Bulk precipitation (BP) samples were collected at two coastal urban sites and two montane Atlantic Forest (400 and 1000 m altitude) areas in southeastern Brazil from August 2008 to August 2009. These samples were analyzed for the major inorganic ions (H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42-) found in rainwater. The concentrations of inorganic nitrogen species (NH4+, NO3- and NO2-) were compiled from a previous study. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of inorganic ions differed spatially, with higher values at the coastal urban and coastal periurban sites. On a molar basis, Cl- and Na+ together comprised 60% of the total inorganic constituents at the coastal urban site and 34-42% at the other three sites, as it is the closest to the ocean. Magnesium was also primarily associated with sea-salt aerosol. Non-sea-salt (nss) fractions of K+, Ca2+ and SO42- comprised 68-93% of their VWM concentrations, indicating the contribution of natural (mostly biogenic) and anthropogenic (SO2 oxidation for the latter) sources. Finally, we found that the acidity of BP at the four sampling sites is primarily controlled by the NH4+, nss-Ca2+, nss-SO42-, and NO3- ions, resulting in VWM pH values ranging from 5.60 (lower montane forest) to 5.98 (coastal periurban site). (BP 400 (40 100 altitude 200 2009 H+, H (H+ Na K K+ Ca2 Ca Mg2 Mg Mg2+ Cl SO42 SO rainwater NH4 NH (NH4+ NO3 NO NO2 NO2- study volumeweighted volume weighted (VWM spatially basis 60 3442% 3442 34 42% 42 34-42 ocean seasalt sea salt aerosol Nonseasalt Non nss (nss 6893% 6893 68 93% 93 68-93 mostly biogenic SO2 (SO latter sources Finally NH4+ nssCa2+, nssCa2 nssCa nss-Ca2+ nssSO42, nssSO42 nssSO , nss-SO42- 560 5 5.6 lower forest 598 98 5.9 site. . site) 40 (4 10 20 H+ (H SO4 (NH4 6 344 3 4 34-4 689 9 68-9 nssCa2+ nss-Ca2 nssSO4 nss-SO42 56 5. 59 ( 1 2 (NH 34- 68- nss-Ca nss-SO4 nss-SO

Abstract Introduction. Heavy metal pollution is a growing problem due to human activities. Plants can remove, destroy, or transform contaminants from soil, water, and air. By using plant growth regulators and chelating agents, heavy metal toxicity can be reduced. Objective. To evaluate the effect of applying a mixture of oligogalacturonides on peroxidase activity and the contents of malondialdehyde, total protein, and chlorophylls in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Amalia subjected to high levels of heavy metals. Materials and methods. Soil contaminated with Cu, Cd, and Fe was collected from the Adalberto Vidal White Ceramic Company in Mayabeque, Cuba, in 2020. The experiment was conducted in 7 kg capacity bags using tomato plants, under semi-controlled conditions at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), with a completely randomized experimental design with each treatment having ten replicates. The treatments with the oligogalacturonides (Ogal) were soil application (30 mg kg-1); foliar spray (20 mg L-1), the combination of these application forms, and a control. Peroxidase activity and the contents of malondialdehyde, total protein, and chlorophylls were determined at 35 and 56 days after the plant’s emergence. Results. The effect of Cu, Cd, and Fe on the seedlings was attenuated by all the use of the Ogal mixture variants use, indicating that they have developed adaptation mechanisms to high metal concentrations which allows to withstand abiotic stress. Conclusions. The Ogal mixture attenuated the effect of heavy metals on peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content, total proteins, and chlorophylls in Amalia tomato plants.

