Abstract (Introduction): Within the framework of the present capitalist system, human beings have become an important polluting agent. Current production and consumption processes do not consider the existence of finite natural resources and a planet incapable of treating the waste that the prevailing way of life generates. Given these circumstances, the study of non-linear models is of interest, which make a more rational use of the waste that the productive activity generates, favoring recycling mechanisms. The phenomenon of recycling becomes particularly relevant in the case of electrical and electronic devices, whose ability to be degraded and metabolized by planet Earth is extremely difficult. (Objective): Evaluate the feasibility of installing and starting a recycling plant for electrical and electronics items in the town of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), during 2021. (Methodology): The conventional method for evaluating investment projects was used, considering technical, legal and economic aspects. (Results): The project is not acceptable according to the profitability intended by the investor. The possibility of financing was also included, which made the project even less profitable, and the sensitivity of the results was measured, finding that the price should be 1.48 % higher than that used in the analysis. (Conclusions): Other alternatives must be explored to make this proposal profitable from an economic and financial point of view.

Resumen (Introducción): En el marco del sistema capitalista vigente, el ser humano se ha transformado en un agente significativo de contaminación. Las dinámicas productivas y de consumo actuales no contemplan la existencia de recursos naturales finitos y de un planeta incapaz de procesar los desperdicios que el modo de vida habitual genera. Dadas estas circunstancias, cobra interés el estudio de modelos no lineales, que hagan un uso más racional de los residuos derivados de la actividad productiva, los cuales favorezcan mecanismos de reciclaje. El fenómeno del reciclaje se vuelve, en particular, relevante para el caso de los artefactos eléctricos y electrónicos; la capacidad del planeta Tierra para degradarlos y metabolizarlos resulta sumamente difícil. (Objetivo): Evaluar la factibilidad de la instalación y puesta en marcha de una planta recicladora de artículos eléctricos y electrónicos en la localidad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), durante el 2021. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología convencional de evaluación de proyectos de inversión, considerando aspectos técnicos, legales y económicos. (Resultados): El proyecto no es aceptable según la rentabilidad pretendida por el inversor. También se incluyó la posibilidad de un financiamiento, lo que hizo que el plan fuera menos rentable aún, y se midió la sensibilidad de los resultados: se halló que el precio debiera ser 1.48 % superior al utilizado en el análisis. (Conclusiones): Se deben explorar otras alternativas para lograr que el proyecto sea rentable desde el punto de vista económico-financiero.

In the Amazon, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), is part of the identity of traditional communities, and the fruit is integrated into their everyday sociocultural dynamics. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis of residual biomass can be alternatives to yield sugars, ethanol, biochar and bio-oil. The açaí seeds subjected to oxidative pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis increased cellulose to fermentable sugars (reaching 23.5%) and second-generation ethanol production (17.441 L t−1). Açaí oil (ca. 30%) was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus (using hexane as solvent) and detected through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where acids accounted for 82.43% of the total composition, while alcohols comprised only 13.15%. For pyrolysis, temperatures (500 and 550 °C), time (20 and 30 min), and activation temperature (750 and 800 °C) were evaluated, resulting in yields of ca. 22% for biochar and 30% for bio-oil. For the bio-oil, the main compounds detected by GC-MS were acids (16.3%), aldehydes (13.08%), amides (12.19%), alcohols (6.72%), and phenols (4.64%). The obtained biochar displayed surface area values of 553.7 m2 g−1 and 10% crystallinity, indicating its more amorphous nature. Amazon Mart açaí, , (açaí) communities dynamics biooil. biooil bio oil. bio-oil reaching 23.5% 235 23 5 secondgeneration second generation 17.441 17441 17 441 (17.44 t−1. t1 t t−1 . 1 t−1) ca (ca solvent GCMS, GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 8243 82 43 82.43 composition 1315 13 15 13.15% 500 (50 55 °C, C °C 20 (2 3 min, min min) 750 (75 80 evaluated 22 biooil, oil, 16.3%, 163 16.3% 16 (16.3%) 13.08%, 1308 13.08% 08 (13.08%) 12.19%, 1219 12.19% 12 19 (12.19%) 6.72%, 672 6.72% 6 72 (6.72%) 4.64%. 464 4.64% 4 64 (4.64%) 5537 553 7 553. m g1 g g− 10 crystallinity nature (açaí 23.5 2 17.44 1744 44 (17.4 t− (GC-MS 824 8 82.4 131 13.15 50 (5 ( 75 (7 16.3 (16.3% 130 13.08 0 (13.08% 121 12.19 (12.19% 67 6.72 (6.72% 46 4.64 (4.64% 23. 17.4 174 (17. 82. 13.1 16. (16.3 13.0 (13.08 12.1 (12.19 6.7 (6.72 4.6 (4.64 17. (17 13. (16. (13.0 12. (12.1 6. (6.7 4. (4.6 (1 (16 (13. (12. (6. (4. (13 (12 (6 (4

