Abstract In the modern world, cancer is a growing cause of mortality, but archeological studies have shown that it is not exclusive to modern populations. The aim of this study is to examine the epidemiologic, social, and clinicopathologic features of head and neck cancers in ancient populations. To do this, we extracted all records that described malignant lesions in the head and neck region available in the Cancer Research in Ancient Bodies Database (CRAB). The estimated age, sex, physical condition of the remains (skeletonized, mummified), anatomic location of tumors, geographic location, chronology, tumor type, and methods of tumor diagnosis were collected. One hundred and sixty-seven cases were found, mostly originating from Europe (51.5%). Most records were of adults between 35 and 49 years of age (37.7%). The most involved site was the skullcap (60.4%), and the most common malignancies were metastases to the bone (65.3%) and multiple myeloma (17.4%). No primary soft tissue malignancies were registered. The results of our study indicate that head and neck cancers were present in ancient civilizations, at least since 500,000 BCE. The available data can help to improve the current understanding of the global distribution of head and neck cancer and its multidimensional impacts on populations in the contemporary world. world mortality epidemiologic social CRAB. CRAB . (CRAB) sex skeletonized, skeletonized (skeletonized mummified, mummified , mummified) tumors chronology type collected sixtyseven sixty seven found 51.5%. 515 51.5% 51 5 (51.5%) 3 4 37.7%. 377 37.7% 37 7 (37.7%) 60.4%, 604 60.4% 60 (60.4%) 65.3% 653 65 (65.3% 17.4%. 174 17.4% 17 (17.4%) registered civilizations 500000 500 000 500,00 BCE (CRAB 51.5 (51.5% 37.7 (37.7% 60.4 6 (60.4% 65.3 (65.3 17.4 1 (17.4% 50000 50 00 500,0 51. (51.5 37. (37.7 60. (60.4 65. (65. 17. (17.4 5000 0 500, (51. (37. (60. (65 (17. (51 (37 (60 (6 (17 (5 (3 ( (1

RESUMEN Introducción: El Wrestling es una modalidad de combate milenaria, individual y de rendimiento complejo, que integra elevada complejidad técnico-táctica, asociada a una interacción bioenergética y un alto patrón coordinativo. En Brasil, el número de competidores en diferentes niveles aumentó significativamente en los últimos años, evidenciando la necesidad en la búsqueda de respuestas que auxilien a los entrenadores en las diferentes situaciones del calendario competitivo. La prescripción de los medios y métodos de entrenamiento en la lucha greco-romana tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de la efectividad técnica. Entre tanto, no hay evidencias de indicadores de efectividad técnica, en atletas de alto rendimiento brasileño en la lucha greco-romana, en competencias nacionales e internacionales. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar y comparar la efectividad técnica de los atletas de lucha greco-romana de la selección brasileña, en dos competencias: una a nivel nacional y otra internacional. Métodos: Participaron de la investigación siete atletas de la selección brasileña de lucha greco-romana (edad: 25±5 años; estatura: 175±12 cm; masa corporal: 80± 21kg). Fueron realizados análisis de la técnica efectiva, no efectiva y total. Después de identificar la normalidad de los datos (SHAPIRO WILKS), fue utilizado el test de t de Student para la comparación de las variables, según el momento evaluado, considerando el nivel de significación de 5%. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una disminución significativa (p = 0,03) en la técnica efectiva en pie y en la técnica efectiva total (p = 0,01), comparándose la competencia nacional con la internacional. Conclusión: Se concluyó que la eficacia técnica de los luchadores brasileños está por debajo de los índices presentados en estudios con competidores de países considerados de alto rendimiento mundial. En la competición internacional, presenta un impacto negativo en comparación con los eventos nacionales. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudios Terapéuticos - Investigación de Los Resultados Del Tratamiento. Introducción milenaria complejo técnicotáctica, técnicotáctica técnico táctica, táctica técnico-táctica coordinativo Brasil años competitivo grecoromana greco romana tanto grecoromana, romana, internacionales Objetivos internacional Métodos edad (edad 255 25 5 25± estatura 17512 175 12 175±1 cm corporal 80 21kg. 21kg kg . 21kg) SHAPIRO WILKS, WILKS , WILKS) variables evaluado 5% p 0,03 003 0 03 0,01, 001 0,01 01 0,01) Conclusión mundial IV Tratamiento 2 1751 17 1 175± 8 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT Introduction: Wrestling is an ancient combat sport, individual and of complex performance, which integrates high technical and tactical complexity, associated with a bioenergetic interaction and a high coordinative pattern. In Brazil, the number of competitors at different levels has increased significantly in the last years, evidencing the need to search for answers that can help coaches in the different situations of the competitive calendar. The prescription of the means and methods of training in Greco-Roman wrestling aims at the development of the technical effectiveness. However, there is no evidence of indicators of technical effectiveness, in Brazilian elite athletes of Greco-Roman wrestling, in national and international competitions. Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify and to compare the technical effectiveness of the wrestlers of Greco-Roman fight of the Brazilian selection, in two competitions: one in the national level and the other international. Methods: Seven athletes of the Brazilian wrestling team participated of the investigation (age: 25±5 years; stature: 175±12 cm; corporal mass: 80± 21kg). Analysis of the effective, not effective and total technique were accomplished. After identifying the normality of the data (SHAPIRO WILKS), the Student's t test was used to compare the variables, according to the moment evaluated, considering the significance level of 5%. Results: The results showed a significant decrease (p = 0.03) in the standing effective technique and in the total effective technique (p = 0.01), comparing the national competition with the international competition. Conclusion: Technical effectiveness of Brazilian wrestlers was found to be below the indices presented in studies with competitors from countries considered to have high world performance. In international competition, it presents a negative impact compared to national events. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Studies - Investigation of Treatment Results. Introduction sport performance complexity pattern Brazil years calendar GrecoRoman Greco Roman However competitions Objectives selection Methods age (age 255 25 5 25± stature 17512 175 12 175±1 cm mass 80 21kg. 21kg kg . 21kg) accomplished SHAPIRO WILKS, WILKS , WILKS) Students Student s variables evaluated 5% Results p 0.03 003 0 03 0.01, 001 0.01 01 0.01) Conclusion events IV 2 1751 17 1 175± 8 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO Introdução: O Wrestling é uma modalidade de combate milenar, individual e de rendimento complexo, que integra elevada complexidade técnico-táctica, associada a uma interação bioenergética e um alto padrão coordenativo. No Brasil, o número de competidores em diferentes níveis aumentou significativamente nos últimos anos, evidenciando a necessidade da busca de respostas que auxiliem os treinadores nas diferentes situações do calendário competitivo. A prescrição dos meios e métodos de treinamento na luta greco-romana visa o desenvolvimento da efetividade técnica. Entretanto, não há evidências de indicadores de efetividade técnica, em atletas de elite brasileira de luta greco-romana, em competições nacionais e internacionais. Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo foi verificar e comparar a efetividade técnica dos lutadores de luta greco-romana da seleção brasileira, em duas competições: uma no nível nacional e a outra internacional. Métodos: Participaram da investigação sete atletas da seleção brasileira de luta greco-romana (idade: 25±5 anos; estatura: 175±12 cm; massa corporal: 80± 21kg). Foram realizadas análises da técnica efetiva, não efetiva e total. Após identificar a normalidade dos dados (SHAPIRO WILKS), foi utilizado o teste t de Student para a comparação das variáveis, segundo o momento avaliado, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição significativa (p = 0,03) na técnica efetiva em pé e na técnica efetiva total (p = 0,01), comparando-se a competição nacional com a internacional. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a efetividade técnica dos lutadores brasileiros está abaixo dos índices apresentados em estudos com competidores de países considerados de alto desempenho mundial. Em competição internacional, apresenta um impacto negativo comparativamente a eventos nacionais. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento. Introdução milenar complexo técnicotáctica, técnicotáctica técnico táctica, táctica técnico-táctica coordenativo Brasil anos competitivo grecoromana greco romana Entretanto grecoromana, romana, internacionais Objetivo internacional Métodos idade (idade 255 25 5 25± estatura 17512 175 12 175±1 cm corporal 80 21kg. 21kg kg . 21kg) SHAPIRO WILKS, WILKS , WILKS) variáveis avaliado 5% p 0,03 003 0 03 0,01, 001 0,01 01 0,01) comparandose comparando se Conclusão Concluiuse Concluiu mundial IV Tratamento 2 1751 17 1 175± 8 0,0 00 0,