Resumen Introducción. La contaminación por metales pesados es un problema que ha ido en aumento, debido a las actividades antrópicas. Las plantas pueden eliminar, destruir o transformar contaminantes del suelo, agua y aire. Con el empleo de reguladores del crecimiento vegetal y agentes quelantes se puede reducir la toxicidad por metales pesados. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de una mezcla de oligogalacturónidos sobre la actividad peroxidasa y los contenidos de malondialdehido, proteinas totales y clorofilas, en plantas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Amalia sometidas a altos niveles de metales pesados. Materiales y métodos. Se colectó suelo contaminado con Cu, Cd y el Fe, en la Empresa cerámica blanca Adalberto Vidal de Mayabeque, Cuba en el año 2020. El experimento se desarrolló en bolsas de 7 kg de capacidad y se utilizaron plantas de tomate, en condiciones semi controladas en áreas del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), con un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado con siete tratamientos y diez réplicas. Los tratamientos del producto a base de oligogalacturónidos (Ogal) fueron: aplicación al suelo (30 mg kg-1); aspersión foliar (20 mg L-1), la combinación de estas formas de aplicación y un testigo. A los 35 y 56 días de emergidas las plantas, se determinó la actividad peroxidasa y los contenidos de malondialdehido, proteinas totales y clorofilas. Resultados. El efecto que provocan el Cu, Cd y el Fe en las plántulas, fue atenuado por todas las variantes de uso de la mezcla Ogal, por lo que las mismas han desarrollado mecanismos de adaptación ante las altas concentraciones metálicas que le permiten subsistir al estrés abiótico. Conclusiones. La mezcla de Ogal atenuó el efecto que provocan los metales pesados en la actividad peroxidasa, el contenido malondialdehido, proteínas totales y clorofilas en plantas de tomate var. Amalia.

Abstract The organic composition of 65 °% of urban solid waste of the Metropolitan District of Quito originates from food waste, which has negative environmental effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors related to food waste in homes in the capital and characterize urban solid waste management. The study is quantitative and exploratory. An association analysis was performed for the main categorical variables through calculation of statistical chi squared and an assessment of polychoric relation. A descriptive and multi-scale statistical analyses were performed for focus of the social metabolism to characterize waste management. A noteworthy element was the relation between expenses for purchase of food and non-alcoholic beverages in the last month-household income in the last month (p value < 5 %). Between 2012-2021, the most representative median for waste generation corresponded to the Eugenio Espejo administration, with 141470 t/ year, with a metabolic waste rate of 2.45E-05 (t/year). On the other hand, the Tumbaco administration obtained 30217 t/year and 1.22E-05 t/year, respectively.

Resumen La composición orgánica del 65 % de residuos sólidos urbanos del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito proviene de restos de alimentos, lo que provoca efectos medioambientales negativos. El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar los factores que inciden en el desperdicio de alimentos en los hogares capitalinos y caracterizar la gestión de sus residuos sólidos urbanos. La investigación es cuantitativa de tipo exploratoria. Se realizó un análisis de asociación entre las principales variables categóricas mediante el cálculo del estadístico chi-cuadrado y una evaluación de correlación policórica. Se aplicaron análisis estadístico descriptivo y multiescala del enfoque del metabolismo social para caracterizar la gestión de residuos. Destaca la relación entre el gasto en compra de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas en el último mes -ingreso del hogar en el último mes (p valor < 5 %). Entre 2012-2021, la mediana más representativa de generación de residuos corresponde a la administración Eugenio Espejo, con 141 470 t/año, y su tasa metabólica de residuos de 2,45E-05 t/año. En contraste, la administración Tumbaco obtuvo 30 217 t/año y 1,22E-05 t/año, respectivamente.

Resumo A composição orgânica do 65 °% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do Distrito Metropolitano de Quito provém de restos de alimentos, o qual provoca efeitos negativos ao meio ambiente. O objetivo dessa investigação foi avaliar os fatores incidentes no desperdício de alimentos nos lares da capital e caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A pesquisa foi quantitativa e exploratória. Fez-se uma análise de associação das variáveis principais com o cálculo do chi-quadrado estatístico e uma avaliação da correlação policórica. Usaram-se análises estadísticos descritivos e multiescala do foco do metabolismo social para caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos. Destacou-se a relação do gasto para a compra de alimentos e bebidas não alcoólicas no último mês -rendas do lar no último mês (p valor < 5 %). Entre os anos 2012-2021, a mediana mais representativa de geração de resíduos foi da administração Eugenio Espejo, com 141 470 t/ano, e uma taxa metabólica de resíduos de 2,45E-05 t/ano. Em contraste, a administração Tumbaco teve 30 217 t/ano e 1,22E-05 t/ano, respetivamente.