Fruits of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi were investigated. A fast and efficient method for the simultaneous determination of 11 polyphenolic substances by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was applied. Limits of quantification ranged between 0.78 and 3.14 mg L-1. High concentrations of kaempferol were found. An exploratory evaluation was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) for fruit origin differentiation. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 274 to 517 mg GAE 100 g-1; total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 101 to 283 mg QE 100 g-1. In vitro analyses showed that antioxidant capacity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ranged from 1.7 to 7 µM DPPH 100 g-1. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect were also evaluated against: Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Candida albicans and C. glabrata, using broth microdilution assay. It can be inferred that S. terebinthifolia Raddi fruit has the potential to act as an ally in the search for new alternatives in the action against pathogens, and it can be used as a potential natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Metals (Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn) were also determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), with emphasis on high concentrations of Mg, Zn and Fe. investigated 1 chromatographydiode chromatography diode HPLCDAD HPLC DAD (HPLC-DAD applied 078 0 78 0.7 314 3 14 3.1 L1. L1 L 1. L-1 found PCA (PCA differentiation TPC (TPC 27 51 10 g1 g g-1 TFC (TFC 28 g1. 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl 2 (DPPH 17 subtilis B cereus aureus coli aeruginosa choleraesuis C glabrata assay S pathogens agent Cu, Cu (Cu Fe Mg FAAS, FAAS , (FAAS) 07 0. 31 3. L- 5 g- 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, (FAAS

Abstract Introduction: The initial treatment of stenosing tenosynovitis is usually conservative. When there is no good response, it must be resolved by surgically releasing the A1 pulley, traditionally with open release (OR). However, there is the alternative of ultrasound-guided percutaneous A1 pulley release (UPAR), which has shown similar results. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and costs of UPAR compared to OR at our center. Method: A retrospective study was carried out in patients undergoing UPAR. Information on pain scale, mechanical symptoms (Quinnell grades), and disability (QuickDASH) was obtained before and after the procedure. The costs of UPAR and OR alternatives were evaluated. Results: A statistically significant improvement in pain, mechanical symptoms and disability was observed after the procedure. No complications were reported. UPAR was found to be 63% less expensive than the most economical OR alternative. Conclusion: UPAR is a safe and effective alternative to treat “trigger finger or thumb”, with low costs and a shorter recovery period compared to OR. UPAR should be considered as the initial treatment when other options have not been successful.