The nature of light has always intrigued humanity. Among the texts of ancient Greeks that have survived to our days, there are frequent mentions of light and its nature. The first known book on optics is attributed to Euclid in the 3rd century BCE. The phenomenon of refraction, although known for millennia, resisted a mathematical explanation until the modern age. W. Snellius (Snell) was the first to present the correct equation that related the angles of incidence, refraction, and the speeds of light in each medium during refraction, but he did not publish his results. The publication was made by René Descartes. This result is now known as Snell-Descartes’ law or the law of refraction. Descartes treated light as a particle in his deduction. Huygens, in the 17th century, also deduced this law but treated light as a wave. These results differed in terms of the speed of light in more refractive media. The measurement of speed became possible only in the 18th century and corroborated Huygens’ result, indicating the wave nature of light. Interestingly, in 1905, Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by treating light as a particle (quantum of light). But if light also exhibits corpuscular behavior, shouldn’t it be possible to derive Snell-Descartes’ law by treating it this way? In this work, we will demonstrate that it is possible to derive this law from the corpuscular hypothesis of light. Besides its strong didactic appeal, the work engages in an interesting discussion of the current understanding of science regarding the nature of light. humanity days rd BCE refraction millennia age W Snell (Snell incidence SnellDescartes Snell-Descartes deduction Huygens th media Interestingly 1905 quantum . light) behavior shouldnt shouldn t way appeal 190 19 1

A natureza da luz sempre intrigou a humanidade. Entre os textos dos antigos gregos que sobreviveram até nossos dias, é frequente menções sobre a luz e sua natureza. O primeiro livro conhecido sobre óptica é atribuído a Euclides no século III a.C. O fenômeno da refração, embora conhecido há milênios, resistiu a uma explicação matemática até a idade moderna. W. Snellius (Snell) foi o primeiro a apresentar a equação correta que relacionasse os ângulos de incidência, refração e velocidades da luz em cada meio em uma refração, mas não publicou seus resultados. A publicação foi feita por René Descartes. Esse resultado é conhecido hoje como lei de Snell-Descartes ou lei da refração. Descartes tratou a luz como partícula em sua dedução. Huygens, no século XVII, também deduziu essa lei, mas tratando a luz como onda. Esses resultados diferiam quanto à velocidade da luz em meios mais refringentes. A medida da velocidade só foi possível no século XIX e corroborou o resultado de Huygens indicando a natureza ondulatória da luz. O interessante é que Einstein, em 1905, explica o efeito fotoelétrico tratando a luz como partícula (quantum de energia). Mas se a luz possui também um comportamento corpuscular, não deveria ser possível obter a lei de Snell-Descartes tratando-a dessa forma? Nesse trabalho, mostraremos que é possível obter essa lei partindo da hipótese corpuscular da luz. Além do forte apelo didático, o trabalho faz uma interessante discussão sobre a história do entendimento atual da ciência sobre a natureza da luz. humanidade dias aC C a.C milênios moderna W Snell (Snell incidência SnellDescartes dedução XVII onda refringentes Einstein 1905 quantum energia. energia . energia) tratandoa forma didático 190 19 1