Resumen En Cuba, la falta de equipos de medición, el alto costo de las estaciones de contaminación atmosférica y las limitantes para acceder a nuevas tecnologías, dificultan el monitoreo continuo de la calidad del aire. Por tales motivos, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, caracterizar contaminantes criterio empleando el modelo System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition. Se obtuvo una serie diaria de concentraciones estimadas de contaminantes criterio en La Habana durante el año 2021. Se realizó una caracterización del comportamiento de los contaminantes analizando las concentraciones medias diarias y medias mensuales. Se realizó una revisión de los días en que las concentraciones sobrepasaban los valores de las concentraciones máximas admisibles establecidas en la Norma Cubana. Además, se compararon estos resultados con los Valores Guías de Calidad del Aire recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. De forma general, los valores diarios estimados de las concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución espacial y temporal característicos observados en estudios precedentes en la ciudad con monitoreo automático y activo. Se reafirma así la utilidad de la herramienta de las salidas del modelo System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition para brindar información de calidad del aire en La Habana.

Abstract In Cuba, the lack of measurement equipment, the high cost of air pollution stations and the limitations to access new technologies make continuous monitoring of air quality difficult. For these reasons, the objective of this research was to characterize criterion pollutants using the System for Integrated modeling of Atmospheric coMposition model. A daily series of estimated concentrations of criteria pollutants was obtained in Havana during the year 2021. A characterization of the behavior of the pollutants was carried out by analyzing the average daily and average monthly concentrations. A review was carried out of the days in which concentrations exceeded the values of the maximum admissible concentrations established in the Cuban Standard. In addition, these results were compared with the Air Quality Guide Values recommended by the World Health Organization. In general, the estimated daily values of pollutant concentrations corresponded to the characteristic spatial and temporal distribution patterns observed in previous studies in the city with automatic and active monitoring. Thus, the usefulness of the tool of the outputs of the System for Integrated modelLing of Atmospheric coMposition model to provide air quality information in Havana is reaffirmed.

Abstract Introduction. Air quality is a matter of interest for public health due to its rapid deterioration in low- and middle-income countries and the effects of polluted air on the health of populations. Objective. To explore the air quality conditions in which digital platform delivery workers carry out their work, evaluating the localities of Kennedy and Usaquén in Bogotá, 2021. Materials and methods. We developed a mixed parallel convergent study based on four sources of information: 1) Ethnographic observation in five commercial locations of the two localities; 2) Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 in 56 delivery routes using a low-cost sensor; 3) Daily logs of the routes to support the device data interpretation, and 4) A semi-structured interview applied to the drivers to explore their danger perception during the routes. Results. We identified elements causing environmental injustice among digital platform delivery workers between the two study locations. The routes made by the delivery drivers in the locality of Kennedy registered higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, compared to the values observed in Usaquén. The sources of air pollution identified by the delivery drivers through ethnographic observation and the router logbook showed the worst parameters in Kennedy. Conclusions. We evidenced that air quality, urban equipment, road infrastructure, mobile sources, and geospatial location are elements that mark the presence of environmental injustice for the digital platform delivery drivers in the studied localities. To reduce this inequity, it is necessary for digital delivery platforms and the district government to implement strategies that reduce the exposure and emission of air pollutants to protect the health of digital platform delivery workers.