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento inicial de la tenosinovitis estenosante suele ser conservador. Cuando no hay buena respuesta debe resolverse liberando quirúrgicamente la polea A1, tradicionalmente con liberación abierta (LA), sin embargo, existe la alternativa de la liberación percutánea de la polea A1 guiada por ultrasonido (LPAUS), que ha mostrado similares resultados. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y costos de LPAUS en comparación con la LA en nuestro centro. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo en pacientes sometidos a LPAUS. Se obtuvo información sobre escala del dolor, síntomas mecánicos (grados de Quinnell) y discapacidad (QuickDASH) antes y después del procedimiento. Se evaluaron los costos de este y las alternativas de LA. Resultados: Se observó una mejora estadísticamente significativa en dolor, síntomas mecánicos y discapacidad después del procedimiento. No se informaron complicaciones. La LPAUS resultó ser un 63% menos costosa que la alternativa de LA más económica. Conclusión: La LPAUS es una alternativa segura y efectiva para tratar el «dedo o pulgar en gatillo», con bajos costos y un periodo de recuperación más corto en comparación con la LA. La LPAUS se debe considerar como tratamiento inicial cuando otras opciones no han tenido éxito.

Resumo A expansão desordenada das cidades é um desafio global que afeta o desenvolvimento urbano. Neste estudo, é analisado o crescimento urbano em uma cidade média durante cinco décadas, com enfoque na forma urbana e aplicação de mais de 20 métricas espaciais associadas à mensuração da geometria da expansão físico-territorial no ambiente construído. Os padrões de crescimento são analisados à luz do fenômeno espraiamento urbano e sob a perspectiva da teoria de Difusão-Coalescência. São discutidas as limitações inerentes às métricas existentes, assim como elencadas alternativas que as superam por mensuração das propriedades de Compacidade, Fragmentação, Complexidade e Dispersão concomitantemente. Os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de fases distintas no crescimento urbano ao longo das décadas: Difusão de uma forma inicialmente compacta em partes menores nas periferias; e Transição para crescimento com agrupamento dessas partes, elevando a compacidade. Essa oscilação sugere aderência à teoria da Difusão-Coalescência, com ocorrência de espraiamento urbano (entre 1966 e 1976) seguida de aumento da compacidade nas décadas subsequentes (1976-2006). Após 2006 os resultados são ambíguos, possivelmente associados a fatores intervenientes de planejamento. A discussão dos resultados destaca a relevância da quantificação do crescimento urbano por meio de métricas, e traz conceitos importantes atualmente limitados à literatura internacional. estudo 2 físicoterritorial físico territorial construído DifusãoCoalescência. DifusãoCoalescência Coalescência. Coalescência Difusão-Coalescência existentes Compacidade Fragmentação concomitantemente periferias DifusãoCoalescência, Coalescência, entre 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 . (1976-2006) 200 ambíguos planejamento internacional 19 197 1976200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Abstract The disorderly expansion of cities is a global challenge that impacts urban development. In this paper, we analyse the urban growth in a medium-sized city over five decades, focusing on urban form and employing more than 20 spatial metrics associated with the geometry of physical-territorial expansion in the built environment. We examine the growth patterns in the context of the urban sprawl phenomenon and the Diffusion-Coalescence theory perspective. We discuss the inherent limitations of existing metrics and raise alternatives that simultaneously address the properties of Compactness, Fragmentation, Complexity, and Dispersion. The results reveal distinct phases in urban growth over the decades, from diffusion of an initially compact form into smaller parts on the periphery; to a transition towards more compact growth. This oscillation suggests adherence to the Diffusion-Coalescence theory, with urban sprawl occurring between 1966 and 1976, followed by increased compactness in subsequent decades (1976-2006). After 2006, the results became ambiguous, possibly due to intervening planning factors. The discussion of the findings underscores the importance of quantifying urban growth using metrics and introduces concepts that have been hitherto limited to international literature. development paper mediumsized medium sized 2 physicalterritorial physical territorial environment DiffusionCoalescence Diffusion Coalescence perspective Compactness Fragmentation Complexity Dispersion periphery 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 2006 . (1976-2006) ambiguous factors literature 19 197 1976200 200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT Due to the reduction of Chondracanthus chamissoi natural beds in Peru, different alternatives have been proposed for its cultivation, generally opting for suspended (CS) and bottom (CF) cultivation systems. When thalli reach commercial size, they get harvested for sale, and it is unknown if their specific growth rate (TCE) and/or regenerative capacity decrease. Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the TCE in the post-harvest regenerative capacity and the life cycle phase dominance of C. chamissoi in two pruning events comparing CS and CF during august 2019 and february 2020 in the south-central coast of Peru. The TCE was higher in CS (1.67 % day-1) in comparison to CF (1.47 % day-1). Likewise, CS showed better results in biomass (631.6 ± 81.3 gm-1) and length (23.91 ± 5.8 cm) compared to CF (256.5 ± 33.6 gm-1 and 21.10 ± 7.50 cm) during the first harvest. After the second harvest, lower values in biomass (CS: 160.2 ± 180 gm-1, CF: 59.4 ± 110 gm-1) and length (CS: 16.23 ± 3.68 cm, CF: 15.73 ± 4.25 cm) were observed. The dominant phase was the vegetative one, followed by the carposporic and tetrasporic phases. In conclusion, suspended cultivation showed better results; it is recommended to leave an average of 4-5 cm during pruning, to allow a better growth for a new harvest in less than 3 months.