RESUMEN A partir de una comprensión amplia de la sombra como concepto espacial, este ensayo propone una revisión bibliográfica sobre las representaciones de la sombra en la historia de la pintura tradicional occidental, tanto en su dimensión técnica como simbólica. A través de imágenes específicas, el texto comenta la temática, limitándose a un marco temporal, desde los mitos fundacionales de la pintura en la Edad Antigua hasta el siglo XVI. El choque teórico confronta una idea preestablecida de que las representaciones de sombras anteriores al Cinquecento ocurrían sólo de manera intuitiva. Con ello buscamos demostrar que, a pesar de las limitaciones técnicas de la pintura medieval, las sombras ya eran utilizadas como elementos articuladores de significado al ofrecer testimonio y representación de alguna corporalidad. espacial occidental simbólica específicas temática temporal XVI intuitiva medieval corporalidad

ABSTRACT Starting from a broad understanding of the shadow as a spatial concept, this essay proposes a bibliographic review on the representations of shadow in the history of traditional Western painting, both in its technical and symbolic dimensions. Through specific images, the text comments on this theme, limiting itself to a time frame, since the founding myths of painting in the Ancient Age until the 16th century. The theoretical clash confronts a pre-established idea that the shadow representations prior to the Cinquecento happened only in an intuitive way. Thereby, it seeks to demonstrate, despite the technical limitations of medieval painting, that shadows were already used as articulating elements of meaning when offering testimony and representation of some corporeality. concept dimensions images theme frame th century preestablished pre established way Thereby demonstrate corporeality

RESUMO Partindo de um amplo entendimento da sombra como conceito espacial, o presente ensaio propõe uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as representações de sombra na história da pintura ocidental tradicional, tanto em suas dimensões técnicas quanto simbólicas. Por meio de imagens pontuais, o texto comenta este tema, limitando-se a um recorte temporal, desde os mitos fundadores da pintura na Idade Antiga até o século XVI. O embate teórico confronta uma ideia preestabelecida de que as representações de sombra anteriores ao Cinquecento ocorreram apenas de maneira intuitiva. Com isso, busca-se demonstrar que, apesar das limitações técnicas da pintura medieval, as sombras já eram utilizadas como elementos articuladores de significado ao oferecer testemunho e representação de alguma corporeidade. espacial tradicional simbólicas pontuais tema limitandose limitando se temporal XVI intuitiva isso buscase busca medieval corporeidade

Resumo: Um dos propósitos das comparações filosóficas interculturais é o exame acerca de paralelismos culturais, o qual auxilia no entendimento de problemas existenciais. No entanto, é restrito o número de produções que tenham considerado o sentido do dever e o universo das virtudes, por intermédio de abordagem comparativa intercontinental. O propósito deste artigo é explorar o sentido do dever e a concepção de virtude nas e a partir das obras do filósofo romano Marco Tulio Cícero (106 - 43 a.C.) e do mestre espadachim japonês Miyamoto Musashi (1584 - 1645), tomando como obras principais Dos Deveres, do primeiro, e “Gorin No Sho” e “Dokkôdô”, do segundo. Em ambos, encontram-se elementos teórico-normativos convergentes, quanto à conduta virtuosa do agente, seja ele entendido como cidadão, isto é, no contexto social e político, seja ele concebido como indivíduo que age no campo de combate. Entre esses elementos em comum de ambas as posições, destacam-se a crítica ao hedonismo, o elogio à racionalidade e o domínio dos instintos. Contudo, os autores divergem no tópico relacionado à felicidade. Resumo culturais existenciais entanto virtudes intercontinental 106 (10 4 a.C. aC C 1584 (158 1645, 1645 , 1645) Deveres primeiro Gorin Sho Dokkôdô, Dokkôdô “Dokkôdô” segundo ambos encontramse encontram se teóriconormativos teórico normativos convergentes agente cidadão político combate posições destacamse destacam hedonismo instintos Contudo felicidade 10 (1 a.C 158 (15 164 “Dokkôdô 1 ( 15 16

Abstract: One of the purposes of intercultural philosophical comparisons is to examine cultural parallels, which helps in understanding existential problems. However, the number of works that have considered the sense of duty and the universe of virtues through an intercontinental comparative approach is limited. The objective of this article is to explore the sense of duty and the conception of virtue in and from the works of the Roman philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BC) and the Japanese swordmaster Miyamoto Musashi (1584 - 1645), taking as main works On Duties, by the former, and “Gorin No Sho” and “Dokkôdô”, by the latter. In both, we find convergent theoretical-normative elements regarding the virtuous conduct of the agent, whether he is understood as a citizen, that is, in the social and political context, or whether he is conceived as an individual who grows old on the battlefield. Among the common elements of both positions, the criticism of hedonism, the praise of rationality and the mastery of instincts stand out. However, the authors diverge on the topic related to happiness. Abstract parallels problems However limited 106 (10 4 BC 1584 (158 1645, 1645 , 1645) Duties former Gorin Sho Dokkôdô, Dokkôdô “Dokkôdô” latter theoreticalnormative theoretical normative agent citizen context battlefield positions hedonism out happiness 10 (1 158 (15 164 “Dokkôdô 1 ( 15 16

This article explores the religious interpretation of play philosophy across different historical periods and contexts, from ancient Greek thought to contemporary digital media. Drawing on the works of prominent philosophers such as Heraclitus, Plato, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Huizinga, as well as recent scholarship on digital media and religion, the article examines the role of play in shaping religious thought, practice and experience. It consists of three main sections, focusing on divine play in ancient Greek philosophy, the religious connotations of the 'playful order' in the works of Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Huizinga, and the transformative potential of video games as a medium for religious expression and exploration. CONTRIBUTION: By synthesising diverse perspectives and examining the religious implications of play philosophy in various contexts, this study offers new insights into the relationship between the divine and humanity, and the significance of play in religious life. It also highlights the potential of digital media to provide innovative avenues for religious exploration, fostering a deeper understanding of the role of play in both historical and contemporary religious contexts.