Resumen Introducción. La calidad del aire es un asunto de interés para la salud pública por su rápido deterioro en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, y los efectos del aire contaminado en la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivo. Explorar las condiciones de la calidad del aire en las que los repartidores de plataformas digitales desarrollaron su trabajo en las localidades de Kennedy y Usaquén de Bogotá durante el 2021. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto, paralelo y convergente, basado en cuatro fuentes de información: 1) observación etnográfica en cinco ubicaciones comerciales de las dos localidades; 2) monitoreo de PM10 y PM2.5 en 56 rutas de reparto, empleando un equipo de bajo costo; 3) bitácoras diarias de los recorridos que apoyaron la interpretación de los datos del equipo, y 4) entrevista semiestructurada con el rutero para explorar sus percepciones frente a los peligros durante los recorridos. Resultados. Se identificaron diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo, las percepciones y las exposiciones a material particulado de los repartidores entre las dos localidades de estudio que constituyeron fuentes de injusticia ambiental. Los recorridos que realizaron los repartidores en la localidad de Kennedy registraron mayores concentraciones de PM10 y PM2.5. Las fuentes de contaminación atmosférica identificadas por los repartidores mostraron los peores parámetros en Kennedy. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que la calidad del aire, el equipamiento urbano, la infraestructura vial, las fuentes móviles y la ubicación geoespacial son elementos que marcan la presencia de injusticia ambiental para los repartidores. Para disminuir esta inequidad, es necesario que las plataformas de reparto digital y el gobierno distrital implementen estrategias que reduzcan la exposición y la emisión de contaminantes del aire con el fin de proteger la salud de los repartidores de plataformas.

Globally, the demand for mineral products is ever increasing. Extraction of these mineral resources results in the continuous production of a huge volume of waste material, including tailing dumps. The mass of tailings usually exceeds the actual resource and often contains hazardous contaminants. This study investigated the effects of tailings disposal on soil, water, and air quality in the Nampundwe area. Water, soil, and dust samples were collected from different locations in the surrounding communities. The constituents analysed in the samples included copper, cobalt, iron, sulfate, and silica. According to the results obtained, some seepages occurred from the tailings impoundment to the shallow aquifer in the area. However, the general water quality meets the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) statutory limits. Recorded concentrations of sulfate (1500 mg/l), copper (1.5 mg/l), cobalt (1.0 mg/l), iron (2.0 mg/l), and silica were between 0.003 mg/l and 705 mg/l, which is far below ZEMA's statutory limit. Silica concentration was also evident in the air. The highest concentration recorded was 260 ppcc (particle per cubic centimeter) recorded in July 2019 from the northern direction of the tailings dam. The concentration was below the statutory limit of 350 ppcc. The topsoil from the northern part of the tailings recorded a silica dust concentration of 39.9 ppcc. Iron was evident in the underground soil with a concentration of 8.01 ppcc, cobalt 0.005 ppcc, copper 0.051 ppcc, while sulfate was recorded as 0.41 ppcc.

Abstract In recent years the environment has been affected by pollution produced by vehicles. The objective of this research project was to determine the incidence of air conditioning (A/C) in the vehicular fuel consumption index in the Shushufindi canton, through real traffic tests, Efficient driving mode and the use of Extra and Super gasoline, for the selection of the best alternative. The study was carried out on a route with a greater flow of vehicles, especially during normal (9:00 am) and beak (5:00 pm) hours, which comprises 16.17 km; for which used gasoline Extra (85 octane) and Super (92 octane). Data collection was carried out using an OBD2 ELM 327 system. The results obtained in the characterization of the representative mixed cycle at 9:00 am, a maximum speed of 81 km/h and an average speed of 39 km/h were obtained in a time of 1446 s route; while the mixed cycle at 5:00 pm the maximum speed is 70 km/h and an average speed of 37 km/h with a travel time of 1632 s. The lowest fuel consumption index was evidenced in normal hours, without A/C and Extra fuel (T3) with values between 0.0584 - 0.060 (L/km), and in normal hours, without A/C and super fuel (T7) that are between 0.0561-0.0585 (L/km).