RESUMEN Ante la reducción de praderas naturales de Chondracanthus chamissoi en Perú se han planteado diferentes alternativas para su cultivo, principalmente optando por sistemas de cultivo suspendido (CS) y cultivo de fondo (CF). Al alcanzar la talla comercial, los talos sufren podas para su comercialización, desconociéndose si disminuyen su tasa de crecimiento especifica (TCE) y/o capacidad regenerativa. Por ello, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la TCE en la capacidad regenerativa post-cosecha y la dominancia de fases del ciclo de vida de C. chamissoi en dos eventos de poda comparando CS y CF entre agosto de 2019 y febrero de 2020 en la costa centro-sur del Perú. La TCE fue mayor en CS (1.67 % día-1) respecto de CF (1.47 % día-1). Asimismo, CS mostró mejores resultados en biomasa (631.6 ± 81.3 gm-1) y longitud (23.91 ± 5.8 cm) en comparación a CF (256.5 ± 33.6 gm-1 y 21.10 ± 7.50 cm) tras la primera poda. Luego de la segunda poda, se observaron valores reducidos en biomasa (CS: 160.2 ± 180 gm-1, CF: 59.4 ± 110 gm-1) y longitud (CS: 16.23 ± 3.68 cm, CF: 15.73 ± 4.25 cm). Se determino a la fase vegetativa como dominante, seguida de talos carpospóricos y finalmente los tetraspóricos. Se concluye que CS muestra mejores TCE luego de eventos poda y se recomienda dejar en promedio 4-5 cm de talo para facilitar una rápida regeneración.

Resumen El sistema de producción bovino de doble propósito es el más predominante en el trópico, caracterizado por un sistema de pastoreo extensivo de gramíneas nativas o introducidas con baja digestibilidad y altas concentraciones de carbohidratos estructurales, provocando con esto una baja eficiencia productiva de los sistemas, ante este escenario, es necesario buscar alternativas que mejoren la eficiencia productiva. El objetivo fue evaluar la fermentación anaeróbica y digestibilidad ruminal in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) de los ensilados de S. bicolor y C. cajan. En los tratamientos se utilizaron cuatro sustratos (sorgo, sorgo + C. cajan, C. cajan, sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante) y cuatro tiempos de fermentación anaeróbica (0, 30, 60 y 90 días), en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 4x4, con tres repeticiones. El promedio de MS, MO, PC, FDN y FDA fue 373.9±41.43; 960.58±7.59; 87.82±24.95; 588.73±51.17; 371.76±61.39 g kg-1 de MS. Para la DIVMS fue de 56.32±9.05%. Se encontró diferencias significativas (P<0.05) para los parámetros de fermentación y DIVMS. El volumen máximo de gas se presentó en los tratamientos que contenían únicamente sorgo y sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante. Las fracciones de rápida fermentación fueron mayores (P<0.05) en los tratamientos sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante. Las fracciones de fermentación media y lenta fueron mayores en sorgo y sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante. Se concluye que la planta de C. cajan sola o combinada presenta un efecto negativo en la DIVMS.