RESUMEN El estudio de la historia étnica de una región es fundamental para comprender y apreciar la diversidad cultural, fomentar la identidad y la pertenencia de los pueblos, entender las interacciones históricas, contribuir al conocimiento histórico general y promover la justicia social y la inclusión. Dada su importancia, en el artículo se examina la historia étnica de la región de Nakhchivan en Azerbaiyán desde los primeros tiempos hasta la actualidad. Los estudios realizados muestran que Nakhchivan fue históricamente una parte integral de Azerbaiyán. En el territorio de Nakhchivan existen numerosos asentamientos pertenecientes a la Edad de Piedra; entre ellos destacan los asentamientos de Gazma y Kultepa. A partir del tercer y segundo milenio antes de Cristo, el territorio de Nakhchivan fue una de las regiones habitadas por tribus de habla turca. En la antigüedad, las tribus Nakhch, Gerger, Cimmerian, Scythian, Sak y, a principios de la Edad Media, Huns, Sabirs, Pechenegs, Khazars y Oghuz Turks emigraron a todos los territorios de Azerbaiyán, incluido Nakhchivan, y se establecieron allí. Todos estos han conservado su existencia en los topónimos e hidrónimos que existen actualmente en los territorios de Nakhchivan.

ABSTRACT The study of the ethnic history of a region is fundamental to understanding and appreciating cultural diversity, fostering peoples' identity and belonging, understanding historical interactions, contributing to general historical knowledge, and promoting social justice and inclusion. Given its importance, the article examines the ethnic history of the Nakhchivan region of Azerbaijan from early times to the present. Conducted studies show that Nakhchivan was historically an integral part of Azerbaijan. In the territory of Nakhchivan there are numerous settlements belonging to the Stone Age; among them the settlements of Gazma and Kultepa stand out. Starting from the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC, the territory of Nakhchivan was one of the regions inhabited by Turkic-speaking tribes. In ancient times, the Nakhch, Gerger, Cimmerian, Scythian, Sak tribes, and in the early Middle Ages the Huns, Sabirs, Pechenegs, Khazars and Oghuz Turks migrated to all territories of Azerbaijan, including Nakhchivan, and settled there. All of these have preserved their existence in the place names and hydronyms that currently exist in the Nakhchivan territories.

Resumen Se presenta el primer registro de la traza fósil Elipsoideichnus meyeri Roselli, 1987, de afloramientos de la cantera Prefectura Naval Argentina, Parque Nacional El Palmar, Colón (provincia de Entre Ríos), Argentina. E. meyeri consiste en un nido de abeja fósil helicoidal, hasta la fecha solo registrado en la Formación Asencio (Cuenca Norte) del suroeste de Uruguay. El nuevo espécimen fue encontrado en rocas tradicionalmente asignadas a la Formación Puerto Yeruá (Cuenca Chaco Paraná), consideradas del Cretácico Superior sobre la base del contenido paleontológico de estratos correlativos en el área, conformado por restos de dinosaurios y plantas. Sin embargo, el marco estratigráfico más confiable para la localidad de estudio debería mantener los nombres litoestratigráficos de la Cuenca Norte de Uruguay, siendo el principal argumento para la presencia de una discordancia regional entre las formaciones Guichón y Mercedes, lo que imposibilita la asignación de este nuevo registro a la Formación Puerto Yeruá. Las facies observadas y este nuevo registro en sí permitieron la asignación preliminar de los estratos portadores de E. meyeri de la Prefectura Naval Argentina a la Formación Asencio, reforzado por el registro que aquí se presenta ya que no existe evidencia tafonómica que apoye un transporte significativo horizontal o vertical del mismo. Sobre la asignación cronoestratigráfica de este registro, no existen elementos concluyentes para ubicarlo dentro del Cretácico Superior o Eoceno, siendo un hecho aún en análisis. Este registro amplía la distribución geográfica de este icnotaxón, permitiendo el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones en el área, reabriendo interrogantes relacionados con la paleobiología y la cronoestratigrafía de abejas antiguas en esta zona del sur de América del Sur.

Abstract We present the first record of the trace fossil Elipsoideichnus meyeri Roselli, 1987, from out-crops of the Prefectura Naval Argentina quarry, Parque Nacional El Palmar, Colón (Entre Ríos province), Argentina. E. meyeri consists of a singular helicoidal fossil bee nest, to date only recorded from the Asencio Formation (Norte Basin) of southwestern Uruguay. The new specimen came from rocks tra-ditionally assigned to the Puerto Yeruá Formation (Chaco Paraná Basin), considered Upper Cretaceous in age based on paleontological content of correlative strata in the area, composed of dinosaur and plant remains. However, the most reliable stratigraphic framework for the studied locality should keep the lithostratigraphic names of the Norte Basin of Uruguay, being the main argument for the presence of a regional unconformity between Guichón and Mercedes formations, which precludes the assignment of this new record to the Puerto Yeruá Formation. Observed facies and this new record itself allowed the preliminary assignation of Prefectura Naval Argentina E. meyeri-hosting strata to the Asencio Formation, which is reinforced by the record presented here itself due to there are no taphonomic evidence supporting significant transport horizontally or vertically. About the chronostratigraphic assignment of this record, there are no concluding elements to locate it within the Upper Cretaceous or Eocene, being a matter of fact and still in flux. This record expands the geographical distribution of this ichnotaxon, allowing the development of further research in this area and, re-opening questions related to the palaeobiology and chronostratigraphy of ancient bees in this area of southern South America.