Resumen En los últimos años, el ambiente se ha visto afectado a causa de la contaminación producida por los vehículos. El presente proyecto de investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la incidencia del aire acondicionado (A/C) en el índice de consumo de combustible vehicular en el cantón Shushufindi, por medio de pruebas reales de tráfico, modo de conducción eficiente y empleo de gasolina extra y súper, para la selección de la mejor alternativa. El estudio se realizó en una ruta de mayor flujo de vehículos, especialmente en la hora normal (9 a. m.) y pico (5 p. m.) que comprende 16.17 km, para ello se utilizó el combustible Extra (85 octanos) y Súper (92 octanos). La toma de datos se ejecutó mediante un sistema OBD2 ELM 327. Los resultados obtenidos en la caracterización del ciclo mixto representativo de 9 a. m. se obtuvo una velocidad máxima de 81 km/h y una velocidad media de 39 km/h en un tiempo de recorrido de 1446 s; mientras que el ciclo mixto de 5 p. m. la velocidad máxima es de 70 km/h y una velocidad media de 37 km/h con un tiempo de recorrido de 1632 s. El menor índice de consumo de combustible se evidenció en el horario normal, sin A/C y combustible extra (T3) siendo sus valores entre 0.0584 - 0.060 (L/km), y en el horario normal, sin A/C y combustible súper (T7) que se encuentran entre 0.0561-0.0585 (L/km).

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la Gestión de la Calidad del aire 5 de las 10 ciudades con mayor contaminación del aire en México y que pertenecen al estado de Guanajuato. El método de investigación consistió en medir la información con Inteligencia Artificial orientada con el modelo LART de Gestión ambiental usando el Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural en las funciones y estrategias para la gestión de la calidad del aire. Se analizó un corpus de 32 enunciados. Como resultado se obtienen una bolsa de 80 palabras y un vocabulario de 82 N-gramas de longitud 1 a 7 para medir la información del proceso de gestión. Los hallazgos revelan que las mejores gestiones están en Celaya, León y Silao de la Victoria. La originalidad del método radica en que la información encontrada por el algoritmo permite validar parcialmente el modelo LART. Se limita a evaluar la gestión y los estudios siguientes se orientarán al desarrollo de un vocabulario más amplio y un corpus mayor para utilizar el modelo W2V que incruste los N-gramas en un modelo n-dimensional.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate Air Quality Management in 5 of the 10 cities with the highest air pollution in Mexico and that belong to the state of Guanajuato. The research method consisted of measuring the information with Artificial Intelligence oriented with the LART model of Environmental Management using Natural Language Processing in the functions and strategies for air quality management. A corpus of 32 statements was analyzed. The result was a bag of 80 words and a vocabulary of 82 N-grams with length 1 to 7 that measure the information of the management process. The findings reveal that the best managements are in Celaya, León and Silao de la Victoria. The originality of the method lies in the fact that the information found by the algorithm allows partial validation of the LART model . It is limited to evaluating the management and subsequent studies will focus on the development of a broader vocabulary and a larger corpus to use the W2V model that embeds the N-grams in a n-dimensional model.

Abstract: The air pollutant in a specific region is mainly responsible for the respiration-related health problem. But the effect of these pollutants is also creating cognitive related issues and hence degrades the attention level of the students. As a result, their educational performance and learning ability reduce to a great extent. This study is to reveal the effect of the air pollutant on the educational outcomes of a student by measuring their attentiveness in the class using the Internet of Everything (IoE). As the effect of ambient air quality is different from region to region. This investigation is performed upon 33 schools of the Odisha region in India. An IoE-SVM Based approach is employed to evaluate the attentiveness of the student in different regions. The result shows that the PM10 and NO2 are mostly affecting the student’s attentiveness and hence cognitive response. The result shows that a 1% increase in PM10, NO2, and SO2 levels would decrease the test score by 0.049%, 0.14%, and 0.18% respectively.

Resumen En el presente artículo aborda la modelación de las concentraciones de Dióxido de Azufre (SO2) emitidas por dos industrias ubicadas en la ciudad Santiago de Cali. Estas industrias emplean distintos tipos de combustible en sus calderas: la caldera 1 utiliza Fuel Oil y la caldera 2 utiliza Diésel. Con el objetivo de evaluar y comparar el comportamiento de las concentraciones de SO2, se propone la sustitución de estos combustibles por Gas natural. Mediante el uso de Aermod View se realizó la modelación de la dispersión de este contaminante y se obtuvo que para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la concentración máxima SO2 proveniente de las calderas con Fuel Oil y Diésel fue de 1440.32 µg/m3. Para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas se alcanzó una concentración de SO2 de 178.56 µg/m3. Estos niveles, exceden los límites establecidos en la resolución 2254 de 2017, donde el valor máximo permisible para una hora es 100 µg/m3 y para 24 horas es 50 µg/m3. En contraste al usar Gas natural como combustible se observa que las concentraciones son considerablemente más bajas. Para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la máxima concentración es de 0.74 µg/m3 y para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas, de 0.04 µg/m3. Estos resultados cumplen con la normatividad vigente. Se puede concluir que el Gas natural se presenta como una alternativa más favorable, generando concentraciones significativamente menores de SO2. Este cambio en el tipo de combustible no solo favorecerá el cumplimiento de las normativas ambientales, sino que también contribuirá de manera efectiva a la reducción de la concentración de SO2 en el aire.