ABSTRACT The dual-purpose cattle production system is the most predominant in the tropics, characterized by an extensive grazing system of native or introduced grasses with low digestibility and high concentrations of structural carbohydrates, causing with this a low productive efficiency of the systems, in this scenario, it is necessary to look for alternatives that improve productive efficiency. The objective was to evaluate the anaerobic fermentation and rumen digestibility in vitro of dry matter (DIVDM) of silages of S. bicolor and C. cajan. Four substrates (sorghum, sorghum + C. cajan, sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant) and four anaerobic fermentation times (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) were used in the treatments, in a completely randomized design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with three replications. The average for DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF was 373.9±41.43; 960.58±7.59; 87.82±24.95; 588.73±51.17; 371.76±61.39 g kg-1 DM. For DIVDM it was 56.32±9.05 %. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found for fermentation parameters and DIVDM. The maximum volume of gas was presented in treatments containing only sorghum and sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant. The fractions of rapid fermentation were higher (P<0.05) in the treatments sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant. The fractions of medium and slow fermentation were higher in sorghum and sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant. It is concluded that the C. cajan plant alone or combined has a negative effect on DIVDM.

Resumen El acceso equitativo y permanente a servicios públicos no siempre es una prioridad para la gestión local, en especial en territorios y poblaciones históricamente rezagadas. Esta contribución sostiene que en Copoya, localidad mayoritariamente ejidal de la Zona Metropolitana de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, el servicio estatal y comunitario por el suministro de agua potable no es eficiente. El problema se agudizó con el crecimiento urbano y la demanda por la tierra durante el siglo XX. A partir de entrevistas, recorridos de campo y notas de prensa, se destaca que la escasez del líquido lleva a sus residentes a buscar alternativas como la compra de pipas, pozos de traspatio y sistemas de agua no tratada que no resuelven el tema de fondo y que profundizan la pobreza y la desigualdad socioterritorial. Se concluye que la inexistencia de proyectos de inversión no permite una salida para el abastecimiento en el corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract Equitable and permanent access to public services is not always a priority for local management, especially in those territories and historically neglected populations. This contribution argues that in Copoya, a mostly ejido locality in the Metropolitan Zone of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, state and community service for drinking water supply is inefficient. The situation has worsened with urban growth and demand for land throughout the twentieth century. Interviews, field visits and press releases show that residents, due to the lack of water, look for alternatives such as purchasing pipes, backyard wells and untreated water systems. These alternatives do not solve the underlying issue and deepen their poverty and socio-territorial inequality. The article concludes that poor investment in projects does not allow a solution for the supply in the short and medium term.

Resumen Este aporte identifica las dinámicas socioambientales que las políticas de desarrollo han generado sobre los manglares comunitarios en tres momentos clave de la historia mexicana: la Constitución de 1917, la industrialización de la década de 1950 y las reformas neoliberales de 1985. Mediante ocho estudios de caso y 180 entrevistas semiestructuradas, se elaboró un insumo conceptual de tres escenarios (manglares comunitarios, turistificados y conservados) y quince categorías que sintetizan estas dinámicas. Los manglares atraviesan una crisis histórica que provocarían las políticas de desarrollo que no atienden si no que debilitarían a las instituciones locales y empobrecerían a los habitantes de las localidades. Los autores ofrecen recomendaciones para que la gestión del gobierno federal sea más efectiva a nivel ambiental y territorial.