RESUMEN En el campo teórico general de las doctrinas económicas, tal y como las conocemos, surgieron una serie de nociones y reivindicaciones económicas entre la Edad Moderna y la Contemporánea, iniciando y culminando en el periodo de la ilustración según la Historia Universal; por ello, es imperativo evocar las principales tesis político-económicas que se han presentado a lo largo del tiempo, para contrastarlas con su realidad socio-económica a nivel mundial, y ante una nueva pandemia devastadora denominada Covid-19. Posteriormente, de manera cronológica, se muestran las aproximaciones o propuestas sobre las diversas crisis y los fenómenos socioeconómicos, siendo este el enfoque del presente trabajo. Las valoraciones epistemológicas que se exponen en el artículo científico se realizan sobre la base de una revisión bibliográfica histórica de principios y aseveraciones económicas realizadas por distintos autores y sus pensamientos distintivos, en correspondencia con los periodos en cuestión, que buscan explicar el fenómeno ocurrido. El objetivo del presente trabajo se enfoca en efectuar un análisis desde sus perspectivas comparado con los desenlaces del problema epidémico en el escenario mundial. A tales efectos se ha utilizado exclusivamente un análisis bibliográfico descriptivo bajo un enfoque fenomenológico, analítico, cualitativo e inductivo, que contribuye a generar una nueva visión sobre las teorías económicas actuales.

ABSTRACT In the general theoretical field of economic doctrines, as we know them, a series of economic notions and claims emerged between the Modern and Contemporary Ages, beginning and culminating in the period of the Enlightenment according to Universal History; therefore, it is imperative to evoke the main political-economic theses that have been presented over time, to contrast them with their socio-economic reality on a global level, and in the face of a new devastating pandemic called Covid-19. Subsequently, in chronological order, the approaches or proposals on the various crises and socio-economic phenomena are shown, this being the focus of the present work. The epistemological assessments presented in the scientific article are made on the basis of a historical bibliographical review of economic principles and assertions made by different authors and their distinctive thoughts, in correspondence with the periods in question, which seek to explain the phenomena that have occurred. The aim of this paper focuses on an analysis from their perspectives compared to the outcomes of the epidemic problem on the world stage. For this purpose, a descriptive bibliographic analysis has been used exclusively under a phenomenological, analytical, qualitative and inductive approach, which contributes to generate a new vision of the current economic theories.

Résumé L’intérêt des sciences sociales pour les comptabilités anciennes a été ravivé par les changements qui affectent le capitalisme depuis quelques décennies. La généalogie des pratiques comptables est scrutée avec soin et des attentes très contemporaines suscitent des relectures de la genèse médiévale des comptabilités, faisant de ces dernières des pratiques intimement liées à la culture européenne et occidentale. Elles stimulent un retour des grands récits qui, depuis plus d’un siècle et la controverse Weber/Sombart, racontent les origines et le sens des pratiques comptables, en les liant aux premières manifestations de l’esprit capitaliste. L’article s’intéresse aux flux et reflux de la croyance des médiévistes en une rationalité capitaliste médiévale s’exprimant dans les comptabilités, pour les inscrire dans leurs contextes intellectuels. Il en montre des constantes, mais aussi des angles morts, notamment documentaires et éditoriaux, en s’appuyant sur des travaux récents et sur l’étude du cas particulier des comptes d’un couturier parisien du XVe siècle, Colin de Lormoye. Il tente d’esquisser de nouvelles pistes d’analyse, à distance des grands écrits téléologiques. La ratio comptable de ces acteurs est-elle la manifestation du génie européen de la Renaissance ou bien une pratique de l’écrit ancrée dans un fonctionnement social spécifique ? Lintérêt L intérêt décennies occidentale dun d WeberSombart Weber Sombart Weber/Sombart lesprit l esprit Larticle article sintéresse s intéresse sexprimant exprimant intellectuels constantes morts éditoriaux sappuyant appuyant létude étude Lormoye desquisser esquisser danalyse, danalyse analyse, analyse d’analyse téléologiques estelle elle lécrit écrit

Abstract The interest of social scientists in ancient accounting has been revived by the changes that capitalism underwent in the past decades. This has led to a careful scrutiny of the genealogy of accounting practices, with very contemporary expectations prompting a reexamination of the medieval genesis of accounting. These developments have encouraged a return to the grand narratives which, for more than a century and since the Weber/Sombart controversy, have explored the origins and meaning of accounting practices, linking them to the first manifestations of the spirit of capitalism. The article considers the ebb and flow of medievalists’ belief in a medieval capitalist rationality, which would have been expressed in accountancy, and resituates these ideas in their intellectual contexts. Drawing on recent research and on a study of the accounts of a 15th century Parisian couturier, Colin de Lormoye, the article reveals both the documentary and editorial constants and blind spots. It attempts to sketch out new avenues of analysis, moving away from grand teleological writings. The article raises the question of whether the accounting ratio of these actors constitutes a manifestation of the European genius of the Renaissance or are a writing practice anchored in specific social functioning. decades practices WeberSombart Weber Sombart controversy medievalists rationality accountancy contexts th couturier Lormoye spots analysis writings functioning