Abstract This article deals with modeling sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations emitted by two industries in Santiago de Cali. These industries use different fuel types in their boilers: Boiler 1 uses Fuel Oil, and Boiler 2 uses Diesel. To evaluate and compare the behavior of SO2 concentrations, the substitution of these fuels by natural gas is proposed. Using Aermod View, this pollutant's dispersion was modeled and obtained that the maximum SO2 concentration from the boilers with Fuel Oil and Diesel was 1440.32 µg/m3 for an exposure time of one hour. For a 24-hour exposure time, the SO2 concentration reached 178.56 µg/m3. These levels exceed the limits established in resolution 2254 of 2017, where the maximum permissible value for one hour is 100 µg/m3, and for 24 hours is 50 µg/m3. In contrast, when using Natural Gas as fuel, it is observed that the concentrations are considerably lower. The maximum concentration is 0.74 µg/m3 for a one-hour exposure time, and for a 24-hour exposure time, 0.04 µg/m3. These results comply with current regulations. It can be concluded that natural gas is a more favorable alternative, generating significantly lower SO2 concentrations. This change in the fuel type will favor compliance with environmental regulations and effectively contribute to reducing SO2 concentration in the air.

ABSTRACT In Cuba there are no air quality monitoring networks. The objective of this study is to evaluate air pollution by particulate matter (PM) in Havana through the use of the HYSPLIT model. We used in situ measurements and satellite images of the Copernicus and Giovanni NASA platforms and they were compared with the different runs of the model to evaluate its effectiveness. The results obtained showed that although making measurements of particulate matter is always the first option, it can be affirmed that the use of models of transport and dispersion of pollutants, specifically the HYSPLIT model, are relevant for the estimation of atmospheric pollution by particulate matter in Havana.

RESUMEN En Cuba no existen redes de monitoreo de calidad del aire. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado (PM) en La Habana mediante el empleo del modelo HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model). Utilizamos mediciones in situ e imágenes satelitales de las plataformas Copernicus y Giovanni NASA (Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y el Espacio) y fueron comparadas con las diferentes corridas realizadas del modelo para evaluar la efectividad del mismo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, aunque realizar mediciones de material particulado siempre es la primera opción se puede afirmar que el empleo de modelos de transporte y dispersión de contaminantes, en específico del modelo HYSPLIT, son pertinentes para la estimación de la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado en La Habana.

Abstract The State of Mexico is a Mexican entity facing socio-environmental problems: destruction of forest resources, water and air pollution, and poor quality of basic services. This paper analyzes its socio-urban metabolism between 2010 and 2020, considering it as a thermodynamic machine. Using Material Flow and Energy Flow Analysis (MFAE), indicators of consumption and emissions of electricity, fuel, water and social aspects (schooling, social security, economically active population and PBT) were obtained. Metabolic Indexes (MI) were calculated to indicate consumption by municipality. The results showed increases in: fuel consumption (275%), water (130%) and decrease in electricity consumption (-65.7%) due to costs, overcrowding and theft, indicating a governmental inability to provide services. On the social issue, the quality of education declined despite the decrease in the illiterate population. Access to social security rose (27%) in 2020, but public entities are bankrupt and 47.9% of the population is poor. The MI showed that the most consuming municipalities are those in the Toluca Valley and those in the suburbs of Mexico City. Despite the alignment of urban planning to the SDGs, they are not achieved due to methodologies that do not contemplate thermodynamic laws, socio-environmental complexity and, therefore, long-term sustainability.