Abstract This contribution identifies the socio-environmental dynamics that development policies have generated on community mangroves in three key moments of Mexican history: the 1917 Constitution, the industrialization of the 1950s, and the 1985 neoliberal reforms. Through eight case studies and 180 semi-structured interviews, a conceptual input shapes three scenarios (community, touristified and conserved mangroves) and fifteen categories that synthesize these dynamics. Mangroves are going through a continuous crisis that is arguably provoked by development policies that neglect local institutions and impoverish local inhabitants. This article offers alternatives that the federal government could take into consideration to manage these areas more effectively at the environmental and territorial levels.

Abstract This paper analyses some problems in the university following the leitmotif of the link between the population as a whole and the institution. The critique, in the literal sense of dissection and discernment, aims to underline the boundary between those problems and the potential alternatives that a reflection on the foundations of the university may reveal. The steps to develop are, in the first place, the outline of the link between university and population according to their mutual influence. Secondly, the determination of the problems that the formation of the university usually presents to the people. Thirdly, the comprehension of the alternative, taking as an example the sense of the college degree and, in particular, the PhD. And, to conclude, based on what was previously exposed, the role of the philosophy inside the university.

Resumen Este artículo examina algunas problemáticas en la universidad siguiendo el hilo conductor de la relación entre la población en su conjunto y la institución. La crítica, en el sentido literal de disección o discernimiento, se propone subrayar el límite entre esos problemas y las alternativas potenciales que una reflexión sobre los fundamentos de la universidad pueda revelar. Los momentos a desarrollar son, en primer lugar, el esbozo de la relación entre universidad y población según su influencia mutua. En segundo lugar, la determinación de las problemáticas que para el pueblo suele presentar la formación de la universidad. En tercer lugar, la comprensión de la alternativa tomando como ejemplo el sentido del título universitario y, en concreto, el de doctor. Y, para concluir, el papel de la filosofía dentro de la universidad con base en lo previamente expuesto.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present different legal strategies for the financial sustainability of Colombian biobanks. For that purpose, this work criticizes the sale of human biological samples as a means for sustainability, and proposes different legal alternatives based on, among others, the compensation for the costs associated with the maintenance of the biobank, services of sample collection for third parties or political commitment on the part of the State.

RESUMEN. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar posibles estrategias jurídicas para la sostenibilidad financiera de los biobancos en Colombia. Para tal propósito, critica la posibilidad de comercializar muestras biológicas humanas mediante contratos onerosos y estudia algunas alternativas de sostenimiento basadas, por ejemplo, en la compensación económica por los costos asociados al mantenimiento, el servicio de colección de muestras a terceros o el compromiso político por parte del Estado.

RESUMEN La Sentencia 1364-17-EP/23 de la Corte Constitucional aparentemente cerró la discusión sobre el alcance del art. 233 de la CRE en lo que respecta al peculado. Se afirma serían autores tanto servidores públicos como sujetos que no ostenten esta condición, independientemente de sus conductas. La resolución es insatisfactoria. En la misma no se confrontó si el contenido del precepto constitucional era suficiente para cumplir con la determinación que requiere la tipificación de una conducta. El debate no puede cerrarse sin alcanzar estos niveles de análisis. El objetivo de este artículo es desafiar esta decisión, presentando argumentos que no fueron considerados, y a través de estos, cuestionar las conclusiones alcanzadas. Desde la explicación de lo que es un intraneus y un extraneus, se plantea otras formas de interpretar el art. 233. Entre las alternativas, se selecciona la que se cree que guarda armonía con todo el sistema de normas. El art. 233 fija la necesidad de que en el peculado se sancione como autores a no servidores públicos y a privados, pero no es suficiente para ser aplicado directamente. Es el principio de legalidad el que cumple con el mandato de determinación. Finalmente, se resalta que la norma penal sí contempla supuestos donde pueden intervenir como autores personas sin la calidad de servidores públicos, casos en los que existe certeza sobre la conducta prohibida.