Resumen En las sociedades del Antiguo Régimen, la muerte era un proceso que implicaba una preparación arraigada en las tradiciones y costumbres de las personas con una mentalidad católica propia de la Monarquía Hispánica. Estos rituales quedaron registrados en las actas de defunción. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un minucioso relevamiento y análisis de todas las actas de defunción disponibles en el Archivo del Arzobispado de Salta, correspondientes al periodo entre 1766 y 1809. El estudio tiene como fin desentrañar la dinámica de la mortalidad, salud y bienestar de la población de este centro urbano, en un contexto marcado por cambios y transformaciones políticas, civiles e institucionales. Se busca reconstruir el número de entierros por año y su relación con situaciones coyunturales específicas, así como identificar el perfil socioeconómico de los difuntos, incluyendo su edad, estado civil y lugar de procedencia. Además, se pretende determinar las principales causas de fallecimiento en este contexto, caracterizado como un "Antiguo Régimen demográfico". Al abordar estas cuestiones, se busca resaltar la importancia de las actas de defunción como fuentes fundamentales. Complementándolas con otra documentación como protocolos notariales, actas de cabildo, registros judiciales, podemos obtener una comprensión más completa de la mortalidad y calidad de vida, y su interrelación con aspectos sociales, culturales y económicos de quienes habitaron la ciudad de Salta.

Abstract In societies of the Ancient Regime, death was a process that involved a preparation deeply rooted in the traditions and customs of individuals with a Catholic mentality characteristic of the Hispanic Monarchy. These rituals were recorded in death records. The objective of this article is to conduct a meticulous survey and analysis of all available death records in the Archive of the Archbishopric of Salta, covering the period between 1766 and 1809. The study aims to unravel the dynamics of mortality, health, and well-being of the urban population in this city, within a context marked by political, civil, and institutional changes and transformations. The goal is to reconstruct the number of burials per year and their relationship with specific conjunctural situations, as well as to identify the socio-economic profile of the deceased, including their age, marital status, and place of origin. Additionally, it seeks to determine the main causes of death in this context, characterized as a "demographic Ancient Regime". By addressing these issues, the importance of death records as primary sources is emphasized. By complementing them with other documentation such as notarial protocols, municipal records, and judicial registers, we can obtain a more comprehensive understanding of mortality, quality of life, and their interrelation with social, cultural, and economic aspects of the inhabitants of the city of Salta.

RESUMEN Introducción: La prueba de función cardiopulmonar es un elemento fundamental en el examen físico, y también un indicador elemental actual para medir la aptitud física. Con el avance de la edad, el sistema cardiopulmonar sufrirá una serie de cambios de envejecimiento en su morfología y función. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto del ejercicio de Tai Chi sobre la función cardiopulmonar en personas de mediana y avanzada edad. Métodos: Se reclutó a un total de 73 personas de 50 a 75 años de edad de 5 zonas de nuestra ciudad. Se seleccionó un total de 63 sujetos sanos, 37 en el grupo de ejercicio y 26 en el grupo de no ejercicio. Se midieron la frecuencia cardíaca, la capacidad pulmonar y la distancia recorrida en 6 minutos de cada sujeto en estado de calma, durante el tiempo de recuperación tras la marcha y 10 minutos después del periodo de recuperación. Resultados: En un estado de calma, los practicantes de Tai Chi tenían una mejor capacidad pulmonar y una menor frecuencia cardíaca que los no practicantes (p0,05). En el tiempo de recuperación inmediata tras la marcha, el ejercicio de Tai Chi aumentó la capacidad pulmonar más que los no practicantes (p0,01). Conclusión: El ejercicio de Tai Chi puede mejorar la adaptabilidad de la función cardiopulmonar en personas de mediana y avanzada edad después del ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia: Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados. Introducción físico física Objetivo Métodos 7 ciudad sanos 3 2 calma 1 Resultados p0,05. p005 p p0,05 . p0 05 (p0,05) p0,01. p001 p0,01 01 (p0,01) Conclusión evidencia resultados p00 p0,0 0 (p0,05 (p0,01 p0, (p0,0 (p0, (p0 (p

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiopulmonary function testing is a fundamental component of the physical examination and an elementary indicator for measuring physical fitness. With advancing age, the cardiopulmonary system will undergo a series of aging changes in morphology and function. Objective: Explore the effect of Tai Chi exercise on cardiopulmonary function in middle-aged and elderly people. Methods: A total of 73 50-75 years old from 5 areas in our city were recruited. A total of 63 healthy subjects were selected, 37 in the exercise group and 26 in the non-exercise group. The heart rate, lung capacity, and 6-min walking distance of each subject were measured in a calm state during the recovery time after walking 10 min after recovery. Results: In a calm state, Tai Chi practitioners had better lung capacity and a lower heart rate than non-practitioners (p0.05). In the immediate recovery time after walking, Tai Chi exercise elevated lung capacity more than non-exercisers (p0.01). Conclusion: Tai Chi exercise can improve the adaptability of cardiopulmonary function in middle-aged and elderly people after exercise. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Studies - Outcome Investigation. Introduction fitness age Objective middleaged middle aged Methods 7 5075 50 75 50-7 recruited 6 selected 3 2 nonexercise non 6min 1 Results nonpractitioners p0.05. p005 p p0.05 . p0 05 (p0.05) nonexercisers exercisers p0.01. p001 p0.01 01 (p0.01) Conclusion Evidence Investigation 507 50- p00 p0.0 0 (p0.05 (p0.01 p0. (p0.0 (p0. (p0 (p

