: Se colectaron y clasificaron 45 plantas apícolas de acuerdo con observaciones de campo y literatura especializada. La morfología del polen fue bastante variada, con predominio del tipo tricolporado (44 %), pantoporado (15 %), inaperturado (13 %) y variación de la escultura exina, con predominio de polen (micro)reticulado (46 %) y (micro)equinado (33 %). Nueve especies fueron descritas palinológicamente por primera vez. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que existen características en la morfología de los granos de polen de las plantas apícolas que favorecen la polinización.

Abstract Background: Parasitic angiosperms obtain water or nutrients from a host. They are considered holoparasites if they obtain water and photosynthates, or hemiparasites if they obtain water and minerals. Hemipararasitic plants are divided into obligate parasites if they depend on the host during their entire life cycle; or facultative if they do not require the host to survive. Obligate hemiparasites include to mistletoes, which can also parasitize other mistletoes, thus being epiparasitic plants. For Mexico 14 families, 41 genera and 411 species of parasitic plants are considered. Questions: What is the diversity of parasitic angiosperms in Morelos? Studied species: Parasitic angiosperms. Study site and dates: Morelos state, Mexico. Methods: We reviewed 650 herbarium specimens from nine herbaria (ENCB, FCME, HUAP, HUMO, IEB, MEXU, RSA, UAMIZ, XAL) and 15 digital collections (ARIZ, ASU, CM, COLO, F, GH, IND, LL, MO, NMC, NY, RM, UCR, UTC, TEX). A total of 178 specimens were collected in nineteen municipalities. The names of each taxon were validated in Tropicos, The Plant List, and International Plant Names Index. Results: Eleven families, 22 genera, 60 species of parasitic plants were recorded in Morelos. Of total, 14 species are holoparasites, and 19 are facultative hemiparasites and 27 are obligate hemiparasites. Ten species of epiparasitic mistletoes were reported, with five new records of previously undocumented interactions. Conclusions: Parasitic plants represent 1.69 % of angiosperm richness in Morelos, 24 species are endemic to Mexico. The greatest diversity is found in the Natural Protected Areas.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las angiospermas parásitas obtienen agua y nutrientes de un hospedero. Éstas pueden ser holoparásitas si obtienen agua y fotosintatos, o hemiparásitas, si obtienen agua y minerales. Las hemiparásitas se dividen en parásitas obligadas, si dependen del hospedero durante todo su ciclo biológico; o en facultativas, si no requieren del hospedero para sobrevivir. Entre las obligadas están los muérdagos, que además pueden parasitar a otros muérdagos, siendo entonces plantas epiparásitas. Para México se consideran 14 familias, 41 géneros y 411 especies de plantas parásitas. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la diversidad de angiospermas parásitas en Morelos? Especies de estudio: Angiospermas parásitas. Sitio de estudio: Estado de Morelos, México. Métodos: Se revisaron 650 ejemplares de nueve herbarios (ENCB, FCME, HUAP, HUMO, IEB, MEXU, RSA, UAMIZ y XAL) y de 15 colecciones digitales (ARIZ, ASU, CM, COLO, F, GH, IND, LL, MO, NMC, NY, RM, UCR, UTC y TEX). Se colectaron 178 especímenes en diecinueve municipios. Los nombres de cada taxón fueron validados en Tropicos, The Plant List y el International Plant Names Index. Resultados: Se registraron 11 familias, 22 géneros y 60 especies de plantas parásitas en Morelos. Del total, 14 especies son holoparásitas, 19 son hemiparásitas facultativas y 27 son hemiparásitas obligadas. Se reportaron diez especies de muérdagos epiparásitos, con cinco registros nuevos de interacciones previamente no documentadas. Conclusiones: Las plantas parásitas representan el 1.69 % de la riqueza de angiospermas en Morelos, 24 especies son endémicas de México. La mayor diversidad se encuentra en Áreas Naturales Protegidas.