ABSTRACT Sentence 1364-17-EP/23 of Constitutional Court and article 233 of the CRE regarding embezzlement seems to be closed. It is stated that both public servants and the ones who do not hold this condition can be authors regardless of their conduct. The resolution is not acceptable as it did not confront whether the content of the constitutional precept was sufficient to comply with the determination required to classify a conduct. The debate cannot be closed without reaching these levels of analysis. The aim of this article is to challenge this decision with arguments that were not considered and can be used to question the conclusions reached. From the explanation of what an intraneus and an extraneus are, other ways of interpreting article 233 are proposed. Among the alternatives, the selected is the one that is believed to be in harmony with the entire system of regulations. Article 233 establishes the need to sanction to non-public and private servants as perpetrators of embezzlement. However, it is not enough to be applied directly. It is the principle of legality that fulfills the mandate of determination. Finally, it is highlighted that the criminal law does contemplate cases where people without the status of public servants may intervene as perpetrators, cases in which there is certainty about the prohibited conduct.

RESUMEN Indispensable es tratar temas procesales respecto a la privación de la libertad, presentándose en la actualidad una discusión latente en Colombia, en la que se valora argumentativamente si se debe restringir para una persona este derecho, una vez se ha dictado el sentido del fallo condenatorio cuando existan prohibiciones respecto a beneficios punitivos, denotándose dos posturas de la jurisprudencia que se contraponen. El objetivo perseguido es resolver que frente a un problema jurídico similar se viene decidiendo con dos alternativas distintas que comprometen el derecho a la libertad y, con ello, el despliegue de las múltiples consecuencias del encierro. Así, se iniciará fijando la categoría de la libertad como un presupuesto máximo; enseguida se ubicarán las dos posiciones contrapuestas frente a una misma situación y, a partir de ello, se vinculará al trabajo la trascendencia del rol del juez argumentador. Con apoyo de una metodología cualitativa, que involucra el estudio del tema por medio de jurisprudencia, doctrina y bibliografía, se colegirá que las limitaciones del derecho a la libertad que están en un escenario procesal en pugna pueden deberse a múltiples posiciones valorativas, y debido a ello, solamente se otea un resultado plausible derivado de la garantía de la motivación.

ABSTRACT It is essential to address procedural issues regarding deprivation of liberty, as there is currently a heated discussion in Colombia regarding whether this right should be restricted once a guilty verdict has been issued, particularly when prohibitions exist regarding punitive benefits. Two contrasting positions are being considered in jurisprudence. The objective is to resolve that, when faced with a similar legal issue, two different alternatives are being decided upon, both of which affect the right to liberty and consequently, the various consequences of incarceration. Thus, we will begin by emphasizing the importance of liberty as a fundamental prerequisite, followed by the identification of the two opposing positions regarding the same situation, and subsequently, the significance of the role of the argumentative judge will be addressed. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, which involves studying the topic through jurisprudence, doctrine, and literature, it will be inferred that limitations on the right to liberty within a contested procedural scenario may stem from various evaluative positions, and therefore, only a plausible result derived from the guarantee of motivation is foreseeable.

Resumen Antecedentes: la histerectomía en bloque es un procedimiento controvertido y con poca literatura actualizada. Se define como la extirpación del útero grávido con su contenido gestacional in situ, las indicaciones para la realización de esta cirugía son los procesos neoplásicos (como la causa más frecuente( procesos sépticos, enfermedad trofoblástica y hemorragia secundaria a inserción placentaria anómala. Caso clínico: paciente de 45 años con embarazo de 8 semanas y 5 días, según la fecha de última regla, con miomatosis uterina gigante asociada con tromboembolismo pulmonar, quien decide la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo y realizarse la histerectomía en bloque. Conclusiones: la histerectomía en bloque es una cirugía poco realizada en la actualidad, sin embargo, este abordaje quirúrgico es una opción segura y efectiva para la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo, y no se debe descartar entre las alternativas de tratamiento quirúrgico, siempre individualizando cada paciente.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: En bloc hysterectomy is defined as the removal of the pregnant uterus with its gestational content in situ. The indications for performing this en bloc surgery are neoplastic processes, as the most frequent cause; septic processes, trophoblastic disease and hemorrhage secondary to abnormal placental insertion, however, it is a controversial procedure, and with little updated literature. CLINICAL CASE: 45-year-old patient with a pregnancy of 8 weeks and 5 days, with giant uterine myomatosis associated with pulmonary thromboembolism who decided to voluntarily terminate the pregnancy, and it was decided to perform en bloc hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: En bloc hysterectomy is a surgery rarely performed at present, however, this surgical approach is a safe and effective option for the voluntary termination of pregnancy, and it should not be ruled out among the surgical treatment alternatives, always individualizing each patient.