RESUMO Introdução: O teste de função cardiopulmonar é um elemento fundamental no exame físico, e também um indicador elementar corrente para medir a aptidão física. Com o avanço da idade, o sistema cardiopulmonar passará por uma série de mudanças de envelhecimento na morfologia e função. Objetivo: Explorar o efeito do exercício de Tai Chi sobre a função cardiopulmonar de pessoas de meia-idade e idosas. Métodos: Um total de 73, 50-75 anos de idade de 5 áreas em nossa cidade foram recrutados. Foram selecionados 63 sujeitos saudáveis, 37 no grupo de exercícios e 26 no grupo de não-exercício. O ritmo cardíaco, a capacidade pulmonar e a distância de caminhada de 6 minutos de cada sujeito foram medidas em um estado calmo, durante o tempo de recuperação após a caminhada, e 10 minutos após o período de recuperação. Resultados: Em um estado calmo, os praticantes de Tai Chi apresentam uma melhor capacidade pulmonar e uma frequência cardíaca menor do que os não praticantes (p0,05). No tempo de recuperação imediata após a caminhada, o exercício de Tai Chi elevou a capacidade pulmonar mais do que os não-exercitantes (p0,01). Conclusão: O exercício de Tai Chi pode melhorar a adaptabilidade da função cardiopulmonar em pessoas de meia-idade e idosos após o exercício. Nível de evidência: Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados. Introdução físico física Objetivo meiaidade meia idosas Métodos 73 5075 50 75 50-7 recrutados saudáveis 3 2 nãoexercício. nãoexercício não-exercício cardíaco calmo 1 Resultados p0,05. p005 p p0,05 . p0 05 (p0,05) nãoexercitantes exercitantes p0,01. p001 p0,01 01 (p0,01) Conclusão evidência 7 507 50- p00 p0,0 0 (p0,05 (p0,01 p0, (p0,0 (p0, (p0 (p

Translated sacred writings from various religious traditions often retain a few selected cultural terms borrowed from the incipient sign system, while other cultural dimensions are translated in ways that can broadly be construed as domestication. By contrast, many Bible translation agencies eschew translation strategies in which cultural terms are borrowed, advocating instead for wholesale domestication. In this article, we develop a theoretical framework for representing the alterity, but not the foreignness, of the Bible in translation. Alterity involves the incipient sign system, namely the biblical languages and their cultural contexts ranging from Iron Age Israel within the context of the Ancient Near East for the Old Testament to Roman Palestine in the first century for the New Testament. Examples from African contexts, including Afrikaans (South Africa), Lokaa (Nigeria) and Tira (Sudan), illustrate multiple approaches to representing alterity and provide an important corrective to current practice in many Bible translation projects.

This paper explores three protest movements differing in scale and scope in two regions in the world. #feesmustfall (2015-2016) was a social media movement in South Africa to protest against prohibitive hikes in university fees. #Jallikattu (2017) was a social media movement in Tamil Nadu (India) to lift a ban imposed by the Supreme Court of India against an ancient cultural sport with bulls. Abahlali baseMjondolo (AbM) is a South African social media movement to raise issues related to shack dwellers. While there is literature focusing on these movements individually (Bosch 2016, Kalaiyarasan 2017, Mdlalose 2014), a comparative approach offers some alternate insights into how state power manifests in the age of digital capitalism. Habermas (1987, 1989) theorised the transformation of the public sphere and key to understanding how these publics contest existing power structures is his explication of authentic communicative action. Using Fuchs's (2016) and Zuboff's (2019) analyses of social media activism, we examine police brutality and surveillance in these three movements. The classical model of diaspora (Harutyunyan 2012) is introduced to show how it manifests in two of the protest movements, and contemporary notions of diaspora (Grossman 2019: 1265) are explored to see what they could offer to diverse protest cultures.