Resumen El Estado de México es una entidad mexicana que enfrenta problemas socioambientales: destrucción de recursos forestales, contaminación del agua y del aire, y mala calidad en los servicios básicos. Este trabajo analiza su metabolismo socio-urbano entre 2010 y 2020, considerándolo como una máquina termodinámica. Con el uso del Análisis de Flujo de Materiales y Energía (MFAE) se obtuvieron indicadores de consumo y emisiones de electricidad, combustible, agua y aspectos sociales (escolaridad, seguridad social, población económicamente activa y el PBT). Se calcularon Índices Metabólicos (IM) para indicar su consumo por municipio. Los resultados mostraron incrementos en consumos de combustible (275%); agua (130%); disminución en el consumo de electricidad (-65,7%), debido a costos; hacinamiento y robo; lo que indica una incapacidad gubernamental en la provisión de servicios. En la cuestión social, la calidad educativa desciende a pesar de la disminución de la población analfabeta. El acceso a la seguridad social ascendió (27%) en 2020, pero las entidades públicas están en quiebra y el 47,9% de la población es pobre. Los IM mostraron que los municipios más consumidores son los del Valle de Toluca y los conurbados a la Ciudad de México. A pesar de la alineación de los planes de urbanismo a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), estos no se alcanzan debido a metodologías que no contemplan las leyes termodinámicas, la complejidad socioambiental y, por tanto, una sustentabilidad a largo plazo.

ABSTRACT In Chile, the main issues affecting the quality of life of the population include air pollution, scarcity and contamination of water resources, degradation, loss, and pollution of soils, nuisance noise, solid waste management, and loss of biodiversity. In response to this situation, good environmental practices emerge in households, which can be characterized as simple and useful measures that individuals can adopt in their daily lives to reduce the negative environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the article presents the results of a qualitative research aimed at identifying and classifying the environmental practices carried out in households in Metropolitan Valparaíso, Chile. Methodologically, an exploratory-descriptive approach study was conducted, gathering information from 64 households through semi-structured interviews. The results show the implementation of good environmental practices in the household, related to the recycling of organic and non-organic waste, reusing organic and non-organic waste, and reducing the consumption of natural resources. It is concluded that the environmental practices developed by individuals in their households are motivated by a deep concern for environmental issues and seek to reduce the long-term negative consequences that will affect the living conditions of future generations. From an integrated perspective, the good environmental practices carried out in the household represent a silent and persevering microsocial dynamic that challenges the devastating actions of global economic, political, and technological actors regarding the use of natural resources.

RESUMEN En Chile, los principales problemas que afectan la calidad de vida de la población corresponden a contaminación atmosférica, escasez y contaminación de recursos hídricos, degradación, pérdida y contaminación de suelos, ruidos molestos, manejo de residuos sólidos y pérdida de biodiversidad. Como respuesta a esta situación, surgen las buenas prácticas ambientales en el hogar, las que pueden ser caracterizadas como medidas sencillas y útiles que pueden adoptar las personas en su vida cotidiana para reducir el impacto ambiental negativo de sus actividades. En ese marco, el artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa cuyo objetivo corresponde a identificar y clasificar las buenas prácticas ambientales realizadas en los hogares de Valparaíso Metropolitano, Chile. Metodológicamente, se realizó un estudio de enfoque exploratorio-descriptivo que recopiló información en 64 hogares, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados evidencian la realización de buenas prácticas ambientales en el hogar, relacionadas con el reciclaje de residuos orgánicos y no orgánicos, reutilización de residuos orgánicos y no orgánicos; y reducción de consumo de recursos naturales. Se concluye que las prácticas ambientales desarrolladas por las personas en sus hogares son motivadas por una profunda preocupación por los problemas ambientales y buscan disminuir las consecuencias negativas en el largo plazo que afectarán las condiciones de vida de las nuevas generaciones. Desde una perspectiva integrada, las buenas prácticas ambientales realizadas en el hogar representan una dinámica microsocial silenciosa y perseverante que desafía a la acción devastadora que realizan actores económicos, políticos y tecnológicos globales respecto del uso de los recursos naturales.