ABSTRACT Social technology is based around three axes: community, environmental protection and economic solidarity. The páramo itself is a vital ecosystem for water regulation as it is the source of water supplies for human consumption and performance of economic activities. This article intends to identify the limitations to apply social technology to the protection of the páramo in the central highlands of Ecuador, where processes of self-management, empowerment, participation, agreement-making, cooperation and pursuit for collective welfare have been observed. The methodology is quantitative within the framework of discourse analysis. The results show that, in order to reach a large agreement for the protection and recovery of the páramo, involving all of the communities settled in the area, it is necessary to overcome limitations mostly related to the lacking attention by the government in regards to basic utilities, management plans for conservation areas and studies for economic alternatives allowing communities to subsist in the lower zones, compromising not to extend their agricultural borders further into the highlands. This information helps strengthen natural resource management from a new perspective.

RESUMEN La tecnología social se fundamenta en tres ejes: la comunidad, el cuidado ambiental y la solidaridad económica. Por su parte, el páramo es un ecosistema vital en la regulación hídrica porque sustenta el suministro de agua para consumo humano y el desarrollo de actividades económicas. Este artículo se centra en identificar las limitaciones para aplicar los fundamentos de la tecnología social en la protección del páramo, ubicado en la Sierra central del Ecuador, lugar donde se observan procesos de autogestión, empoderamiento, participación, logro de acuerdos, cooperación y búsqueda del bienestar colectivo. La metodología es cualitativa, en el marco del análisis del discurso. Los resultados muestran que, para que exista un gran acuerdo de protección y recuperación del páramo, entre todas las comunidades asentadas en esta zona, es necesario vencer limitaciones relacionadas, principalmente, con la falta de atención por parte del gobierno en temas de servicios básicos, planes de manejo para áreas de conservación y estudio de alternativas económicas que permitan a las comunidades subsistir en las zonas bajas y comprometerse a no ampliar la frontera agrícola hacia zonas altas. Esta información contribuye a fortalecer la gestión de recursos naturales desde una nueva perspectiva.

RESUMO A tecnologia social baseia-se em três eixos: a comunidade, o cuidado ambiental e a solidariedade econômica. O páramo é um ecossistema vital para a regulação hídrica pois ele fornece agua para o consumo humano e a realização de atividades económicas. Esse artigo focou-se na identificação das limitações para aplicar os fundamentos da tecnologia social para a proteção do páramo, situado na Sierra central de Equador, sítio onde pode-se observar processos de autogestão, empoeiramento, participação, efetuação de acordos, cooperação e procuração de um bem-estar coletivo. A metodologia é qualitativa, dentro do contexto da análise do discurso. Os resultados mostram que, para ter um acordo grande para a proteção e recuperação do páramo, com todas as comunidades estabelecidas na zona, é necessário vencer limitações relacionadas principalmente à falta de atenção do governo em relação à serviços básicos, planes de gestão de áreas de conservação e estudo de alternativas económicas que permitam que as comunidades possam subsistir nas zonas baixas, e comprometer-se a não estender a fronteira agrícola em direção às zonas altas. Essa informação contribui a fortalecer a gestão de recursos naturais com uma nova perspectiva.