Resumen La hoja Monterrey se ubica al noroeste de Costa Rica en el límite del arco volcánico activo y la cuenca de San Carlos (CSC), asociado con la sedimentación, el vulcanismo y la tectónica de la región tras-arco de América Central meridional. El objetivo y método de trabajo fue desarrollar el cartografiado geológico de los depósitos sedimentarios y volcánicos, la tectónica y el muestreo para dataciones radiométricas, geoquímica y petrografía de las diferentes unidades geológicas. Las rocas más antiguas de la Hoja Monterrey están constituidas por los sedimentos clásticos de la Formación Venado depositados en un ambiente de plataforma y transición continental de edad Mioceno Medio - Superior. La geocronología U-Pb del grupo de zircones detríticos más jóvenes en estos sedimentos, registran una edad de sedimentación máxima de 6,9 ± 0,2 Ma, sugiriendo una edad del Mioceno tardío y Plioceno de los sedimentos en esta región de la cuenca de San Carlos, correlacionable con dataciones previas de microforaminíferos, palinología y una edad radiométrica 40K/40Ar del vulcanismo que sobreyace estos sedimentos. La sedimentación del Plioceno en el área se interpreta como la colmatación de la cuenca asociado al cierre del istmo Centroamericano, registrado por una discordancia angular posiblemente asociado al evento tectónico registrado durante el final del Mioceno e inicios del Plioceno. El vulcanismo del Mioceno Superior es sub-alcalino de marcada afinidad toleítica y calco-alcalina y de transición a ambas series, variando de basaltos hasta dacitas. Los análisis geoquímicos sugieren una fuerte diferenciación de estos magmas a partir de fuentes de transición de tipo OIB (para las rocas de afinidad calco-alcalina/alcalina) a fuentes de tipo MORB (para los basaltos de afinidad toleítica) modificadas por los procesos de subducción. El vulcanismo piroclástico del Plio-Pleistoceno se asocia a ignimbritas de composición dacítica-andesítica calco-alcalina. En relación con magmas primarios, los análisis sugieren mayores o altos grados de la fusión parcial con un aporte de fluidos y sedimentos pelágicos carbonatados de la placa subducida al metasomatismo del manto. La normalización al manto primitivo indica enriquecimiento en LILE y deficiencias en HFSE asociado al aporte de fluidos y deshidratación de sedimentos marinos de la placa subducida al metasomatismo del manto, típico del vulcanismo de arco con una componente alcalina que puede estar más relacionada al vulcanismo del tras-arco que al vulcanismo del intra-arco del norte de Costa Rica. La Formación Monteverde de edad Pleistoceno inferior, abarca la mayor parte del área cerca del 78%, mayormente formando suelos de transición y residuales, constituido principalmente por andesitas, asociado también con un vulcanismo piroclástico y volcano-sedimentario presente en el sector suroeste de la hoja. La Formación Buena Vista conforma la actividad volcánica posterior a la Formación Monteverde y está constituido por depósitos volcaniclásticos (lahares) que forman brechas volcánicas muy endurecidas. Los depósitos piroclásticos Holocénicos del volcán Arenal (tefras) son de composición andesítica-andesítica basáltica calco-alcalina y se distribuyen al sur de la hoja. La tectónica compresiva del Mioceno Medio-Superior en el área está registrada por la deformación tectónica de fallas inversas en los sedimentos de la Formación Venado y la tectónica transtensiva del Plioceno y Pleistoceno por fallas principalmente de desplazamiento de rumbo consideradas activas. Las edades Cenozoicas y Mesozoicas obtenidas en zircones detríticos de la Formación Venado, registran el desarrollo y evolución del arco de islas de América Central meridional. En tanto, las edades Proterozoicas y Paleozoicas registran una posible conexión con el norte de América Central o sur de México, o un posible origen Gondwanico o Laurenciano. Sin embargo, podrían indicar también la presencia de fragmentos de corteza continental por debajo de América Central meridional. Estas edades de zircones primordiales son un aporte nuevo al conocimiento geocronológico y evolutivo de estos complejos continentales y proveen un paradigma para futuros estudios sobre la evolución geológica y geotectónica del istmo Centroamericano.

Abstract The Monterrey sheet is located in the northwest of Costa Rica in the limit of the active volcanic arc and the San Carlos basin (SCB), associated with the sedimentation, the volcanism and the tectonic of the back-arc region of southern Central America. The objective and methods were to develop the geological mapping of the sedimentary and volcanic deposits, the tectonic and the sampling for radiometric dating, geochemistry and petrography of the different units. The older rocks are conformed by clastic sediments belonging to Venado Formation, deposited in a shelf and transitional continental environment of Middle-Upper Miocene age. U-Pb geochronology for the youngest group of detrital zircons in these sediments constrained to a maximum depositional age of 6,9 ± 0,2 Ma, suggesting a late Miocene to Pliocene age sedimentation of the basin in this region of the SCB, which is in agreement with previous microforaminiferal and palynological dating and one 40K/40Ar radiometric age of the overlying volcanism on this sediments. The Pliocene sedimentation corresponds to the sealing of the basin associated with the Central American isthmus closure, recognized by an angular discordance associated with the tectonic event registered at the end of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene. The Upper Miocene volcanism is subalkaline of marked tholeiitic and calc-alkaline afinity and transition to both series, varying from basalts to dacites. The geochemical analysis suggest a strong differentiation of these magmas from OIB type source (calc-alkaline/alkaline rocks) to MORB type source (tholeiitic basalts) modified by the subduction processes. The Plio-Pleistocene pyroclastic volcanism is associated to ignimbrites of calc-alkaline dacitic-andesitic composition. Related to primary magmas, the analysis suggest greater or high degrades of partial melting with an input of fluids and carbonate pelagic sediments from the subducting slab to the mantle metasomatism. The primitive mantle normalization shows LILE enrichments and HFSE depletions associated with the input of marine fluids and sediments dehydration of the subducted slab to the mantle metasomatism, typical of arc volcanism with an alkaline component that may be more related to the back-arc rather than the intra-arc volcanism of northern Costa Rica. The Monteverde Formation of the lower Pleistocene, cover most of the area of about 78%, forming transitional and sedentary soils mainly of andesite composition, associated also to a pyroclastic and volcaniclastic volcanism in the southwest of the sheet area. The Buena Vista Formation conform the subsequent volcanism of Monteverde Formation and is constituted by volcaniclastic deposits (lahars) of very indurate volcanic breccia. The pyroclastic Holocene deposits of Arenal volcano (tephra) are calc-alkaline of andesitic-basaltic andesite composition and are distributed to the south of the sheet. The compressive tectonic of the Middle to Upper Miocene is registered in the area by the tectonic deformation of thrusting faults in the sediments of the Venado Formation and the transtensive tectonic of the Plio-Pleistocene by mainly strike-slip faults considered active. The Cenozoic and Mesozoic detrital zircon ages of the Venado Formation, they register the development and evolution of the southern Central America volcanic arc, meanwhile, the Proterozoic and Paleozoic detrital zircon ages a possible connection with northern Central America or southern Mexico, or a possible Gondwanic or Laurentian origin. However, it could also indicate the presence of hidden continental crust fragments underneath southern Central America. These ancient detrital zircons ages constitute a new contribution to the geochronological knowledge and evolution of these continental complexes and provide a paradigm for future studies about the geologic and geotectonic evolution of the Central America isthmus.