Resumo O estresse ambiental causado pela poluição é frequentemente avaliado pela diversidade de espécies de macroinvertebrados em habitats aquáticos específicos. Para descobrir as flutuações sazonais em várias comunidades de macroinvertebrados e diferentes parâmetros de qualidade da água do rio Zhob, foi realizado um teste de pesquisa no rio Zhob, Baluchistão. Amostras de macroinvertebrados e água foram retiradas de quatro estações diferentes do rio Zhob. Um total de 18 táxons de vários macroinvertebrados foram identificados na área. O filo Arthropoda constitui 94,8% da população total, seguido por Mollusca (3,6%) e Annelida (1,4%). Um grande número de artrópodes pertencia à ordem Diptera (1148), enquanto a ordem Trichoptera ocupava o segundo lugar em número de macroinvertebrados (441). Os números máximos de macroinvertebrados foram observados no mês de janeiro. Todos os parâmetros físico-químicos do rio Zhob, como temperatura do ar, temperatura da água, pH, oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e sólidos dissolvidos totais (TDS), estavam dentro da faixa, adequada para o crescimento saudável de macroinvertebrados. Populações diversificadas de vários macroinvertebrados confirmam boas condições ecológicas do ambiente e da água no local estudado, especialmente a ampla concentração de DO no rio. Os dados documentados sobre macroinvertebrados no local estudado fornecerão uma linha de base para pesquisas futuras.

Abstract Environmental stress caused by pollution is often assessed by diversity of macro-invertebrate species in specific aquatic habitat. To find out seasonal fluctuations in various macro-invertebrates communities and different water quality parameters of River Zhob, a research trial was conducted on River Zhob, Balochistan. Samples of macro-invertebrates and water were taken from four different stations of River Zhob. A total 18 taxa of various macro-invertebrates were identified from the area. Phylum Arthropoda constitute 94.8% of the total population followed by Mollusca (3.6%) and Annelida (1.4%). A large number of arthropods were belonged to order Diptera (1148), while the order Trichoptera was stood second with respect to macro-invertebrate´s number (441). The maximum numbers of macro-invertebrates were observed in the month of January. All physico-chemical parameters of River Zhob such as air temperature, water temp, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were within the range, suitable for the healthy growth of macro-invertebrates. Diversified populations of various macro-invertebrates confirm good ecological condition of environment and water in the studied site especially ample concentration of DO in River. The documented data on macro-invertebrates in studied site will provide a baseline for future research.

Resumo O material particulado (MP) é um importante poluente do ar que causa sérios problemas de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir a concentração de MP no ar ambiente e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão. Vinte e três amostras foram coletadas em várias instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias na cidade de Haripur. A concentração de MP2,5 (µg/m3) e MP10 (µg/m3) foi medida por meio do contador de MP portátil Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A. Os resultados revelaram que os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 estavam acima dos limites permitidos (35 µg/m3 para MP2,5 e 150 µg/m3 para MP10) estabelecidos pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental do Paquistão (Pak-EPA) em todas as instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias investigadas. Além disso, foi encontrada variação significativa (p < 0,05) na concentração de MP2,5 e MP10 em todos os locais estudados. A concentração de MP2,5 correlacionou-se positivamente com a concentração de MP10 em todos os locais de amostragem. Portanto, a partir da escala padrão 1-14 do índice de saúde, os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 mostraram que a qualidade do ar ambiente na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão, está sob alto risco. Se as autoridades reguladoras, como a Pak-EPA, o Departamento de Saúde e o governo local, monitorarem a poluição por MP em diferentes configurações da cidade de Haripur, pode ser que haja uma diminuição no nível de poluição. As medidas que podem ser tomadas para superar o problema da poluição do ar ambiente, como o MP, são o plantio de árvores nos locais onde há maiores níveis de poluentes atmosféricos, o uso de máscaras e a implantação de sistema de controle de poluição nas propriedades industriais de Hattar, na cidade Haripur, Paquistão.

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p<0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.